Sociology Final; Adams '
Hijra, xanith, and berdache are all examples of a(n) __________.
"third sex"
Research indicates that young people in the United States between the ages of 12 to 17 spend an average of almost __________ hours a month watching video on television.
100
In Stanley Milgram's experiments, none of the "teachers" challenged the process before they had applied _____ volts.
300
in 2014, the wealthiest 20 percent of households in the United States received approximately _____ of the total income of pie
50%
In postindustrial societies such as the United States, approximately __________ of adult women are in the labor force.
60%
Which of these is the best example of a secondary group?
A Sociology Class
The ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, as specified by Max Weber, include an emphasis on _____.
A division of labor
Mikayla is told repeatedly that she is not a very good athlete. Eventually, she comes to believe it, puts in little effort in gym class, and receives a poor grade. This scenario is an illustration of _____.
A self-fulfilling prophesy
____ poverty refers to the condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life
Absolute
__________ is the term for policies or procedures designed to promote equal opportunity for categories of people who have previously been excluded from equality in education, employment, and other fields on the basis of characteristics such as race or ethnicity.
Affirmative action
People in which of these racial/ethnic groups have been the most overrepresented in official crime statistics?
African Americans
______ is the term for the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society.
Agent of socialization
A(n) _____ is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common.
Aggregate
Students walking to class, shoppers in a department store, and people lined up to buy tickets are examples of _____.
Aggregates
Durkheim used the term _____ for the condition in which social norms are weak, conflicting, o absent.
Anomie
Durkheim used the term __________ for the condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and a sense of purpose in society.
Anomie
A(n) _____ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age and gender.
Ascribed
Jorge is a male born to Mexican American parents; he was assigned these positions at birth. He is an adult and -if he lives long enough- will someday become an "older adult," later in life. All of these are considered _____ statuses.
Ascribed
__________ is a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture.
Assimilation
A open inexperienced backpackers are preparing to settle in for the night when they realize that someone is the group is missing. The _____ style of leadership would be most effective in this situation.
Authoritarian
When a label of deviance is based on a person's intentional or inadvertent actions, it is considered _____.
Behavioral
__________ occurs when members of one group marry those of other social or ethnic groups.
Biological assimilation (amalgamation)
__________ is how a person perceives and feels about his or her body; it also includes an awareness of social conditions in society that contribute to this self-knowledge.
Body consciousness
The national crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) was developed by the _____.
Bureau of Justice Statistics
A(n) _____ is an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personal matters.
Bureaucracy
Most government , businesses, education, and religious organizations are _____ in form.
Bureaucratic
A(n) _____ is a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic (such as education level, age, race, or gender).
Category
The least amount of interaction between members occurs in a(n) _____.
Category
Women with blue eyes, people who wear contact lenses, people over 7 feet tall, and college men who belong to a fraternity are each an example of a(n) _____.
Category
The sociologists who first defined the differences between primary an secondary groups is _____.
Charles H. Cooley
Sociologist Erving Goffman's term _____ refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object or particular attention.
Civil Inattention
A(n) _____ I an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal.
Coalition
People do not voluntarily become members of _____ organizations.
Coercive
Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of _____ organizations.
Coercive
From the _____ perspective, social institutions are not organized for the common good of everyone.
Conflict
_____ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. they emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society.
Conflict
_____ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination.
Conflict
_____ suggest that groups involve unequal power relationships so that not all members of a group are not equally likely to have their needs met.
Conflict theorists
__________ analyze power and economic differentials between the dominant groups and subordinate groups in society.
Conflict theorists
A young woman graduates from high school with honors, and attends a prestigious university, where she completes her degree; she gets a good job; she married and starts planning for the future. This woman's behavior is an example of _____.
Conformity
According to Merton's strain theory, _____ occurs when people accept culturally approved goals and pursue them through approved means.
Conformity
Sociologists refer to. the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group as _____.
Conformity
Criminologists use the term _____ to refer to the greater number of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of people accused or convicted of criminal offenses.
Corrections
__________ occurs when members of an ethnic group adopt dominant-group traits, such as language, dress, values, religion, and food preferences.
Cultural assimilation (acculturation)
We act on reality as we see it. Sociologists describe this process as the _____, meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust out attitudes and actions accordingly.
Definition of the Situation
Leaders using the _____ style fo leadership may be praised by their expressive, supportive behavior toward group members, but they may also be blamed for being indecisive in times of crisis.
Democratic
Sociologists Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tönnies both _____.
Developed typologies to explain change in the social structure of societies
_____ is the term for any behavior, belief, or condition that violates significant social norms in the society or group in which it occurs.
Deviance
A group of protestors appeals their arrest on the grounds that police officers overstepped their authority. The case goes to court. This scenario best illustrates which of these functions of deviance.
Deviance clarifies rules
According to functionalists, acts of civil disobedience (including lunch counter sit-ins and bus boycotts) exemplify which function of deviance?
Deviance promotes social change.
Sutherland's _____ theory states that people have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently interact with individuals who are more favorable toward deviance than conformity.
Differential Association
_____ argues that deviant behavior is learned in personal interaction with friends and family.
Differential Association
Criminologist Ronald Akers created the _____ theory, which combines the differential association with elements of psychological learning theory, suggesting that both deviant behavior and conventional behavior are earned through the same social processes.
Differential reinforcement
__________ refers to actions or practices of dominant-group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group.
Discrimination
A college president need not be effective in designing promotional brochures. A corporate executive need not be able to program the department's computer system. These examples illustrate _____ in a bureaucratic organization.
Division of labor
The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called _____.
Dramaturgical Analysis
In which of these types of groups is the participation of all members crucial to the survival of the group?
Dyad
Two best friends, married couples, and domestic partnerships are each an example of a(n) _____.
Dyad
______ pioneered sociobiology, arguing that genetic inheritance underlies many forms of social behavior, including war and peace, envy and concern for others, and competition and cooperation.
Edward Wilson
__________ is the coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society; this coexistence occurs when groups share elements of the mainstream culture while remaining culturally distinct from both the dominant group and other social and ethnic groups.
Ethnic pluralism
__________ refers to the tendency to regard one's own culture and group as the standard, and thus superior, whereas all other groups are seen as inferior.
Ethnocentrism
According to _____, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies. For example, when you are talking with someone, what expectations do you have that you and the person with whom you are speaking will take turns speaking?
Ethnomethodologists
_____ leadership is most appropriate when the group is dealing with emotional issues, and when harmony, solidarity, and high morale are needed.
Expressive
_____ leadership provides emotional support for members.
Expressive
_____ needs are met by opportunities of self-expression and support from family, friends, and peers.
Expressive
Erving Goffamn coined the term _____ for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potentially or actually embarrassing situation.
Face-saving behavior
Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of _____ that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed.
Feeling Rules
Which of the following would be classified as a status offense?
Fifteen-year-old Ivy runs away from home.
A _____ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.
Formal Organization
Ferdinand Tönnies used the term _____ for traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability.
Gemeinschaft
__________ refer(s) to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity."
Gender
__________ consists of showing favoritism toward one gender over the other.
Gender bias
__________ is a person's perception of the self as female or male. Typically established between eighteen months and three years of age, it is a powerful aspect of our self-concept.
Gender identity
__________ refers to the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process.
Gender role
__________ refers to the interactive effect of racism and sexism on the exploitation of women of color.
Gendered racism
_____ seeks to reduce criminal activity by instilling a fear of punishment to the general public.
General deterrence
Which of these sociologists first suggested that small groups have interaction patterns that do not exist in larger groups?
Georg Simmel
Sociologist __________ divided the self into the "I" and the "me."
George Herbert Mead
Ferdinand Tönnies used the term _____ for a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group and little consensus on values.
Gesellschaft
________ refers to the fact that the lives of people everywhere are intertwined closely so that one nation's problems are part of a much larger global context.
Global interdependence
A homeless man appears at the door of a shelter 10 minutes after the deadline for intake. He is refused shelter for the night because he arrived late. Applying the terms for problems that are frequent within bureaucracy, this is an example of _____.
Goal Displacement
In 2010, concern about cost overruns and staying on schedule kept executives of BP, Halliburton, and Transocean from sharing information and concerns with each other. The result was a shared assumption of safety that ultimately resulted in the explosion of a BP oil rig and an unprecedented environmental disaster. the failure to express concerns and confront potential risk is an example of _____.
Groupthink
The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem that some group members believe will have negative results. Instead of discussing their concerns, they do not want to challenge the leader's authority. The result is an unwise decision. The group has experienced _____.
Groupthink
_____ is the term for the process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise.
Groupthink
British sociologist __________ translated and condensed Comte's work and was noted for her study of social customs in Great Britain and the United States
Harriet Martineau
A school district is run by a board of elected officials, which hires a superintendent, who in turn selects principals for its schools and other administrative staff. This is an example of the bureaucratic characteristic of _____.
Hierarchy of authority
Which of these is an example of a utilitarian organization?
High school
Social inequality and poverty have both economic and structural sources. According to your text, a great deal of poverty in the United States is due to ________
High unemployment and the low wages paid for many jobs
Regardless of a person's other characteristics, which of these is most likely to become a stigmatized master status?
Homeless
Which of these questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists?
How do we know how to interact in a given situation?
Differential association explains _____.
How one may be socialized into deviance
Which of these statements is the best description of the role of culture in human life?
Humans choose their behaviors and ideas from a cultural "tool kit."
Which of these is an example of an achieved status?
Husband
The symbolic interactionist approach to deviance includes all of the following except the _____ theory.
Illegitimate opportunity
_____ is based on the assumption that offenders who are detained in prison or are executed will be unable to commit additional crimes.
Incapacitation
__________ discrimination consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or their property.
Individual
_____ are based on technology that mechanizes production. New technologies, such as cars, computers, electric lights, stereos, and cell phones, are products of these societies.
Industrial Societies
__________ in the United States created a gap between the nonpaid work performed by women at home and the paid work that was increasingly performed by men and unmarried girls.
Industrialization
The "grapevine" spreads information (with varying degrees of accuracy) much faster than do official channels of communication, h=which tend to be slow an unresponsive. Within a bureaucracy, the "grapevine" is an example of _____.
Informal Structure
______ are norms considered to be less important, are unwritten, and are commonly understood standards of behavior among people who share an identity.
Informal norms
A socioeconomically disadvantaged teenager decides that she must resort to crime in order to but some clothes she wants. This teenager's behavior is an example of _____.
Innovation
According to Merton's strain theory, _____ occurs when people accept societies goals but adopt disapproved means for achieving them.
Innovation
Merton described how people adapt to cultural goals and the approved ways of achieving them through _____
Innovation
Organized crime is generally not associated with _____.
Insider Trading
Which of these is not part of the sociological definition of any group?
Interactions are emotion-based
_____ social control takes place through the socialization process.
Internal
__________ occurs when members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the dominant group in a particular society.
Internal colonialism
_____ crime refers to illegal acts committed online, such as FBI-related scams, nonauction of merchandise, and overpayment fraud.
Internet
Social psychologist _____ examined group decision making among political experts and found that major blunders in U.S. history may be attributed to pressure toward group conformity.
Irving Janis
All of these statements about social structure are true, except _____.
It is not essential for individual well-being
In 1947, __________ broke the "color line" to become the first African American in Major League Baseball.
Jackie Robinson
_____ refers to a violation of law or the commission of a status offense (such as cutting school or running away from home) by young people.
Juvenile Delinquency
Which of these is not likely to constitute a reference group for a person who strongly believes in the value of human rights and equal opportunity?
Ku Klux Klan
Based on the symbolic interactionist theory of Charles H. Cooley and George H. Mead, the _____ theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, one to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.
Labeling
A teacher gives students ideas for an assignment, but encourages them to be creative and pick their own subject and format. The teacher is using a(n) _____ leadership style.
Laissez-faire
Leaders using the _____ style of leadership are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.
Laissez-faire
The supervisor of the office has been informed that Sarah consistently extends her lunch hour by 30 minutes. he chooses to take a passive approach to this problem, hoping that it will fix itself. This particular supervisor is exhibiting which style of leadership?
Laissez-faire
__________ is the term for a killing carried out by a group of vigilantes seeking revenge for an actual or imagined crime by the victim.
Lynching
Media stories that focus on the lack of education or work history among the homeless and not on structural factors such as economic recession or the lack of affordable housing fail to account for the _____ of the situation.
Macro View
At the _____, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms.
Macrolevel
In the early twentieth century, drug laws were actively enforced in an effort to control immigrant workers, especially the Chinese, who were being exploited by the railroads and other industries. This example supports the perspective of _____.
Marxist/critical theory
Jane defines herself first and foremost as a student. For Jane, being a student is her _____ status.
Master
One's occupation is an indicator of level of education and income and may also reflect family background. In the United States, occupation is an important determinant of social position. This makes occupation a likely _____ status.
Master
The model of the American class system based on the work of __________ is based on three elements: education, occupation of family head, and family income.
Max Weber
Unlike others who believed that values could not be separated from the research process, German social scientist __________ emphasized that sociology should be value free—conducted in a scientific manner to exclude the researcher's personal values and economic interests.
Max Weber
Which of these sociologists applied ideal type analysis and borrowed from the field of economics to study bureaucracies?
Max Weber
The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority _____.
May be more common than most people would like to believe
Durkheim used the term _____ to refer to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds.
Mechanical Solidarity
A _____ is a minor crime that is typically punishable by less than one year in jail.
Misdemeanor
Maintaining eye contact during conversation is _____.
More common for women than for men
In terms of income, employment, housing, nutrition, and health, which of the following is the most disadvantaged racial or ethnic group in the United States?
Native Americans
The bureaucratic tendency toward rule by the few is termed _____.
Oligarchy
The concept of _____ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence.
Organic Solidarity
_____ crime is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit.
Organized
Organized crime drives primarily because _____.
Organized crime drives primarily because _____.
Walter Reckless suggested that many people do not resort to deviance because of _____, which may include supportive family and friends, reasonable social expectations, and supervision by others.
Outer containments
Cody is a member of the L.A. Crips. the other gangs in his territory are the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. Cody feels very antagonistic toward the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. For Cody, these two rival gangs would be considered _____.
Outgroups
__________ is the belief that wages ought to reflect the worth of a job, not the gender or race of the worker.
Pay equity
In discussing primary and secondary groups, the text points out that _____.
People in a secondary group may eventually form a primary group
contemporary Marxian (or conflict) theorists examine class in terms of _____
People's relationships with others in the production process
The term _____ refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the use of power by government officials or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government in efforts to usurp power.
Political crime
_______ consists of activities, products, and services, such as rock concerts, spectator sports, movies, and television soap operas and situation comedies, that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of the middle and working classes.
Popular culture
__________ are societies in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy.
Postindustrial societies
Which type of theorist is most likely to note the scripted nature of interaction in contemporary society (for example between employees and customers in a fast-food restaurant)?
Postmodern theorists
_____ are most likely to emphasize that the study of deviance reveals how the powerful exert authority over the powerless by taking away their free will to think and act as they might choose.
Postmodern theorists
To many _____, groups and organizations are generally characterized by superficiality and deathlessness in social relationships.
Postmodernists
larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson. In most of these comes, the primary motive is to obtain money or some other desired valuable.
Property
_______ state what behavior is inappropriate or unacceptable. Laws that prohibit drinking and driving and "netiquette" that preclude you from typing e-mails in all caps are examples.
Proscriptive norms
___ is a socially constructed concept used by many people to specify groups of people based on physical characteristics such as skin color.
Race
__________ is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.
Racism
The _____ argues that women's crime originates in patriarchy (male domination over females). This approach focuses on social forces that shape women's lives and experiences and shows how exploitation may trigger deviant behavior and criminal activities.
Radical feminist approach
The _____ theory if deviance states that deviant behavior occurs when a person weighs the costs and benefits of deviant behavior and concludes that the benefits outweighs the risks.
Rational Choice
Weber's term _____ refers to the process by which traditional informal and spontaneous methods o social organization are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.
Rationality
According to Merton's strain theory, _____ occurs when people challenge both the approved goals and the approved means for achieving them yet advocate an alternative set of goals or means.
Rebellion
A(n) _____ is a group that strongly influences a person's behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.
Reference Group
Jocelyn is a senior at the local university and plans to attend graduate school to study sociology. During her last semester, she has been using graduate sociology student papers as standards in evaluating her own writing skills. For Jocelyn, the graduate sociology students have become her _____.
Reference group
_____ seeks to return offenders to the community as law-abiding citizens by providing therapy or vocational or educational training. offenders are treated, not punished, so that they will not continue their criminal activity.
Rehabilitation
Applying Merton's strain theory, skid-row alcoholics and drug addicts illustrate the concept of _____.
Retreatism
Sociologists _____ suggested that, for deviance to occur, people must have access to illegitimate opportunity structures- circumstances tat provide an opportunity for people to acquire through illegitimate activities what they cannot achieve through legitimate channels.
Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin
Sometimes people give up on societal goals but still adhere to the socially approved means for achieving them; Merton termed this _____.
Ritualism
The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and being involved in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a _____.
Role
It is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent-child relationship ends. Should it end at age 18 or 21? When a person is no longer in school? This is an example of _____.
Role Ambiguity
_____ occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear.
Role Ambiguity
Charles has a final exam in the evening at a time when he is supposed to be working. That same evening, Stephanie (his girlfriend) wants him to take her to a movie. To top it off, his mother calls, asking him to fly home because his father is going to have emergency surgery. Sociologists would say that Charles is very likely experiencing _____.
Role Conflict
Recent research indicates that female student-athletes have they own ay of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox," which is an example of _____.
Role Conflict
When _____ occurs, we may feel pulled in different situations. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider. to be most important. or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles.
Role Conflict
A former business manager is between jobs and takes a job at a local retail store in order to make ends meet. In that position, she frequently talks about her previous work and her plans for the future. She doesn't want people to view her as a "clerk." Her behavior is an example of _____.
Role Distancing
_____ refers to the conscious fostering of the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role. It is clear one merely goes through the motions of role performance.
Role Distancing
_____ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity.
Role Exit
For any particular status, _____ refers to how a person actually behaves within her role.
Role Performance
Carlos is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, but at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 GPA. Sociologists would say that Carlos is experiencing _____.
Role Strain
Marital inequality, conflict over parenting responsibilities, unclear expectations, and lack of emotional support may contribute to _____ for both men and women.
Role Strain
Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of _____ groups.
Secondary
Annette, Joshua, Sandra, and Luis are college students who met for the first time in a sociology class. They study together and pool their notes. Otherwise, they see each other only occasionally when their oaths cross between classes. Sociologists would term them a(n) _____.
Secondary Group
Cooley coined the term _____ for a larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.
Secondary Group
Sociologists define a(n) _____ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.
Secondary Group
A person may shoplift an item from a department store and be apprehended and labeled as a "thief," subsequently accept that label, and then go shoplift more in the future. Tis future behavior is an example of _____.
Secondary deviance
__________ refers to the spatial and social separation of categories of people by race, ethnicity, class, gender, and/or religion.
Segregation
Which of these statements about the self or self-concept is false
Self-concept is fixed in childhood and unchanging after.
__________ refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males.
Sex
__________ is the term for the subordination of one sex, usually female, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.
Sexism
__________ refers to an individual's preference for emotional-sexual relationships with members of the opposite sex (heterosexuality), the same sex (homosexuality), or both (bisexuality).
Sexual orientation
The basic assumption in the psychoanalytic approach of __________ is that human behavior and personality originate from unconscious forces within the individual
Sigmund Freud
The term for people with whom we have primary relationships and those in our primary groups is _____.
Significant others
_____ is an extreme form of stratification in which some people are owned by others. It is a closed system in which people are treated as property and have little or no control over their lives
Slavery
Some symbolic interaction theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the _____, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.
Social Construction of Reality
The sociological term for the systematic practices that social groups develop in order to encourage conformity to norms, rules, and laws and to discourage deviance is _____.
Social Control
A(n) _____ is a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, an have a feeling of interdependence.
Social Group
The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass, media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are all examples of _____.
Social Institutions
The sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people, and which is considered the foundation for all relationships and groups in society, is _____.
Social Interaction
_____ refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups.
Social Marginality
The sociological term for a set of social relationships that link one individual to others is _____.
Social Network
When Darlene takes a seat at the local diner, the server approaches the table and says, "Hi, I'm Matt.I'll b taking care of you today." This is an example of _____.
Social Script
_____, or cohesion, refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. It exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time.
Social Solidarity
Conflict and functionalist theorists are in agreement that _____.
Social institutions are originally organized to meet basic needs within society
Which of these statements about social networks is false?
Social networks work equally well for people of all social classes.
______ focus on how humans design their own culture and transmit it from generation to generation through socialization. By contrast, __________ assert that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.
Sociologists; sociobiologists
A _____ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position.
Status
Amber is a first grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her _____.
Status Set
Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owing a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it," and pushing a shopping cart is an indicator that one is homeless. These are examples of _____.
Status Symbols
Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are all examples of _____.
Statuses
The sociological term for a spoiled or devalued social identity is _____.
Stigma
The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is _____.
Stigma
Being homeless, having immigrant status, wearing a prison uniform, and having a visible disability are all examples of _____.
Stigmas
According to Merton's _____ theory, people feel tension when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.
Strain
__________ occurs when members of subordinate racial or ethnic groups gain acceptance in everyday social interaction with members of the dominant group, but do not necessarily make close friends or intermarry.
Structural assimilation (integration)
Sociologist Erving Goffman noted that people consciously participate in _____, a face-saving technique in which one role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved.
Studied Nonobservance
In his study of conformity, Solomon Asch found that _____.
Subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants about one-third (33%) of the time
__________ refers to the means by which a society gains the basic necessities of life, including food, shelter, and clothing.
Subsistence
__________ is the term for racist behavior that may be hidden from sight and more difficult to prove.
Subtle racism
__________ examine how microlevel contacts between people may produce either greater racial tolerance or increased levels of hostility.
Symbolic interactionists
Which of these is an example of a coalition?
Teachers in a school district who work together to demand better wages
_____ is defined as "the calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective."
Terrorism
According to Lemert, some people engage in _____ deviance, which occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant seeks to normalize the behavior by relabeling it as non deviant.
Tertiary
A branch of the conflict perspective, Marxist/critical theory views deviance and crime as a result of _____.
The capitalist economic system
In contemporary societies, the primary mechanism of external social control is _____.
The criminal justice system
After conducting his research, Solomon Asch concluded that _____.
The degree of social cohesion felt by participant is very important regarding how individuals respond to group pressure
In the late 1970s, sociologist Diana Pearce coined the term __________to refer to the trend in which women are disproportionately represented among individuals living in poverty.
The feminization of poverty
Which of these is the best example of a primary group?
The people working together in the same department
one of the most important characteristics of systems of stratification is their degree of flexibility. In a closed system of stratification _______
There is little or no social mobility
In regard to Stanley Milgram's study, the text points out that _____.
This research raises some questions concerning research ethics
Several employees at a fast-food restaurant call in sickout the last minute. The manager tries to fill in but doesn't know how to run the drive-through intercom or broiler. Applying the terms for problems that are frequent within bureaucracy, this is an example of _____.
Trained Incapacity
The _____ is compiled by the FBI and is the major source of information on crimes reported in the United States.
Uniform crime report
What is it that sets peer groups apart from schools and families as agents of socialization?
Unlike schools and families, peer groups allow children a degree of freedom from authority.
We voluntarily join _____ organizations when they can provide us with a material reward we seek.
Utilitarian
_____ are values that conflict with one another or are mutually exclusive, meaning that achieving one makes it difficult, if not impossible, to achieve another.
Value contradiction
Which of these is not generally considered a component of the social structure?
Values and Beliefs
______ provide ideals of beliefs about behavior but do not state explicitly how we should behave; __________ are established rules of behavior or standards for conduct
Values; norms
_____ crime refers primarily to actions such as murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault and involves force or the threat of force against others.
Violent
As a theorist, Emile Durkheim was most interested in the question:
What holds societies together?
a lack of clear law governing the rights of all parties involved in artificial insemination and other forms of reproductive technology
Which of these is the best example of the concept of cultural lag?
Almost 70 years ago, Sutherland coined the term _____ for what is now called occupational crime.
White-collar crime
From a sociological perspective, definitions of deviance originate _____.
With the people who witness or judge the behavior
Research shows that _____ are more likely to be perceived as members of the dangers classes and receive stricter sentences in criminal courts.
Young, single, urban males
In contemporary societies, women's child-care responsibilities have __________ on their participation in careers and professions.
a great impact
Which of these is not an example of a total institution?
a university residence hall
_____ is the most likely to have life-threatening consequences, such as when a homeless person freezes to death on a park bench
absolute poverty
Equalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which ethnic groups coexist in equality with one another. This pattern is also referred to as __________.
accomodation
A(n) _____ status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.
achieved
Occupation is an example of a(n) _____ status.
achieved
_______ is reinforced by negative images regarding older persons
ageism
We are exposed to many __________ throughout our lifetime. According to the text, the most pervasive ones in childhood include the family, the school, peer groups, and the mass media.
agents of socialization
Sociologist Karl Marx believed that workers are exploited as capitalists maximize their profit by paying the workers less than the resale values of what they produce. Marx believed that this resulted in a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement that he called __________.
alienation
A young woman decides that she wants to become a professional basketball player. She joins her school basketball team, reads articles about the best basketball players, and attends basketball camps. This is an example of _____
anticipatory socialization
Durkheim believed that the limits of social behavior __________
are socially based, not biologically based
During which life stage does one's focus tend to shift from the physical and active dimensions of self toward the social and psychological aspect
between early and late childhood
Marx used the term __________ for those who own the means of production—the land and capital necessary for factories and mines.
bourgeoisie
According to Forbes magazine, the richest people in the world are Bill Gates (cofounder of Microsoft Corporation) and Amancio Ortega (founder of the Zara clothing line). In Wright's Marxian model, these men would be members of the __________ class.
capitalist
Both Karl Marx and Max Weber identified ___________ as an important determinant of social inequality and social change.
class
The open stratification system based on the ownership and control of resources, as well as the type of work people do, is termed __________.
class
Sociologists use the term __________ to refer to the relative location of a person or group within the larger society, based on wealth, power, prestige, or other valued resources.
class
Marx believed that the exploitation of workers by the capitalist class would ultimately lead to __________, or the struggle between the capitalist and working classes.
class conflict
Compared to quantitative research, qualitative research is more likely to ________
collect and analyze the data simultaneously
According to the __________ perspective, groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources.
conflict
Analyzing the coal industry, which theoretical perspective would most likely look at the conflict of interests between coal companies and public health?
conflict
_______ theorists emphasize that socialization reaffirms and reproduces the class structure in the next generation rather than challenging the conditions that presently exist.
conflict
Internal colonialism, the split-labor-market theory, and gendered racism are theories that are rooted in the __________ perspective.
conflict
The basis for Marx's theory of society is the belief that ______________
conflict between different economic classes is necessary to produce social change
In a study of homelessness in American society, __________ would emphasize the struggle between social classes, especially how the policies of the wealthy protect their interests while pushing certain groups into unemployment and homelessness.
conflict theorists
According to Kohlberg's framework of moral development, most adults are governed by concern for how they are viewed by others and whether or not they will be punished for their behavior. This is termed the __________ level of moral development.
convential
George Herbert Mead breaks down the development of the self into three stages. Which of these is not one of them?
convential
"The Order," a white supremacist group, is opposed to most of the values shared by a majority of mainstream Americans. The Order has purchased weapons with the purpose of going after its enemies. This group is an example of a __________.
counterculture
A __________ is a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks an alternative lifestyle.
counterculture
A _____ is a behavior that violates criminal law and is punishable with fines, jail terms, and/or other negative sanctions.
crime
Theft, assault, and drug dealing are all violations of ________
criminal law
The popularity of piñatas in China, Italy, Spain, Mexico, the United States, and other nations is an example of _____
cultural diffusion
A potential danger of applying __________ is that taken to its extreme it may be used to justify practices that violate human rights.
cultural relativism
The term __________ refers to the belief that the behaviors and customs of any society must be viewed and analyzed by the culture's own standards.
cultural relativism
Anthropologist George Murdock compiled a list of over seventy __________, which are customs and practices that occur across all societies.
cultural universals
Cooking, games, and clothing are examples of __________.
cultural universals
_______ refers to the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in a human group or society
culture
Sociologists use the term __________ for the disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own that challenge their own taken-for -granted assumptions about life.
culture shock
Corporations have been disinvesting in the United States, displacing millions of people from their jobs. Economists refer to this displacement as the __________ of America.
deindustrialization
Computers and other technologies perform a great deal of work today, reducing the need for workers with special expertise. As a result, high-paying positions have been replaced with low-paying positions. This process has been termed __________.
deskilling
In a six-square-block tract of downtown Boston, it is possible to purchase a bagel with cream cheese, dine on raw fish in a sushi bar, or grab a slice of pizza from a street vendor. This variety of food choices illustrates the process of _____
diffusion
In San Jose, California, managers of Denny's restaurants were instructed to implement policies designed to limit or discourage African American patronage. Applying the typology of Joe Feagin, these policies are an example of __________ discrimination.
direct institutionalized
Sociologists use the term __________ for a group that is advantaged by greater power and access to resources in a society.
dominant group
Sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois observed that a dual heritage creates conflict for people of color: an identity conflict of being black and American. Du Bois referred to this duality as __________
double-consciousness
A __________ of education in the United States is the perpetuation of gender, racial, and class inequalities, which contributes to a waste of potential talent and benefit for society
dysfunction
Automobiles provide transportation and independence. They also cause a great deal of air pollution and contribute to global warming. Merton would consider these negative impacts to be __________
dysfunctions
Marx predicted that when workers realized that capitalists were the source of their oppression, they would overthrow the capitalists and take over the government, creating a(n) __________ society.
egalitarian
According to psychologist Sigmund Freud, human development occurs in three states that reflect different levels of the personality. The __________ is the rational, reality-oriented component of personality that imposes restrictions on innate pleasure-seeking drive
ego
During the mid-1970s, advocates of _____ theory predicted that women's crime rates would increase significantly as a result of the women's liberation movement.
emancipation
In a caste system, marriage is __________, meaning that people are allowed to marry only within their own group.
endogamous
According to a recent study of female athletes, in order to deal with the contradictory statuses of "woman" and "athlete," women__________________________.
engage in apologetic behavior after a game to soften their behavior
Sociologist Max Weber placed categories of people who have a similar level of wealth and income in the same class. He referred to the privileged commercial class of wealthy bankers, ship owners, professionals, and merchants who possess similar financial resources as __________.
entrepreneurs
A functionalist study has determined that __________ support was the most important factor in whether Air Force personnel experienced severe suicidal ideation.
esteem
The sociological term for a group of people distinguished by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural characteristics or national origin, is __________.
ethnic group
Sociologists use the term __________ for the practice of judging all other cultures by one's own culture, assuming that one's own way of life is superior to all others.
ethnocentrism
In a study of Amish behavior, a researcher moves into an Amish community and lives and works there for a year, participating in the residents' daily lives. This is an example of _________
ethnography
In an experiment, the __________ contains the subjects who are exposed to an independent variable to study its effect on them.
experimental group
A __________ is a temporary but widely copied activity followed enthusiastically by large numbers of people. Most are short-lived novelties.
fad
One of the primary agents of gender socialization is _______
family
in recent years, some parents have begun carrying their infant children on their backs or chests in special slings rather than in strollers or in their arms. This is an example of a(n) __________ in child rearing.
fashion
At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived. An XX chromosome pairing is associated with a __________.
female embryo
_______is the study of social life in its natural setting: observing and interviewing people where they live, work, and play.
field research
According to the text, one of the most important characteristics of systems of stratification is their degree of ______
flexibility
When you meet your new supervisor for the first time, you neglect to extend your hand to her for a handshake. Which of these cultural components has your behavior violated?
folkway
In the United States, __________ might include using underarm deodorant and brushing one's teeth every day.
folkways
_______ are informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture. They provide rules for conduct but are not considered to be essential to society's survival.
folkways
Internment camps for Japanese Americans during World War II are an example of __________.
forced migration
Not all norms are of equal importance; __________ are written down and involve specific punishments for violators. Laws are the most common type; they have been codified and may be enforced by sanctions.
formal norms
The basic assumption in the psychoanalytic approach of __________ is that human behavior and personality originate from unconscious forces within the individual
freud
Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered _____.
front stage
One study found that as the economic conditions worsened in the South, whites aimed their anger toward African Americans, who then became a scapegoat. As a result, there was an increase in the lynching of African Americans. This illustrates __________ theory.
frustration-aggression
From the perspective of __________, social inequality is not only inevitable, but it is also an essential part of any healthy society.
functionalism
_________ states that societies develop social structures, or institutions, that persist because they play a part in helping society survive. These institutions include the family, education, government, religion, and the economy.
functionalism
From a _____ perspective, if groups exist to meet the instrumental and expressive needs of their members, then leaders are responsible for helping the group meet those needs.
functionalist
Socialization is essential for the survival and stability of society. This statement reflects the________________ perspective on socialization and society.
functionalist
_____ emphasize the role of social institutions in accomplishing essential tasks for society.
functionalist
_____ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.
functionalist
_____ theorists have conducted most of the research on "core" values in the United States
functionalist
__________ perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system composed of interrelated parts, each of which (ideally) contributes to the overall stability of the society.
functionalist
According to __________, human capital acquired by education and job training is the source of a person's productivity so that what a person earns is a reflection of his or her individual choices.
functionalists
In a study of education in the United States, __________ would look at the role the schools play in maintaining the social system as a whole; how education provides the young with skills they need later in life; and how education transmits cultural values from one generation to the next.
functionalists
The term __________ refers to the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with sex differences.
gender
In the United States, males are traditionally expected to demonstrate aggressiveness and toughness, whereas females have been expected to be passive and nurturing. This illustrates the concept of __________.
gender role
Sociologists use the term __________ for the specific messages and practices that teach what it means to be female or male in a specific group or society
gender socialization
Throughout childhood and adolescence, boys and girls typically are assigned different household chores and given different privileges (such as how late they may stay out at night). This is an example of __________.
gender socialization
Gender socialization in sports generally results in______________________.
girls being socialized to play games that emphasize cooperation and involve minimal competitiveness
People throughout the world share the same biosphere; environmental pollution in one area may have an adverse effect on people in other places. This makes environmental problems an example of _________
global interdependence
In a definitive study of sexuality in the mid-1990s, researchers at the University of Chicago established three criteria for identifying people as homosexual or bisexual. Which of the following is not one of the criteria they identified?
having engaged in a homosexual encounter at a young age
In the "nature versus nurture" debate regarding socialization, the "nature" component refers to ___
hereditary
Some nations, such as the United States, are referred to as __________, which means that they include people who are dissimilar in regard to social characteristics such as religion, income, or race/ethnicity.
heterogeneous societies
Most cross-dressers are __________.
heterosexual men
Some nations, such as Sweden, are referred to as __________, which means that they include people who share a common culture and who are typically from similar social, religious, political, and economic backgrounds.
homogeneous societies
A factory worker is promoted to the position of foreman in the factory. She relieves a small increase in pay. This person has experienced ______ mobility
horizontal
______ occurs when people experience a gain or loss in position and/or income that does not produce a change in their place in the social structure
horizontal mobility
In __________ societies, a steady source of food becomes available. People grow their own food using simple hand tools, such as the digging stick and the hoe.
horticultural
In which of these types of societies do women have relative equality with men?
hunting and gathering
The earliest known type of division of labor between women and men is found in __________ societies.
hunting and gathering
Sociologists conducting research may formulate a(n) __________, which is a statement of the relationship between two or more variables
hypothesis
A(n) _____ is an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy).
ideal type
A(n) _____ is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity.
in-group
__________ is the term for economic gain derived from wages, salaries, income transfers (government aid), and ownership of property.
income
When designing a study, the researcher considers the __________ to be the cause of the relationship or outcome
independent variable
LeBron has developed the hypothesis that the stress felt by single parents increases the probability of child abuse. Stress would be considered the __________ variable and child abuse would be considered the __________ variable.
independent; dependent
A landlord refuses to rent to someone of a different race. This is an example of __________ discrimination.
individual
A(n) __________ is one in which factory or mechanized production has replaced agriculture as the major form of economic activity.
industrial society
Interest in the systematic study of people's behavior and ideas took hold during the nineteenth century primarily in response to ________
industrialization and urbanization
Most women who made the Forbes magazine wealthiest list __________.
inherited their wealth or acquired it through marriage
A bank consistently denies loans to people of color. This is an example of __________ discrimination.
institutional
_____ leadership is goal- or task- oriented.
instrumental
_____ needs cannot always be met by one person, so being in a group enables one to complete tasks or fulfill a specific goal.
instrumental
People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Microsociologists use the term _____ to refer to this.
interaction order
_____ mobility is the social movement experienced by family members from one generation to the next
intergenerational
In the United States, indigenous groups lost property, political rights, aspects of their culture, and often their lives. The effects of past __________ are reflected today in the number of Native Americans who live on government reservations.
internal colonialism
Breanna believes that Jarrod is upset with her because she interprets his tone of voice as angry. Although Jarrod states that he is not angry, from a symbolic interactionist perspective it is Breanna's __________ of the situation that is most real or believable to her.
interpretation
A chromosomally normal (XY) male was born with a penis just one centimeter long and a small opening similar to that of a female vagina. This individual would be referred to as __________.
intersexed
the data collection in which a researcher asks a respondent questions and records the answers
interview
Camryn started her career as a high-tech factory worker and, through increased experience and taking specialized courses in her field, became an entrepreneur and started her own highly successful business. Camryn's advancement is an example of __________ mobility.
intragenerational
A prejudiced judge gives harsher sentences to all African American defendants, even though he is not supported by the judicial system in his actions. According to sociologist Joe Feagin, this illustrates __________discrimination.
isolate
Sociologist Joe Feagin distinguishes four different categories of discrimination. He uses the term __________ for harmful action intentionally taken by a dominant-group member against a member of a subordinate group, with or without the support of other members of the dominant group in the same social context.
isolate discrimination
__________ is the term for the division of jobs into categories with distinct working conditions, which contributes to women having separate and unequal jobs.
labor market segmentation
Most sociologists are in agreement that__
language influences perception
When students go away to college they often make lifelong friends and may even find their spouse. According to Robert Merton, this would be a(n) __________ function of education.
latent
When formal, standardized norms are enacted by legislatures and are enforced by formal sanctions, they are termed ____
laws
In the perspective of __________, gender equality is equated with equality of opportunity.
liberal feminism
Sociologist Max Weber's term __________ refers to the extent to which individuals have access to important societal resources such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and health care.
life chances
A __________ analysis examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems.
macrolevel
At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived. An XY chromosome generally means a __________.
male embryo
______ consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share.
material culture
of the two categories of people who work for wages, Weber called the white-collar workers, public officials, managers, and professionals the ______
middle class
Becker coined the term _____ to refer to those who use their own perspectives on "right" and "wrong" to create the rules about what constitutes deviant or conventional behavior.
moral entrepreneurs
Jeffery Dahmer was convicted of murder and sentenced to life in prison for this offense. He also practiced cannibalism on his victims. In this situation, the act of murder could be described as the violation of __________, while cannibalism could be described as the violation of a ________
mores; taboo
Sociologists use the word __________ to refer to what is biologically determined, and _____ for what results from the social environment.
nature; nurture
During a classical music performance, a concert-goer talks loudly to the person sitting next to her. A man in another seat turns around, frowns at her, and says "Shh." This illustrates a _________
negative informal sanction
The definition of races as distinct biological categories first emerged in the __________.
nineteenth century, in efforts to justify slavery
Democracy, belief in a Supreme Being, and understanding English are all examples of _____
nonmaterial culture
Political parties, ecological activist groups, religious organizations, parent-teacher associations, and college sororities and fraternities are all examples of _____ organizations.
normative
We voluntarily join _____ organizations when we want to pursue some common interest or gain personal satisfaction or prestige from being a member.
normative
_____ is the term for compliance in which people follow direct orders from someone in a position of authority.
obedience
The purchase of "pet rocks" in the 1970s was an example of a(n) _______
object fad
What do most men consider to be their master status?
occupation
In sports, calling a player of color a derogatory name, participating in racist chanting during a sporting event, and writing racist graffiti in a team's locker room are examples of __________ racism.
overt
Sexism is interwoven with __________, which is a hierarchical system of social organization where cultural, political, and economic structures are controlled by men.
patriarchy
According to feminist theorists, we live in a(n) __________, a system in which men dominate women and in which things that are considered to be "male" or "masculine" are more highly valued than those considered to be "female" or "feminine."
patriarchy
Occupational segregation contributes to the __________, which refers to the disparity between women's and men's earnings.
pay gap
A __________ is a group of people who are linked by common interests, equal social position, and (usually) similar age
peer group
One couple's inability to keep their marriage intact may be an example of a __________, whereas widespread divorce as a result of changes in the economy or other social factors is an example of a __________.
personal trouble; public issue
Cory is four years of age. He loves to dress up like Batman and pretend to save Gotham City from The Penguin. According to sociologist George Herbert Mead's theory, he is in the __________ stage of self-development.
play
During the Olympics, competition and a spirit of nationalism and patriotism encourage people to think of their own nation as "the best." This is an example of __
positive ethnocentrism
French philosopher Auguste Comte's philosophy, the belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry, became known as __________
positivism
In __________, the division of labor in paid employment is increasingly based on whether people provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs such as fast-food restaurant counter help or health care work.
postindustrial societies
According to the __________ perspective, the classical theories have been unsuccessful in explaining social life in contemporary societies that are characterized by postindustrialization, consumerism, and global communications.
postmodern
according to sociologist Max Weber's systems of stratification, ____ is the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others
power
Wright Mills used the term __________ in referring to a small clique composed of the top corporate, political, and military officials who hold the most power in society
power elite
A football coach dislikes African Americans but still hires black players because he thinks they will enhance the team's ability to win. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, this coach is a(n) __________.
prejudiced nondiscriminator
According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, in the __________ stage of self- development, interactions lack meaning and children largely imitate the people around them.
preparatory
The dimension of Weber's system of stratification that helps determine one's class consists of the respect or regard that a person is given by others and is called __________.
prestige
A person may shoplift an item of clothing from a department store but not be apprehended or labeled as a deviant. The person may subsequently decide to forgo such behavior in the future. This example illustrates what stage of deviance?
primary
According to sociologist Edwin Lemert, several stages may occur in the labeling process. _____ deviance refers to the initial act of rule breaking.
primary
Sociologist Charles H. Cooley used the term _____ to describe a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.
primary group
Susan and Mary are middle-aged women who have been neighbors for twenty-five years. They talk daily about each other's grandchildren, share grocery shopping trips, and offer each other advise. They are an example of a(n) _____.
primary group
_____ include our family, close friends, and school- or work- related peer groups.
primary groups
At birth, male and female infants are distinguished by __________, the genitalia used in the reproductive process.
primary sex characteristics
Marx used the term __________ to refer to those who must sell their labor to the owners in order to earn enough money to survive.
proletariat
For most people in the United States, wealth is invested primarily in _______
property that generates no income
According to Mills, the sociological imagination enables one to distinguish between personal troubles that must be solved within the immediate social setting and __________ that affect large numbers of people and often require solutions at the societal level.
public issues
_____ crimes include offenses such as prostitution, illegal gambling, and pornography.
public order
With __________ research, interpretative description (words) rather than statistics (numbers) are used to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships
qualitative
Researchers in one study systematically analyzed the contents of the notes of suicide victims to determine recurring themes, such as feelings of despair or failure. They hoped to determine if any patterns could be found that would help in understanding why people might kill themselves. This is an example of __________.
qualitative research
__________ is the term for a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes.
race
People may claim to be law-abiding yet still engage in behaviors that are illegal. This behavior is an example of_____________ culture, which refers to the values and standards of behavior that people actually follow.
real
A minister who is opposed to war conducts a nonviolent protest at a local military installation, thus committing trespassing violation. Applying Merton's typology. from strain theory, this behavior is an example of _____.
rebellion
In most hunting and gathering societies, ___________________________.
relationships between women and men tend to be cooperative and relatively egalitarian
__________ poverty exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.
relative
Soledad develops a scale to assess job satisfaction among temporary workers. She is afraid that workers in her study will each interpret the scale items in a different way. Soledad is concerned about the __________ of her scale
reliability
Sociologists obtain their knowledge of human behavior through __________, which is the process of systematically collecting information for the purpose of testing an existing theory or generating a new one.
research
Anything valued in a society, such as money, property, and education, is called __________.
resource
_________ are people who provide data for analysis through interviews or questionnaires.
respondents
for analysis through interviews or questionnaires.
respondents
According to Merton's theory, _____ occurs when people abandon both the approved goals and the approved means of achieving them.
retreats
According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, __________ refers to the process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person or group in order to understand the world from that person's or group's point of view.
role-taking
_______ are rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior.
sanctions
The __________ suggests that language not only expresses our thoughts and perceptions but also influences our perception of reality.
sapir-whorf hypothesis
Asher wants to do a study of the effectiveness of the Gardasil vaccine but lacks the time and money to gather his own data. Consequently, he analyzes data on this topic that were gathered by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In this case, Asher is conducting __________.
secondary analysis
In __________, researchers use existing material and analyze data that were originally collected by others.
secondary analysis
At puberty, an increased production of hormones results in the development of __________, the physical traits (other than reproductive organs) that identify an individual's sex.
secondary sex characteristics
Inequalitarian pluralism describes a situation in which specific ethnic groups are set apart from the dominant group and have unequal access to power and privilege. This pattern is also referred to as __________.
segregation
Barbara was born female, which refers to her __________; she acts very feminine, which refers to her __________.
sex; gender
Luther's pastor is a very important influence in his life. Many of Luther's actions are attempts to win the approval of his pastor. Sociologist George Herbert Mead would suggest that the pastor is one of Luther's _____
signifigant others
German sociologist Georg Simmel analyzed how social interactions vary depending on the __________. He concluded that interaction patterns differed between a dyad and a triad.
size of the social group
A small group of white students, without the support of other students or faculty members, defaces a professor's office with racial epithets. Joe Feagin would label the behavior of these students __________ discrimination.
small-group
Based on British social theorist Herbert Spencer's theory, __________ is the belief that those species of animals, including human beings, that are the most adapted to their environment will survive and prosper, whereas those that are poorly adapted will eventually die out.
social Darwinism
Hirschi's control theory is based on the importance of _____ in determining the likelihood of deviant behavior.
social bonding
In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to _____
social influence
Children are not "naturally" prejudiced. Prejudice and discrimination are reinforced when relatives and friends reward children with smiles and laughs for telling derogatory jokes or making negative comments about outgroup members. This is the basic framework of the __________.
social learning theory
the sociological term for the movement of individuals or groups from on level in a stratification system to another is ________
social mobility
____ is the sociological term for the hierarchal arrangement of social groups based on the control of basic resources
social stratification
_________ is the lifelong process of social interaction through which individuals acquire a self-identity and the physical, mental, and social skills needed for survival in society.
socialization
The cases of Anna and Genie are presented in the text in order to illustrate the point that_____________
socialization is essential for normal human development
A __________ is a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
society
Sociologists use the term __________ for a large social grouping that occupies the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
society
_______ is the systematic study of how biology affects social behavior and asserts that nature, in the form of our genetic makeup, is a major factor in shaping human behavior.
sociobiology
Sociologists often use the term ______ to refer to a classification that reflects a combination of factors such as income, occupation, and education
socioeconomic status
Sociologist C. Wright Mills coined the term __________ for the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society.
sociological imagination
Ethnocentrism is maintained and perpetuated by __________, which is/are overgeneralization(s) about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.
stereotypes
Clay is a high-ranking executive of Harley-Davidson Company. He is a member of the Free Wheelers, a motorcycle group. On the weekends, the Free Wheelers go camping and fishing and often sponsor community service programs. Clay would be considered a member of a(n) _____
subculture
In the month of December, many Jewish families celebrate Chanukah (the Festival of Light), during which special foods are served and families engage in ritual activity unique to their religious faith. In this context, members of the Jewish faith would represent a ________
subculture
The "I" is the __________ element of the self and represents the spontaneous and unique traits of each person.
subjective
Sociologists use the term __________ for a group whose members are disadvantaged by physical or cultural characteristics, are subjected to unequal treatment by the controlling group, and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.
subordinate group
according to Marx, the capitalist class maintains its position at the top of the class structure by control of the society's _______ , which is composed of the government, schools, church, and other social institutions
superstructure
A(n) __________ is the method most commonly used to study people's behavior and beliefs.
survey
A __________ is anything that meaningfully represents something else and includes signs, gestures, written language, and shared values.
symbol
A(n) __________ can be anything that meaningfully represents something else.
symbol
According to the __________ perspective, society is the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups.
symbolic interactionist
From the __________ perspectives, people create, maintain, and modify culture as they go about their everyday activities, thereby continually negotiating their social realities.
symbolic interactionist
Meredith studies how waiters are treated by diners at a country club in order to learn about the daily structure of inequality and how these patterns are enacted and replicated. Meredith is a __________.
symbolic interactionist
The __________ perspective emphasizes how people change culture through interaction with others; whereas the __________ perspective emphasizes that no single perspective can grasp or explain the complexity and diversity of the social world.
symbolic interactionist; postmodern
In a study of education in the United States, __________ would emphasize the daily activities and the various forms of communication between teachers and students. They would also examine the influence of peer groups and look at the reaction when school rules are either broken or followed.
symbolic interactionists
The "thumbs up" sign means something is good in some places, but is an obscene gesture in other places. This illustrates that__________
symbols may have different meanings among different groups of people
Caste systems and slavery are both __________.
systems where status is determined at birth
The strongest mores are referred to as __________. They are so strong that their violation is considered to be extremely offensive and even unmentionable.
taboos
Marx's theory had important insights into capitalist societies; for example, he recognized ________________.
the economic basis of class systems
In a series of laboratory experiments, psychologists Harry and Margaret Harlow attempted to demonstrate _____
the effects of social isolation on nonhuman primates raised without contact with others of their own species
The best-documented consequence of gender-segregated work is __________.
the gender pay gap
The text uses the expression "bureaucracy's other face" to refer to _____.
the informal activities within a bureaucracy
One of the characteristics of agrarian societies that contribute to gender inequality is _________________________.
the need for legitimate heirs for private property
Each of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic in men except:
the penis
Parents are involved in gender socialization through______________________.
the purchase of children's toys that reflect the parents' gender expectation
Indirect institutionalized discrimination occurs when__________________________.
the school system has a program for gifted and talented students in which all of the students are from high-income families
According to __________, we cannot form a sense of self without intense social interaction with others.
the symbolic interactionist approach
What is the best definition of diffusion?
the transmission of cultural items or social practices from one group or society to another
Each of the following is an example of a secondary sex characteristic in women except:
the vagina
A __________ is defined as a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events.
theory
Sociologist Ann Swidler coined the expression __________ to refer to human culture or "symbols, stories, rituals, and world views, which people may use in varying configurations to solve different kinds of problems."
tool kit
The text used the term _____ for the trafficking across nations; borders in drugs, weapons, and nuclear weapons.
transactional
Which of these is not considered to be a social institution?
travel
A group imposed of three members is termed a(n) _____.
triad
According to the text, three factors are important in determining the gendered division of labor in a society, including the ________________________.
type of subsistence base
In addition to unemployment, structural problems contribute to __________, where people work at jobs that do not pay a living wage and lack security.
underemployment
A restaurant owner in the 1950s does not feel negatively toward African Americans but refuses to serve them in his restaurant because he fears that doing so would offend customers. According to Robert Merton's typology, the restaurant owner is a(n) _____.
unprejudiced discriminator
Based on sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ may have no personal prejudice but still engage in discriminatory behavior because of peer group pressure or economic, political, or social interests.
unprejudiced discriminators
In the model of American social classes based on Weber's theory, the __________ is made up of prominent families that have held great wealth for several generations.
upper-upper
_________ is the extent to which a study or research instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure.
validity
Brenda gives generously to a number of local charities; however, she also strongly believes in the value of hard work and "earning your own keep." Sociologists would characterize Brenda's thinking as a _____
value contradiction
____ are collective ideas about what is right or wrong, good or bad, and desirable or undesirable in a particular culture.
values
Age is a factor that can change and varies from person to person. Age is an example of a ______
variable
Lijuan's mother is an architect, and her father is a college professor. Lijuan left home at age 16 to live with her boyfriend. When their relationship ended, Lijuan no longer communicated with her parents and did not return to high school. After working briefly at a fast-food restaurant, Lijuan resorted to asking passersby at a local shopping area for money. Lijuan's story illustrates the concept of __________.
vertical mobility
_____ occurs when people experience movement either up or down the class structure
vertical mobility
__________ in the social world is/are gendered.
virtually everything
Joe has decided to join a monastery. At this monastery, there will be silence for eight hours a day and fasting from food on a regular basis. Joe will experience ______ resocialization.
voluntary
______ is the value of all a personals or family economic assets including income, personal property, and income producing property
wealth
The median of an individual committing _____ is typically older than of those committing other types of crimes.
white-collar crime
Marx described workers as alienated for a variety of reasons, including that __________.
workers are alienated from the goods they produce because they use their creativity and labor to produce them but do not own them
Social critic and journalist Barbara Ehrenreich demonstrated that people in the __________ use strategies like help from relatives and continually changing residences in order to survive.
working poor
African Americans Which of the following would best be described as an ethnic subculture?
African Americans
According to the contact hypothesis, contact between members of divergent or opposing groups will lead to more favorable attitudes under certain conditions. Which of these is not one of the necessary conditions?
Members are severely reprimanded for negative behavior and comments.
_______ norms state what behavior is appropriate or acceptable. For example, persons making a certain amount of money are expected to file a tax return and pay any taxes they owe.
Prescriptive
Members of the upper classes must be trained to appreciate and participate in high culture. This knowledge, called __________, is symbolic of being upper class, and excludes members of lower classes.
cultural capital
Although some people see a globalized culture emerging, others fear that Western culture is dominating everywhere. This Westernization is a form of ________
cultural imperialism
All parts of culture do not change at the same pace. Sociologist William Ogburn referred to this disparity as __________, which is the gap between the technical development of a society and the development of its moral and legal institutions.
cultural lag
Prior to the Civil Rights Act, Jim Crow laws in the U.S. South mandated the systematic physical and social separation of whites and African Americans in all areas of public life. This is an example of __________.
de jure segregation
The assignment of chores to children by parents typically results in ______________________.
girls being more often responsible for caring for younger brothers and sisters
Sociologist Kingsley Davis was interested in the case of Anna, a child who was kept in an attic‑like room in her grandfather's house, because _______
he wanted to know more about what happens when a child is raised in isolation
Sociologists emphasize that race____________________________.
is a socially constructed reality
The case of Genie, a neglected and abused child, illustrates that ___
it is not possible for children who experience extreme social isolation and neglect to ever achieve their full human potential
A major criticism of Spencer's theory of social Darwinism is that ___________
it may be used to justify racial/ethnic, gender, and class inequalities in society
Gender-appropriate behavior is __________.
learned through the socialization process
According to sociologist Charles Horton Cooley, the __________ refers to the way in which a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others.
looking-glass self
In discussing peers and gender socialization, the text points out that _____________________.
male peer groups place more pressure on boys to do "masculine" things than female peer groups place on girls to do "feminine" things
Marx termed the tools, land, factories, and money for investment that form the economic basis of a society the __________
means of production
According to the text's discussion of peers and gender socialization, _____________________.
peer groups on college campuses are organized largely around gender
The basis for Durkheim's theory of society is the principle that __
people are the products of their social environments
According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ hold personal prejudice but do not discriminate due to peer pressure, legal demands, or a desire for profits.
prejudiced nondiscriminators
Comte believed that societies are made up of social statics, or forces for order and stability, as well as __________ or forces for social change.
social dynamics
In her work, sociologist Harriet Martineau was a strong advocate for ______
social equality and reform
From a contemporary __________ perspective, children are active and creative agents, not just passive recipients of the socialization process. From this view, children construct their own peer culture by borrowing from adult culture.
symbolic interactionist
Sociology is defined as the _________
systematic study of human society and social interaction
According to the conflict perspective on gender stratification,______________________.
the gendered division of labor within families and in the workplace results from male control of and dominance over women and resources
According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ are not personally prejudiced and do not discriminate against others.
unprejudiced nondiscriminators
A combination of three factors qualifies people for the __________ class: university degrees, authority and independence on the job, and high income.
upper-middle
According to the human capital model, women as a category earn less money than men because______________________.
women diminish their earning capacity when they leave the labor market to engage in childbearing and child-care activities