sociology final
What do you call broad theoretical models of the social or natural world?
paradigms
A heterosexual couple living in the same household and raising children is defined as a(n) ________ family.
nuclear
What is the study of the social aspects of diseases?
Epidemiology
Why did so many people feel dissatisfied working on assembly lines?
Workers never had the satisfaction of seeing the finished product.
Today, who do average Americans have in mind when they think of their families?
a brother or sister
What is a society called in which social mobility is highly restricted by formal or informal rules like those of a caste system?
a closed system
Some people believe that women are better suited to be homemakers because they are naturally more caring and emotional than men. What perspective is expressed in this statement?
an essentialist perspective
Appearance, manner, style of dress, race, gender, and age are all elements of
an individual's personal front.
What kind of leadership style is typically expected of women in contemporary society?
expressive
Which of the following would be an example of a "positive check" on population growth?
famine
Which system of social stratification was in the final stages of breaking down when Karl Marx developed his ideas?
feudalism
The fact that the top causes of death in the United States are due to chronic illness while people in the developing world are continually affected by the threat of acute illnesses indicates that
illness is impacted by social factors
Regardless of their various approaches to social phenomena, what are all sociologists trying to do?
illuminate the connection between the individual and society
Before the United States invaded Iraq, about 5.5 people out of every thousand would die each year according to a controversial study published in the British medical journal The Lancet. After the invasion, that number rose to over 13. This study was attempting to measure
mortality.
Garrett Hardin believes that "a 'just' sharing of the world's wealth among all the inhabitants, without coercive control of individual reproduction, would result in a continual, exponential growth of the human population" and much more suffering. This means Hardin is a
neo-Malthusian.
The net migration rate is the
number of emigrants subtracted from the number of immigrants.
In the past, which group of people had the time and resources necessary to pursue recreational activities?
only the wealthy
What do sociologists call it when members of groups are influenced by other members?
peer pressure
The methods and tactics of managing and influencing government are called
politics
New innovations in farming like mechanized seed spreaders and new techniques of crop rotation were part of what macro-level social change?
the Agricultural Revolution
What defines the so-called official poverty in the United States based on household income?
the federal poverty line
Which of the following is an example of a way to collect demographic data?
A. voluntary simplicity and recycling B. organizing environmental activist groups to engage in direct actions C. the U.S. Census Bureau sending out surveys D. the Malthusian theorem (Answer C)
What sort of pollution is responsible for global warming?
Air
Sociology can be approached from both a microsociological and a macrosociological perspective. Which is more useful?
Both are useful in different ways because they each provide different types of information about the same object of study
What is the definition of "culture"?
Culture is the entire way of life of a group of people and it acts as a lens through which we view the world.
Why is the population in the United States growing given that fertility rates have dropped below the level needed to maintain the population level?
Immigration rates have risen.
How do sociologists distinguish a group from a crowd?
Individuals associated with a group feel a shared identity.
How did the rise of the suburbs affect the way people used their leisure time?
It encouraged them to spend their leisure time in their own homes.
How has Earth's population changed in the past fifty years?
It has nearly tripled.
Which of the following statements about social change is true?
It is always happening.
Which of the following statements best characterizes microsociology?
It is an approach that examines interactions between individuals and how those interactions reflect larger societal patterns.
What is the difference between recreation and leisure?
Leisure is a kind of time; recreation is a kind of activity.
How do most sociologists differentiate between sex and gender?
Sex is genetic; gender is about primary and secondary sex characteristics.
________ have made it possible for politicians to bypass traditional media outlets.
Social media
All successful social movements are eventually incorporated into institutions.
TRUE
Climate change causes more severe droughts; stronger and more prevalent hurricanes, tornadoes, and cyclones; and more rain and flooding.
TRUE
Gerrymandering involves the redrawing of voting district borders by the officials in power to benefit a political party.
TRUE
Norms develop out of a culture's value system.
TRUE
President Donald Trump's Twitter account is an example of social media making it possible for politicians to bypass traditional media.
TRUE
Since leisure and recreation are largely commodified, some things that are one person's leisure are another person's job.
TRUE
Sociologists claim that culture is the lens through which we perceive and evaluate what is going on in the world around us.
TRUE
Which is true of social mobility in a caste system?
There is little or no chance of social mobility.
What do schools, churches, and governments all have in common?
They are all social institutions.
Corporal punishments like branding or amputation were commonly used in colonial America. What were these punishments designed to do?
They were designed to mark the offender.
How do sociologists define ethnicity?
a group with a shared ancestry or shared cultural heritage
Which of the following would be considered a group in the sociological sense?
a high school chess club
What do sociologists call a group that provides standards by which an individual can judge his or her own accomplishments?
a reference group
Which of the following statements about social change is true?
a. It occurs exclusively during unmistakable periods in history. b. It happens quickly. c. It occurs rarely. d. (is correct) It is always happening.
Ori went to eat at his favorite restaurant and got food poisoning. His illness was treated right away. This type of illness would be classified as
acute
What is it called when a minority group is absorbed into the dominant group?
assimilation
Apartheid is a specific example of what system of social stratification?
caste
Samantha believes corporations are not punished enough for polluting the planet, manufacturing unsafe products, and manipulating prices. At the same time, she sees homeless people imprisoned for stealing food; she believes we should all have access to regardless of wealth. Samantha has taken a ________ perspective to explain the way deviance is viewed in society.
conflict theory
Which theory suggests crimes committed by the upper classes are typically treated more leniently than crimes committed by the lower classes because laws represent the interests of those in power?
conflict theory
What do sociologists call it when cultures that were once distinct become increasingly similar?
cultural leveling
A man's computer is hacked; by stealing his identity, the hacker is able to steal money from the man's bank account. The man is a victim of
cybercrime.
An action or behavior that results in the unequal treatment of an individual because of his or her membership in a racial or ethnic group is called
discrimination
What is the study of the social aspects of diseases?
epidemiology
The tendency to use your own group's way of doing things as the yardstick for judging others is called
ethnocentrism.
Gene Genetic testing in utero can inform parents of possible genetic mutations in the embryo. There are ethical concerns regarding this type of genetic testing because some assert that the selection of only healthy babies is a form of
eugenics
What is the sociological term for signs people make with their bodies?
gestures
What uses an inductive method that involves collecting data and then generating theory by looking for relationships among categories?
grounded theory
What do sociologists call patterns of interaction between groups and individuals?
group dynamics
Sociologists who conduct interviews can only gather data from a limited number of people because
interviews are too time-consuming.
Social mobility that occurs over the course of an individual's lifetime is called ________ mobility.
intragenerational
Sociology can be defined as the systematic and scientific study of human society and social behavior, from ________ to ________.
large-scale institutions; individual interactions
The term "socialization" refers to the
lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.
In the early 1900s, more than half of American women gave birth at home. Today, around 99 percent of all births take place in hospitals. This is an example of
medicalization
What is it called when individuals live as if they were members of a different racial category than the one into which they were born?
racial passing
What is an example of a primary sex characteristic?
reproductive organs
What is it called when members of the dominant group, whites in the case of race, believe they are discriminated against because of their race?
reverse racism
What will a good researcher always do after formulating a general research question?
review the literature relevant to his or her topic
The transformation of culture over time is called
social change.
Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys. Boys are given action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls are given dolls and toy ovens that reinforce traditional gender roles. This is part of what process?
socialization
Good health is
socially defined.
Sociologists observe society by
studying the various parts of a society and the ways they interact and influence one another.
What school of social thought insists that all social structures, including systems of stratification, are built out of everyday interactions?
symbolic interactionism
What are the goals of ethnography?
to understand the meanings people attach to their activities
What are the parts of the mind according to Sigmund Freud's theoretical perspective?
the id, the ego, and the superego
What do sociologists call the idea that all individuals act like mirrors to each other?
the looking-glass self
What is the scientific method?
the procedure for acquiring and collecting concrete data
The economy is not only about money but also about
the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
In the early twentieth century, women who had children out of wedlock were considered to be feebleminded or to suffer from mental problems. They were also thought more likely to give birth to children who were also feebleminded. Today, this attitude seems ridiculous. This is an example of
the social construction of mental illness
What new technology helped to bring about the Industrial Revolution?
the steam engine
What sort of activities can be considered recreation?
those that are enjoyable
Which of the following is one of the goals of socialization?
to teach norms, values, and beliefs
Which of the following would sociologists consider the best definition of deviance?
violation of social norms
What criteria does a social class system use to stratify its members?
wealth, property, power, and prestige
What group was MOST likely to move away from the urban core to the suburbs?
whites
In societies across the globe, men and women have always performed different tasks to help the family function, and these roles have always been considered unequal.
FALSE
The Flint, Michigan, water crisis involved dangerously high levels of nitrogen.
False
