SOCIOLOGY FINAL---ch 1-12
The types of jobs and employment available to individuals can be determined by population size.
Which of the following is an example of how population changes impact life chances?
Poor people "know" that the world is stacked against them.
Which of the following is an example of how understanding how social structure determines one's life opportunities?
civil rights activism
Which of the following is an example of individual free will being used against social structures?
throughout the day we play multiple roles
Which of the following is true about roles?
mass production and consumption of print media written in local languages
Which of the following phenomenon do sociologists suggest is a contributing factor to people's sense of national identity?
to ensure consistency and continuity
Why do institutions form?
Journalists have the power to decide what to cover and how to cover it.
Why do sociologists of the media agree that journalists help to create and change the news, not just report it?
Timing and spacing in the delivery of spoken communication convey subtle cues that are critical for understanding
Why is conversational precision critical to interacting with other individuals in society?
Most human communication cannot be understood outside of the context in which it occurs
Why is it important to understand context when engaging in ethnomethodology?
Come up with a clever ad for the Super Bowl.
You are a corporate advertising executive. You want your message to get out to as many mainstream Americans as possible. Which of the following approaches would best accomplish this goal?
a busy bus line
You are a sociologist who specializes in human behavior in urban areas. Of the following locations, which would be the best area for studying civil inattention?
__________ refer(s) to the accumulated sum of assets (savings accounts, homes, cars) minus the sum of debts (mortgages, loans, credit card debts). a. Wealth b. Household income c. Financial obligations d. Asset allocation
a. Wealth
During a break at the company that employs them both, Liz and Phil discuss what they dislike about their jobs. Liz is eager to implement some innovative ideas, but her boss is neither enthusiastic about her suggestions nor hopeful that upper management would adopt them. Phil is new to the company, but is already bored with the tedious routine of his job. They both dream about a more exciting, innovative workplace. Liz and Phil's complaints are indicative of the negative aspects of __________. a. a bureaucracy b. an open market c. an organization d. outsourcing
a. a bureaucracy
The primary difference between capitalism and socialism is __________. a. a difference in how property is owned and controlled b. that one is a more oppressive system than the other c. one is an economic system and one is a philosophy for social life d. that socialism is a more common system than capitalism in our current world
a. a difference in how property is owned and controlled
Young people today are much more likely than young people in the 1970s to __________. a. cohabit b. engage in sex outside of marriage c. have children d. marry young
a. cohabit
the process through which normal individuals can be compelled to hurt others simply because they are told to
In his controversial study in which he led subjects to believe they were delivering painful shocks to innocent people, what social phenomenon was Stanley Milgram trying to understand?
guard and prisoner
In his experiment, Zimbardo randomly assigned participants to what roles?
incorrect assumptions about other cultures on the basis of our own experience
In terms of how it influences our thinking, what does ethnocentrism lead to?
Individuals have a great deal of control when it comes to their day-to-day actions.
In the debate between the power of social structure and free will, you fall on the side of free will. Which of the following statements are you most likely to believe?
groups try to formalize norms, rules, or practices that people were doing informally
Institutionalization is best understood as when __________.
Prisoners' physical and mental health was negatively impacted; some committed suicide.
What did Craig Haney find the impact of solitary confinement to be on inmates in the California prison system?
that we are always on stage, performing the self in the spotlight of others
What do sociologists mean when they describe life as a stage?
taking turns
What do we call the act of bowing out of a conversation when two or more people are talking at once?
Media have become more participatory.
What effect has the Internet had on how people consume media?
They strike people as silly or incompetent.
What happens to people who are incapable of viewing rules as flexible guidelines for rational and appropriate behavior?
Organizations suffer because no one is taking the necessary shortcuts to get all of the work done.
What happens when individuals follow an organization's formal rules very strictly but disregard its informal rules?
a set of ideas and skills that we learn and use in daily life
What is a cultural tool kit?
when stereotypes are widely held by the dominant group and others
When are stereotypes most likely to enable discrimination?
when a curriculum was established
When did education and learning become institutionalized?
intensifies
When groups become more equal in size, competition between them for jobs, housing, romantic partners, and other resources __________.
In order to be deemed reliable, the results of a scientific study must be able to be __________. a. replicated b. rescinded c. recycled d. replaced Learning Objective
a. replicated
online
A sociologist might argue that cultural production in the United States is increasingly occurring __________.
His boss wants him to work late the night before a major exam.
Jeremy is a senior in high school. He is studying hard, applying to college, playing sports, and working a part-time job. Which of the following is an example of role conflict Jeremy might experience?
Advertisements that portray romantic couples with images of one man and one woman convey __________ messages about sexual orientation. a. homonormative b. heteronormative c. homophobic d. gendernormative
b. heteronormative
habitus
According to Bourdieu, preferring to play the game of squash over hockey could be an example of __________.
We view ourselves based on how we think others view us
According to Charles Horton Cooley, how do most people construct the way they view themselves?
civil inattention
According to Georg Simmel, ignoring someone, out of politeness, who is only inches away from you on a crowded bus is an example of __________.
close enough to us to have a strong capacity to motivate our behavior
According to George Herbert Mead, the term significant other refers to individuals __________.
It encourages passivity.
According to German sociologist and philosopher Theodor Adorno, what effect does popular culture have on the public?
interaction ritual chains
According to Randall Collins, the social interactions leading up to physical altercations are usually dictated by __________.
Audience members interact with each other and the performers in a way that contributes to the collective experience.
According to sociologists, what part do audiences play in a performance?
People are labeled as deviant because dominant members of society see them as problems.
According to sociologists, why are certain people who question authority labeled as deviant?
social capital
After college Anita remained in touch with her fellow sorority sisters. When she lost her job she reached out to them for potential job leads. Which of Bourdieu's concepts best describes how Anita is using her life resources?
a. people that are most like her and share her interests and tastes
As a result of Sam's family recently moving across the country, she has to start at a new school in the fall. According to a sociologist who studies social interaction, who will Sam most likely become friends with in her new environment?
path dependency
As a young boy in the 1970s, Robert remembered that there was a push for public schools to teach children the metric system. The movement to adopt metric measurement was eventually abandoned in the United States. How could Robert explain this outcome?
system of collective meaning
Anthropologist Clifford Geertz thought of culture as a __________.
scarcity
As a basis for signaling status distinction, cultural capital requires __________.
taking a shower
As part of your morning routine you eat breakfast, drink a cup of coffee, take a shower, and walk your dog. Which part of this routine is most likely controlled by the voice of the generalized other?
reproducing the current social structure
As we are socialized into our roles, we conform to the rules and norms imposed by our social structure. Consequently, we contribute to __________.
behavior
As we transition from one stage of the life course to another we are expected to alter our ________to fit new roles.
a social norm
Ben works at a local hospital. Every day he takes the elevator to his office on the tenth floor. He has noticed that once he steps into the elevator, he looks straight ahead at the elevator door and does not make verbal or eye contact with others. This behavior is an example of __________.
both informal and legal means
Dominant groups use __________ to control opportunities and reduce or eliminate challenges from subordinate groups.
lengthy and intimate observation of a group
Ethnography is a research method based on __________.
Respecting the needs of children.
Which of the following is an example of an informal rule?
nationalism
Following the terrorist attacks on American soil on September 11, 2001, President Bush stated, "Either you are with us, or you are with the terrorists." Bush's statement captures the essence of __________.
equal participation in political life of all private citizens
German sociologist Jurgen Habermas's ideal of the public sphere is a vision of the __________.
According to C. Wright Mills, President Donald Trump, Bill Gates, and a CEO of a large company are all members of the __________. a. governing economy b. power hierarchy c. power elite d. social order
c. power elite
It is far easier to use preexisting social structures than to develop new ones.
How can path dependency impact the development of society?
through immigration
How do populations most commonly change over time?
Social media can create confusion because typed communication lacks tone.
How do social media complicate our social interactions?
the ability to influence the behavior of others
How do sociologists define power?
by focusing on how the individual's personality, preferences, ideas, etc., are constructed and shaped by and through communication with other individuals, groups, and institutions
How does interactionism allow sociologists to understand the individual?
When in crowded spaces, we frequently engage in civil inattention to minimize interactions
How does social interaction in crowded public places differ from interactions in other settings?
When people take turns in conversation but laugh all at once, it aids social cohesion
How does taking turns play out in terms of conversation and laughing?
through discrimination
How is privilege most commonly maintained?
Social structure changes over time but tends to do so slowly.
How quickly does social structure tend to change?
recent college graduates
Imagine that you are a senior in college with one semester to go before graduation. You do not have a job yet, but you are looking for one. You have a good relationship with your parents, are married, but do not have children. Which of the following is one of your reference groups?
I'm no good at geometry. Whenever I answer questions wrong in class, the teacher looks at me like I'm stupid and other students laugh at me.
Imagine you are interviewing teenagers in order to understand how they develop their sense of self. Which of the following statements can be classified as a statement of self that could be attributed to the concept of the looking-glass concept?
social interaction
In Spitz's study of the differences between children in an orphanage and a nursery for incarcerated mothers, half of the children were denied __________.
Those children who received less social interaction tended to be more withdrawn and susceptible to physical illness.
In his orphanage study, what difference did Spitz find between babies who were properly socialized and those who were not?
historical legacies and past outcomes impact actors and organizations in the present
Path dependency is the process by which __________.
the looking-glass self
Jon views himself as a lazy person who is not very intelligent. His self-understanding comes from his overly critical father who continually belittled him when he was growing up. Jon's perception of himself is what a sociologist might refer to as __________.
the glass ceiling
Karen works for an Internet marketing company with annual billings of over $100 million. She was recently promoted to client services manager and began looking for a mentor. She noticed that over 90 percent of the executives at the director level or above are male and that only one woman has a seat on the firm's board. What does this scenario suggest may be at play in Karen's place of employment?
nationalism
Kevin recently moved to France from the United States for a new job opportunity. Even though he is living and working in France, every morning he still reads the New York Times. Which concept helps explain Kevin's preference for American news?
Lucy's education and preferences represent her cultural capital.
Lucy attended an exclusive Ivy League university. She likes horseback riding and snow skiing and dislikes reality television shows. How would a sociologist describe Lucy in cultural terms?
have advantages over others
Members of more powerful groups __________.
physically assaulting a police officer
Of the following behaviors, which is least likely to be considered a norm violation?
Which of the following statements is true of urban environments that developed from the middle of the nineteenth century onward? a. Cities had high rates of poverty. b. The housing supply was abundant. c. Factory wages were fair. d. Crime and violence were rare.
a. Cities had high rates of poverty.
counterculture
Polygamists believe that monogamy is not a natural state for human beings. They feel that people should have multiple spouses at the same time rather than just one spouse. Although polygamy is illegal in the United States, there are many people around the world who engage in this practice, including some who do so in the United States, despite the legal restrictions. Polygamists who live in the United States are an example of a __________.
the kitchen in a restaurant
Public restrooms are a complex social space in which we are both required to prepare for our public performances and deal with others who may view that performance. You want to study a similar backstage area. Which of the following spaces would suit your requirements?
Lana, a single woman with no dependents, is unable to afford basic necessities, such as housing and healthcare. What type of poverty is she experiencing? a. relative poverty b. absolute poverty c. feminization of poverty d. institutional poverty
b. absolute poverty
save face
Reggie wanted to ask Sharyl on a date. Rather than coming out directly and asking her, he went about it indirectly by asking her if she was busy on Saturday night. She indicated that she had plans. Through this exchange, Reggie has been gently rejected and Sharyl does not feel like a rude person. This social interaction allowed Reggie and Sharyl to __________.
love as a choice and love as a commitment
Research has shown that most Americans have two tools available to them in their cultural tool kits regarding romantic love. What are they?
social change
Social movements allow for the process of __________.
their durability
Social structures get their power from ________.
economic capital, social capital, and cultural capital
Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu thought about the kinds of resources that have a bearing on people's lives in terms of __________.
the generalized other
Sociologists argue that we know appropriate social behavior because of commonsense understandings based in __________.
status
Sociologists define __________ as a distinct social category that is set off from others and has associated with it a set of expected behaviors for individuals to assume.
an intensely class-bound society
Sociologists think of the United States as __________.
Respondents went along with the covert research assistants at least 37 percent of the time.
Solomon Asch conducted a conformity experiment in which respondents were presented with lines of varying lengths and asked to select the line that most closely matched a separate line. Covert research assistants were also present and were instructed to encourage respondents to select incorrectly. What were the results of this study?
that are not often discussed
Studying symbols helps us understand things about society __________.
they want to gain access to more power
Subordinate groups may challenge contemporary institutionalization practices because ___________.
idea
Symbols communicate an idea while being distinct from the __________ itself.
the digital divide
Taylor is a teacher at a public school in a large city. She wants to assign her students a homework assignment that requires them to do research on the Internet. She is concerned about whether or not all of her students will be able to complete the assignment. Which of the following concepts helps explain Taylor's concerns?
African Americans
The "Great Migration" refers to the movement of which group of Americans?
self
The __________ is the individual's reflection on one's own identity and social position that is made and reformulated through social interactions.
shared cultural practices and beliefs exist within nation-states
The concept of national cultures assumes that __________.
women
The glass ceiling is a barrier against the advancement of _______.
The concept of __________ is at the heart of the study of social stratification. a. cultural identity b. consumption patterns c. demography d. inequality
d.inequality
managing her presentation of self
The morning after a night out with her friends Julie goes on Facebook to look and un-tag some of the pictures her friends posted of her that she doesn't like very much. According to a sociologist who studies the self, what is Julie doing?
ethnocentrism
The traditional concept of America as a melting pot is an example of _____?
class reproduction
Through what process are class boundaries and distinctions maintained over time?
to a new division of haves and have-nots based on access to Internet and communication technologies
To whom does the digital divide refer?
cultural universals
Vincent is an anthropologist who has studied multiple cultures all over the world. He has found members of all the cultures that he has observed engage in sports and play music. Sports and music are examples of __________.
the expectations of one role preventing the fulfillment of other role expectations
What causes role conflict?
self-fulfilling prophecy
What concept best describes what David Rosenhan and his research assistants found in their study of mental health institutions?
Wallets are toolkits for managing the multiple faces we show others in social interactions
What did Christena Nippert-Eng conclude from her study of the stuff people carry around in their wallets?
the idea that cultural meanings and practices must be evaluated in their own social contexts
What is cultural relativism?
the most widely shared systems of meaning and cultural tool kits in a society
What is mainstream culture?
social arrangements in which some groups or individuals are elevated above others
What is social hierarchy?
the way rules and norms become enduring patterns that shape social interactions
What is social structure?
Subcultures tend to exist in harmony with the mainstream, whereas countercultures are in direct conflict with the mainstream.
What is the difference between a counterculture and a subculture?
socialization
What is the process through which people learn to behave in society or in particular social settings?
roles and social hierarchy; norms and institutions
What key components make up social structure?
the culture industry
What label did German sociologist and philosopher Theodor Adorno apply to popular movies, music, and other types of mass culture?
The study contributed to the deinstitutionalization movement
What policy change did David Rosenhan's study "Being Sane in Insane Places" lead to?
It distinguishes a group from other groups through a set of norms and practices.
What principal purpose does group style serve?
the counterpublic
What sociological concept stands in opposition to Jurgen Habermas's ideal of the public sphere?
jobs in manufacturing
What was the leading source of employment for both immigrants and natives from the end of the Civil War until the 1960s?
institutionalized
When ideas are passed down from one generation to another, they begin to solidify, become accepted, and then become __________.
New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina
When social structure breaks down so does social order; which of the following best illustrates a breakdown in social structure?
When our status changes, our corresponding role sets also change.
When we change statuses, what happens to our role sets?
Most people signal that all is okay by quietly indicating that they have performed imperfectly.
When we fail at public social performances, such as accidentally dropping a book in class, how do we repair our mistake?
in families
Where does the process of socialization typically begin?
structured time, supervision, entitlement
Which list of characteristics best describes the childrearing model of concerted cultivation?
Norms are generally not written down whereas laws are written down.
Which of the following accurately highlights the difference between norms and laws?
They arise when a group is able to use their assets to claim advantage over others.
Which of the following best explains how social hierarchies arise?
respect the teacher, show up for lectures, complete assigned papers, take exams
Which of the following expectations are parts of the role set of traditional college students?
Neo-Nazis
Which of the following groups is an example of a counterculture?
online gamers
Which of the following groups is an example of a subculture?
Walking on the right side of a hallway full of people.
Which of the following is an accurate example of norms?
union halls
Which of the following is an example of a counterpublic?
language
Which of the following is an example of a cultural universal?
clothing
Which of the following is an example of a material object?
Interest groups have no relationship to paths of dependence.
Which of the following statements about interest groups is true?
We are often associated with several reference groups simultaneously.
Which of the following statements about reference groups is true?
behave in different and occasionally unpredictable ways
Which of the following statements about socialization is true? People who are socialized to the same norms __________.
Government is the ultimate expression of the power of institutions.
Which of the following statements best explains how government impacts social structure?
Using chopsticks to eat food is strange.
Which of the following statements is most likely to be deemed ethnocentric?
Doctors interrupt patients more than patients interrupt doctors
Which of the following statements regarding conversational interruptions is true?
Where we stand in key social hierarchies has a huge bearing on life chances.
Which of the following statements regarding social hierarchy and life chances is true?
norms
Which of these are the basic rules of society that help us know what is and what is not appropriate to do in any situation?
Walk up to the executive and strike up a conversation on classical music.
You are a successful sociologist and have recently written a new book on ethnography. You are about to enter a party where an important executive at a publishing company is in attendance. You are talking to one of your colleagues about how to impress this individual. She advises, "Just be sure to use your cultural capital!" If you were to follow this advice, which of the following actions might you take?
the differences in table manners at family dinners across classes
You are fascinated with Bourdieu's concept of habitus. Which of the following subjects could lead to a project that might add to the theoretical research surrounding habitus?
You hire a well-respected lobbying firm to convince members of the legislature to reject the proposed soybean bill.
You are the CEO of a powerful agriculture company that specializes in hybrid corn production. There is currently a proposed law in the state legislature that will require farmers to cull their yields by 20 percent so that they can grow soybeans. As a member of an interest group that would very much like to maintain the status quo, which of the following actions are you likely to take?
The job of the catcher is to catch the ball and throw it back to the pitcher.
You are the coach of a little league baseball team. You decide that it would be a good idea to teach the players about social roles. Which of the following examples is the clearest example of a role?
Jenny talks a lot during story hour and has trouble sitting still. She often talks over other students and the teacher.
You have been tasked with a longitudinal study involving interviews with a group of individuals as they age from 5 to 40. At the onset of the project, you decide it would be helpful to try to predict which children may be later labeled as deviant. Based on the textbook discussion of deviants, which child do you predict will be so labeled?
the network of black churches that formed the backbone of the civil rights movement
You want to study a subordinated subculture that constitutes its own counterpublic. Which of the following groups should you study?
teenagers and senior citizens
You want to study people on both sides of the digital divide. Of the following sets of test subjects, which would make the most suitable interview subjects to capture both sides of the divide?
first-time fathers
You want to study status change and its associated role changes. Which of the following demographic groups would make the best research subject for studying these topics?
a little league team
You wish to study reference groups. Which of the following groups would make the best subject for studying reference groups and how they shape identity?
You get insulted.
Your evening is not going as planned. While at a bar, you accidentally knock over a man's drink. Although the spill was an accident, it has ruined his date's clothing and he is very angry. What is the most likely next step in this conflict's interaction ritual chain?
your food preferences
Your position in key social hierarchies is likely to have the least impact on __________.
social structure
Your sociological research is examining the relationship between how governmental policies reinforce economic inequality. This research is investigating _________.
__________ is a system for classifying people based on perceived innate physical characteristics, whereas __________ is a system for classifying people who are perceived to share cultural similarities. a. Race; ethnicity b. Ethnicity; race c. Race; essentialism d. Ethnicity; essentialism
a. Race; ethnicity
Organizations
__________ are formal groups of people acting together in pursuit of a common goal.
Values
__________ are judgments about what is intrinsically important or meaningful.
Language
__________ does not necessarily need to be spoken.
Consolidation
__________ is one of the things sociologists argue places commercial pressure on journalism.
Hegemony
__________ legitimizes and empowers a society's elites.
Role models
__________are people who have a disproportionate influence on how we behave. We use them as examples to shape our behavior in ways that we interpret as desirable.
When the March of Dimes changed its mission from fighting polio to fighting birth defects, it exhibited which common organizational feature? a. persistence b. bureaucracy c. isomorphism d. loose coupling
a. persistence
In 2016, the poverty line for a family of four was __________. a. $24,300 b. $28,500 c. $35,678 d. $39,999
a. $24,300
During the 2012 presidential election campaign, Mitt Romney revealed that he paid less than __________ percent of his income in federal taxes. a. 15 b. 22 c. 27 d. 32
a. 15
Cities first arose over __________ years ago. a. 5,000 b. 7,500 c. 8,500 d. 10,000
a. 5,000
__________ are the most residentially segregated of all racial and ethnic groups in the United States. a. African Americans b. Mexican Americans c. Asian Americans d. Native Americans
a. African Americans
___________ are more likely to rely on emergency clinics as their usual source of healthcare. a. African Americans b. Asian Americans c. Native Americans d. White Americans
a. African Americans
How does agenda setting meet the needs of the powerful? a. Agenda setting averts the challenges that may threaten the interests of the rich and powerful. b. Grievances from marginal groups can enhance the power of the elite and support the elite's agenda. c. Power by the elite is unable to overcome the agendas set by the marginalized. d. Agenda setting supports the needs of minority groups.
a. Agenda setting averts the challenges that may threaten the interests of the rich and powerful.
According to Forbes magazine, in 2014, the richest individual in the world was __________. a. American b. Chinese c. Indian d. Mexican
a. American
Over the past several decades, __________ have been the fastest growing ethnic groups in rural America. a. Asians and Latinos b. Asians and African Americans c. African Americans and Latinos d. Latinos and whites
a. Asians and Latinos
__________ refers to how much a particular job allows workers to control their activity. a. Autonomy b. Security c. Status d. Trust
a. Autonomy
Which of these statements represents the powerlessness of B in relation to A, according to the three-dimensional view of power? a. B comes to believe in A's ideas even when it is not in B's interest to do so. b. B fails to get its challenge to A taken seriously. c. B is so frustrated by lack of power that B fails to issue a challenge to A. d. B comes to believe that it is not in B's interest to win open conflicts.
a. B comes to believe in A's ideas even when it is not in B's interest to do so
__________ is an economic system based on private property and market exchange. a. Capitalism b. Communism c. Entrepreneurship d. Socialism
a. Capitalism
Which of the following statements best explains why it is difficult to bring about change in U.S. national politics? a. Change in U.S. national politics is difficult because of the power of federal bureaucracies. b. Change in U.S. national politics is difficult because the main components of the state must remain in equal amounts of power. c. Change in U.S. national politics is difficult because employees in the federal bureaucracies are constantly shifting with administrations. d. Change in U.S. national politics is difficult because we have proportional representation.
a. Change in U.S. national politics is difficult because of the power of federal bureaucracies.
The fact that Apple Computer manufactures all iPads and iPhones in __________ is an example of __________. a. China; outsourcing b. China and India; minimum wage c. China, Mexico, and the Philippines; deindustrialization d. China, Mexico, and the United States; wealth
a. China; outsourcing
What is the difference between cohabiting and hooking up? a. Cohabiting involves living together while hooking up involves sexual behavior with or without commitment to a relationship. b. Cohabiting implies one person in a couple is pregnant, while hooking up implies two people are in a long-term romantic relationship. c. Cohabiting only occurs in heterosexual relationships, while hooking up occurs in all sexual orientations. d. Cohabiting benefits men while hooking up benefits women.
a. Cohabiting involves living together while hooking up involves sexual behavior with or without commitment to a relationship.
Which of the following statements is indicative of the three-dimensional view of power? a. Conflict is not necessary for power to exist. b. Coercion is necessary to maintain the status quo. c. Conflict is necessary for power to exist. d. Power manifests itself as behavior.
a. Conflict is not necessary for power to exist.
Lucy is learning about social constructs in her sociology class. Based on the lectures that she has been exposed to throughout the semester, Lucy has concluded that race is a social construct. Why would Lucy make this conclusion? a. Definitions of race take different forms in different places in the world and at different times. b. Race has a biological basis that has been proven by social scientists. c. Differences among racial groups are obvious. d. How humans identify and define race has remained consistent throughout human history.
a. Definitions of race take different forms in different places in the world and at different times.
The New Deal programs were adopted under the administration of __________. a. Franklin D. Roosevelt b. John F. Kennedy c. Lyndon B. Johnson d. Theodore Roosevelt
a. FDR
Why is the image of the "invisible hand" in Adam Smith's analysis of capitalism said to be misleading? a. For markets to function properly, rules must be enforced by the state when violated. b. For markets to function properly, entrepreneurs must be admitted by lottery drawing. c. For markets to function properly, competition must be enforced by supply and demand, not rules. d. For markets to function properly there must be few if any rules.
a. For markets to function properly, rules must be enforced by the state when violated
Which of the following scenarios accurately reflects the impact on cities of the huge increase in immigration to the United States since 1965? a. Formerly segregated neighborhoods have been transformed into global neighborhoods and segmented assimilation, often involving downward mobility for some immigrants, is the norm. b. Huge increases in crime, directly attributable to immigrants' ignorance of U.S. laws, have strained understaffed city police forces. c. Local schools have used the sudden enrollment of many students with varied ethnicities as a teaching tool for better understanding other cultures, and students have been encouraged to help newcomers integrate effectively. d. Unemployment rates have skyrocketed because of the massive influx of undereducated, unskilled laborers, who have taken low-level jobs away from native-born U.S. citizens.
a. Formerly segregated neighborhoods have been transformed into global neighborhoods and segmented assimilation, often involving downward mobility for some immigrants, is the norm.
How have parents' socialization practices changed over time? a. Girls are now encouraged to take part in a broader range of activities, including playing sports. b. Fewer girls are now encouraged to go to college and enter the workforce. c. More boys are now encouraged to go to college. d. Parents no longer buy gendered clothing or toys for their kids.
a. Girls are now encouraged to take part in a broader range of activities, including playing sports.
During a lecture about race in his sociology class, Tomas becomes confused. He recently discovered, on his birth certificate, that he was labeled as white, yet his much younger brother, Carlos, is classified as Hispanic on his birth certificate. What could best explain this discrepancy in labels? a. How social institutions choose to label and identify racial and ethnic groups changes over time. b. Tomas's parents did not want Tomas to experience discrimination so he was labeled white. c. Tomas's parents felt that the Hispanic label would open doors for Carlos in education and employment. d. By the time Carlos was born, the United States was more accepting of diversity and welcoming of Hispanics.
a. How social institutions choose to label and identify racial and ethnic groups changes over time.
In the United States, __________kept blacks from voting, from attending quality schools, and from participating equally in a wide variety of social institutions in the American South. a. Jim Crow laws b. colonialism c. apartheid d. penal codes
a. Jim Crow laws
Sociology laid the groundwork for which of the following academic disciplines? a. Latino/a studies and industrial relations b. philology and theosophy c. history and psychology d. anthropology and computer science
a. Latino/a studies and industrial relations
Which of the following accurately connects the effect communities have on people's life pathways? a. Living around people who encourage a child to be confident leads to children who are more ambitious in life. b. Living in a safe neighborhood has very little positive effect on children's school performance. c. Living in a dangerous neighborhood encourages a child to leave that neighborhood by doing well in school. d. Living in a dangerous neighborhood has very little effect on a child's future employment.
a. Living around people who encourage a child to be confident leads to children who are more ambitious in life.
Applying her understanding of cities as growth machines, what can Gabby logically conclude about how and why her city's population has increased so rapidly over the past decade? a. Local builders, government officials, media moguls, and university officials used taxation, policy regulations, and civic engagement to develop strip malls, improve public transportation, and build sport and entertainment venues designed to increase population and economic activity. b. Local residents, in an effort to attract a greater influx of new residents to the city, devised effective ways to promote their city in over-the-phone interviews. c. To lure more residents to the city, entrepreneurs and philanthropists worked together on United Way campaigns. d. Wealthy landowners bought up much of the city's property.
a. Local builders, government officials, media moguls, and university officials used taxation, policy regulations, and civic engagement to develop strip malls, improve public transportation, and build sport and entertainment venues designed to increase population and economic activity.
Why is it difficult to get an accurate count of the homeless? a. Many of the homeless may temporarily live with friends and family. b. Many of the homeless are adept at hiding from researchers. c. Many of the homeless are in and out of hospitals. d. Many of the homeless live in areas too dangerous for researchers to visit.
a. Many of the homeless may temporarily live with friends and family.
__________ was the first U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage. a. Massachusetts b. Hawaii c. California d. New York
a. Massachusetts
__________ provided the most influential description and analysis of bureaucratic organizations. a. Max Weber b. Karl Marx c. Mark Granovetter d. Malcolm Gladwell
a. Max Weber
Which of the following statements supports the conclusion that surprisingly few gender expectations have changed in the romantic and sexual realm despite women's growing economic equality with men? a. Men are much more likely to initiate sex than women. b. Women are much more likely than men to orgasm with first-time partners. c. Women ask men out on dates only slightly less often than men ask women. d. Women who retain their birth-given names at marriage are in the majority.
a. Men are much more likely to initiate sex than women.
As long as she can remember Sara has always wanted to be a kindergarten teacher. Which of the following explanations would a sociologist most likely give to explain Sara's occupational goals? a. Sara has been gender socialized. b. Sara is naturally a nurturing person. c. Sara's parents encouraged her to engage in gender-neutral activities as a young child. d. Sara is probably immune to gender socialization.
a. Sara has been gender socialized.
Why is studying motivation difficult? a. Simply looking at behavior doesn't allow researchers to say much about motivation. b. People act in largely consistent ways, making distinguishing among possible motivators difficult to discern. c. Reading motivations from actions takes years of practice. d. Rapport building, necessary to motivational studies, is expensive and time consuming.
a. Simply looking at behavior doesn't allow researchers to say much about motivation.
Identify a limitation of the premise made by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations. a. Smith's analysis did not give enough power to the state's role in capitalism. b. Smith's analysis gave too much power to the state in the production of capitalism. c. Smith described capitalism as an economy run by the masses, who do not have real power. d. Smith described capitalism as a system of equality for all people.
a. Smith's analysis did not give enough power to the state's role in capitalism.
How does the text answer this question: Why is generalization, in terms of sociological research, so tricky? a. Sociologists do not want to limit their conclusions to what they study directly; thus, they want to ensure the conclusions drawn are reliable and valid. b. Loose generalizations rarely capture the attention of scientists in other fields of study. c. Conclusions that are too generalizable risk being sanctioned by the American Sociological Association. d. When conclusions are not sufficiently generalizable, other sociologists cannot validate them.
a. Sociologists do not want to limit their conclusions to what they study directly; thus, they want to ensure the conclusions drawn are reliable and valid.
You, a sociology student, are approached by an anthropology student who would like to work with you. How should you respond to this offer to participate in an interdisciplinary study? a. Sociology is a broad discipline that would benefit from the research anthropology has to offer. Accept. b. Sociology is a very narrow field of study with very specific research methodologies. A project with an anthropologist just doesn't make sense. Decline. c. Historical contexts and the nature of modern universities prevent sociologists from interacting effectively with anthropologists. Decline. d. The project may work, but it is likely that you will come into conflict with your partner for theoretical reasons. This conflict could make the project very difficult to finish. Decline
a. Sociology is a broad discipline that would benefit from the research anthropology has to offer. Accept.
Why is it difficult for third-party candidates to gain traction in the United States when third-party candidates can earn seats in other countries? a. The U.S. system gives the candidate with the most votes the seat outright. b. The U.S. uses proportional representation that eliminates third-party candidates. c. U.S. citizens do not financially support third-party candidates. d. Political action committees resist the financial support of the third-party candidates.
a. The U.S. system gives the candidate with the most votes the seat outright.
Why were lines between social sciences unclear when they first developed? a. The backgrounds of early social scientists were diverse, and they often conducted work in multiple disciplines. b. Early social scientists, who were educated as physicians, were reluctant to leave their medical school posts. c. Social scientists lacked research topics and had to turn to other disciplines for ideas. d. High degrees of social cohesion among social scientists made them reluctant to split apart.
a. The backgrounds of early social scientists were diverse, and they often conducted work in multiple disciplines.
A sociologist would most likely conclude what about homeless individuals? a. The homeless live in absolute poverty. b. The homeless experience true opportunity in a meritocracy. c. The homeless are part of the "1 percent." d. The homeless have high income, but low wealth.
a. The homeless live in absolute poverty.
Which of the following statements best describes a weakness of the one-dimensional view of power when using the two-dimensional view of power? a. The one-dimensional view does not acknowledge that the powerless may not be able to set the agenda. b. The one-dimensional view focuses too strongly on agenda setting. c. The one-dimensional view ignores silent power. d. The two-dimensional view of power ignores the ability of celebrities to set the agenda.
a. The one-dimensional view does not acknowledge that the powerless may not be able to set the agenda.
Which of the following statements explains why it is better to be a rich person in the United States than in any other part of the world? a. The revised tax system has allowed wealthy people to retain most of their income. b. The progressive income tax system provides better services for the wealthy. c. Because Americans pay significantly more taxes than people in other countries, the wealthy benefit from tax cuts. d. The wealthy pay significantly more in taxes in the United States but they also receive a greater number of government services.
a. The revised tax system has allowed wealthy people to retain most of their income.
Eric and Carrie hooked up after a party last night. They have never hooked up before. What is the most likely outcome of their hookup? a. They probably did not have intercourse. b. Carrie probably had an orgasm, but Eric didn't. c. Carrie probably initiated the hookup. d. Both of them probably had orgasms.
a. They probably did not have intercourse.
__________ challenge the notion that gender is binary. a. Transgender individuals b. Lesbians c. Heterosexuals d. Women
a. Transgender individuals
Tom has been casually dating several women for the past year. He has been described as a "player" by his friends. Rosa, on the other hand, has been criticized for dating several men at the same time. This scenario is indicative of __________. a. a double standard of sexuality b. changing sexual norms c. heterosexism d. heteronormativity
a. a double standard of sexuality
As a homework assignment, Dr. Calibri tells his students to find and bring to the next class meeting a picture of heteronormativity. Which of the following images is a student most likely to bring in? a. a picture of a female bride and male groom b. a picture of two female brides c. a picture of two men and their adopted baby d. a picture of two male grooms
a. a picture of a female bride and male groom
When research questions center on patterns of behavior among large groups, what research method is usually best? a. a survey b. in-depth interviews c. ethnographic observation d. a social experiment
a. a survey
What are cross-national comparisons? a. a type of historical analysis that focuses on explaining differences between countries b. a type of survey that compares people from one part of a country with people who lived there at earlier points in history c. a type of demographic study that compares ethnic or racial groups in a single neighborhood d. a type of extended case study focusing on two or more countries
a. a type of historical analysis that focuses on explaining differences between countries
Simmel's concept of social distance can be used as __________. a. a way to describe how close or distant an individual feels from others within a group b. a way to explain how group membership defines our identity c. an explanation of the different social statuses we occupy simultaneously d. a measure of the physical distance between individuals as a way of understanding group membership
a. a way to describe how close or distant an individual feels from others within a group
Satisfaction in work performed is invariably lower when __________. a. actions are tightly controlled or monitored b. levels of autonomy and discretion are high c. jobs require supervision of others d. workers have the freedom to pick and choose how they structure their days
a. actions are tightly controlled or monitored
In terms of survey research, what is a respondent? a. an individual who fills out a survey b. an individual who conducts a survey c. an individual who creates the survey d. an individual who is excluded from a survey
a. an individual who fills out a survey
Conflict theorists were critical of Parsons's structural functionalist theory because they argued it presented __________. a. an unrealistic image of consensus and harmony in society b. a biased view of the power of institutions c. an overemphasis on the individual's role in creating social structure d. an inaccurate view of revolutions in society
a. an unrealistic image of consensus and harmony in society
The sociological imagination is the capacity to think systematically about how the things we experience as personal problems ________. a. are really social issues shared by others living in a similar time and location b. reflect our individual choices and not the culture as a whole c. most likely do not have roots in social contexts d. are the result of psychological forces, which guide our daily life
a. are really social issues shared by others living in a similar time and location
Descendants of German immigrants, who inhabited Cincinnati's Over-the-Rhine neighborhood and worked in the city's German-owned breweries, later moved to other parts of the city and found employment in other kinds of businesses. What term do sociologists use to describe this phenomenon? a. assimilation b. cultural relativism c. cultural restructuring d. framing
a. assimilation
Cross-sectional data is collected __________. a. at one point in time b. through in-depth interviews c. through representative sampling d. at two points in time several decades apart
a. at one point in time
What is the Hispanic equivalent of the black ghetto? a. barrio b. guayaba c. almendra d. la migra
a. barrio
What are stereotypes? a. beliefs about a group that are often untrue or exaggerated b. when men and women are distributed differently across occupations c. discrimination or bias against homosexual people d. acts of unmarried couples living together
a. beliefs about a group that are often untrue or exaggerated
Urban ecology, a sociological perspective on how neighborhoods form and change, famously borrows ideas from what other academic discipline? a. biology b. economics c. geography d.linguistics
a. biology
Sociologists who have studied sexual orientation have concluded that sexual orientation __________. a. can be fluid over the life course b. is based on biological sex, which is based on gender c. always stays the same over the life course d. is more deeply rooted in genetics for bisexuals
a. can be fluid over the life course
The capitalist world system is a theory of globalization that argues __________. a. capitalism is an economic system that has consequences between countries and not just within them b. the economic systems of other nations have no influence on the U.S. economy c. each nation has an economy that is independent of all other economies in the world d. capitalism is an economic system that only has consequences within nations
a. capitalism is an economic system that has consequences between countries and not just within them
Sociologists refer to societies where birth determines whether individuals have social mobility as __________. a. caste societies b. class societies c. open societies d. status-consistent societies
a. caste societies
The term racial stratification refers to __________. a. clearly significant gaps between racial groups along social and economic dimensions b. clearly significant overlaps among racial groups along social and economic dimensions c. minimum requirements needed for racial groups to exhibit social and economic parity d. the size and complexity of social networks among racial groups
a. clearly significant gaps between racial groups along social and economic dimensions
When new government regulations are passed an organization will mostly likely engage in __________ isomorphism to meet regulatory standards, and they may use __________ isomorphism to go about making specific changes. a. coercive; mimetic b. normative; coercive c. mimetic; normative d. mimetic; coercive
a. coercive; mimetic
A political action committee, or PAC, is a term used in U.S. politics to describe an organization set up to __________. a. collect political donations b. eliminate voter fraud c. nominate candidates for elective office d. supervise local boards of election
a. collect political donations
Primary-source data are data __________. a. collected by researchers themselves b. collected by others c. expected to overturn previous findings d. provided by the American Sociological Association
a. collected by researchers themselves
European explorers created a(n) __________ to dominate people across the globe through exploitation and enslavement. a. color-coded hierarchy b. religious organizational system c. one-drop system d. class-based hierarchy
a. color-coded hierarchy
Kenneth lives in a low-income, high-crime neighborhood. His home is poorly ventilated, which triggers asthma attacks. As a result of these stressors, he has high blood pressure. How would sociologists describe Kenneth's cognitive development? a. compromised b. consumptive c. status impaired d. structurally immobile
a. compromised
Burgess's model of urban ecology is a model of __________. a. concentric zones spreading outward from a central business district b. concentric zones spreading outward from a central zone of transition c. linear arrays spreading across different types of residential zones d. linear arrays spreading outward from a factory zone
a. concentric zones spreading outward from a central business district
According to sociologists, what does the rational-choice perspective of markets overlook? a. concerns and considerations about social forces b. concerns and considerations about constrained behavior c. knowledge of market exchanges d. knowledge of exchanges between people who know each other
a. concerns and considerations about social forces
You are an ethnographer studying poverty in Chicago. Over the course of your research, you live in a low-rent apartment, join a number of social clubs, and take several jobs in the community. The total time you spend on this project takes several years. Given what you know about ethnography and proper data analysis, when should you analyze your data? a. continually over the course of the project b. only at the very conclusion of the project c. at the midpoint and at the end of the project d. at the beginning and at the end of the project
a. continually over the course of the project
It seems obvious that rural areas foster a greater sense of community and social connectedness than urban areas, but how might cities be able to create a similar feeling of community? a. develop more pedestrian areas where residential sites are interspersed with locally owned businesses b. divide residential areas into informally structured communities, each with its own budget, monthly meetings, and informal leaders and officers c. establish more formal boundaries to segregate residents with similar interests and demographic factors d. strengthen the police force in residential areas to ensure greater feelings of security
a. develop more pedestrian areas where residential sites are interspersed with locally owned businesses
Tax and transfer policies govern the __________. a. distribution of income and wealth b. bargaining power of unions c. public service contracts of the government d. regulatory, but not the legal, environment
a. distribution of income and wealth
Exercising power by breaking the rules of the game __________. a. doesn't work long term, since threats and bribes, for example, can fail b. always works if powerful groups have enough resources c. almost never works, since following the rules of the game is essential d. only works if the power elite is in control of the game
a. doesn't work long term, since threats and bribes, for example, can fail
When Derek arrived at his new high school for the first day of school he noticed that there weren't any other black students in his classrooms. Derek had never felt so aware of his race before. Du Bois would argue that Derek is experiencing __________. a. double consciousness b. overt discrimination c. institutional racism d. limited opportunities
a. double consciousness
Over the last three decades, from 1980 to 2010, the rates at which Latinos completed college __________. a. doubled b. more than tripled c. shrunk by nearly a quarter d. shrunk by nearly half
a. doubled
Since the end of World War II, the trend in the corporate tax rate has been __________ relative to shifts in the entire economy. a. downward b. upward c. flat d. erratic
a. downward
Max Weber felt that races stemmed from "common inherited and inheritable traits that actually derive from common descent." This view is known as __________. a. essentialism b. constructivism c. biological destiny d. physiology
a. essentialism
Advances in women's rights are largely the result of the __________. a. feminist movement b. civil rights movement c. Defense of Marriage Act d. legalization of cohabitation
a. feminist movement
Insider trading is an example of a(n) __________. a. formal market rule b. informal market rule c. cultural norm about who can participate in markets d.insurance industry regulation
a. formal market rule
Nazi policies culminated in the __________ of millions of men, women, and children in a network of extermination camps during World War II. a. genocide b. segregation c. expulsion d. assimilation
a. genocide
When Europeans settled in the New World, they wanted to open up territories for settlements. This meant that Native Americans were not only forcibly removed from their land but sometimes killed. This deliberate and systematic destruction of Native Americans was __________. a. genocide b. segregation c. expulsion d. assimilation
a. genocide
When neighborhoods, like SoHo, undergo a process of change that alters the character of the neighborhood, they are being __________. a. gentrified b. racially segregated c. augmented d. elevated
a. gentrified
German sociologist Georg Simmel argued that shifts in the environment affecting substantial portions of the population __________ consequences on the ways that individuals act and interact. a. have b. have no c. have few d. have only subliminal
a. have
Most "one percenters" __________. a. have jobs b. live off of inheritances c. pay extra taxes d. are blue-collar workers
a. have jobs
Kelly and Jonah are in a romantic relationship. What is most likely their sexual orientation? a. heterosexual b. homosexual c. asexual d. sexual minority
a. heterosexual
Which of the following groups faces the least disadvantage when applying for jobs? a. heterosexual white men b. heterosexual white women c. homosexual black women d. homosexual black men
a. heterosexual white men
A __________ will most likely not be a __________. a. heterosexual; sexual minority b. homosexual; woman c. bisexual; man d. transsexual; woman
a. heterosexual; sexual minority
In general, countries with __________ inequality also tend to have __________ social mobility. a. high; low b. moderate; very high c. high; high d. low; low
a. high; low
In a bureaucracy the __________ a position is, the more __________ that position has. a. higher up; authority b. higher up; social networks c. lower; authority d. lower; organization
a. higher up; authority
Which social context is likely to have a more significant impact on a child's life experience from birth than the others? a. his or her parents' income and wealth b. his or her parents' age c. his or her parents' recycling habits d. his or her birth order
a. his or her parents' income and wealth
Karl Marx argued that __________. a. human history is best understood through the history of a society's economic system b. society does not change as a result of how societies produce goods c. the socialist movement is what allows society to change d. social classes ease tension in society
a. human history is best understood through the history of a society's economic system
It is easy to see the importance of the social part of social interaction when we __________. a. imagine the social sanctions for violating rules b. reject social sanctions as unfairly applied c. destroy social hierarchies of other cultures d. reject social science as a soft science
a. imagine the social sanctions for violating rules
Living in high-crime areas has obvious risks: being a victim of physical violence, for example. What is one of the more subtle risks faced by people who live in high-crime areas that is mentioned by Pat Sharkey? a. impaired job or school performance because of stress b. increased forgetfulness because of rampant escapism c. increased attention from politicians trying to court nonaffiliated voters d. decreased access to housing that allows pets
a. impaired job or school performance because of stress
Illegal or "underground" earnings from crime or from untaxed (undeclared) work or activity are __________. a. income b. not income c. wealth d. neither income nor wealth
a. income
Researchers attribute the incidence of births outside of marriage among individuals with lower levels of income and education to __________. a. inconsistent use of birth control b. promiscuity c. religious censure d. ethnic differences
a. inconsistent use of birth control
An independent variable is predicted to__________. a. influence or cause a particular outcome b. correlate positively with other variables c. fluctuate in relation to other variables d. invalidate the research question
a. influence or cause a particular outcome
Increasingly, the large assembly line factories, in which an individual worker performs a single task (or set of tasks) is being replaced by workplaces where cooperation among workers is encouraged and __________. a. jobs are more interchangeable and interconnected b. jobs are less interchangeable and interconnected c. jobs require individuals to become true craftsmen d. managers attempt to squeeze as much out of workers as possible
a. jobs are more interchangeable and interconnected
Industrialization is characterized by the transformation of economies based in agriculture to those based in __________. a. large scale manufacturing of goods b. customer service and technology c. family farming and urban development d. environmental conservation
a. large scale manufacturing of goods
People, more often than not, obey firefighters in emergency situations because they believe it is the "right thing to do." Weber would refer to this as an example of __________. a. legitimacy b. charisma c. power d. morality
a. legitimacy
The United States spends __________ on programs that directly alleviate poverty than other wealthy nations. a. less b. more c. about the same d. a lot more
a. less
In comparison with other countries with advanced economies, the United States has __________. a. less workplace regulation and weaker labor unions b. less workplace regulation and stronger labor unions c. more workplace regulation and weaker labor unions d. more workplace regulation and stronger labor unions
a. less workplace regulation and weaker labor unions
The highest rate of births outside of marriage occurs among __________. a. lower-income men and women who do not finish college b. middle-income men and women who do not finish college c. college-educated men and women from lower-income families d. college-educated men and women from middle-income families
a. lower-income men and women who do not finish college
It is often better to use the __________, instead of the __________, to measure household income because it is a more stable calculation that is influenced less by outliers. a. median; mean b. mean; median c. mode; mean d. median; mode
a. median; mean
Researchers who use both qualitative and quantitative evidence are engaging in __________. a. mixed-method research b. experimental research c. biological research d. extended case research
a. mixed-method research
Organic solidarity describes a(n) __________ society that is characterized by __________. a. modern; an extensive division of labor b. modern; a dominant form of solidarity c. undeveloped; a minimal division of labor d. undeveloped; extended families linked horizontally
a. modern; an extensive division of labor
According to the U.S. census data, black and Latino families are __________ white families to fall below the poverty line. a. more likely than b. less likely than c. equally likely as d. not comparable to
a. more likely than
Thomas, who has never been to a formal dinner, is attending one at his friend's house. Throughout the evening, Thomas observes his friend's behavior in order to fit in and act appropriately. Thomas is learning the social ______ of a formal dinner. a. norms b. hierarchies c. roles d. structures
a. norms
Ellen is a sociologist interested in studying how the gender revolution has impacted the composition of sexes in various fields of employment. She will study the percentage of males to females in specific occupations. Ellen is likely to utilize an index that will measure __________. a. occupational sex segregation b. the double standard of sexuality c. heteronormativity d. social construction of gender
a. occupational sex segregation
Phyllis, a teacher, constantly disagrees with the way her department chair runs the math department. The two of them have had heated arguments about her schedule and her classroom assignments. In the end, the chair determines the schedule and assigns classrooms. This scenario illustrates which dimensional view of power? a. one-dimensional b. two-dimensional c. three-dimensional d. four-dimensional
a. one-dimensional
A true meritocracy would most likely be considered a(n) __________ society by sociologists. a. open b. closed c. educational d. wealthy
a. open
Organizational isomorphism is the result of __________. a. organizations competing against each other in the market b. coercive capitalism c. the structural inertia processes d. findings from research, such as the Hawthorne studies
a. organizations competing against each other in the market
Medicare is health insurance for everyone __________. a. over 65 b. over 65 under the poverty line c. under the poverty line d. without employer-funded health insurance
a. over 65
Ben is interested in conducting research that looks at the sexual behavior of unmarried adults. He wants to utilize surveys that come from a sample with responses that are representative of the U.S. population. Ben is likely to use which research strategy? a. probability samples b. random-assignment experiments c. participant observation d. content analysis
a. probability samples
At each stage of our development, we are both individuals and __________. a. products of our historical context b. members of politicized bodies c. social innocents d. sole determiners of our own fate
a. products of our historical context
In Marxist terms, the important distinction in a capitalist society was between the __________ and the __________. a. proletariat; bourgeoisie b. capitalists; bourgeoisie c. proletariat; serfs d. serfs; bourgeoisie
a. proletariat; bourgeoisie
Marx argued that the __________ would overthrow capitalism in favor of __________. a. proletariat; socialism b. proletariat; communism c. bourgeoisie; socialism d. bourgeoisie; communism
a. proletariat; socialism
In the United States, __________ has historically mattered more than __________. a. race; ethnicity b. ethnicity; race c. race; social class d. ethnicity; social class
a. race; ethnicity
__________ are much more likely than __________ to live in poverty in the United States. a. racial minorities; whites b. whites; Hispanics c. whites; Native Americans d. Asians; blacks
a. racial minorities; whites
Which of the following research designs would be most desirable to measure changes in two groups where one receives a "treatment"? a. random-assignment experiment b. random sampling experiment c. a sex vs. gender experiment d. a stereotypical experiment
a. random-assignment experiment
In a meritocracy __________. a. rewards are linked to personal ability b. caste, more than any other factor, influences life chances c. personal connections have a disproportionately high impact on life chances d. persons from an upper-class background will have fewer life chances than other members of the same society
a. rewards are linked to personal ability
Loopholes in the progressive tax system mean the_______. a. rich pay far less in taxes than the official tax rate suggests b. middle-class is able to direct their taxes to specific programs c. lower-class do not have to pay taxes d. government accounts for the discrepancy in the wage gap
a. rich pay far less in taxes than the official tax rate suggests
Each year millions of people watch, and many attend, NFL games. A sociologist, observing how the team logos, colors, the field, and the rivalries bring people together in ritual behavior, would label these things as ______. a. sacred b. profane c. intersectional d. charismatic
a. sacred
The rigorous training and licensing of doctors controlled by the American Medical Association is an example of Weber's concept of __________. a. social closure b. social solidarity c. social stratification d. social distance
a. social closure
People in our society tend to think of themselves in terms of their individuality, but we are also all products of our __________, such as the time and place we live and the family we were born into. a. social contexts b. genetic makeup c. likes and dislikes d. interests and skills
a. social contexts
Emile Durkheim claimed that any regularity or rule of everyday life in human communities is a __________. a. social fact b. social law c. social pattern d. socialization
a. social fact
Two key components to understanding the social worlds humans create are __________. a. social interaction and social structure b. social space and social time c. social deviance and social applications d. social critique and social acceptance
a. social interaction and social structure
Labor markets and government policies are both important factors that influence __________. a. social mobility b. associations c. meritocracy d. the poverty line
a. social mobility
To measure __________ sociologists can use intergenerational correlations between parents' and projected children's __________. a. social mobility; incomes b. poverty; assets c. deindustrialization; education d. wages; wealth
a. social mobility; incomes
Christine works at the high school, is a deacon at her church, a den mother for the Girl Scouts, a Sergeant in the National Guard, and a kickboxing instructor at her gym. The connection of Christine to other individuals in these groups are her _________. a. social networks b. social solidarity c. social cohesion d. social class
a. social networks
Why do unmarried couples who expect to have, or already do have, a child outside of marriage not marry as frequently as these individuals who belonged to older cohorts? a. social norms have changed regarding out-of-wedlock childbearing b. social norms have not changed regarding marriage c. out-of-wedlock childbearing simply doesn't occur as much as it used to d. more educated women are most likely to find themselves having a child outside of marriage and they are also most likely to be economically independent
a. social norms have changed regarding out-of-wedlock childbearing
Max Weber focused primarily on individual action as a foundation of __________. a. social order b. material conditions c. morality d. social forces
a. social order
A large group of people who live in the same area and participate in a common set of norms and rules for social interaction is best known as a __________. a. society b. social structure c. neighborhood d. role set
a. society
For symbolic interactionists, social order __________. a. starts from individuals and the meanings they give to objects b. is the foundation of all institutions and has real consequences for social actors c. is created through the struggle of opposing groups fighting for resources d. is the basis for social inequality and needs careful guidance through social policy
a. starts from individuals and the meanings they give to objects
Current research shows that there is a relationship between poverty, __________, and __________; this is particularly worrisome in the case of children. a. stress; cognitive development b. wealth; homelessness c. the working poor; income d. net worth; closed-society
a. stress; cognitive development
Parsons's theory of an overarching social system guiding the individuals, groups, and social institutions of society would become known as __________. a. structural functionalism b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionism d. social constructionism
a. structural functionalism
Alpha Corporation, which has developed an impermeable shell that protects it from environmental demands, strongly resists change and thus is said to exhibit __________. a. structural inertia b. structural adaptation c. organizational closure d. organizational solidity
a. structural inertia
The use of __________ in the production process can be both negative and positive for workers. a. technology b. isomorphism c. the precariat d. central planning
a. technology
What does DOMA stand for? a. the Defense of Marriage Act b. the Double Occupational Minority Act c. the Don't Open Marital Attainment Act d. the Defense of Minorities Act
a. the Defense of Marriage Act
In cross-country comparisons, the country that does the least to reduce poverty is __________. a. the United States b. the United Kingdom c. Canada d. Australia
a. the US
Don and Cal are high school friends from the same hometown. After high school, Don started to work full-time as an overnight cleaner at a floor cleaning business. Cal attended a public university nearby and earned a bachelor's degree in marketing. At their 10-year reunion Don and Cal discuss the courses their lives have taken since they graduated from high school. Don has been working full-time for the whole 10 years and makes about $40,000 per year from the cleaning business. Cal has been working for 5 years as manager of the marketing department at a health insurance company in the area; he makes about $70,000 per year. What concept would a sociologist use to describe the differences between Don and Cal? a. the college wage premium b. absolute poverty c. the technological wage deficit d. outsourcing
a. the college wage premium
In a hypothesis about crime that makes a causal claim that an increase in the level of inequality in society will result in an increase in the crime rate in that society, __________ is the dependent variable. a. the crime rate b. rate of inequality c. the level of inequality d. the ratio of crime to inequality
a. the crime rate
Which of the following consequences of lean production has been more consistently harmful to workers than the others listed? a. the elimination of health and pension benefits b. the introduction of new technologies c. the reduction of waste in the production process d. continual identification of and reduction in the costs of production
a. the elimination of health and pension benefits
What was one of the outcomes of the passage of the Hart-Cellar Act of 1965? a. the flow of immigrants coming to the United States increased b. the flow of immigrants coming to the United States from Europe ended c. existing national origins quotas for immigration remained in place d. most prohibitions against immigrants from Asia based on national origin remained in place
a. the flow of immigrants coming to the United States increased
Which of the following is an unintended consequence of occupational sex segregation? a. the gender gap in pay b. heteronormativity c. homophobia d. the feminist movement
a. the gender gap in pay
Thinking of cities as the product of intensive and strategic investment is central to __________. a. the growth machine perspective b. redlining c. urban ecology d. urbanization
a. the growth machine perspective
The NSA's ability to tap phone lines and review our email is a form of surveillance that Foucault would argue is part of __________. a. the modern-day Panopticon b. the process of globalization c. intersectionality d. a modern form of punishment
a. the modern-day Panopticon
What is the Great Migration? a. the movement of African Americans from the rural South to industrial cities of the North b. the movement of Latinos from Central and South America to the American Southwest c. the movement of Mormons to present-day Utah d. the movement of European Jews to Palestine in the 1920s
a. the movement of African Americans from the rural South to industrial cities of the North
Which of the following scenarios best represents outsourcing? a. the opening of a call center for an American credit card company in the Philippines b. a reduction in airport security staff when new surveillance equipment is installed c. the movement of a manufacturing facility from an urban center to the urban-rural fringe d. the enrollment of unskilled laborers in trade schools
a. the opening of a call center for an American credit card company in the Philippines
Sociologists define status as __________. a. the prestige accorded to individuals and to important social or economic roles b. the views of individuals who have important social or economic roles c. a classification system that dominates the upper levels of society d. the right to lay claim to special rewards
a. the prestige accorded to individuals and to important social or economic roles
In The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, Goffman compares social life to __________ and claims that we are __________. a. the theater; actors playing roles b. the government; officials making rules c. the corporation; workers with the same goals d. the church; players in the ritual of social life
a. the theater; actors playing roles
Edge cities have developed as suburban counterparts to __________. a. the traditional downtown areas of large central cities b. the traditional factory zones of large central cities c. the traditional transitional zones of large central cities d. the tradition bedroom communities of large central cities
a. the traditional downtown areas of large central cities
Before retirement, most people get most or all of their income from __________. a. their jobs b. income transfers from the government (such as Social Security) c. investments d. inheritances
a. their jobs
Major corporations that earn tax credits can use them __________. a. to lavish pay and other perks on their top managers b. as gifts for deserving public institutions c. as cash reimbursements to employees d. as cash advances on CEO salaries
a. to lavish pay and other perks on their top managers
One might argue that the decline of __________ in the United States encouraged __________. a. unionization; the use of lean production methods b. socialism; the division of labor c. the precariat; the assembly line d. scientific management; deskilling
a. unionization; the use of lean production methods
Dawn works as a lawyer for a Fortune 500 company and recently bought her first home. She was the first person in her family to attend college. Even though while she was growing up her family was very busy working to pay rent and other bills—her dad worked as a janitor and her mother as a childcare assistant—her parents have always been supportive of her education and career goals. What sociological concept best describes Dawn's life? a. upward mobility b. downward mobility c. socioeconomic culture d. relative poverty
a. upward mobility
One of the three common themes of social theory is social order. This theme is chiefly concerned with __________. a. what holds society together b. what is the nature of the individual c. how societies change d. how we use social theory
a. what holds society together
Sociologists decide what to research and what questions to ask once they are familiar with __________. a. what other sociologists have already discovered b. what sources of funding are available c. what mainstream Americans believe about sociologists d. what expenses they are likely to incur
a. what other sociologists have already discovered
A pessimistic interpretation of recent survey results used to measure prejudice might be that __________. a. whites are reluctant to admit to harboring racial prejudices b. surveys, as a tool of analysis, do not accurately reflect attitudes and motivations c. blacks are less likely than whites to participate in surveys d. blacks have a lower return rate than whites, with respect to survey completion
a. whites are reluctant to admit to harboring racial prejudices
The double standard of sexuality tends to more harshly judge __________. a. women than men b. men than women c. gay men than transgender individuals d. cohabiters than those who hook up
a. women than men
Which of the following potential projects studying convenience stores could be said to be utilizing a qualitative research method? a. working at a convenience store and watching how people interact with the clerks b. studying the inventory of a convenience store to determine which items are bought most often c. using city population data to predict how many convenience stores should serve a given neighborhood d. studying convenience store payrolls to determine if men are paid more than women for the same work
a. working at a convenience store and watching how people interact with the clerks
In the __________ dimensional view of power, we see power at work when one party prevails in a conflict. a. one- b. two- c. three- d. four-
a.one
The one-dimensional view of power focuses __________. a. only on the outcomes of a conflict b. on the concept of agenda setting c. on the persuasion of a weaker actor d. only on the availability of power
a.only on the outcomes of a conflict
Unionization rates reached their peak in the United States in the __________. a. 1940s b. 1950s c. 1960s d. 1970s
b. 1950s
According to current statistics, over __________ adults are serving time behind bars on any given day in America. a. 1 million b. 2 million c. 3 million d. 4 million
b. 2 million
In 2014, the top 1 percent of U.S. households received __________ percent of all income. a. 12 b. 21 c. 36 d. 48
b. 21
The landmark legislation that declared that citizens with disabilities should have the same access to physical spaces such as buildings and bathrooms as their nondisabled peers is called the __________. a. Civil Rights Act of 1964 b. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 c. National Advisory Commission on Disabilities Act of 1991 d. National Disabilities Act of 1990
b. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
Which of these statements represents the powerlessness of B in relation to A, according to the two-dimensional view of power? a. B comes to believe in A's ideas even when it is not in B's interest to do so. b. B fails to get its challenge to A taken seriously. c. B has few resources to win open conflicts. d. B comes to believe that it is not in B's interest to win open conflicts.
b. B fails to get its challenge to A taken seriously.
Which of the following statements regarding how Brazilians think about race is true? a. Brazilians assign people to racial groups based on whether they are believed to have noble ancestry. b. Brazilians classify people based on specific combinations of skin color, hair color, facial features, and hair texture. c. Brazilians think racial differences reside in the blood and soul. d. Brazilians attribute racial differences to genetics.
b. Brazilians classify people based on specific combinations of skin color, hair color, facial features, and hair texture.
__________ provide(s) an obvious and plausible explanation as to why income and wealth in the United States have become so concentrated at the top. a. Illegal accounting b. Changes in the tax system c. Increase in capital gains tax rate d. Entrepreneurial risk taking
b. Changes in the tax system
David Jones is a Green Party candidate for city council, which elects one candidate from each of five city districts. He garnered 25 percent of the vote in his district, but took no seat on the city's governing council. Why, do you theorize, this is so? a. City council seats are subject to proportional representation. b. City council seats are not subject to proportional representation. c. The Green Party raised insufficient funds for the campaign. d. Jones lacked sufficient citywide exposure.
b. City council seats are not subject to proportional representation.
__________ among workers tends to __________. a. Productivity; reduce resistance b. Cooperation; increase productivity c. Specialization; increase unionization d. Unionization; reduce productivity
b. Cooperation; increase productivity
What is the chief characteristic of the assembly line system of production? a. Workers continually face pressure from management. b. Every task workers perform is completely scripted for them. c. Work is done by skilled craftspeople capable of producing finished products more or less by themselves. d. Managers are easily replaceable and have a weak position relative to that of workers.
b. Every task workers perform is completely scripted for them.
Why is the family of interest to many sociologists? a. Government funding generously supports family research. b. Families are a key to understanding how individuals develop. c. Families are a new area of sociological research. d. Families, which tend to be similar, are ideal cross-cultural subjects
b. Families are a key to understanding how individuals develop.
For which of the following reasons do sociologists and other social scientists abide by codes of ethics? a. Government regulations require all sociologists to abide by these standards. b. Given the nature of their research, social scientists must commit to do no harm to those they study. c. Codes of ethics affect the validity of a project's findings. d. Scientists have always readily endorsed the usefulness of such codes in keeping other scientists in check.
b. Given the nature of their research, social scientists must commit to do no harm to those they study.
A series of experiments conducted in the 1920s and 1930s with different teams of workers to see what factors might induce them to produce more output were called the __________. a. Braverman studies b. Hawthorne studies c. Milgram obedience studies d. Whitehall challenge
b. Hawthorne studies
__________ are terms used to describe bias directed at persons because of their sexual orientation. a. Heterosexism and heteronormativity b. Heterosexism and homophobia c. Homophobia and homosexism d. Homophobia and heteronormativity
b. Heterosexism and homophobia
__________ refers to the receipt of money over a period of time, whereas __________ refers to the net value of assets that one has at a given point in time. a. Wealth; income b. Income; wealth c. Capital; wealth d. Wealth; salary
b. Income; wealth
Which of the following scenarios is an accurate reflection of the impact of technology on community life? a. Keisha has already experienced social isolation in the city where she lives, and her sense of disconnectedness increases with the infusion of technology and social media into her everyday life. b. Lydia's social capital has improved since she started using social media to stay connected socially and professionally to friends and work contacts. c. Marco spends so much time on his smartphone that he rarely socializes with his fellow college students, greatly reducing his number of social networks. d. After graduating from college, Rafael returned to his small hometown to look for work because he still has a lot of personal ties there. His job search, therefore, is more focused on face-to-face contacts than on social media.
b. Lydia's social capital has improved since she started using social media to stay connected socially and professionally to friends and work contacts.
Which of the following statements about social theorists is chronologically accurate? a. Foucault wrote before Weber. b. Marx wrote before Bourdieu. c. Parsons wrote before Durkheim. d. Du Bois wrote before Marx.
b. Marx wrote before Bourdieu.
Mawenzi has sent out hundreds of résumés but has gotten very few replies, even though he graduated with honors from a top-tier school and has experience and excellent references. If Mawenzi suspected intentional discrimination, what statement would support his suspicion? a. Mawenzi is not qualified for the jobs that he is interested in. b. Mawenzi is experiencing the disadvantage of having a stereotypical "black name." c. Businesses with posted job listings may not actually be hiring. d. Businesses are not willing to meet his salary requirements.
b. Mawenzi is experiencing the disadvantage of having a stereotypical "black name."
__________ is the system of elections in which seats in a legislature are divided up based on the percentage of the vote received. a. Direct representation b. Proportional representation c. Electoral representation d. Partial representation
b. Proportional representation
How is a sociological study of the family more likely to differ from a psychological study of the family? a. Psychological studies tend to focus on relationships; sociological studies tend to focus on individuals. b. Psychological studies tend to study the minds of individuals in a family; sociological studies tend to study families within their larger social contexts. c. Psychological studies tend to focus on context; sociological studies tend to focus on content. d. Psychological studies tend to be large scale; sociological studies tend to be smaller in scale
b. Psychological studies tend to study the minds of individuals in a family; sociological studies tend to study families within their larger social contexts.
Sociologists describe race as a social construct. What does this statement mean? a. Race is a natural phenomenon based on unchangeable traits found in individuals. b. Race is a system that is invented, created by human beings. c. Race is believed to be a part of a person's "essence," or their very being. d. Race is based on an objective measure of physical resemblances.
b. Race is a system that is invented, created by human beings.
__________ is a designation of class that considers income, occupation, and salary. a. Life chance b. Socioeconomic status c. Consumption utility d. Class analysis
b. Socioeconomic status
Why would sociologists who study academic performance be interested in the lives of college freshmen before they enter college? a. Sociologists are particularly well equipped to study individuals' intelligence quotients and the impact of intelligence on academic performance. b. Sociologists are particularly well equipped to study the influences of students' backgrounds-such as family influences-on academic performance. c. Sociologists who took sociology courses in high school are particularly well equipped to study the academic performance of students entering college for the first time. d. Students who excel academically are likely to attend schools closer to home.
b. Sociologists are particularly well equipped to study the influences of students' backgrounds-such as family influences-on academic performance.
Which of the following responses best encapsulates why some sociologists strive for empirical generalizability? a. Sociologists strive for empirical generalizability so that findings can be understood by those not well versed in sociological theory. b. Sociologists strive for empirical generalizability so that findings can be applied to populations larger than their sample set. c. Sociologists strive for empirical generalizability so that findings can be tested in physics laboratories. d. Sociologists strive for empirical generalizability so that findings will more easily meet constitutional mandates for greater transparency in publicly funded enterprises.
b. Sociologists strive for empirical generalizability so that findings can be applied to populations larger than their sample set.
Sophia is a third-generation Italian. She heard stories about how her grandparents experienced discrimination when they arrived in the United States. Her grandparents also maintained their culture and traditions by continuing to speak Italian in addition to leaning English. Sophia knows very little about Italian culture and does not speak Italian. What accounts for this lack of cultural knowledge? a. Sophia's parents did not expose her to Italian culture for fear that Sophia would experience prejudice and discrimination. b. Sophia's grandparents and parents gradually assimilated, taking on the traditions of their new country. c. Sophia was ashamed of her Italian background and did not bother to learn about her Italian ancestry. d. It was not deemed necessary for Sophia to learn about her cultural background since it would not impact her employment opportunities.
b. Sophia's grandparents and parents gradually assimilated, taking on the traditions of their new country.
Eloise is a network executive at XYZ News Media. She has been instructed to prevent XYZ journalists from covering a breaking scandal involving XYZ's chief financial officer. She has the staff prepare filler stories instead. XYZ, with Eloise's complicity, is engaging in __________. a. civil inattention b. agenda setting c. class preferences d. framing
b. agenda setting
Kordell is interested in distributing questionnaires to college freshmen regarding their study habits. He has targeted several colleges where he wants to carry out the research. What must Kordell do first? a. Have students sign informed consent forms. b. Submit his research proposal to each school's institutional review board (IRB). c. Brief students on what he is interested in studying. d. Identify which classes he wants to target.
b. Submit his research proposal to each school's institutional review board (IRB).
____________ theory focuses on how everyday social interactions and the meaning people give to objects, relationships, and events are the beginning of understanding social order. a. Conflict b. Symbolic interactionist c. Structural functionalist d. Feminist
b. Symbolic interactionist
In hindsight, what was the primary flaw of the Stanford Prison Experiment conducted in the 1970s? a. Confidentiality of the participants was violated. b. The experiment inflicted harm on its participants. c. The researchers lacked professional competence. d. The study did not draw on a proper sample.
b. The experiment inflicted harm on its participants.
How do sociologists view the use of force in sustaining power? a. The use of force is effective only over long periods of time. b. The use of force is rarely sustainable. c. The use of force is necessary to "win the game." d. The use of force is a necessary consequence of uncertainty.
b. The use of force is rarely sustainable.
How do sociological researchers define the term dependent variable? a. The variable expected to have a positive correlation to other variables under study. b. The variable expected to fluctuate in relation to other variables under study. c. The variable that is artificially created by researchers to simulate real-life situations. d. The variable causing or influencing a particular outcome.
b. The variable expected to fluctuate in relation to other variables under study.
Along with informed consent, what other ethical obligation do sociologists have regarding their professional responsibilities and conduct? a. They must disclose their epistemological orientations. b. They must disclose their identity as researchers. c. They must disclose their theoretical traditions. d. They must disclose the true identities of their subjects
b. They must disclose their identity as researchers.
What role do values play in sociological research? a. Values have no part in shaping the research interests of sociologists. b. Values influence sociologists' research questions, but they do not determine findings. c. Values determine findings almost exclusively in sociological research. d. Values have very little influence on sociologists' research questions, but they impact findings in significant, albeit hidden, ways.
b. Values influence sociologists' research questions, but they do not determine findings.
Billionaire __________ famously highlighted the extent of tax loopholes for the wealthiest Americans when he reported paying less in federal taxes on his income, in terms of percentage, than his secretary. a. Bill Gates b. Warren Buffett c. Ted Turner d. Mitt Romney
b. Warren Buffett
According to sociologists, why are women more likely than men to avoid casual sex? a. Women are more concerned about contracting sexually transmitted diseases. b. Women are more concerned about damage to their reputations. c. Women are less concerned about their own sexual satisfaction. d. Women are less concerned about increasing their number of offspring.
b. Women are more concerned about damage to their reputations.
What is an institutional review board? a. a body that reviews colleges to assure that institutions sustain viable research b. a body that reviews researchers' proposals before work begins in order to assess potential harm and benefits to participants c. a body that certifies participants for research study inclusion d. a body of sociologists that decides which research questions should be officially endorsed by the American Sociological Association
b. a body that reviews researchers' proposals before work begins in order to assess potential harm and benefits to participants
Mary has a very busy life. As a result, she prefers casual sexual liaisons with no expectation of a relationship to ensue. To Mary, __________ is ideal. a. a romance scripted by gender b. a hookup c. cohabitation d. a passionate attachment
b. a hookup
Catherine is taking a research methods class in which the semester project involves conducting original research. Catherine is interested in finding out if viewing particular television programs has an impact on behavior. She wants to see if children are more likely to engage in aggressive behavior after they watch television shows that exhibit violent images. Catherine's tentative prediction is what scientists refer to as __________. a. an operational definition b. a hypothesis c. reliability d. validity
b. a hypothesis
Alana is enrolled in a university-level business strategy course. She is required to submit an in-depth case analysis of a business affected by coercive isomorphism. Of the following businesses, which do you think represents the most fruitful subject for her analysis? a. a sporting goods retailer b. a pharmaceuticals firm c. a 24-hour fitness facility d. an Internet marketing services firm
b. a pharmaceuticals firm
Presidents engage in __________ by focusing on topics, such as health care, that they believe are most important while avoiding topics marginal groups find important. a. civil inattention b. agenda setting c. class preferences d. framing
b. agenda setting
What is a spurious relationship? a. an apparent relationship among three or more variables having causal relationships with each other b. an apparent relationship between two factors that has the appearance of linkage but, in reality, does not c. an apparent relationship between two factors with an established causal relationship d. an apparent relationship between two variables for which a causal link has yet to be
b. an apparent relationship between two factors that has the appearance of linkage but, in reality, does not
Socialism is __________. a. an economic system based on private property and market exchange b. an economic system where the government owns property and controls production c. an economic system organized without private property and based on the principle that individuals should be able to consume societal resources based on their needs, not their ability d. an economic system where buyers, sellers, and producers engage in the exchange of commodities and services
b. an economic system where the government owns property and controls production
Janet works multiple part-time jobs. Both jobs require her to work a different schedule of hours each week and pay just above minimum wage. She receives no nonwage benefits from either employer. How would a sociologist classify a worker like Janet? a. as a member of a union b. as a member of the precariat c. as an assembly line worker d. as a socialist
b. as a member of the precariat
The __________ is a product of __________. a. precariat; unionization b. assembly line; scientific management c. Industrial Revolution; bureaucratization d. division of labor; loose coupling
b. assembly line; scientific management
Gender-stereotypical behavior is most likely to occur when people believe they are __________. a. being ignored b. being watched c. among strangers d. among their social superiors
b. being watched
In the context of urban ecology, what do the initials CBD stand for? a. central boundary definition b. central business district c. city boundary definition d. city business district
b. central business district
When understanding intimate relationships, a sociological imagination allows us to ________. a. recognize that marriage is not always monogamous, but is a lifetime commitment between a man and a woman b. challenge the assumption that particular forms of marriage are natural as opposed to social in origin c. understand the lack of diversity in intimate relationships cross-culturally d. observe the natural differences in intimate relationships within our own culture
b. challenge the assumption that particular forms of marriage are natural as opposed to social in origin
+++The structural functionalist view on social change is that society __________. a. changes only after significant technological changes occur b. changes gradually by norms and institutions adapting to new social challenges c. only changes after deep divisions of inequality result in violent revolution that reestablishes institutions (this is what quizlet said is right) d. only changes as governments create social policies and laws that redefine our relationship to society
b. changes gradually by norms and institutions adapting to new social challenges
Carrie and Steven plan to marry next summer and decide to move in together before the wedding. Carrie and Steven are engaging in what sociologists refer to as __________. a. a hookup b. cohabitation c. hanging out d. getting together
b. cohabitation
Sociologists define ethnicity as a system for classifying people who share __________. a. common genetic profiles b. common descent, based on perceived cultural similarities c. similar racial profiles d. common descent, based on perceived physical similarities
b. common descent, based on perceived cultural similarities
Researchers whose questions explore understanding social variation over time and place are likely to use which research method? a. demographic analysis b. comparative-historical perspective c. extended cases d. ethnography
b. comparative-historical perspective
In general, technology __________ jobs that require higher levels of education while it __________ jobs that require middle and lower levels of education. a. replaces; complements b. complements; replaces c. replaces; reserves d. complements; reserves
b. complements; replaces
In the decades since 1968, when the Fair Housing Act was passed with the hope that it would end the racial segregation of American neighborhoods, racial segregation has __________ in most of America's major cities. a. declined steadily b. declined only slightly c. increased steadily d. increased only slightly
b. declined only slightly
Sociologist Herbert Gans, in his study of community life, focused on __________. a. ecological factors like size, density, and heterogeneity b. demographic factors like age, race, occupation, and income c. psychological factors like IQ, personality, and temperament d. political factors like conflict and power
b. demographic factors like age, race, occupation, and income
The percentage of black men who have been incarcerated is __________ to their percentage representation in the population at large. a. proportionate b. disproportionate c. equal d. very nearly equal
b. disproportionate
Data from which research method arguably takes the longest to acquire? a. comparative-historical data b. ethnographic data c. survey data d. experimental data
b. ethnographic data
Which of the following is an example of unintentional institutional discrimination? a. Jim Crow laws that segregated whites and blacks in terms of housing, transportation, and education in the American South b. federal sentencing guidelines that penalize individuals who possess crack cocaine more heavily than those who possess powder cocaine c. a company that systematically excludes women from upper-level managerial positions d. South Africa's system of apartheid
b. federal sentencing guidelines that penalize individuals who possess crack cocaine more heavily than those who possess powder cocaine
According to Marx, an automated welding machine used to assemble automobile bodies would be an example of __________. a. capital production b. forces of production c. social relations of production d. modules of production
b. forces of production
Kendra is an introductory sociology student. For a class project, she decides to study messages in the mass media. She notices that there are very few role models for young gays and lesbians. Kendra concludes that the messages in the media reflect __________. a. homophobia b. heteronormativity c. heterosexism d. a double standard of sexuality
b. heteronormativity
The term sexual minority refers to anyone who is not __________. a. gay b. heterosexual c. bisexual d. lesbian
b. heterosexual
Among the social sciences, sociology is the discipline most concerned with __________. a. the way the psyche develops in early childhood b. how different parts of society link up to and mutually influence one another c. predicting the future of humanity d. accurately assessing the failures of twentieth-century regimes
b. how different parts of society link up to and mutually influence one another
A major change in the past 50 years is a(n) __________ employment and educational attainment. a. decrease in men's b. increase in men's c. decrease in women's d.increase in women's
b. increase in women's
Acts of racial or ethnic discrimination can be classified as __________. a. individual or intentional b. individual or institutional c. institutional or intentional d. institutional or structural
b. individual or institutional
The rational-choice perspective of markets assumes that __________. a. individuals have perfect knowledge about market exchanges b. individuals make decisions that they think will leave them better off c. individuals almost always act in ways that advance the common good d. individuals believe there is no need for altruistic behavior
b. individuals make decisions that they think will leave them better off
Social theories are analytical frameworks for understanding the relationship between __________ and __________. a. universes; individuals b. individuals; societies c. social classes; social norms d. nations; countries
b. individuals; societies
You want to study a riot that occurred over 60 years ago. You have access to a handful of survivors, but they likely cannot provide all the information you need. Which two research methods should you use to complete the study? a. ethnography and interviews b. interviews and historical research c. surveys and ethnography d. interviews and experiments
b. interviews and historical research
By carefully researching the lives of African Americans in a predominantly black neighborhood of Philadelphia, W. E. B. Du Bois demonstrated that __________ shaped every aspect of the lives of African Americans. a. class membership b. limited opportunities c. prejudice d. double consciousness
b. limited opportunities
The primary points of entry for the majority of immigrants coming to America from abroad are __________. a. suburban areas of major cities b. major cities c. rural areas d. ethnic enclaves in small-town America
b. major cities
The overall pattern of job growth over time suggests that there has been a long-term shift towards jobs that require __________. a. less skill and less education b. more skill and more education c. more skill but less education d. less skill but more education
b. more skill and more education
Individuals of mixed-race ancestry are more likely to identify themselves as __________ if they have Asian ancestry, but individuals with __________ ancestry are more likely to be assigned to a single race by others, regardless how they self-identify. a. multiracial; European b. multiracial; African c. nonracial; European d. nonracial; African
b. multiracial; African
In 2012, the unemployment rate for black Americans was __________. a. nearly equal to that of white Americans b. nearly twice the rate as that of white Americans c. nearly three times the rate as that of white Americans d. slightly less than that of Asian Americans
b. nearly twice the rate as that of white Americans
Sociologists estimate that __________ of adult black men who finish high school but do not attend college will serve time in prison. a. one-half b. one-third c. one-quarter d. one-tenth
b. one-third
What is data coding? a. analyzing the data for reports or publications b. organizing data according to key categories and concepts c. transferring data to pictorial displays d. packaging the data in a statistical program for sharing
b. organizing data according to key categories and concepts
In the United States, a majority of the country's politicians are men. Since men have traditionally held higher-level positions in politics, the economy, and the family, the gender system of the United States is best described as a(n) __________. a. oligarchy b. patriarchy c. matriarchy d. fraternal order
b. patriarchy
Which of the following changes in the U.S. tax code has been enacted in recent decades, disproportionately benefiting the wealthy? a. elimination of the capital gains tax b. reduction in the capital gains tax rate c. equalization of the capital gains tax rate and the income tax rate d.elimination of off-shore tax shelters
b. reduction in the capital gains tax rate
American workers are increasingly reliant on employers for __________, whereas workers in other rich countries are not. a. Social Security b. retirement benefits c. investment income d. education
b. retirement benefits
In a study involving fictitious résumés of applicants with stereotypical "white names" (Emily and Greg) and "black names" (Lakisha and Jamal), researchers found that __________. a. names on résumés did not influence the number of follow-up calls that applicants received b. résumés with "white names" received 50 percent more follow-up calls than résumés with "black names" c. black-owned businesses were more likely to call back "white" applicants than "black" applicants d. black-owned businesses were more likely to call back "black" applicants than "white" applicants
b. résumés with "white names" received 50 percent more follow-up calls than résumés with "black names"
Organizational isomorphism is a concept used by sociologists to explain why organizations in the same field tend to become __________ over time. a. decreasingly similar b. increasingly similar c. decreasingly competitive d. increasingly competitive
b.increasingly similar
Before the emergence of widespread industry, the pace of urbanization was __________. a. virtually nonexistent b. slow and gradual c. level d. rapid and steep
b. slow and gradual
Luthor has been part of the football team for two years, but he still feels like an outsider with many of the players. His teammates never asked him to hang out after practices or get together at any other time separate from team functions. Simmel would describe Luthor's experience as being a result of his __________. a. social circles b. social distance c. status group membership d. social closure
b. social distance
Poverty, crime, drug abuse, and racism are examples of __________. a. the welfare state b. social problems c. deviance d. public policies
b. social problems
Current data indicate that Asian Americans have the highest median household incomes in the United States. Researchers caution, however, that the data about Asian incomes can be misinterpreted because __________. a. some Asians, such as Vietnamese and Cambodian Americans, are at the top of the income hierarchy b. some Asians, such as Vietnamese and Cambodian Americans, are at the bottom of the income hierarchy c. some Asians, such as Chinese and Filipino Americans, are at the bottom of the income hierarchy d. the data are separated by country of origin
b. some Asians, such as Vietnamese and Cambodian Americans, are at the bottom of the income hierarchy
Ethnographers are researchers and scholars who __________. a. experiment with people and places under laboratory conditions b. study people and places by immersing themselves in a community c. study the historical documents associated with the founding of new communities d.ask questions about the people and places in a community using questionnaires and random
b. study people and places by immersing themselves in a community
The U.S. census is a good example of what kind of interview? a. classic interview b. survey interview c. in-depth interview d. oral history interview
b. survey interview
Structural individualism is a theory of analytical sociology that argues that society is based on the choices and actions that individuals and groups make while __________. a. their choices only influence other social actors immediately around them b. the actions that follow from these choices are constrained by society c. other groups and individuals make their own choices d. their choices are actually meaningless compared to the power of social institutions
b. the actions that follow from these choices are constrained by society
Big business needs security to make the kinds of investments that create jobs and produce economic growth, according to __________. a. the New Deal b. the business confidence theory c. tax and transfer policies d. pluralism
b. the business confidence theory
Houston, Texas has been described as a pro-business city, due in part to the fact that Texas is a right-to-work state. Texas businesses may eliminate jobs at will, without just cause, and the state has other statutes on its books that the business community readily endorses. This scenario illustrates __________ in action a. the New Deal b. the business confidence theory c. tax and transfer policies d. pluralism
b. the business confidence theory
Susan worked tirelessly as an activist trying to stop the use of children in sweatshop labor. She organized protests, started a boycott campaign of major clothing brands, and founded her own charitable organization to fight against the use of children in sweatshops. How would Weber describe Susan's identity as an activist? a. this is her charisma b. this is her status group membership c. this is her form of legitimacy d. this is her spirit of capitalism
b. this is her status group membership
Social capital refers to the resources available to individuals __________. a. given their financial and economic status b. through their relationships and networks c. through their cultural affiliations d. given the advantages conferred on them at birth
b. through their relationships and networks
What is the goal of affirmative action? a. to end reverse discrimination b. to increase the representation of minorities and women in fields from which they have historically been excluded c. to reignite historical effects of discrimination and exclusion d. to increase rates of assimilation
b. to increase the representation of minorities and women in fields from which they have historically been excluded
Why do markets need social ties? a. to maintain alliances of kinship and friendship b. to maintain levels of trust necessary to carry out economic transactions c. to facilitate repeated transactions d. to diminish the influence of random, one-shot transactions on market exchanges
b. to maintain levels of trust necessary to carry out economic transactions
In the __________ dimensional view of power, we see power at work when power holders prevent subordinates from raising issues that challenge the power holders' power. a. one- b. two- c. three- d. four-
b. two
Research memos are to __________ thinkers as data displays are to __________ thinkers. a. quantitative; qualitative b. verbal; visual c. convergent; divergent d. independent; dependent
b. verbal; visual
When is longitudinal data desirable? a. when studying a group of people who are hard to contact b. when researchers want to infer causation between variables c. when studying a population that is spread out geographically d. when studying a group that historically provides unreliable data
b. when researchers want to infer causation between variables
Qualitative research relies on __________. a. numerical data b. words, observations, or pictures c. statistical analysis of data d. variable analysis
b. words, observations, or pictures
The median family income in the United States in 2014 was approximately __________. a. $40,000 b. $50,000 c. $60,000 d. $70,000
b.$50,000
John was recently sentenced for 10 years in prison for possession of crack cocaine. His lawyer discovered that others have served less time for the possession of powder cocaine, a drug often associated with a different category of people. John's lawyer has concluded that this discrepant sentencing is the result of __________. a. individual discrimination b. institutional discrimination c. prejudice d. stereotyping
b.institutional discrimination
According to demographer Kingsley Davis, in the modern world, the process of urbanization follows a(n) __________. a. bell-shaped curve b. circular function c. S curve d. straight line
c. S curve
__________ can be described as negative, simplified generalizations about a group, whereas __________ involves actions that harm individuals. a. Stereotyping; prejudice b. Prejudice; stereotyping c. Stereotyping; discrimination d. Discrimination; prejudice
c. Stereotyping; discrimination
A group of friends are discussing their salaries. Among them they earn the following per year: $40,000, $50,000, $65,000, $68,000, and $75,000. What is the median salary among this group of friends? a. $50,000 b. $63,800 c. $65,000 d. $75,000
c. $65,000
In an ongoing study of more than 2,000 young adults as they progress through college and into their postcollegiate years, sociologist Richard Arum has found that __________. a. all graduates in the study had jobs in their fields within five years of graduation b. college had little impact on the earnings of graduates in the study c. 24 percent of graduates in the study were back living with their parents two years after graduation d. sociology majors were 50 percent more likely to be employed than other students in the study
c. 24 percent of graduates in the study were back living with their parents two years after graduation
American adults account for __________ percent of all prison and jail inmates worldwide. a. 5 b. 15 c. 25 d. 35
c. 25
About __________ immigrants are now estimated to live in the United States, an increase of more than __________ since 2000. a. 23 million; 11 million b. 33 million; 20 million c. 42 million; 10 million d. 53 million; 30 million
c. 42 million; 10 million
In 2014, the top 10 percent of U.S. households received approximately __________ of all income. a. 10 b. 25 c. 50 d. 70
c. 50
Which of the following statements about a code of ethics and sociological research is true? a. Sociologists often disagree about the contents of their code of ethics. b. The sociological code of ethics is not relevant for human subjects. c. All social scientists commit to a shared code of ethics. d. Informed consent satisfies the requirements of the code of ethics.
c. All social scientists commit to a shared code of ethics.
__________ have the highest rates of educational attainment in the United States. a. African Americans b. White Americans c. Asian Americans d.Native Americans
c. Asian Americans
__________, the social sciences began to divide into distinctive areas of research. a. In the late Middle Ages b. Shortly after the American Revolution c. Between 1880 and 1910 d. In the 1950s and 1960s
c. Between 1880 and 1910
An influential group of sociologists who used the city of Chicago as a laboratory for the study of urbanism is known as the __________. a. Chicago Eight b. Chicago Federation c. Chicago School d. Chicago Urbanists
c. Chicago School
Which concept of community best encompasses the fundamental concerns of sociologists who study today's cities and communities? a. Community comprises family members and neighbors, along with nearby friends. b. Community comprises individuals located in the immediate space surrounding a person, whether family or not. c. Community is the degree to which individuals connect with, support, and interact with each other. d. Community comprises strong friendships with people we come in contact with through school, work, or other social institutions.
c. Community is the degree to which individuals connect with, support, and interact with each other.
Which of the following statements exemplifies the "conservative egalitarian" label, which sociologists apply to American voters who do not consistently connect their beliefs about equality to support for government programs that might make our society more egalitarian? a. Conservative egalitarian Americans want their opinions heard but do not want their privacy violated. b. Conservative egalitarian Americans want to uphold democratic values but do not want to vote. c. Conservative egalitarian Americans want to help the poor but do not want to pay higher taxes. d. Conservative egalitarian Americans want the same quality schools and health care as the rich.
c. Conservative egalitarian Americans want to help the poor but do not want to pay higher taxes.
Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for the underrepresentation of men in jobs as kindergarten teachers? a. Men are naturally less adept at taking care of young children. b. Occupational segregation remains rigidly in force across all occupations. c. Female-dominated occupations often pay less than male-dominated occupations. d. Gender discrimination means men are not granted interviews for these positions.
c. Female-dominated occupations often pay less than male-dominated occupations.
Which company has so successfully used the tax system to avoid paying taxes that it paid no corporate income tax in 2010 on reported profits of $14 billion? a. Apple b. Berkshire Hathaway c. General Electric (GE) d. Verizon
c. GE
Of the following higher education institutions, which two are most likely to be in the same niche market? a. New York University and Miami Dade College b. Miami Dade College and the University of Southern California c. Harvard University and Yale University d. The Ohio State University and Holy Apostles College and Seminary
c. Harvard University and Yale University
__________ had the fewest opportunities for social inequality to emerge a. Feudal societies b. Industrial societies c. Hunting and gathering societies d. Agrarian societies
c. Hunting and gathering societies
After Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans, there were reports of increased criminal activity and looting. Looters broke into electronics stores and stole merchandise, and increasing numbers of violent attacks exceeded all police efforts to keep the rising levels of violence in check. How would a sociologist explain these phenomena? a. Urban residents altered their behaviors to conform to the norms of a new social reality. b. During times of crisis, social norms change but are more clearly defined. c. In the absence of social structures, rules are unclear, and everyone has to improvise. d. People always choose to act as criminals when they know police officers are not watching
c. In the absence of social structures, rules are unclear, and everyone has to improvise.
Which of the following is true of the sociological imagination? a. It challenges stereotypes by proving that stereotypes benefit no one. b. It shows that circumstances we take for granted are often simpler than they appear. c. It raises questions about the origin, benefit, and harm of stereotypes. d. It allows us to enjoy society without over complicating social life.
c. It raises questions about the origin, benefit, and harm of stereotypes.
How does the perspective of the city as a growth machine counter the Burgess urban ecology model? a. It denies the role of private property, whereas the Burgess model does not. b. It denies the role of taxes as drivers of city growth, whereas tax policy is integral to the Burgess model. c. It recognizes the role of political and economic forces, whereas the Burgess model does not. d. It recognizes the role of key social institutions, whereas the Burgess model fails to consider them.
c. It recognizes the role of political and economic forces, whereas the Burgess model does not.
According to Bourdieu, what differentiates "social" from "symbolic" capital? a. Symbolic capital is how much capital you want whereas social capital is how much capital you have. b. Social capital can be earned whereas symbolic capital is inherited. c. Social capital is your support system whereas symbolic capital is your reputation. d. Symbolic capital is more powerful than social capital.
c. Social capital is your support system whereas symbolic capital is your reputation
Why is it sometimes difficult for sociologists to define their discipline in short, simple terms? a. Sociologists do not use mathematical models to solve problems. b. Sociologists do not have an established set of ideas that make up their theoretical core. c. Sociologists cover a wider range of topics than other social sciences. d. Sociologists do not publish their own academic journals.
c. Sociologists cover a wider range of topics than other social sciences.
John is taking an introductory sociology class. As a result, he is conscious of his environment and carefully thinks about what he sees rather than jumping to quick conclusions. He notices a homeless man on his way to class every day. Using his sociological imagination, what might John conclude about this man's circumstances? a. John reacts with frustration. He considers the homeless man's situation as a personal problem. The man, obviously, is lazy and chooses not to work. b. John reacts with indifference. Although he would not make the same choice, the homeless man, obviously, has chosen to live off handouts rather than work. c. John reacts with sympathy. He considers the social circumstances that may have drawn the homeless man into poverty and wonders why so many are unemployed. He concludes that because of social change, the homeless man has lost his housing along with his job. d. John is sympathetic and recognizes that the homeless man is an alcoholic, but his particular disease-alcoholism-is a personal, not a social, issue.
c. John reacts with sympathy. He considers the social circumstances that may have drawn the homeless man into poverty and wonders why so many are unemployed. He concludes that because of social change, the homeless man has lost his housing along with his job.
Which scenario typifies a federally subsidized exodus of whites from central cities? a. After earning her MBA, Kate found a better job in the suburbs, so she and her family moved out of the city to reduce her commute. b. Kent had no trouble securing a home loan, so moving to a bigger house in the suburbs was an easy way to escape urban life. c. Lisa was intimidated by nonwhite minorities who were moving in large numbers to her city, so she relocated to an ethnically homogenous white suburb. d. Mary and John were tired of using public transportation, so they bought a car and relocated their family to the suburbs.
c. Lisa was intimidated by nonwhite minorities who were moving in large numbers to her city, so she relocated to an ethnically homogenous white suburb.
In 1965, ___________ made the following statement: "You do not take a man who for years has been hobbled by chains, liberate him, bring him to the starting line of a race, saying, 'you are free to compete with all the others,' and still justly believe you have been completely fair." a. Eleanor Roosevelt b. Rosa Parks c. Lyndon B. Johnson d. Martin Luther King, Jr.
c. Lyndon B. Johnson
What has been the effect of global cities on urban areas, economically, socially, and politically? a. Politicians have focused more money and time on courting the immigrant vote, immigrants' political and civic involvement has exploded, and tolerance for new immigrants has blossomed. b. Life for local residents has greatly improved: lower tax rates, increased interest in and funding for locally operated ethnic grocery stores and restaurants, and improved schools are all evident. c. Manufacturing jobs have been replaced by service-sector jobs, infrastructures and landscapes have been transformed to attract international businesses, a gap has formed between the global elite and the global service class, and city governments have focused less on local residents. d. Recent immigrants have been thriving because international corporations are eager to utilize their language skills and cultural knowledge.
c. Manufacturing jobs have been replaced by service-sector jobs, infrastructures and landscapes have been transformed to attract international businesses, a gap has formed between the global elite and the global service class, and city governments have focused less on local residents.
Why are a disproportionate number of African Americans unable to vote? a. Many African Americans fail to register to vote. b. Many African Americans face disproportionately long distances to voting centers. c. Many African Americans have lost their right to vote following felony convictions. d. Many African Americans do not have a driver's license.
c. Many African Americans have lost their right to vote following felony convictions.
What does recent sociological research suggest about online social networks, in terms of how they are changing personal and social life? a. Online social networks may be a poor substitute for voice-to-voice interactions. b. Online social networks may be a poor substitute for face-to-face interactions. c. Online social networks may expand and enhance our offline social networks. d. Online social networks may compete with and undermine our offline social networks.
c. Online social networks may expand and enhance our offline social networks.
What does it mean to operationalize a research question? a. Operationalizing is finding out how research subjects will behave under test conditions. b. Operationalizing is testing the research question to find out if it will work. c. Operationalizing is determining the operations and techniques to be used to assess a research question's key concepts. d. Operationalizing is making agreements with publishers to produce copies of research study results.
c. Operationalizing is determining the operations and techniques to be used to assess a research question's key concepts.
Which of the following is a benefit of representative sampling? a. Representative sampling allows researchers to approximate results with only minor statistical weighting. b. Representative sampling is faster and easier than other types of sampling. c. Representative sampling allows researchers to use a subset to approximate results to the entire population. d. Representative sampling is more reliable than in-depth interviews.
c. Representative sampling allows researchers to use a subset to approximate results to the entire population.
_________ guide and shape a sociologist's research, including questions asked and methods used. a. Religious ideologies b. Professional organizations c. Theoretical traditions d. Government funds
c. Theoretical traditions
After dating exclusively for four years, George and Michael would like to get married. Living in the United States, what is the public support for same-sex marriage?? a. Public support for same-sex marriage remains at low levels. b. Public support for same-sex marriage decreased as states began allowing same-sex marriage. c. There has been a massive increase in public support for same sex marriage. d. There has been little change in support for same-sex marriage.
c. There has been a massive increase in public support for same sex marriage.
Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies one of the causes of the rise of urbanization in the United States during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? a. Caroline, a widow, left her rural town seeking a greater sense of community in a bigger city. b. Martha was dissatisfied with the education that her children were getting at their backwoods one-room schoolhouse, so she moved her family to a city with an improved school system. c. Toby, the son of former slaves, hoped to find employment and tolerance in the North. d. William and his family were tired of feeling isolated in their rural town, so they moved to a city where they would have many close neighbors.
c. Toby, the son of former slaves, hoped to find employment and tolerance in the North.
Which of the following statements is true according to the analogy of the red-, blue-, and yellow-colored blocks cited in the text? a. Races can be divided first into primary colors and then into secondary colors, like the colors on the color wheel. b. We share most, but not all, of the same mental rules of who belongs to what race. c. We grow up learning to look for certain pieces of information about a person's body to decide which race they belong to, while disregarding others. d. The race we think people belong to is generally not the race with which they usually identify.
c. We grow up learning to look for certain pieces of information about a person's body to decide which race they belong to, while disregarding others.
Which of the following statements about gender equality is true? a. While sex before marriage has become less acceptable, the behavior of men and women continues to follow gendered expectations. b. While sex before marriage has become less acceptable, the behavior of men and women has changed dramatically in terms of gendered expectations. c. While sex before marriage has become more acceptable, the behavior of men and women has changed dramatically in terms of gendered expectations. d. While sex before marriage has become more acceptable, the behavior of men and women has changed very little in terms of gendered expectations.
c. While sex before marriage has become more acceptable, the behavior of men and women has changed very little in terms of gendered expectations.
Of the following, which is the most plausible explanation for why women continue to earn less than men? a. Women have fewer years of experience than men. b. Women are not as motivated to be successful at work; they would rather be at home. c. Women in the workforce, by choice or because of discrimination, are concentrated in lower-paying jobs. d. Employers intentionally set lower pay rates in jobs filled mostly by women than in different jobs filled mostly by men.
c. Women in the workforce, by choice or because of discrimination, are concentrated in lower-paying jobs.
You are taking your first sociology course in the fall. About halfway through the semester, you go home for Thanksgiving. At Thanksgiving dinner, you plan to conduct an impromptu sociological experiment by violating some social norms. Which of following actions could you potentially take? a. You eat your dinner and make polite dinner conversation with your family. b. You help to make dinner and serve the guests as well. c. You eat your dinner with your hands, even the mashed potatoes. d. You excuse yourself from the table after dessert to answer your cell phone.
c. You eat your dinner with your hands, even the mashed potatoes.
When research questions have more to do with how people interact and less with how they say they interact, what research method is usually best? a. a survey b. in-depth interviews c. ethnographic observation d. a social experiment
c. ethnographic observation
Which of the following forms of community would a New Urbanist favor? a. an urban-fringe community with separate zones for housing and for commercial enterprises b. a gated community of single-family homes interspersed with public spaces c. a walkable urban community combining different types of housing, offices, retail, schools, and other components d. a mixed-use bedroom community
c. a walkable urban community combining different types of housing, offices, retail, schools, and other components
A company named Worldwide Widget Distributors is conducting a job search for a new regional sales manager. Based on what researchers have documented about how power influences hiring decisions, which of the following applicants is most likely to get the job? a. a white male who is a couple of years away from retirement b. a middle-aged Latina who is reentering the workforce after time away to raise a family c. a young white male who recently graduated from a top-tier university d. a young black male who has relevant work experience, but has been unemployed for several years
c. a young white male who recently graduated from a top-tier university
In South Africa, __________segregated nonwhites from whites and made legal many forms of discrimination that benefited the white ruling minority. a. Jim Crow b. colonialism c. apartheid d.penal codes
c. apartheid
How did researchers St. Clair Drake and Horace Cayton describe Bronzeville, the name given to the African American section of Chicago's South Side, in 1945? a. as a "Black Metropolis," where violence, overcrowding, and dilapidated housing were the norm b. as a desolate and violent "urban ghetto" c. as a "vibrant community" where black cultural and social life thrived despite high poverty d. as a slum rife with "gambling dens" and "call-houses"
c. as a "vibrant community" where black cultural and social life thrived despite high poverty
Rosa is a Guatemalan immigrant. She has learned to speak English and has taken to celebrating traditionally American holidays, such as Thanksgiving and the Fourth of July. Rosa is experiencing __________. a. discrimination b. prejudice c. assimilation d. segregation
c. assimilation
While driving on the highway, David was pulled over to the side of the road by the police. David accepts that the police are his superiors. Weber would say David obeyed the police as a result of __________. a. power b. respect c. authority d. conformity
c. authority
Sexual attraction and behavior are shaped by __________. a. biology alone b. only social construction c. both biology and social construction d. globalization
c. both biology and social construction
For 23 years, a group of 12 men and women has been operating a successful charity for families impacted by AIDS. The group has seen many changes over the years, regarding personnel, community needs, medical advances, and economic climate. The charity has endured throughout the years because it established operating principles and procedures. Which term best describes this group? a. loose coupling b. high-tech industry c. bureaucratic organization d. labor union
c. bureaucratic organization
The study of the distinctions among different social classes is called __________. a. social differentiation b. social stratification c. class analysis d. consumption analysis
c. class analysis
Marx argued that groups of people who were treated differently by the economic system would inevitably be in conflict with each other. This is called the theory of __________. a. the bourgeoisie and the proletariat b. capital c. class struggle d. economic struggle
c. class struggle
What research method do sociologists use to study patterns and representations of minorities in magazines, television shows, and movies? a. experimental analysis b. participant analysis c. content analysis d. meta-analysis
c. content analysis
Sandy and John recently went to an art museum together. While they were there, Sandy discovered that John was very knowledgeable about art history and contemporary art. Bourdieu would argue that John has high __________. a. economic capital b. habitus c. cultural capital d. social capital
c. cultural capital
Enrique took pride in his ability to handcraft furniture, enjoying each step in the construction, assembly, and finishing of each piece. When his business failed, he began working at a furniture manufacturing plant, where he was responsible for nailing upholstery to sofa and chair frames. Enrique's experience is an example of __________. a. autonomy b. bureaucracy c. deskilling d. structural inertia
c. deskilling
A wealthy executive wants to shelter her income from taxes. Which action should she take? a. purchase real estate b. misrepresent her income on her tax return c. divert assets to the Cayman Islands d. adhere to the progressive income tax system
c. divert assets to the Cayman Islands
Emily's List is an organization that works to __________. a. transport low-income voters to the polls b. eliminate felon disenfranchisement c. elect prochoice Democratic women d. overturn Roe v. Wade
c. elect prochoice Democratic women
When research questions are about the thought processes that lead people to have certain opinions, what research method is usually best? a. a survey b. in-depth interviews c. ethnographic observation d. a social experiment
c. ethnographic observation
You are a social scientist in the mid-nineteenth century. You want to study the forces in society that are driving social change. What human subjects are you most likely to study? a. farmers who live in rural Iowa b. shrimpers who live in Louisiana c. factory workers who live in New York City d. members of the U.S. Army
c. factory workers who live in New York City
In terms of job satisfaction, people tend to rate jobs as better when they __________. a. are stress free b. involve conformity and sameness c. feel trusted by their employer d. involve little self-expression
c. feel trusted by their employer
Sandra is a corporate attorney. She graduated from Harvard Law School at the top of her class and earns $250,000 a year. Sociologists who evaluate Sandra's social position based on the dimensions of her income, education, and occupation would describe her as __________. a. upwardly mobile b. vertically mobile c. having high SES d. having low SES
c. having high SES
When Ashley's parents drop her off at school, she immediately goes to the bathroom and applies makeup. In this scenario, the agent of socialization impacting her immediate behavior is __________. a. her parents b. the school c. her peers d. the mass media
c. her peers
Patricia works as a sales manager and earns approximately $60,000 a year. She owns her own home and has $20,000 in the bank as an emergency fund. She also owns a rental property, from which she earns $12,000 a year. Which of the following responses best represents her wealth? a. her gross $60,000 income b. her rental property and the $12,000 income it produces c. her two properties and her $20,000 savings d. her two properties and her $12,000 rental-property income
c. her two properties and her $20,000 savings
According to C. Wright Mills, the sociological imagination enables us to grasp the relations between __________ in society. a. money and power b. biology and destiny c. history and biography d. students and teachers Learning Objective: LO 1.2.4: Analyze
c. history and biography
The primary way in which most Americans with modest incomes accumulate wealth is through __________.a. retirement accounts a. retirement accounts b. investments c. home ownership d. net financial assets
c. home ownership
Marcus has been ridiculed and harassed at school for being gay. His classmates shun his company and he has been the victim of numerous threats. Marcus is fearful for his life. He is the victim of __________. a. heteronormativity b. a double standard of sexuality c. homophobia d. stereotyping
c. homophobia
Our world is becoming __________. a. decreasingly suburbanized b. decreasingly urbanized c. increasingly urbanized d. increasingly conurbanized
c. increasingly urbanized
Which of the following factors pulled people away from farms and into cities during the period of rapid industrialization more so than the others? a. drought b. housing c. jobs d. urban agriculture
c. jobs
A Southwestern U.S. fast-food chain has opened an outlet in New Orleans. The new outlet's manager is familiar with the myriad federal, state, and local regulations that govern the operation of eating establishments. The restaurant chain also has a long list of its own rules and guidelines. Knowing the distinct preferences of New Orleans diners, the manager decides to bypass some of the specifics of all of these regulations, while complying with health standards for storing, handling, preparing, and serving food to ensure repeat business. What action is the manager engaging in? a. bureaucratic overloading b. central planning c. loose coupling d. outsourcing
c. loose coupling
The biggest change for men as a result of women's increased employment has been that __________. a. more men have started staying home b. more men have started working part time c. many men have gotten used to being part of a two-earner couple d. a majority of men have started sharing household chores equally
c. many men have gotten used to being part of a two-earner couple
Which of the following job skills is more easily measured than the others? a. managing a negotiation b. working effectively in teams c. measuring a manufacturing process d. coping with change
c. measuring a manufacturing process
The main cause of population growth in cities in the nineteenth century was __________. a. increasing life expectancy b. increasing numbers of births c. migration d. higher wages
c. migration
Social Security and other New Deal programs were opposed by __________. a. most lower-income Americans and students b. many business interests and health care professionals c. most wealthy Americans and many business interests d. most wealthy Americans and many middle-income Americans
c. most wealthy Americans and many business interests
Sociology is different from some of the other social sciences because it has __________ and __________ social theories. a. similar; consistent b. singular; dominant c. multiple; competing d. abundant; unified
c. multiple; competing
According to __________, social programs such as food stamps and "Obamacare" are concessions made to the working class to make capitalism easier to accept for poor people. a. symbolic interactionists b. globalists c. neo-Marxists d. structural functionalists
c. neo-Marxists
Teacher, physical therapist, machine operator, and desk attendant are all examples of __________. a. entrepreneurs b. bureaucracies c. occupations d. autonomy
c. occupations
The textbook authors suggest that in the real world researchers __________ deviate from the traditional order of the scientific method. a. always b. never c. often d. predetermine whether they
c. often
Simmel argued that group membership in society was a series of __________. a. social systems b. horizontally aligned groups c. overlapping social circles d. structures of social order
c. overlapping social circles
In the 1970s, residents who lived in a neighborhood called Love Canal in New York discovered that their homes had been built on a dump for toxic wastes. There were high rates of birth defects, miscarriages, and other health complications in Love Canal. After an investigation was conducted, residents were compensated for their pain and suffering. This scenario represents the importance of __________. a. bureaucracy b. pluralism c. regulatory policies d. critical mass
c. regulatory policies
As demand for __________ grew, employment opportunities for women increased during the 1960s and 1970s. a. managers b. manufacturing workers c. service workers d. technicians
c. service workers
Ben was a bank teller at Goliath National Bank, until the tellers at Goliath were replaced by ATM machines. As a result, Ben decided to go back to school and update his computer skills. Ben's scenario best represents a consequence of __________. a. the talent justification b. the efficiency justification c. skill-biased technological change d. globalization
c. skill-biased technological change
Norms, the basic rules of society that help us know what is or is not appropriate in a social situation, govern_____. a. the sociological imagination b. social contexts c. social interaction d. historical contexts
c. social interaction
Because there are no obvious ways of determining how much opportunity individuals really have, social scientists measure it indirectly by examining __________. a. social backgrounds b. social hierarchies c. social mobility d. social stagnation
c. social mobility
After cities reach their carrying capacity, the demand for labor __________ and the cost of urban space __________. a. escalates; subsides b. escalates; also escalates c. subsides; escalates d.subsides; also subsides
c. subsides; escalates
What type of research method is good at generating data about an entire population? a. in-depth interviews b. participant observation c. surveys d. experiments
c. surveys
According to structural functionalism, within a social system individuals take on particular roles and while in those roles______. a. behave as they please b. focus on how to change c. tend to act in a certain way d. create conflict with others
c. tend to act in a certain way
Which of the following countries is much less egalitarian than the others? a. Sweden b. Brazil c. the United States d. India
c. the United States
It is the late nineteenth century. Robert is a young man who is fascinated by the social world. He is particularly interested in studying the problems of cities and their inhabitants, including the lives of new residents migrating to cities from farms and from abroad. He is familiar with an emerging discipline called sociology and wants to conduct field research as part of his university coursework in the city where he is being educated. What school should Robert contact to gain information about this new field of study? a. Hanover College, in Hanover, Indiana b. the University of Kansas, in Lawrence, Kansas c. the University of Chicago, in Chicago, Illinois d. the University of Georgia, in Athens, Georgia
c. the University of Chicago, in Chicago, Illinois
When Bill started talking on his cellphone during class he knew he violated a social norm when __________. a. the person on the phone told him b. he understood the social order c. the class reacted negatively d. the instructor allowed him to talk
c. the class reacted negatively
One of the most influential theories of urban transformation that helped to explain the deterioration of black neighborhoods from vibrant metropolises to violent ghettos began by documenting __________. a. the decline in marriageable black men b. the disappearance of black churches c. the disappearance of manufacturing jobs from cities d. the rise of welfare receipts
c. the disappearance of manufacturing jobs from cities
Remington is involved in the Occupy Wall Street movement. He camped out for weeks at a park opposite the statehouse in Columbus, Ohio, and was eventually arrested. Remington, like other protestors, has many concerns about his economic condition, but he likely joined the movement to protest __________. a. the unconstitutionality of healthcare reform b. the outsourcing of American jobs to Asia c. the disparity in income and wealth between the top 1 percent of Americans and everyone else d. the decline of labor union participation
c. the disparity in income and wealth between the top 1 percent of Americans and everyone else
At the time of its uprising, the Industrial Revolution changed the nature of __________ in society. a. structural inertia b. socialism c. the division of labor d. isomorphism
c. the division of labor
You want to conduct a research study on the sexual behaviors of married couples in rural America. You plan on interviewing individuals using an in-depth survey method. After approval from your institutional review board and finding individuals to interview, but before you conduct the interviews, what is needed to make sure that this project is ethical? a. approval from the American Sociological Association b. approval from the chair of your sociology department c. the informed consent of all participants d. agreement from another researcher to conduct follow-up interviews with all respondents
c. the informed consent of all participants
In a hypothesis about crime that makes a causal claim that an increase in the level of inequality in society will result in an increase in the crime rate in that society, __________ is the independent variable. a. the crime rate b. rate of inequality c. the level of inequality d. the ratio of crime to inequality
c. the level of inequality
Imagine you are sitting at a table thinking about love. How would Herbert Blumer distinguish the three types of objects that could be subject to interpretation in your situation? a. the table (physical), the person (abstract), and the idea (social) b. the table (social), the person (physical), and the idea (abstract) c. the table (physical), the person (social), and the idea (abstract) d. the table (abstract), the person (physical), and the idea (social)
c. the table (physical), the person (social), and the idea (abstract)
The estate tax can be described as __________. a. the tax that family members must pay when they bury a loved one b. the tax that surviving spouses pay when their partners die c. the tax that heirs, other than spouses, pay when left money from an estate d. money paid when one commissions an attorney to set up an estate
c. the tax that heirs, other than spouses, pay when left money from an estate
When your boss comes into the office, you try to look as busy as possible. Which dimensional view of power is operating in this scenario? a. the one-dimensional view of power b. the two-dimensional view of power c. the three-dimensional view of power d. the four-dimensional view of power
c. the three-dimensional view of power
Karen is a home care aid. She earns about $10 an hour and works 40 hours a week. She is unable to save, and last month her car broke down. She cannot afford to fix her car, being already late in paying her bills for gas and electricity. From this description of Karen's life, you conclude that she is a member of which class? a. the middle class b. the lower middle class c. the working poor d. the underclass
c. the working poor
Candace and Bill are married with two children. Bill works and earns minimum wage. Candace stays home to raise their two young children. Their annual household income in 2016 was below the poverty line. Given this scenario, you can accurately infer that __________. a. they live in absolute poverty b. neither Candace nor Bill have full-time jobs c. their annual income is below $24,000 d. once the children are in school they will no longer live below the poverty line
c. their annual income is below $24,000
A record number of layoffs at Andrew's place of employment has everyone on pins and needles. The employees want to make sure their bosses are pleased with their performances, so many of them have agreed to work overtime on weekends. Which dimension of power is operating in this scenario? a. one-dimensional b. two-dimensional c. three-dimensional d. four-dimensional
c. three-dimensional
Joseph was born a biological male. He always felt that he was supposed to be female and eventually had surgery to correct his perceived incorrect assignment. Joseph now lives as Josephine. Josephine is an example of a __________. a. lesbian b. bisexual c. transgender individual d. homosexual
c. transgender individual
According to Max Weber, interpretative sociology is a method for understanding society by focusing on _________. a. interpreting the economic system b. understanding the religious system c. understanding the motivations of social action d. interpreting the spirit of capitalism
c. understanding the motivations of social action
A group of aldermen and alderwomen is discussing their city's future but want first to understand its past. They are studying historical records of residential and commercial migration patterns, immigrant clusters, and functionalities of different areas. In general, they're looking at how and why residents might have moved and settled where they did. It would be helpful if the group had a thorough understanding of __________. a. the Great Migration b. social networks c. urban ecology d. urban renewal
c. urban ecology
Data displays are __________ patterns in data. a. coded examples of b. numerical references to c. visual images of d. pull-down menus that access
c. visual images of
Informed consent has two components. Research participants must understand that their participation is __________ and based on a full understanding of possible risks and benefits involved. a. compensated b. not compensated c. voluntary d. involuntary
c. voluntary
Social Security, health and unemployment insurance, and welfare for poor families comprise the __________. a. bureaucratic state b. pluralistic state c. welfare state d. disciplinary state
c. welfare state
Sociologist Devah Pager (2003), who tested the influence of criminal records on the job applications of blacks and whites, found that __________. a. applicants with criminal records, regardless of race, were not considered for jobs b. applicants with criminal records, regardless of race, were equally considered for jobs that did not involve money handling c. white applicants with criminal records were more likely to be considered for jobs than black applicants without criminal records d. black applicants with criminal records were more likely to be considered for jobs than white applicants without criminal records
c. white applicants with criminal records were more likely to be considered for jobs than black applicants without criminal records
According to an online survey conducted in 2010 by researcher Paula England, __________ percent of college students had intercourse on their most recent hookup. a. 10 b. 20 c. 40 d. 80
c.40
Sociologists have observed that upper-middle-class blacks earn __________ percent of what their white counterparts earn. a. 60 b. 72 c. 85 d. 98
c.85
You are a first-year student at a major university. Which of the following describes a social context that could have a positive impact on your academic success? a. After college, you plan on being a teacher. For this reason, you take your education very seriously. b. You went to a high school that did not offer many Advanced Placement courses. c. Your parents were able to hire summer tutors for you when you were in high school. d. You are a perfectionist in all things. You always study very hard and have no intention of graduating with less than a perfect 4.0.
c.c. Your parents were able to hire summer tutors for you when you were in high school.
Under feudalism, the laborers who were obligated to work for landowners were called __________. a. proletarians b. the bourgeoisie c. serfs d. slaves
c.serfs
Durkheim argues that individuals in modern societies have the freedom to express their own unique preferences, tastes, and beliefs and that this freedom, also referred to as __________, is the basis of social solidarity in modern society. a. "the sacred and the profane" b. "mechanical solidarity" c. "organic solidarity" d. "the cult of the individual"
d. "the cult of the individual"
Urban areas have a population density of at least __________ people per square mile. a. 250 b. 500 c. 750 d. 1,000
d. 1000
When did homelessness begin to grow into a serious problem in the United States? a. 1950s b. 1960s c. 1970s d. 1980s
d. 1980s
Alicia is part African, Hispanic, and Native American. How is she most likely to identify herself? a. Alicia is most likely to identify herself as biracial. b. Alicia is most likely to identify herself as Latino. c. Alicia is most likely to identify herself as multiracial. d. Alicia is most likely to identify herself as black.
d. Alicia is most likely to identify herself as black.
Which of the following statements regarding the racial gap in household wealth between white and black Americans is false? a. Black Americans have been unable to build a base of assets to pass from one generation to the next. b. Black Americans are more likely to purchase a home in a segregated neighborhood than any other racial group. c. Black Americans are more likely to receive unfavorable terms on their home mortgages. d. Black Americans have made no gains in income since the civil rights movement.
d. Black Americans have made no gains in income since the civil rights movement.
__________, who founded both the first European sociology department and the first major European journal of sociology, is called the "father of sociology." a. Max Weber b. Karl Marx c. Claude Bordeaux d. Emile Durkheim
d. Emile Durkheim
__________ refers to the impact that social forces have on the individual in terms of what it means to be male or female; __________ refers to how males and females differ in terms of anatomy, chromosomes, and hormones. a. Patriarchy; gender b. Gender; patriarchy c. Sex; gender d. Gender; sex
d. Gender; sex
Julie opened a bookstore in 1992 and was pleased that it soon became a favorite gathering spot for local college students. As technology rapidly advanced all around her, demanding major adaptations at all the larger bookstore chains in her area, Julie exhibited structural inertia. Which of the following decisions is confirmation of Julie's structurally inert bookstore business? a. Julie offers discounts on children's books at the end of each season. b. Julie extends her hours of operation for the duration of the summer. c. Julie takes on a business partner with no prior selling experience. d. Julie resists selling e-books even though her customers have asked her to do so.
d. Julie resists selling e-books even though her customers have asked her to do so.
Who theorized that the critical divisions between classes were the result of the economic system? a. Max Weber b. Emile Durkheim c. Ralf Dahrendorf d. Karl Marx
d. Karl Marx
__________ is classified as a megacity because its population exceeds __________. a. Denver; 1 million b. Jacksonville; 2 million c. Houston; 5 million d. Lagos; 10 million
d. Lagos; 10 million
How did government policies contribute to the preferential treatment of whites in the suburban housing market after World War II? a. Loans for homes in racially homogeneous white neighborhoods were typically redlined. b. Loans for homes in primarily black neighborhoods were typically rated higher than loans for homes in racially mixed neighborhoods. c. Loans for homes in racially mixed neighborhoods were typically rated higher than loans for homes in primarily black neighborhoods. d. Loans for homes in racially homogeneous white neighborhoods were typically rated higher than loans for homes in primarily black or in racially mixed neighborhoods.
d. Loans for homes in racially homogeneous white neighborhoods were typically rated higher than loans for homes in primarily black or in racially mixed neighborhoods.
The work of Jane Jacobs inspired the ideas of which school of urban design? a. New Communitarianism b. New Criticism c. New Preservationism d. New Urbanism
d. New Urbanism
Which president attempted to close some of the loopholes that GE was using to avoid corporate income taxes? a. Jimmy Carter b. Bill Clinton c. George H. W. Bush d. Ronald Reagan
d. Ronald Reagan
Which of the following statements about social contexts would sociologists agree is true? a. Social contexts can be easily overcome by the will of the individual. b. Social contexts are important but ultimately cannot be used to determine anything about an individual. c. Social contexts can sometimes be used to understand some types of group situations. d. Social contexts can have a huge impact on where individuals end up in life.
d. Social contexts can have a huge impact on where individuals end up in life.
Although psychologists and sociologists study similar subjects and phenomena, what is a significant difference in the types of questions they ask? a. Sociologists are interested in understanding the philosophy of the individual; psychologists are interested in understanding the ideology of the individual. b. Sociologists are interested in understanding how people think; psychologists are interested in understanding why people think. c. Sociologists are interested in understanding the intrinsic causes of behavior; psychologists are interested in understanding the motivational effects on behavior. d. Sociologists are interested in understanding broad social factors; psychologists are interested in understanding how individuals think.
d. Sociologists are interested in understanding broad social factors; psychologists are interested in understanding how individuals think.
The gender gap in orgasm is narrowest in __________. a. one-time casual hookups b. the second or third hookup with the same partner c. the third or fourth hookup with the same partner d. relationships of six or more months
d.relationships of six or more months
What can applying the sociological imagination tell us about unemployment and homelessness? a. Homelessness and unemployment are almost always the result of individual choices. b. Unemployment, but not homelessness, is almost always the result of individual choices. c. Anyone is just as likely as another to become either unemployed or homeless. d. Unemployment and homelessness can be due to changing social forces beyond an individual's control.
d. Unemployment and homelessness can be due to changing social forces beyond an individual's control.
(*going to be exam question-Netadj) Imagine that you are a sociology student in the early twentieth century at the University of Chicago. You are trying to come up with an idea for a research project that you can easily conduct without leaving the city. Which of the following projects best embodies the sociological imagination? a. You think the tenant in the apartment across the hall is stealing your clothes from the laundry room. You plan to hide in the laundry room to catch him in the act to figure out why he is a thief. b. You suspect your older brother has some serious mental problems. You want to show him a series of ink blots and ask him what he thinks they look like. In this way, you will try to gain new insight into his mental health needs. c. The sidewalk outside your dormitory is cracked and many people have injured themselves on it. You decide to organize volunteers so that you can repair the damage. d. You have observed that the police force is made up almost entirely of a certain immigrant group. You want to interview members of that community and police officers to find out why this group might be drawn to police work.
d. You have observed that the police force is made up almost entirely of a certain immigrant group. You want to interview members of that community and police officers to find out why this group might be drawn to police work.
Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination? a. a landlord's refusal to rent apartments to nonwhites b. a manager's refusal to hire gays and lesbians c. damage to a Jewish synagogue by a group of teenage vandals d. a corporation's systematic denial to women of access to managerial positions Learning Objective: LO 11.3.1: Discuss the roles of prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination in the
d. a corporation's systematic denial to women of access to managerial positions
East Hollywood, which contains a substantial number of immigrants from Latin America, Armenia, and Southeast Asia, is an example of __________. a. a cultural capital b. structural discrimination c. segmented assimilation d. a global neighborhood
d. a global neighborhood
You are studying homicide rates in a major city, and your data seem to be indicating something quite peculiar. You notice that ice cream consumption seems to be correlated with an increase in murder rates. Upon more careful reflection, you recall that murder rates tend to rise in the summer, when people are outside more (and, consequently, eating more ice cream). Your first conclusion is an example of __________. a. a poor sample size b. improper theoretical development c. causality d. a spurious relationship
d. a spurious relationship
Karen operates a clothing store. Last summer she hired a young man to work at her store. He was frequently late and did not work particularly hard when he did show up. Karen now feels that most young men do not have the work ethic necessary to meet her demands. Her belief that young men are lazy is an example of __________. a. racism b. the sociological imagination c. discrimination d. a stereotype
d. a stereotype
Organizations that have created an internal culture that is a good match to its environment will_________. a. resist pressure to change from the external environment b. adapt when the internal environment is stronger than the external environment c. demand adherence to company policy and standards even when ineffective d. adapt and survive when the external environment evolves
d. adapt and survive when the external environment evolves
The majority of minimum-wage employees are __________. a. teenagers b. whites c. Hispanic d. adults
d. adults
Mass media, family, peer groups, and school are all examples of __________. a. transgender groups b. homophobic groups c. stereotypes d. agents of socialization
d. agents of socialization
Auditing firms often face problems of conflict of interest and resource dependency because __________. a. auditing firms do what is called due diligence b. auditing firms treat all potential clients simply on the basis of merit c. auditors are affected by absolute, not relative, power d. auditors are paid by the very companies whose books they are required to validate
d. auditors are paid by the very companies whose books they are required to validate
Dominant theories of race during the time of W. E. B. Du Bois claimed that race __________. a. was not important in daily life b. was a socially created distinction c. had deep cultural patterns that shaped individuals' lives d. biologically determined different levels of intelligence in individuals
d. biologically determined different levels of intelligence in individuals
Dallas/Fort Worth is an example of an urban form known as a __________. a. biurb b. megaurb c. polyurb d. conurb
d. conurb
W. E. B. Du Bois believed those reluctant to hire based on race actually_____________ .a. confirmed Weber's view of essentialism b. supported the belief that race is biological destiny c. emphasized the importance of cultural relativity d. created the very stereotypes they used as a reason not to hire
d. created the very stereotypes they used as a reason not to hire
Bureaucracies often stifle __________, but improve __________. a. isomorphism; hierarchies b. lean production; markets c. autonomy; unionization d. creativity; efficiency
d. creativity; efficiency
You want to understand how American views on violence in the media differ from the views of Germans. To complete your comparison of these two populations, what type of research should you conduct? a. ethnography b. demographic analysis c. longitudinal-historical research d. cross-national comparison
d. cross-national comparison
What are two types of generalizability relevant to sociological research? a. qualitative and quantitative generalizability b. political and analytical generalizability c. experimental and historical generalizability d. empirical and theoretical generalizability
d. empirical and theoretical generalizability
The dominant system of inequality prior to the advent of capitalism is known as __________. a. slavery b. the caste system c. the class system d. feudalism
d. feudalism
The components of Nike tennis shoes are produced in different parts of the world. The final assembly of the shoes is completed in China. Thereafter the shoes are shipped to the United States, where David purchases a pair at a suburban mall in Denver. Of the following economic phenomena, which does this scenario best represent? a. economic restructuring b. outsourcing c. skill-biased technological change d. globalization
d. globalization
Growth of specialization in the kinds of jobs people hold __________. a. has slowed dramatically since the 1970s, along with the decline in manufacturing jobs b. has gradually slacked off since the 1970s, along with the decline in manufacturing jobs c. has gradually slacked off since the mid-1990s, as globalization has taken off d. has continued right up to the present
d. has continued right up to the present
Before industrialization, daily life for the vast majority of people focused on __________. a. travel and trade b. cottage industry c. mining d. immediate sustenance
d. immediate sustenance
Conflict theory was developed primarily from the work of sociologists looking for new ways of thinking about __________ and __________. a. society; individuals b. social institutions; social structures c. conflict; social order d. inequality; social justice
d. inequality; social justice
The interlocking nature of social inequality and how different inequalities are experienced together is also known as __________. a. patriarchy b. social construction c. gender assignment d. intersectionality
d. intersectionality
Service-sector jobs, which began to replace manufacturing jobs in the 1970s, refer to __________. a. relatively low-wage work b. relatively high-salary work c. middle-income jobs dominated by college graduates d. low-wage and high-wage work
d. low-wage and high-wage work
Research suggests that communities with high levels of cohesion and trust have __________. a. higher levels of violence when the community is very poor b. higher levels of violence whether the community is very poor or middle income c. lower levels of violence, but only if the community is very poor d. lower levels of violence, even if the community is very poor
d. lower levels of violence, even if the community is very poor
Amir, like most people in his community, makes weekly trips to the village square, where local vendors sell their goods. Everyone in the area is familiar with what will be available to purchase and how transactions are to be conducted. Although the exchanges between buyers and sellers may seem frenetic to outsiders, the locals adhere to a set of regulations and norms that satisfies the needs of all involved. Which term best defines this scenario? a. central planning b. entrepreneurship c. rational choice d. market
d. market
The National Election Study on Americans' political participation, policy, and political views is an example of a type of a(n)__________. a. cross-case analysis b. in-depth interview c. social experimental study d. national survey
d. national survey
A number of popular celebrities, such as Morgan Freeman, have fallen victim to rumors of their death spread on the Internet. Whether the news is passed through electronic messages or face-to-face, insights gleaned from __________ could help to explain how this misinformation is passed through social circles. a. class fractions b. stratification c. symbolic interaction d. network analysis
d. network analysis
In an ethnographic study of black and white working-class men, Deirdre Royster (2003) found that the job market was __________. a. structurally weak b. seasonally strong c. fair and meritocratic d. not fair and not meritocratic
d. not fair and not meritocratic
By attempting to develop a unified theory for sociology, Talcott Parsons argued that the key elements of any society were organized around __________. a. inherently embroiled in constant conflict b. constructed through the interactions of social actors c. aspects of social control and constraint on the individual d. organized around the broader and often hidden needs of society
d. organized around the broader and often hidden needs of society
According to Weber the mechanisms that make individuals respect hierarchies and obey orders in society are __________ and __________. a. the sacred; the profane b. the individual; behavior c. charisma; power d. power; authority
d. power; authority
Sociologists' understanding of social contexts, social interactions, and social structures teaches us that people __________. a. typically present themselves in the same way to everyone they meet b. often behave in highly unpredictable ways c. never present themselves in the same way twice d. present themselves in different ways based on the social situation they are in
d. present themselves in different ways based on the social situation they are in
__________ refers to the way people act together, including how they modify and alter their behavior in response to the presence of others. a. Social interaction b. Self-consciousness c. Social structure d. Presentation of self
d. presentation of self
The premise of the __________ is that billionaires, millionaires, and all those at the top of the income ladder are expected to pay more in taxes than minimum-wage employees. a. social mobility index b. comparative perspective c. correlation coefficients d. progressive tax system
d. progressive tax system
Some of the earliest research on prejudice and discrimination was conducted by __________, who saw racism as __________. a. sociologists; a result of social hierarchy b. demographers; a result of population expansion c. ethnographers; an expression of cultural beliefs d. psychologists; an expression of particular personality disorders
d. psychologists; an expression of particular personality disorders
Good research questions are both feasible and __________. a. broad b. narrow c. complex d. relevant
d. relevant
Over the last three decades, from 1980 and 2010, the rates at which Latinos dropped out of high school __________. a. increased by nearly a quarter b. increased by nearly half c. shrunk by nearly a quarter d. shrunk by nearly half
d. shrunk by nearly half
The feminization of poverty is a term used to describe poverty experienced by __________. a. single-parent families in which a man is the primary provider and caregiver b. two-parent families in which a woman is the primary provider c. two-parent families in which a woman is the primary caregiver d. single-parent families in which a woman is the primary provider caregiver
d. single-parent families in which a woman is the primary provider caregiver
Unwritten rules of society, such as social norms, are an example of __________. a. social theories b. social perspectives c. community forces d. social facts
d. social facts
Studies that demonstrate that gender differences fluctuate depending on the social situation offer proof that __________. a. biological influences have no impact on gender differences b. biological influences have minimal impact on gender differences c. social forces have no impact on gender differences d. social forces have an impact on some gender differences
d. social forces have an impact on some gender differences
After running her own successful pet-grooming business in Northern California, Caitlyn left family and friends and moved to Southern California, where she knew no one. Upon arrival, she immediately set up business in her new environment but became frustrated when no one seemed to notice her pet-grooming shop, much less patronize it. Caitlyn's situation exemplifies the importance of __________ in establishing how market exchanges happen. a. classic economic theories b. culture c. power d. social networks
d. social networks
The sociological study of markets focuses on which factor, or which combination of factors, to explain how markets work? a. social networks b. social networks and power c. social networks and culture d. social networks, power, and culture
d. social networks, power, and culture
__________ refers to the enduring patterns that shape and guide social interaction. a. Social role b. Social strategy c. Social normative behavior d. Social structure
d. social structure
The basis of social order, the nature of the individual, and the circumstances of social change are three themes associated with __________. a. social perspectives b. social approaches c. social institutions d. social theories
d. social theories
Weber's concept of __________ have similar kinds of attributes and identities. These may be based on a wide variety of attributes such as race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, or social class. a. social groups b. economic groups c. reference groups d. status groups
d. status groups
A(n) __________ is when groups have inequality that persists over time and can result in conflict between those groups. a. moral system b. economic system c. group status system d. stratification system
d. stratification system
Claude Fischer's theory of __________ helps us understand why certain urban neighborhoods take on particular identities. a. ecological stressors b. income c. organizational behavior d. subcultures
d. subcultures
Which of the following is the clearest example of the pervasiveness of markets in the intimate spaces of people's lives? a. the market for adventure travel to the South Pole b. the market for doggie day care c. the market for restaurant takeout d. the market for help naming children
d. the market for help naming children
With which of the following attributes of city life, more so than the others, did writer and activist Jane Jacobs concern herself? a. the demographic composition of neighborhoods b. the environmental hazards of neighborhoods c. the cultural dynamics of neighborhoods d.the physical layout of neighborhoods
d. the physical layout of neighborhoods
The complete array of formal political institutions of any society is known as __________. a. the levels of government b. a bureaucracy c. critical mass d. the state
d. the state
The Palermo Soho neighborhood in Buenos Aires, which contains high-end fashion boutiques and trendy new restaurants, is one example of a(n) __________. a. central business district b. concentric zone of transition c. bright light area d. urban glamour zone
d. urban glamour zone
How is comparative-historical research best conducted? a. by surveying large numbers of people and comparing the responses b. by talking directly to a subsample of people c. by observing historical reenactments d. by looking at records and documents from other times and places
d.. by looking at records and documents from other times and places
As a result of economic restructuring, average wages have __________ since the 1970s. a. increased b. decreased c. stagnated d. increased then sharply declined
stagnated