Sociology Final Exam
The notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibilities and child rearing is known as:
"the cult of domesticity."
Working wives generally get less leisure time than their husbands. This is known as:
"the leisure gap."
Why aren't antibiotics as successful in treating illnesses as they were several years ago?
Bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics.
Which of the following was the result of medical licensing that began in the mid-1800s?
It gave physicians more economic clout.
What is the relationship between birth weight and education?
Siblings who weighed less at birth exhibit lower educational attainment than their heavier siblings.
What is one reason men have higher mortality rates than women?
Women are more likely to seek medical care.
Why did the elderly who received more Social Security have higher mortality rates than the elderly who received less Social Security and had to work part-time?
Working had a positive impact on their longevity due to social interaction.
____________ results from inadequate growth during gestation or a curtailed period of gestation.
low birth weight
Offshoring occurs when firms:
move all or part of their operations abroad to developing nations.
Inequality creates ____________, which affects our height through stress reactions.
psychological stress
One argument against genetically modified foods is that:
they may pose long-term adverse health effects.
Aries wrote that children of preindustrial families were:
thought of as small adults who didn't warrant any special treatment or nurturing
Post-feminist expectations for family and work today are:
to combine marriage to an egalitarian man with motherhood and a successful career.
Which of the following was a motivation of the welfare reforms of 1996?
to promote self-sufficiency and personal responsibility
One of the major reasons Native Americans were placed in boarding schools for 60 years was:
to socialize them to become "civilized" Americans.
While HMOs might decrease the prestige of physicians, they could also be detrimental to patients because a patient could be:
undertreated.
Sociologists generally concur that the impact of divorce on children:
varies widely, but high levels of parental conflict are bad regardless of marriage or divorce.
Reproductive technology has increased the number of multiple births, which leads to the ethical issue of:
whether to abort some of the embryos
Lleras-Muney (2005) found that an extra year of schooling decreased a person's chances of dying by ____________ percentage points in a ten-year period.
3.6
In 2007, intimate partner violence accounted for more than 2,300 deaths. What percentage of these deaths occurred among males?
30 percent.
Approximately what percentage of U.S. marriages ends in divorce?
40 percent.
Approximately what percentage of Americans marries at some point in their lives?
90 percent.
What population currently has the highest rate of HIV contraction in the United States?
African American women
Which of the following scenarios illustrates "stereotype threat"?
Antoine, a black student at Yale University, is nervous about taking the Law School Admissions Test (LSAT). He fears that if his score is low, he will confirm negative perceptions about the intelligence of black men. His fear then affects his performance, and he scores lower on the actual test than he did on practice tests
Which of the following is most likely to be a conflict perspective argument about why education levels have continually risen in the United States over the course of the last century?
As education became more common for all people, social elites needed to obtain more education in order to set themselves apart from others.
Most economists, policy analysts, and well-informed Americans say that the single policy that caused the credit bubble and bust of the 2000s was the repeal of the:
Banking Act of 1933
According to scientists, what is the number-one contributor to rising global temperatures?
CO2 emissions
Which of the following statements is true with regard to preferential admissions to colleges and universities?
In the last 15 years, admissions preference for athletes has risen steadily, surpassing that of minority students.
Structural changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution had major consequences for families. What was one of the primary mechanisms that explains these consequences?
It separated work and home, and created new roles for men and women.
Which of the following is a functionalist explanation for the increased number of Americans with college degrees throughout the course of the twentieth century?
Jobs have become more skilled and technologically advanced, and a more educated workforce is necessary to fill these jobs.
The American values of hard work and self-reliance might lead blacks to follow the example of which folklore figure in order to prove themselves?
John Henry
Which of the following illustrates the concept of cultural capital?
Joshua and Sam have both earned bachelor's degrees from a local university and are now interviewing for the same job. When Joshua goes into the job interview, he is able to discuss art, architecture, and travel experiences he had while growing up. Sam has not had these same experiences and is not able to have the same kind of conversations with the interviewers.
In much of the Western world, the choice of a marriage partner tends to be influenced by age, education, class, race, and religion. Which of the following explains this tendency?
Marrying someone who diverges a great deal from our age, race, social class, and religion is often met with overt or subtle disapproval from others.
Which theorist claimed that modern capitalism would not have arisen without the Protestant Reformation, which created the necessary social conditions for capitalism by creating theological insecurity and instilling a doctrine of predestination?
Max Weber
A government program that provides health insurance for the poor is:
Medicaid.
If state and federal health care plans don't change, which of the following can you look forward to when you turn 65?
Medicare
Which government program provides medical care for the elderly and the young with disabilities?
Medicare
After mental illness became "medicalized," what was one major change that occurred?
Medication replaced counseling.
What is a social benefit of adopting the sick role?
People who do so are not looked down on or morally judged if they do not work.
As more people obtain college degrees and it becomes unreasonable for students to stay in school for most of their young adulthood, what is one consequence?
People will seek to differentiate themselves not only by having a degree but also by earning degrees from the most selective and prestigious colleges and universities.
As your text points out, single mothers and poverty often go hand in hand. What is the primary reason their employment opportunities typically limit them to low-wage work?
Single mothers are often unskilled and have less education than the average American.
The longevity discrepancy between blacks and whites may be a sign of:
Social inequality.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the notion of traditional family (stay-at-home mom and working father) in U.S. history?
The traditional family was unique to a particular time in history (1950s) and can really be viewed as an aberration.
Which of the following is true regarding single-parent families in the United States and worldwide?
They are on the rise in the United States and worldwide.
With regard to the effects of families on children's educational outcomes, which of the following is true?
When a family goes from two to three children, middle children are significantly more affected by the loss of family resources
With regard to research on the effects of race and social class on education outcomes, which of the following is true?
When social class characteristics are controlled for, test score gaps between black and white students shrink, black students have a higher high school graduation rate, and black students are less likely to be held back a grade.
In the 1960s many social scientists, including Daniel Patrick Moynihan, viewed the strong role held by women in many African American families as:
a detrimental characteristic that undermined men's roles in the family and caused all sorts of social problems.
Most Latino families in the United States are shaped by which of the following?
a devout tradition of Catholicism
A professional who attempts to make a client happy at the expense of the esteem of his or her peers is known to sociologists as:
a quack.
A paradox of the American education system is that education is:
a social institution that stratifies students based on the characteristics of their backgrounds even though it is intended to provide equal opportunity.
The digital divide refers to:
access to and knowledge of the Internet.
Which of the following is considered a factor that can influence science and scientists?
all of the above
In contrast to Simmel, Karl Marx believed that friendship under capitalism is not possible because:
all relationships become market relationships.
When it comes to health care, Western societies:
are reactive; people tend to go to the doctor only when they decide they are sick.
A sociological explanation for the rise in autism diagnoses in recent years is that:
autism has become socially "contagious," as more people become familiar with the symptoms and are more likely to see them in their children
Structural changes brought on by industrialization in the United States meant that families changed from "grapevine" forms to:
beanpoles.
According to your text, the decision to pursue nuclear technologies during World War II was influenced:
by international geopolitical circumstances.
According to Espenshade and Chung (2005), eliminating affirmative action programs would do which of the following?
decrease black and Hispanic admission acceptance rates by one-half to two-thirds
Which profession has the least number of practitioners in the United States?
doctors
Your text suggests that significant economic development in underdeveloped areas of the world would require:
eliminating malaria.
Marriages that cross racial and ethnic lines have become more common in the United States, although most U.S. marriages are still racially and ethnically endogamous. What factors might discourage exogamy?
facing ostracism from within one's tightly knit community.
According to sociologists Jerry Jacobs and Kathleen Gerson, because workers want to advance in their careers, many avoid taking full advantage of:
family-friendly office policies.
The ________ theory of the family argues that nuclear families are necessary for child rearing and fulfilling society's need for productive workers.
functionalist
The "drift explanation" of the relationship between health and socioeconomic status states that:
genetics and biology affect socioeconomic status (SES) so that people who are healthier have an easier time maintaining a high SE
Contrary to popular belief:
girls and boys score about the same in national math tests.
Recent trends in marriages between people from different races or ethnic groups indicate a:
growing acceptance of exogamy.
Because Ford created the "family wage," he was:
heralded for his generosity and genius.
Knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable are known as:
human capital
Neoclassical economists typically look at a member's power in the family as a direct expression of that member's utility to the family unit. This measure of power tends to be based on gender and what other factor?
income
According to the text's discussion, cohabitation:
increases the rate of divorce because people who cohabitate probably have fewer qualms about divorce.
Adam Smith argues that money is:
inherently social.
The research on teacher quality demonstrates that:
it is difficult to identify characteristics that will make effective teachers because these characteristics are hard to quantify.
Which term refers to the formalized rights, duties, and responsibilities of a person?
juristic person
Risks that result from human activity are referred to as:
manufactured risks.
Which term refers to a single seller of a good or service in the market, resulting in zero competition?
monopoly
If you are interested in comparing the rates of illness between males and females in your dorm, you need to know the different:
morbidity rates.
When studies control for family background characteristics, the SAT:
no longer predicts college grades very well.
A family consisting of a mother, father, and their biological children is known as a(n):
nuclear family.
It is it difficult to make generalizations about Latino families in the United States because:
of their diverse origins and geography.
Organic products can lead to health stratification by income because:
organic products are more expensive.
Married people tend to live longer than unmarried people. It could be that they take better care of themselves when they have the responsibility of a family. It could also be that:
people who are healthier are more likely to get married.
Wangari Maathai, of the Green Belt Movement, demonstrated that the simple act of ____________ has profound social effects for community empowerment, gender equality, and international peace.
planting trees
Some critics claim the Carlyle Group uses insider political knowledge, or ____________, to dominate heavily regulated markets.
political arbitrage
The explanation for the relationship between socioeconomic status and health that focuses on an individual's social class, and the relative stressors inherent in a lower-class lifestyle, is called:
psychosocial.
The SAT was developed in order to provide children from public schools with a chance to demonstrate their fitness for college and to show they were as able as students from private high schools. It is therefore ironic that:
researchers now question how meritocratic the SAT is, because the SAT may test knowledge that is biased against certain groups.
Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich traveled around the country to study firsthand what it was like to "get by" working low-wage jobs. All of the following are true about her experiences EXCEPT:
she felt that if she had only worked harder, she would have been able to "get by."
According to your text, the most frequent form of domestic violence is:
sibling on sibling.
Cultural capital refers to:
social class-based skills and resources that people inherit and can use to their advantage.
Asians tend to have lower infant mortality rates than others in the United States. This is most likely attributable to:.
socioeconomic status.
With regard to biological or genetic differences between people, sociologists have found that:
stigmatized minorities in all countries have lower IQ scores, lower educational attainment, and lower occupational status, indicating that social processes of stratification and stigmatization affect the life chances of these groups.
Sociologist Arlie Hochschild (1980) has found that many women who would traditionally be expected to take care of the home and children also try to have a career. She calls this the:
supermom strategy
Fee-for-service caused a situation where physicians could control the number of (often unnecessary) visits required for treatment. This problem was called:
supplier-induced demand.
One of the major reasons that lower-status parents use more directives and teach their children to be more obedient than inquisitive is that they:
tend to have jobs that require them to be obedient and they want their children to learn this.
Historically, physicians did not have particularly high prestige, but their power did peak around:
the 1980s.
What public health risk do we face if more and more people fail to complete prescribed courses of antibiotics?
the development of antimicrobial-resistant antigens
In families where both spouses work for wages, the second shift can best be described as:
the domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work.
The global distribution of wealth is referred to as a "champagne glass distribution" because:
the top 0.5 percent of global adults own more than one-third of the world's wealth.
Black and poor women in the United States have come to rely on which of the following in order to manage child care and work responsibilities?
their extrafamilial female networks