sociology final exam

Mores

(pronounced "moray") norms with moral significance.

12. Which of the following sociological concepts refers to all people with a common status, such as "college student"?

A category

Taboos

A more that is so deviant that it's more violation is generally unthinkable.

11. What do sociologists call two or more people who identify and interact with one another?

A social group

23. Which of the following concepts refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily assumed later in life?

Ascribed status

17. Which type of leadership style takes charge of making decisions and makes sure people do what they are told?

Authoritarian leadership

Tact

Helping someone "save face" (not be embarrassed)

The United States falls within which category of the world's nations?

High-income nations

our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Sigmund Freud's concept of the ____

ID

16. What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks?

Instrumental leadership

Cars, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following?

Material culture

Norms

Shared guidelines that proscribe behavior appropriate to a given situation.

Sociologists use the term social marginality to refer to

Sociologists use the term social marginality to refer to

Micro

Start from the bottom (One Individual)

21. Which of the following concepts defines a social position that a person holds?

Status

14. Which of the following is every society's most important primary group?

The family

The dominant values of U.S. culture have long reflected

a belief in individuality

Symbolic Interactionism

a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.

Primary

a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with

based on your reading, it would be correct to say that biological approaches offer

a very limited understanding of crime

Akbar is an honors student. in sociological terms, being an honors student is an example of ___.

achieved status

when people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in a process that sociologists call ____

anticipatory socialization

Sociologists define a symbol as

anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture

Sociologists refer to tangible or physical human creations as

artifacts

Values

broad intangible concepts that inform norms.

13. A temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact is a

crowd

Subculture refers to

cultural patterns that set off some part of a society's population

the fact that everyday social life varies from one nation to another supports the conclusion that the reality we construct through social interaction is likely influenced by our ____.

culture

what is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together make up the way of life for a group of people

culture

"the recognized violation of cultural norms" refers to the concept of

deviance

the basic idea behind labelling theory is that

deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do

the study of interaction in terms of theatrical performance is referred to as ____.

dramaturgical analysis

Dramaturgical model

erving goffman's term for the study of social interaction in term of theatrical performance. technique sociologists use in which they view society through the metaphor of theatrical performance

Structural Functionalism

evolutionary, social integration, division of labor, society like an organism

a distinctive contribution of schooling to the process of socialization is ____

exposing the child to an impersonal, bureaucratic setting

looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that _____

high-income societies extend childhood much longer than to low-income societies

In Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, the pattern Merton called ___ refers to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them.

innovation

15. A secondary group is a social group that

is impersonal and engages in some specific activity

Secondary

larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited

Folkways

lesser level of sanction/ ordinary usage of custom.

the special importance of the peer group is the fact that it ____

lets children escape the direct supervision of parents.

which concept refers to a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life?

master status

19.Harold and Sybil are lost while driving to some friends' house. Harold will not stop to ask for directions as Sybil wishes he would. This story illustrates the pattern that

men avoid asking for directions because they want to keep a sense of being in control of a situation

Social problems that exist in the United States, such as poverty and gender inequality, are

more serious in lower-income countries

Wrong-doing, such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity, is an example of violating cultural

mores.

the value of psychological theories of deviance is limited because ____.

most people who commit crimes have clinically normal personalities.

As a part of human culture, religion is an example of

nonmaterial culture

Cultural transmission refers to the process of

passing cultural patterns from one generation to another

Roles

patterns of behavior that are representative of a person's social status

18.Stanley Milgram's research, in which subjects used a "shock generator," showed

people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also ordinary individuals

which of the following concepts refers to a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?

personality

"crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime ____.

refers to a violation of norms that have been enacted into law

sociologists use which concept to refer to behavior that people expect from someone who holds a particular status?

role

which concept is used to designate the process by which people creatively shape reality as they interact?

social construction of reality

8. Which of the following is not one of the three "legs" of labeling theory?

social control

20. The process by which people act and react in relation to others is called

social interaction

which of the following concepts refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture.

socialization

Every society uses various strategies to regulate the behavior of individuals; this general process is called ________

sociol control

22. At any given time you occupy a number of statuses. These statuses make up your

status set

10. The success story of the McDonald's organization explains

that the organizational principles of McDonald's have come to dominate our social life

Non-Material (norms)

the ideas created by members of a society.

George Herbert Mead considered the self to be ____

the part of an individual's personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-image.

Material (artifacts)

the physical things created by members of a society.

family is important to the socialization process because

the presence of culture within the individual

Resocialization

the process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their place

Socialization

the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society's beliefs, and to be aware of societal values

Status

the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to his or her rank and role in society

Achieved status

the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income

Ascribed status

the status outside of an individual's control, such as sex or race

Anticipatory

the way we prepare for future life roles

Culture

the ways of thinking, acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life. (includes what we think, how we act, what we own. Link to our past/ guide to our future.)

9. An example of the "medicalization of deviance" is

theft being redefined as a "compulsive stealing"

Paradigms

theoretical ways of knowing, how you understand the world and the underlying