sociology final exam
Mores
(pronounced "moray") norms with moral significance.
12. Which of the following sociological concepts refers to all people with a common status, such as "college student"?
A category
Taboos
A more that is so deviant that it's more violation is generally unthinkable.
11. What do sociologists call two or more people who identify and interact with one another?
A social group
23. Which of the following concepts refers to a social position that is received at birth or involuntarily assumed later in life?
Ascribed status
17. Which type of leadership style takes charge of making decisions and makes sure people do what they are told?
Authoritarian leadership
Tact
Helping someone "save face" (not be embarrassed)
The United States falls within which category of the world's nations?
High-income nations
our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Sigmund Freud's concept of the ____
ID
16. What is the term for group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks?
Instrumental leadership
Cars, computers, and iPhones are all examples of which of the following?
Material culture
Norms
Shared guidelines that proscribe behavior appropriate to a given situation.
Sociologists use the term social marginality to refer to
Sociologists use the term social marginality to refer to
Micro
Start from the bottom (One Individual)
21. Which of the following concepts defines a social position that a person holds?
Status
14. Which of the following is every society's most important primary group?
The family
The dominant values of U.S. culture have long reflected
a belief in individuality
Symbolic Interactionism
a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals.
Primary
a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with
based on your reading, it would be correct to say that biological approaches offer
a very limited understanding of crime
Akbar is an honors student. in sociological terms, being an honors student is an example of ___.
achieved status
when people model themselves after the members of peer groups they would like to join, they are engaging in a process that sociologists call ____
anticipatory socialization
Sociologists define a symbol as
anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture
Sociologists refer to tangible or physical human creations as
artifacts
Values
broad intangible concepts that inform norms.
13. A temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact is a
crowd
Subculture refers to
cultural patterns that set off some part of a society's population
the fact that everyday social life varies from one nation to another supports the conclusion that the reality we construct through social interaction is likely influenced by our ____.
culture
what is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together make up the way of life for a group of people
culture
"the recognized violation of cultural norms" refers to the concept of
deviance
the basic idea behind labelling theory is that
deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do
the study of interaction in terms of theatrical performance is referred to as ____.
dramaturgical analysis
Dramaturgical model
erving goffman's term for the study of social interaction in term of theatrical performance. technique sociologists use in which they view society through the metaphor of theatrical performance
Structural Functionalism
evolutionary, social integration, division of labor, society like an organism
a distinctive contribution of schooling to the process of socialization is ____
exposing the child to an impersonal, bureaucratic setting
looking at childhood in global perspective, we find that _____
high-income societies extend childhood much longer than to low-income societies
In Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance, the pattern Merton called ___ refers to the process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them.
innovation
15. A secondary group is a social group that
is impersonal and engages in some specific activity
Secondary
larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited
Folkways
lesser level of sanction/ ordinary usage of custom.
the special importance of the peer group is the fact that it ____
lets children escape the direct supervision of parents.
which concept refers to a status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life?
master status
19.Harold and Sybil are lost while driving to some friends' house. Harold will not stop to ask for directions as Sybil wishes he would. This story illustrates the pattern that
men avoid asking for directions because they want to keep a sense of being in control of a situation
Social problems that exist in the United States, such as poverty and gender inequality, are
more serious in lower-income countries
Wrong-doing, such as an adult forcing a child to engage in sexual activity, is an example of violating cultural
mores.
the value of psychological theories of deviance is limited because ____.
most people who commit crimes have clinically normal personalities.
As a part of human culture, religion is an example of
nonmaterial culture
Cultural transmission refers to the process of
passing cultural patterns from one generation to another
Roles
patterns of behavior that are representative of a person's social status
18.Stanley Milgram's research, in which subjects used a "shock generator," showed
people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also ordinary individuals
which of the following concepts refers to a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?
personality
"crime" differs from "deviance" in that crime ____.
refers to a violation of norms that have been enacted into law
sociologists use which concept to refer to behavior that people expect from someone who holds a particular status?
role
which concept is used to designate the process by which people creatively shape reality as they interact?
social construction of reality
8. Which of the following is not one of the three "legs" of labeling theory?
social control
20. The process by which people act and react in relation to others is called
social interaction
which of the following concepts refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture.
socialization
Every society uses various strategies to regulate the behavior of individuals; this general process is called ________
sociol control
22. At any given time you occupy a number of statuses. These statuses make up your
status set
10. The success story of the McDonald's organization explains
that the organizational principles of McDonald's have come to dominate our social life
Non-Material (norms)
the ideas created by members of a society.
George Herbert Mead considered the self to be ____
the part of an individual's personality that is composed of self-awareness and self-image.
Material (artifacts)
the physical things created by members of a society.
family is important to the socialization process because
the presence of culture within the individual
Resocialization
the process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their place
Socialization
the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society's beliefs, and to be aware of societal values
Status
the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to his or her rank and role in society
Achieved status
the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income
Ascribed status
the status outside of an individual's control, such as sex or race
Anticipatory
the way we prepare for future life roles
Culture
the ways of thinking, acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life. (includes what we think, how we act, what we own. Link to our past/ guide to our future.)
9. An example of the "medicalization of deviance" is
theft being redefined as a "compulsive stealing"
Paradigms
theoretical ways of knowing, how you understand the world and the underlying