Sociology Final Exam Chapter 1-3
Assume you are studying society that has just invented cities, had increasing specialization, and has just started using money to buy and sell goods and services. It is likely that the society is at which stage of sociocultural evolution
Agrarian
Compared to an industrial society, a postindustrial society is based on
An information based economy
Sociologist define a symbol as
Anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture
Making use of the sociological perspective it
Challenges commonly-held beliefs
Counter culture refers to
Cultural patters that oppose those that are widely held in society
What is the term for the beliefs, values, behavior, and material objects that together make up the way of life for a group of people
Culture
As a part of human culture, religion is an example of
Culture shock
The term ____ refers to a shared way of life, and the term _____ refers to a political entity
Culture; nation
The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in Europe was
Emile Durkheim
A person who criticized the amish farmer as being backward for tilling his fields with horses and a plow instead of using a tractor is displaying
Ethnocentrism
The text describes using the sociological perspective as seeing the _______ in the _______
General; particular
If you were to attend a New York Ballet performance, you would be experiencing
High culture
The United States falls within which category of the world's nation
High-Income nations
Sociology differs from the older discipline of philosophy by focusing on
How society actually operates
Which type of human society had existed since about the year 1750s
Industrial Societies
Which pioneering sociologist founded Chicago's Hull House to assist immigrants and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize?
Jane Addams
If you were to hear a sociologist speaking of class conflict as the "engine of change," which of the following people would it most likely be?
Karl Marx
According to Emile Durkheim, categories of people with a higher suicide rate typically have
Lower social integration
The recognized and intended consequences of social pattern are referred to as
Manifest functions
Almost all of Latin America and Asia falls into the category of
Middle-Income nations
______ distinguish between right and wrong; _____ distinguish between right and rude
Mores; folkways
The intangible world of ideas created by members of society is referred to as
Nonmaterial culture
Culture transmission refers to the process of
Passing cultural patterns from one generation to another
The social conflict approach draws attention to
Patters of social inequality
The spair-whorf thesis states that
People see the world through the cultural lens of their language, like Arabs have a number of words for camels
The "sociological imagination" of C. Wright Mills transformers
Personal problems into public issues
Among all forms of life, humans stand out as the only species that
Relies on culture to ensure their survival
Social structures sometimes have negative consequences for the operation of society as a whole. What is the term for these negative consequences?
Social dysfunction
Which concept is used to described relatively stable patterns of social behavior
Social/Economic structure
Which discipline defines itself as "the systematic study of human society"?
Sociology
Subculture refers to
Some cultural elements change more quickly than others
The term "cultural lag" refers to the fact that
Some cultural elements change more quickly than others
The main characteristics of the _____ approach is its view of society as being orderly and stable
Structural-functional approach
As our society had entered a postindustrial, computer based phase, gaining
Symbolic skills using computers had become more important
The basic idea of the symbolic interaction approach is that society is
The product of the people interacting in countless everyday situation
Among the societal historical changes that stimulated the development of sociology this discipline arose during the
The rise of the industrial period and the growth of cities
August Compte described the earliest human societies as being at which state of historical development
Theological stage
Which early U.S. black sociologist, who was a graduate of Harvard with a PhD., studied the African American community and served as a founding member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored people (NAACP)
W.E.B. Du Bois
The chapter's sociological analysis of childbearing around the world suggests that the number of children born to a woman reflects
Whether she lives in a poor or rich society
In the United States today, the suicide rate is highest for which of the following?
White Males
a setting where a staff tried to radically change someones personality through carefully controlling the environment the environment is called a (n)
a total institution
Durkheim called the condition in which society provides little moral guidance to its individual as
anomie
Today, hunting and gathering societies
are close to disappearing from the world.
What concept refers to a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?
behavior
goffmans idea of the resocialization process included
breaking down an old identity then building up a new identity
Marx called those who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits
capitalists
in a total institution staff members
closely supervise all the daily life of inmates.
Jean Piaget's focus was on
cognition, or how people think and understand.
in freuds model of personality, which element of the personality represents a persons efforts to balance the demands of society and innate pleasure seeking drives
ego
marx described three alienations one is from the act of working two is the products of work and three is
from other workers
A good example of cultural lag is
gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so
Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg's research, showing that
girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards
Applying Freud's thinking to a sociological analysis of personality development, you would conclude that
humans have basic, self-centered drives that must be controlled by learning the ways of society
Our basic drives or needs as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of the _______
id
In the historical perspective, the importance of the mass media to the socialization process has
increased over time
In her research, Elisabeth Kübler-Ross found that death
is an orderly transition involving specific stages
Ethnocentrism refers to
judging another culture using the standards of your own culture.
the focus of lawrence kohlbergs research was
moral reasoning
in the nature versus nurture debate sociologists claim that
nurture is more important than nature
how did weber describe the thought patters of the members of traditional societies
people pass the same values and beliefs from generation to generation
mead places the origin of the self on
people see themselves as they think others see them
erik eriksons view of socialization states that
personality develops over the entire life course in pattered stages
In hunting and gathering societies the
population is small and nomadic
According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is to
radically alter a persons personality or behavior
As the suffering of workers became worse, Marx predicted that they would
rise up against the capitalist system
according to piaget in what stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact
sensorimotor stage
The driving force of social change, according to Marx, is
social conflict between classes
What concept refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?
socialization
based on what you have read in this chapter you would correctly conclude that
society shapes how we act think and act
Agrarian technology developed based on the use of
the plow, animal power, and the development of metals.
weber traced the origins of the capitalist economy in europe to
the protestant reformation
The tragic case of Anna the isolated girl who was studied by Kingsley Davis, shows that
without social experience, a child is incapable of thought or meaningful action
