Sociology Final Study Guide

The idea that individuals learn to be deviant by interacting with others who are already deviant is called:

Differential Association Theory

What theory says that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.

Differential Association Theory

An action or behavior that results in the unequal treatment of an individual because of his membership in a racial or ethnic group is call:

Discrimination

What is it called when a government bars an individual, either temporarily or permanently, from voting?

Disenfranchisement

Schools that blend high school and college are called:

Early college high schools

When does gender role socialization begin?

Early, and continues through our lives.

What is the central means by which modern society transmits knowledge, values, and expectations to its members?

Education

Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?

England

According to Talcott Parsons and other functionalists, which role are women better suited for?

Expressive Role

The roles, traits, and behaviors that are associated with a particular gender are called:

Gender identity

The cultural and economic changes resulting from dramatically increased international trade and exchange are called:

Globalization

What is the group of nonprofitt organizations that are designed to run as cost effectively as possible and to direct any earnings back into the causes they support called?

Independent sector

What is the primary principle of capitalism?

Individual rights

The family member who is task driven, breadwinning, and authoritative is taking the ___ role.

Instrumental

What two roles did the structuralist Talcott Parsons identify within the family?

Instrumental and Expressive

The exploitation of a minority group within the dominant group's political borders is called:

Internal Colonialism

What type of disorders are women more prone to than man?

Internal disorders such as depression

What effect did the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 have on unions?

It instituted limits on secondary strikes and boycotts.

Why would a company outsource or contract out labor they might otherwise employ their own staff to perform?

It's Cheaper.

Someone who works primarily with information and develops or uses knowledge in the workplaces is called:

Knowledge Worker

An association of workers who organize to improve their economic status and working conditions is called:

Labor union

What is a form of stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit?

Meritocracy

What is a system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is the head of the family and descent is traced through the male line?

Patriarchy

The methods and tactics of managing a political entity are called:

Politics

For what two categories of crime are women more likely to be arrested than men?

Prostitution and running away

A set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group compared to another is:

Racism

Tactics that let workers take back some degree of control over the conditions in which they work are called:

Resistance strategies

In terms of health and life expectancy, what is "the great equalizer"?

Smoking

What system of stratification is commonly used in capitalists societies?

Social Class

The process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction:

Social learning

An economic system based on the collective ownership of the means of production, collective distribution of goods and services, and government regulation of the economy:

Socialism

How do teachers treat boys and girls differently?

They are more than likely to allow boys to interrupt them and give boys more praise, criticism and suggestions for remediation that girls.

Why do critics object to vouchers?

They believe that vouchers will drain funds from vulnerable public schools and cause them to deteriorate further.

Organizations formed expressly to raise and spend money in order to influence elected officials are called:

special interest groups

What is a sweatshop?

A factory that violates two or more labor laws, such as child labor or working hours.

New innovations in farming like mechanized seed spreaders and new techniques of crop rotation were part of what macro-level social change?

Agriculture revolution

A political system that denies ordinary people participation or representation in their government is called:

Authoritarianism

The ability to direct one's individual destiny is:

Autonomy

Who is more likely to be mocked by their peers for violation gender norms?

Boys

What are the benefits of telecommuting?

Business get increased productivity and fewer sick days.

Public schools run by private entities:

Charter Schools

What do sociologists call awareness of our own and others' class statuses?

Class Consciousness

What do we call norm violations that are codified into law?

Crime

In the United States, legislatures, police, courts, and prisons make up the:

Criminal Justice System

When students are tested, and the test results are used to place them in a certain category of classes (remedial, advanced, college prep, etc.), this process is called:

Tracking

Firms that purposely transcend national borders so that their products can be manufactured at sites all over the world are called:

Transnational corporations

Why are female runaways more likely to be reported as missing by their parents?

Women are thought to be weak and need protection

According to Friedrich Engels, how do capitalists benefit from a patriarchal system?

Women in private sphere and men in the work place

People who see gender as immutable and deriving solely from biology are called:

essentialists

Social movements organized around a belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes are called:

feminism