sociology - Gender, sex and sexuality 9
________ reated a six-point rating scale that ranges from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual
Alfred Kinsey
_________ was among the first to conceptualize sexuality as a continuum rather than a strict dichotomy of gay or straight.
Alfred Kinsey
Which of following is correct regarding the explanation for transgenderism? It is a behavior that is learned through socialization with other transgender individuals. Currently, there is no definitive sociological explanation for transgenderism. It is strictly biological and associated with chemical imbalances in the brain. It is genetic and usually skips one generation.
Currently, there is no definitive sociological explanation for transgenderism.
_____ coined the term "homosocial" to oppose "homosexual," and to describe nonsexual same-sex relations
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick
Only women are affected by gender stratification. True False
False
Which theoretical perspective stresses the importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability? Symbolic interactionism Conflict theory Queer theory Functionalism
Functionalism
a condition of people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with
Gender dysphoria
a combination of primary sex characteristics, an umbrella term that can describe any individual who doesn't fit binary sexual distinctions
Intersex
individuals who feel that their gender identity and/or gender expression fall outside the categories of man and woman
Non-binary and genderqueer
a set of institutional structures (like property rights, access to positions of power, relationship to sources of income) that are based on the belief that men and women are dichotomous and unequal categories of being
Patriarchy
biological characteristics differentiating males and females
Sex
prejudiced beliefs that value one sex over another
Sexism
people whose sense of personal identity does not correspond with their birth sex
Transgender
Which of the following is the best example of a gender stereotype? Men hold more high-earning, leadership jobs than women. Women are typically shorter than men. Women tend to be overly emotional, while men tend to be levelheaded. Men do not live as long as women.
Women tend to be overly emotional, while men tend to be levelheaded.
Sociologists associate sexuality with ________. a person's capacity for sexual feelings heterosexuality homosexuality biological factors
a person's capacity for sexual feelings
Those who identify with the sex they were assigned at birth are often referred to as
cisgender
the assumption or expectation that everyone is cisgender, and that anything other than cisgender is not normal.
cisnormative
someone who feels a sexual attraction to someone only after they form an emotional bond
demisexual
When people perform tasks or possess characteristics based on the gender role assigned to them, they are said to be
doing gender
behaviors, personal traits, and social positions that society attributes to being female or male
gender
the way that one thinks about gender and self-identifies, can be woman, man, or genderqueer
gender identity
Research indicates that individuals are aware of their sexual orientation ________. at infancy in early adulthood in late adulthood in early adolescence
in early adolescence
Underlying indications of ________ may be socialized in boys and girls based on tasks assigned to them at home or school, and by toys that are purchased for them to play with. gender preference cross-cultural adherence classism inequality
inequality
Which approach within feminist theory examines the overlapping identities a person has and how their tapestry of experiences affect their overall sense of identity? gender role theory standpoint theory matriarchy theory intersectional theory
intersectional theory
an attraction to people of all sexes, genders, gender identities, and gender expressions that considers the person's gender,
omnisexuality
sex and gender are not interchangeable true/false
true
Which of the following is a way in which heterosexism is displayed in a casual, daily interaction? Rude jokes aimed at homosexual individuals specifically to make them feel excluded and shamed. Denying a lesbian parent maternity leave after her wife gives birth to a child. A military spouses' organization, by default, being called the "wives club." Selectively hiring a homosexual individual to add diversity to the workplace.
A military spouses' organization, by default, being called the "wives club."
According to national surveys, most U.S. parents support which type of sex education program in school? Abstinence plus sexual safety No sex education Abstinence only Sexual safety without promoting abstinence
Abstinence plus sexual safety
Which primary sociological viewpoint does feminism align with in explaining gender roles? Structural functionalist theory Conflict theory Standpoint theory Symbolic interactionist theory
Conflict theory
a key innovation in sociology that enabled these issues to be seen and addressed in a systematic way by examining one's position in life
Dorothy Smith's development of standpoint theory
_________ recognized that in U.S. culture, males are subject to a clear divide between the two sides of this opposition, whereas females enjoy more fluidity
Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick
To which theoretical perspective does the following statement most likely apply: Women continue to assume the responsibility in the household along with a paid occupation because it keeps the household running smoothly, i.e., at a state of balance? Symbolic interactionism Functionalism Feminist theory Conflict theory
Functionalism
________ is a person's deeply held internal perception of his or her gender. Sex Social control Personal narrative Gender identity
Gender identity
________ occurs through four major agents of socialization: family, education, peer groups, and mass media. Each agent reinforces gender roles by creating and maintaining normative expectations for gender-specific behavior. Gender preference Gender situationalism Gender dysphoria Gender socialization
Gender socialization
an extreme or irrational aversion to gay, lesbian, bisexual, or all LGBTQ people, which often manifests as prejudice and bias
Homophobia
can cross-dressers identify as trans?
It is important to note that people who cross-dress, or wear clothing that is traditionally assigned to a gender different are not the same as those identifying as trans. Cross-dressing is typically a form of self-expression, entertainment, or personal style, and it is not necessarily an expression against one's assigned gender
Which of the following is the best example of the role peers play as an agent of socialization for school-aged children? Peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles. Boys are more readily encouraged by their peers to defy gender roles than are girls. Peers serve as a support system for children who wish to act outside of their assigned gender roles. Children can act however they wish around their peers because children are unaware of gender roles.
Peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles.
an interdisciplinary approach to sexuality studies that identifies Western society's rigid splitting of gender into male and female roles and questions the manner in which we have been taught to think about sexual orientation
Queer Theory
________ focuses on mismatches between anatomical sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation, not just division into male/female or homosexual/hetereosexual. By so labelling their discipline, scholars reject the effects of labeling; instead, they embraced the term and reclaimed it for their own purposes. Feminist theory Monolithic theory Conflict theory Queer theory
Queer theory
One important third wave sub-group was the
Riot Grrrl movement
Cross-national research on sexual attitudes in industrialized nations reveals that normative standards differ across the world. For example, several studies have shown that ________ students are more tolerant of premarital sex than are________ students. Chinese; Indian Iranian; French Israeli; Japanese Scandinavian; U.S
Scandinavian; U.S.
The first women's rights convention was held in
Seneca Falls, New York
physical or physiological differences between males and females, including both primary sex characteristics (the reproductive system) and secondary characteristics such as height and muscularity
Sex
a person's capacity for sexual feelings
Sexuality
________ stress the importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability Social conflict theorists Symbolic interaction theorists Queer theorists Structural functionalist theorists
Structural functionalist theorists
What Western country is thought to be the most liberal in its attitudes toward sex? United States Ireland Mexico Sweden
Sweden
________ focus on the meanings associated with sexuality and with sexual orientation and since femininity is devalued in U.S. society, those who adopt such traits are subject to ridicule, especially for boys or men. Social conflict theorists Structural functionalist theorists Feminists Symbolic interactionists
Symbolic interactionists
During which wave of the feminist movement was women's voting rights the predominant issue? The second wave The fourth wave The first wave The third wave
The first wave
fear, hatred, or dislike of transgender people, and/or prejudice and discrimination against them by individuals or institutions
Transphobia
It wasn't until the United States entered ________ that the government realized that their troops developed problems they would not have had if sex education had been taught. World War II the Vietnam War the Korean Conflict World War I
World War I
According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, we "do gender": all of the time, in everything we do during half of our activities only if we are actively following gender roles only when they apply to our biological sex
all of the time, in everything we do
an ___________ person does not experience romantic attraction
aromantic
a lack of sexual attraction or desire for sexual contact
asexuality
individuals who occasionally or permanently dressed and lived as a different gender.
berdache
the belief that men and women behave differently due to differences in their biology.
biological determinism
the attraction to individuals of either sex
bisexuality
The United States prides itself on being the land of the "free," and it is the most liberal when it comes to attitudes about sex, including sexual practices and sexual openness. but it acts with total disapproval when it comes to attitudes about sex, including sexual practices and sexual openness. in part, because it offers access to free sexual health education in all public schools. but it is rather restrictive when it comes to its citizens' general attitudes about sex compared to other industrialized nations.
but it is rather restrictive when it comes to its citizens' general attitudes about sex compared to other industrialized nations.
What is considered "normal" in terms of sexual behavior is based on the mores and values of the society. Individuals are socialized to sexual attitudes by personal preference individually devised. through biological concerns. by the Internet. by their family, education system, peers, media, and religion
by their family, education system, peers, media, and religion.
Compared to most Western societies, U.S. sexual attitudes are considered ________. free conservative liberal permissive
conservative
Gender stratification through the division of labor is not exclusive to the United States, all societies classify work by gender. When a pattern appears in all societies, it is called a ________. cultural stereotype cultural decision class system cultural universal
cultural universal
the assumption that physiological sex differences between males and females are related to differences in their character, behavior, and ability (i.e., their gender)
dominant gender ideology
first agent of socialization
family
The women's movement is also referred to as women's politics. gender neutrality movement. sexism feminism.
feminism.
a series of political campaigns for reform on a variety of issues that affect women's quality of life
feminist movement
this wave of feminism resulted in voting rights for white women, it excluded women of color and poor women, and the first wave was a largely affluent, white woman's movement.
first
this wave of feminism is thriving today, and demands public attention via the internet and social media, addressing issues like sexual assault and harassment and the gender wage gap.
fourth
The terms "masculine" and "feminine" refer to a person's ________. Sex none of the above gender both sex and gender
gender
social and cultural characteristics of masculine and feminine behavior
gender
how one demonstrates gender (based on traditional gender role norms related to clothing, behavior, and interactions) can be feminine, masculine, androgynous, or somewhere along a spectrum
gender expression
Some people who are not conforming to the expressions of masculinity or femininity are considered
gender non-conforming
The term ________ refers to society's concept of how men and women are expected to act and how they should behave. gender role sexual orientation sexual attitudes gender bias
gender role
society's concept of how people are expected to look and behave based on societally created norms for masculinity and femininity
gender role
many people assume heterosexual orientation is biologically determined and is the default or normal type of orientation
heteronormative
a society that assumes sexual orientation is biologically determined and unambiguous
heteronormative society
an ideology and a set of institutional practices that privilege straight people and heterosexuality over other sexual orientations.
heterosexism
the attraction to individuals of the other sex
heterosexuality
the attraction to individuals of the same sex
homosexuality
nonsexual regard for people of the same sex
homosocial feelings
two key dimensions to the debate over same-sex marriage
ideological and the other economic
this theory examines multiple, overlapping identities and social contexts (Black, Latina, Asian, gay, trans, working class, poor, single parent, working, stay-at-home, immigrant, undocumented, etc.) and the unique, various lived experiences within these spaces.
intersectional theory
Changing the clinical description of "Gender Identity Disorder" in the DSM V prevents violence against transgender individuals contributes to organizations that do not support transgender and transsexual individuals prevents mislabeling of infants' assigned sex at birth may contribute to a larger acceptance of transgender people in society.
may contribute to a larger acceptance of transgender people in society.
an attraction to people regardless of sex, gender, gender identity, or gender expression
pansexuality
In ________ societies, men's contributions are seen as more valuable than those of women. Such perspectives and arrangements are widespread and taken for granted. labor intensive privatized hunter-gatherer patriarchal
patriarchal
Ira Reiss, a pioneer researcher in the field of sexual studies, defined the double standard as
prohibiting premarital sexual intercourse for women but allowing it for men
an umbrella term used to describe sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression.
queer
this wave of feminism was more inclusive and aligned with other social movements, attempting to pass the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA).
second
Varying in its level of severity, in some parts of the world where women are strongly undervalued, young girls may not be given the same access to nutrition, healthcare, and education as boys. Known as ________, this term refers to prejudiced beliefs that value one sex over another. genderism gender stereotypes classism sexism
sexism
A person's ________ is their physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex, such as male or female. gender gender role sex sexual orientation
sexual orientation
physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex (male or female).
sexual orientation
the way in which socially created definitions about the cultural appropriateness of sex-linked behavior shape the way people see and experience sexuality
social construction of sexuality
Much of the discrimination against homosexuals and bisexuals is based on scientific research. heterodeterminative association. fear. stereotypes and misinformation.
stereotypes and misinformation.
Of industrialized nations, _______ is thought to be the most liberal when it comes to attitudes about sex, including sexual practices and sexual openness America united kingdom Ukraine
sweden
The idea that women are unable to reach the executive suite is known as
the glass ceiling
this wave of feminism focused on media portrayals of women, stereotypes, and women's personal empowerment, but did not address more macrosocial issues.
third
A person who is biologically female but identifies with the male gender is considered ________. homosexual a cross-dresser transgender
transgender
There is no single, conclusive explanation for why people are ________. Their expressions and experiences are so diverse that it is difficult to identify their origin. gender identified adherent to social identities male or female transgender
transgender
Transgender individuals who attempt to alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy—so that their physical being is better aligned with gender identity—are often called
transsexual
Differences of Sexual Development (DSD). Intersex or DSD individuals were once called hermaphrodites true/false
true
is the United States is a heteronormative society?
yes
