Sociology practice Sociology Ch 8,9,10
Which of the following statements is the best example of a hypothesis?
"Unemployed men are more likely to commit spousal abuse than employed men."
Genocide
- the attempt to destroy a group of people because of their presumed race or ethnicity still existing after hitler, genocide has occured in Rwanda, Tutsis, Bosnia- serbs saughter muslims "ethnic cleansing"
couples without children
1 in 5 dont double what it was 30 years ago whites most likely to not have kids, with masters / degrees DINKS
daycare
1 of 6 or 1 of 7 is in daycare only a minor percent of daycare offer the kind of daycare that they want for kids with enough education and stimulation look for staff with educational backgrounds in ECE and ratio of staff to kids
Research Model
1, Selecting a topic 2. Defining the problem 3. Reviewing the literature 4. Formulating a hypothesis 5. Choose a research method 6. Collecting the data 7. Analyzing the results 8. Sharing the results'
How not to do research
1. Choose a biased sample 2. Ask biased questions 3. List biased choices 4. Discard undesirable results 5. Misunderstand the subject's world 6. Analyze data incorrectly
Research Ethics
1. Maintain objectivity and integrity 2. Respect the subject's right to privacy and dignity 3. Protect subjects from personal harm 4. Acknowledge research collaboration and assistance 5. Disclose all sources of financial support
African americans
1954- legal right to vote 1965- voting rights act---> rising expectations: sense that better conditions are soon to follow but it was still bad urban revolts: fiery violence in response to assassination of MLK--->civil rights act of 1968 Come along way but still continue to lage behind in politics, economisc, and education. 1 in every 5 african american makes less than 15, 000 a year
third wave
1990's, current wave, three main aspects: 1. Focus on problems in least industrialized nations 2. Workplace values- transition from male callousness and competition to more communication and cooperation 3. Sexual pleasure
romantic love
2 parts 1. emotional feeling of sexual attractions 2. cognitive label we attach to feelings
Father contact with kids after divorce
4 main patterns 1. father sees kids a lot after divorce 2. little contact-2 to 6 times a year 3. Has frequent contact after divorce but decreases through the years 4. Has little contact after divorce, but increases through the years. sometimes called divorce activated father
statistics after cohabitation
40 percent marry 27 percent break up 1/4 of all US children are born to cohabiting parents
divorce rate
50 percent 2 mill marriage, 1 mill divorce *** in actuality, 98% chance to still be married at the end of the year 50% rate is actually accurate because 43-46 percent of marriages in in divorce lowest divorce rate by state: 1. Iowa 2. Massachusets 3. Illinois Highest Divorce rate: 1.Nevada 2. Arkanasa 3. Oklahoma Divorce rate by race Most to least: african american, white, latino, asian
A small group of seven students evaluated Professor Zanylo's lectures. On a scale of 1 to 10, the scores the students registered were 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 9, 10. Professor Zanylo's mode score was ________ and his median score was ________.
9;8
participant observation
A research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities
stratified random sample
A sampling design in which the population is divided into several subpopulations, or strata, and random samples are then drawn from each stratum.
Myth of fixed number of races
Although large groups can be classified by blood type and gene frequency, these classifications do not uncover race. So arbitrary, number of races is unknown. 2- 40 race
People from all walks of life, races, religions, and ethnic groups participate in the U.S. legislative process. In view of this, which term best describes American society?
America is a pluralistic society
The two sociologists who referred to society as being a kind of living organism were _______ and ________.
Auguste Comte; Herbert Spencer
Tiger Woods
Cablinasian- term used by Tiger woods to describe his race quadroon - 1/4 black 3/4 white octoroon
Which of the following would not be considered unobtrusive measures?
Cameras that follow you through the store recording your every move.
The concept of natural selection, which proposed that genes of a species are not distributed evenly among the offspring, thus enabling certain members of the species to survive while others die out, was developed by ________.
Charles Darwin
All of the following statements are examples of countercultures, EXCEPT for which one?
Chicago Cubs fans
Clarisse and Cindy are honor students who conduct themselves in a mature manner at the Christian college they attend in Philadelphia. This year for spring break, they decided to go to Cancun, where they auditioned for the "Girls Gone Wild" video. Which statement best describes the probable reason behind the behavior of Clarisse and Cindy?
Clarisse and Cindy considered themselves on a moral holiday, which permitted them to "let their hair down
Within a few blocks in midtown Manhattan, you can purchase a bagel with cream cheese, a hot dog, a steak, a polish sausage, or a pizza, as well as chow mein, lamb curry, sushi, lasagna, falafels, chicken couscous, enchiladas, and a host of ethnic specialties. This range of culinary possibilities illustrates the process of ________.
Cultural diffusion
Language, beliefs, values, norms, behavior, material objects, and technology that are passed from one generation to the next by members of society describe ________.
Culture
Women in feminist movement
Dorothy Day (editor of a periodical that promoted human rights) and Lucy Burns (a leader of National Woman's party)
gender inequality in education
Dr. Clarke of harvard said because of womens periods that they could not handle school. But, by 1900, 1/3 of college students were women., sharp drop in 1950 when soldiers returned from WWII and went to college under GI bill. Today, women will soon outnumber men with professional degrees. more women in college in african americans
The two anthropologists who studied the Hopi Indians and concluded that language has embedded within it ways of looking at the world were ________.
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf
Herbert Spencer
English philosopher who was the first and most important proponent of Social Darwinism theory. He argued that society benefited from the elimination of the unfit and the survival of the strong and talented. His books were popular in America in the 1870s and 1880s.
Global Violence against women
Example: foot binding in china, witch burning in Europe, suttee in india (burning living widow with dead husband Rape, kidnapping, forced prostitution, honor killing
Female Circumcision
Excruciating pain surgery usually without anesthesia, between ages 4-8 mostly in muslim africa physician in urban area other women do the surgery in rural areas reduces sexual desire World health organization says human rights issue health workers hoping to educate about germs women's current health problems like incontinence due to female circumcision...when enough support in a village is gained, the practice is abandoned.
Robert Merton
Functionalism dismissed whole organism concept but still thought of society as a whole unit made of parts functions= beneficial consequences of peoples actions; helps keep a group in balance dysfunctions= harmful consequences
Use functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction to explain how the leaders and followers of these hate groups view the world. Use these same perspectives to explain why some people are attracted to the message of hate.
Functionalism: society is a functioning unit, each part
The anthropologist who gathered data on hundreds of groups around the world to compare their customs, and then concluded that specific customs differed from one group to another, was ________.
George Murdock
Sex Type of Work
George Murdock Sex typed work= associating certain work with one sex or the other The sex that is associated with it differs from group to group... metalworking is universally mens work though Almost exclusively male: making weapons, hunting sea mammals, hunting Almost exclusively female: cooking, making clothes, water carrying, grinding grain Biology does not require men and women to be assigned different work
Karl Marx
German socialist who saw history as a class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached the inevitability of social revolution and the creation of a proletarian dictatorship.
Why did a number of sociologists think Laud Humphreys' research on tearooms was unethical?
He did not identify himself as a researcher.
Why did Mario Brajuha refuse to turn over his research notes to the authorities, even when subpoenaed?
He wanted to protect his respondents
Testosterone and dominance behavior
High levels of testosterone lead to dominance..but dominance behavior increases testosterone levels
Origin of Patriarchy (man dominated society)
How did women become minority group? 1. Human Reproduction: short life lead to women reproducing with many babies at young age and quickly. Demand of child rearing/breast feeding made it hard for women to leave camp and they moved slower. Home and childcare associated with women duty-- LEADING TO MEN BECOMING DOMINANT. Mens activities controlled society, food, power, tools. Men sources of power were weapons, trade, and knowledge from interacting with other groups. 2. Combat (hand to hand): Men were bigger and strongeer for fighting and the women served as motivation for the men to risk life in battle. "Bravest" men were allowed more wives. Women value was sex, labor, reproduction.
Conflict Theory
How groups focus on resource shortage, like when japanese went on strike split labor market: division of workers along racial-ethnic and gender lines, split exploited by owners to weaken the bargaining power of workers. **how owners weaken workers so they cant take a stand
Myth of pure races
Humans show such a mix of physical characteristics that there are no "pure" races. very little genetic differences
Global Gap in pay
In every nation, women earn less than men
Devaluation of things feminine
In general, with masculinity symbolizing strength and success, a higher value is placed on things considered masculine. Femininity is perceived as weakness and lack of accomplishment
Honor killings
India, Jordan, Kurdistan, and Pakistan- woman killed if thought to be a disgrace to her family. Sex outside marriage, because virginity is so prized that even a woman who has been raped can be killed to clean the "stain". Man can kill daughter.
Max Weber
Individual who explained the rise of capitalism in part by what he called the Protestant ethic
In research, to generalize one's findings to a total population, what is the most important quality that the sample must possess?
It must be representative of the total population.
What is the major problem with using participant observation as a research tool?
It often leads to findings that lack generalizability.
Because of her outstanding contributions to social reform, as demonstrated in her work as co-founder of Hull-House, ________ was a co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.
Jane Addams
Affirmative action for men?
Jdith Kleinfeld, some colleges reject women to help men adjust to being minority in some academics. some places have men support groups
Raphael Ezekiel
Jew participant observation of KKK group built on mass anxiety, life is war, events have secret causes and never what they seem to be on surface
The Wall Street Journal has declared that the three greatest modern thinkers were ________, ________, and ________.
Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein
While in the Peace Corps, Kristina enjoyed a delicious Cambodian dinner that included several entrees. Later that evening she was told that one of the entrees was roast dog, the same canine Kristina was playing with the day before. At this point Kristina became ill and swore she would be a vegetarian as long as she was in Cambodia. Which statement most applies to Kristina's experience?
Kristina experienced culture shock.
Lamont believes in democracy and equality, and when asked to describe himself he cites his appreciation for people of all races and ethnic heritages. But at the same time, Lamont believes women should not be in the armed services and he avoids taking courses from female professors. In view of this, which statement best describes Lamont?
Lamont is engaged in value contradiction
All of the following statements are accurate regarding language, EXCEPT for which one?
Language is universal in terms of the meaning of particular sounds
Graduate school
Less graduate school then men, and stratification in professions like lower pay for women
The contemporary conflict sociologist who pointed out that conflict is most likely to develop among people in close relationships was ________.
Lewis Coser
Minority group (race and ethnicity)
Louis Wirth people who are singled out for unequal treatment who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination marriage within minorities creates identity, common destiny emerges (not minor in size)
class conflict
Marx's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers
Continuing Dominance
Men dominate society because they are superior, and then they know they are superior because they dominate society.
Gender is changing
Men expected to mask compassion, and avoid the appearance of weakness, fear, and vulnerability Feminine- show and feel more emotions. Express more compassion and show fear and weakness. Submissive to strong man. Daniel Schneider found that women with less feminine job does more feminine things in free time...same with men. These ideas are changing...
Global Gap in education
More illiteracy in women than men
Women in India
Occupations not limitied to home, hard labor but still subservient to men. Women care for livestock, clean clothes, fetch water, construction. Make less money then men
Man in the zoo
Otabenga from congo symbolic interactionalism: saying he cant think deeply, why can live with monkeys Conflict theory: how he ended up in zoo..due to resource shortage
Matthew is completing his master's thesis, which addresses the culture of outlaw motorcycle gangs. For the past six months, he has been riding with a gang, observing and describing behaviors in an attempt to present a view of these groups from a gang member's perspective. Like Mario Brajuha, he is determined to keep the identities of his subjects confidential. Which research method is Matthew employing?
Participant observation
Grandchildren of divorce
Paul Amato and Jacob Cheadle- first sociologists to study the grandchildren of divorced grandchildren of divorce have weaker ties to parents, don't go as far in school, and don't get along well with their spouses.
Max Weber referred to the self-denying approach to life characterized by people living frugal lives and saving their money as the ________.
Protestant ethic
Eugene Hartley
Psychologist researched people feel about several racial ethnic groups...he even included made up ones. Study showed the prejudice does not depend on negative experiences, can be prejudice against non-existant groups, If prejudiced against one group, more likely to be prejudiced against another.
The term "________" refers to the extent to which different studies come up with similar results.
Reliability
Surveys
Research method in which information is obtained by asking many individuals a fixed set of questions
All of the following statements are accurate in describing gestures, EXCEPT for which one?
Social scientists have identified many common gestures and agree that gestures are universal.
Protestant ethic
Sociological term used to define the Calvinist belief in hard work to illustrate selection in elite group
The American sociologist who focused on social analysis, developing abstract models showing how parts of society harmoniously work together, was ________.
Talcott Parsons
secondary analysis
The analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers
Social Darwinism
The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle.
social intergration
The degree to which people are tied to their social group.
Sociological significance of gender
The sociological significance of gender is that it is a device by which society controls its members. Gender is a structural feature of society.
microsociology
The study of human behavior in contexts of face-to-face interaction.
Authoritarian Personality
Theodor Adorno, theorised that there is a certain type of person that falls for hitlers regime, highly prejudiced people have a deep respect for authority and are submissive to authority figures
In America, why is Spanish, rather than English, continuously spoken from generation to generation, with greater commitment than any other non-English speaking language?
There is a constant influx of new Hispanic immigrants into the U.S.
Courtney raises champion sheep, Joe is a cab driver in New York, and Rufus is a member of the RAW family of professional wrestling. What do Courtney, Joe, and Rufus have in common?
They are all members of subcultures.
At the Back to Nature Nudist Colony, Ernie and Morello take a walk every morning along the beach, totally nude. Within the colony, which statement best describes the behavior of Ernie and Morello?
They are conforming to the folkways of their subculture.
Harry is in the campus dining hall and has chosen a cheeseburger and fries rather than a veggie burger. Harvey, a fraternity playboy, claims he has only dated the most beautiful women on campus. Horace considers earning an "A" in a course far superior than a "C" or even a "B." What do Harry, Harvey, and Horace have in common?
They are expressing their own values in the choices they make.
While conducting research on domestic abuse, Tanya asked workers at a battered women's shelter, "What do you think causes some men to abuse their wives?" She then permitted the workers to elaborate on their answers. What is the term used to describe such a question, one that leads to this type of answering option?
This is an example of an open-ended question.
traditional vs industrial and postindustrial societies
Traditional: extended marriage patriarch hold authority encompassing functions mostly monogamy, some polygamy parents/father select spouse usually father ancestry couples usually reside with grooms fam (patrilocal) strict rules of inheritance, usually patrilineal Industrial: nuclear family limited functions less patriarchal, more equally divided one spouse individual chooses spouse bilineal kinship- from male and female ancestors couples have own home inheritance individualistic, bilineal
Gender not entirely based on nurture
Twins being circumsized, penis accidentally cut off, and baby was given sex change and raised to be a girl instead. Didn't adapt, attempted to sex change back but committed suicide.
Violence against women
US gender violence, 1 every 1,000 women between 12-50 are raped each year. ave victim is 16-19 year old most know their attackers 1 of 3 rape by stranger males raped to0, in jail Date rape= acquaintance rape, over 1.4 mill of women raped in last 6 months
functionalist: family is universal
Universal because: 1. economic production 2. socialization of children 3. care of the sick and aged 4. recreation 5. sexual control 6. reproduction
Gender and prestige of work
Universally, greater prestige is given to male activities- regardless of what who activities are. Ex: when females deliveres babies it was low prestige, when men did it, it became high prestige Not the work that provides the prestige, but the sex which with the work is associated
Steve and Naomi are counting the empty whiskey bottles in trashcans to measure the level of whiskey consumption in town. These researchers are using a method of research referred to as ________.
Unobtrusive measures
Women in Iran: The times are changing, ever so slowly
Women in control by parents, then husband. They couldnt do anything, but now with education/literacy and mass media there are changes in gender relations. Awareness that they don't have to live like this encourages new kinds of relationships. Not much has changed yet tho. Iranian officials are letting fewer stoningd to occur.
When a researcher focuses on a single event, situation, or individual, the resulting research is known as ________.
a case study
extended family
a family in which relatives such as the older generation or unmarried aunts and uncles live ith the parents and their children
marriage
a groups approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual to indicate the new couples status
Asian Americans
a lot of variation, many different background countries experience bigotry getting work permits, and to japanese because of spillover bigotry from when they bombed pearl harbor detention camps Japanese and chinese assimilated well, usually finish college, have two parents, make good money, becoming more prominent in politics, hawaii
public sociology
a middle ground between research and reform, it refers to harnessing the sociological perspective for the benefit of the public
Which of the following examination formats is most likely to incorporate closed-ended questions?
a multiple-choice exam
ethnic cleansing
a policy of eliminating a population includes forcible expulsion and genocide
random sample
a sample in which every element in the population has an equal chance of being selected
scientific method
a series of steps that scientists use to answer questions and solve problems
theory
a set of assumptions about why something is the way it is and happens the way it does
Dr. Zak is trying to determine what traits, if any, high-achieving students have that students who do poorly on his exams do not possess. To assess personal information from both groups of students, what research method should Dr. Zak probably use?
a survey
bilineal system
a system of reckoning descent that counts both mothers and fathers side
patrilineal system
a system of reckoning descent that counts only the fathers side
Pay gap
about equal, 53% male and 47% female paid worker men make more more women are in workforce in certain parts of country, not understood yet 72% of what men make Logic?: college degrees are gender linked, career choices, some women choose lower pay jobs, women miss out on work to take care of kids (child penalty), women are less likely to negotiate salary
Most American high schools routinely schedule ceremonies to recognize the most talented student athletes and scholars. Such activities illustrate the importance that Americans place on which value, as defined by sociologist Robin Williams?
achievement and success
Discrimination
action of unfair treatment directed at someone can be based on age sex height weight skin color clothing speech incme education marital status sexual orientation disease disability religion and politics
Cohabitation
adults living together in a sexual relationship without being married makes people healthier but kids of cohabiting parents are less healthy than those of married cohabitation before marriage neither weakens nor strengthens marriage
Miss Rivers Lodge
african americans told that they joined a social and burial club. They didn't tell the men they had syphilis but instead monitored their disease rather then giving them treatment. then autopsied when died
population
all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study.
basic sociology
analyzing some aspect of society, with no goal other than gaining knowledge
Which of the following research errors is less likely to be classified as fraud and more likely to be considered as simply sloppy work?
analyzing the data incorrectly
Remarriage
andrew cherlin noted that we have bad names for step family, it represents ill defined relationships Divorce rate of remarried people without kids is the same as that of first marriages If they bring kids in, second marriage more likely to divorce than if you didnt have kids
During his career, Anthony has worked as a juvenile police officer, corrections counselor in a state prison, and executive director of an urban redevelopment program. In view of this, which description best describes Anthony's career path?
applied sociologist
Second wave
as more women began to work and compare their work conditions to men, and wanted more rights Leading to second wave
egalitarian
authority more or less equally divided between people or groups (husband and wife)
Dr. Zahn's academic interest is analyzing various aspects of society and publishing his findings in sociological journals. In view of this, Dr. Zahn is considered to be a(n) ________ sociologist.
basic or pure
Dark Side of family life
battering, child abuse, marital rape, incest 1. Battering: gender equality in initiating violence but women are injured more 2. Child abuse: 750,000 cases a year 3. Marital/Intimacy Rape: Diana Russel sociologist studied that 10% women said their husbands used physical force, homosexual rape too 4. Incest: sexual relations between certain relatives constitutes incest- more likely to occur in isolated families- most often between siblings
Emergence of minority group
becomes minority in 2 ways: 1. expansion of political boundaries - tribal societies have no minor groups -minorities start when you incorporate new groups with different language and customs and physical char US to mexicans after war 2. Migration -mexican and south americans (voluntary) - africans (involuntary)
Michael is going to survey members of the gay and lesbian student union and gather data on their personal lives, interests, and demographics to develop a profile of their membership. To be most successful and receive the most valid responses, what should Michael do?
begin the questionnaire by asking neutral questions.
Adolf Hitler
believed his race superior, avoid "racial contamination", their "cultural duty" to destroy other races
Calvinism
believed in predestination, that God was all knowing and it became the dominant theological credo of the Puritans
W.E.B. DuBois
believed the best way Blacks could improve their economic situation was through the political process
sex
biological characteristics that distinguish male and females. Primary and secondary sex characteristics
two parent families important
can be two men or two women too reduces stress better children outcome income plays a role- dual income helpful family structure important
Pigs, spiders, elephants, and other animals that rely solely on instinct act as they do because they lack a ________.
cerebral cortex
Children of Divorce
children of divorce have more emotional problems, more likely to be come delinquent, and more likely to grow up and get divorced.
African american families
class based upper class more concerned with kids marrrying those with a good background, merger of families Middle based: achievements and respectability children go to college, marry other people like themselves, want to get ahead, good career poverty: hard to fill cultural role of father and husband due to poverty fictive kin- stretching of kinship to other people who have helped in hard times that arent blood related less marriage, more women heading the family...causing marriage squeeze, hard for women to find african american men to marry
Karl Marx
class conflict bourgeoisie= capitalist proletariat= exploited workers conflict theory not the same as communism radical revolution for change
Factors that decrease chances of divorce
college education religion parents not divorced over 25 when married having baby 7 months or longer after marriage annual income over 25,000
Native American
colonies/settlers fought with native americans for land treaties and wars, we were bad to native americans 1960s won right to do what they want with the land, now they own businesses, most commonly casinos. nationally bring in 27 bill a year, more money than the casinos in vegas separatism: independent people so they try to stay separate from US government
difference between cohabitation and marriage
commitment
Which groups of social theorists would focus most on macro-level analysis when examining patterns of society?
conflict theorists and structural functionalists
Ethnic Work
constructing racial ethnic identity activities that discover, enhance, maintain, transmit an ethnic identity Ethnic identity: Feeling ethnic identity due to size, power, appearance, discrimination- creates sense of belonging maybe dont feel it as much if you are part of dominant group Examples: 1. African americans and musical performances 2. mythical long lost heritage performance- 1500s spain 3. Cinco De Mayo to recall roots 4. getting together with a czech community when living in nebraska 5. native americans dressing at rodeo
Emile Durkheim
contributed many important concepts to sociology. His comparison of the suicide rates of several countries revealed an underlying social factor; people are more likely to commit suicide if their ties to others in their communities are weak. His identification of the key role of social integration in social life remains central to sociology today
The three conditions necessary for causation between variables are ________, ________, and ________.
correlation; temporal priority; lack of spurious correlation
Auguste Comte
credited as the founder of sociology, began to analyze the bases of the social order. Although he stressed that the scientific method should be applied to the study of society, he did not apply it himself.
Although computers are supplied by the university, many professors never quite learn how to use them. Others feel they might break them so they avoid trying anything new. Others save data to their hard drive but also make a paper copy to keep. Such behavior is an example of ________.
cultural lag
Today we can type our symptoms into a computer search engine and often find out why we are sick, what condition we may have, and how we might treat it. But we still go to see a doctor. This is an example of ________.
cultural lag
McDonald's sells Quarter Pounders in Tokyo, Moscow, Paris, Berlin, and practically every other major city in the world. Mickey Mouse and Fred Flintstone are among the most popular cartoon figures in Mexico. These are examples of ________.
cultural leveling
In his book, Sick Societies, anthropologist Robert Edgerton proposed that cultures should be evaluated on their "quality of life" and not just automatically accepted. This is contrary to which of the following sociological concepts?
cultural relativism
Anthropologist Ralph Linton said, "The last thing a fish would ever notice would be water." What does this imply about culture?
culture is taken for granted by members of society who share it
The author's experience in Morocco, which included the absence of women from public positions, intense stares directed at him, pushing and shoving at the train station, and total disregard for sanitation by food vendors, left the author with a profound sense of ________.
culture shock
In the research model, the step in which the researcher specifies what he or she wants to learn about a specific topic of study is called ________.
defining the problem
prejudice
discrimination is usually result of prejudice. - positive prejudice exaggerates virtues of a group as if one group is superior to others most is usually negative and involves prejudging a group as inferior
If a researcher is reading diaries to collect information about the attitudes of rape victims, he or she is using ________ to collect the data.
documents
marital satisfaction
dyad has more satisfaction than a triad, after child birth satisfaction usually decreases marriage satisfaction increases when child is 6, and then back down again in adolescence have kids from biological urges and satisfaction that they expect
Functionalist: Isolation and emotional overload
dysfunction due to isolation from the nuclear family more stress comes with a crisis or losing a family member can create emotional overload
mate selection
established norms to goveren who marries her endogamy exogamy
In addition to choosing the appropriate research method, sociologists must follow research _______ to achieve truth, honesty, and openness.
ethics
When Harry returned from a business meeting in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, his wife asked him what he thought of the Vietnamese people. Harry replied, "They're primitive people who eat animals from the streets, drive wildly around town on motor scooters, and talk very fast." Harry's reply best qualifies as an example of ________.
ethnocentrism
The refusal of Christians to accept Islam as a valid religion is a form of ________, while the sincere effort to understand the practice of having multiple wives in some societies is a form of ________.
ethnocentrism; cultural relativism
genocide:
ex: killing native americans during gold rush can be done by good people to savages - Killing was facilitated by labels that marked the victims as enemies who deserved to die Labels Help to compartmentalize, and allow for genocide
Sociological Perspectives
examines conditions outside people
Sue is an expert in interpreting gestures, silence, the use of space, and expressions people make in their daily interactions. In view of this, how would Sue's expertise be defined?
expert in nonverbal interaction.
Gay and Lesbian families
face same problems as heterosexual relationships like power, housework, etc but same sex couples face social acceptance and discrimination Kids raised by homosexuals are not more likely to become homosexuals, and they have the same adjustment as kids reared by heterosexual parents some research is flawed though (paul amato)
nuclear family
family consisting of a husband, wife, and children
WEB Du Bois
first black man to earn doctorate at harvard
What distinction did sociologist Frances Perkins hold in American history?
first woman to hold a presidential cabinet position.
Factors that increase chances of divorce
firstborn child is girl more coworkers of opposite sex different race/ethnicity
If Alice came to class wearing a soiled and torn blouse, she would be violating a ________. But if Alice came to class not wearing a blouse (or any other garment), she would be violating a ________.
folkway; more
Douglas foley
football players who suck are called girls like "wearing skirts"
Gender Tracking
for example, college degrees tend to follow gender, which reinforces distinctions between male and female. Entering college with gender like aspirations, socialization channels men and women into different paths or tracks.
Functionalist perspective:
for society to survive, must fulfill basic needs/functions how are marriage and family related to society well being
Population transfer
forced transfer or a minority group indirect: making life so miserable that people leave the country; jews under the czar direct: when dominant group expels minority group.
August Comte
founder of sociology positivism: apply scientific method to social world what holds society together?
functionalist, symbolic, conflict
functionalist: how is family good for society? socializes kids, norms, reproduction symbolic: gender roles, division of labor conflict: conflict in marriage, power is common source of conflict
symbolic interactionist
gender, housework, childcare changes over time in gender roles for chores decreased housework, increased paid work for women partly due to fast food, dishwasher, microwaves, etc more childcare from husband and wife possible spending less time with friends or doing hobbies to care for children...possiby leads to emotional overload Both husbands and wives putting in more hours taking care of family but husbands spend about 5 hours more than wives a week gendered division of labor: but it is shifting. men generally income, women generally house work
theory
general statement about how some parts of world fit together
People all over the world, including college students, are breaking down national boundaries because of advances in communication, trade, and travel. This is referred to as ________.
globalization
race
group of people with inherited physical characteristics that distinguish it from another group
latino family
hard to generalized a lot of variation but social class is used to determine family life latino or family country of origin less important
Sam is conducting interviews to assess students' opinions on how President Bush handled the second Gulf War. Because this is a controversial topic at Sam's conservative campus, what is the best way for him to develop a sense of rapport with the sample?
he should tell the students he interviews their identities will be kept secret
When reading a table, a comment located just below the title that gives more detailed information on how the data was collected or how the data are presented is called a ________.
headnote
Intermarriage and divorce
higher divorce rate for people who marry outside their inter-racial ethnic group black man and white woman- more likely to divorce latino and white- more likely to divorce asian and white and black woman and white man MORE likely to stay together
C Wright Mills
history and biography history= events, characteristics biography= peoples experiences within a historical setting, orientations analysis of power elite urged sociology to focus on social reform
institutional discrimination
how discrimination is woven into fabric of society - home mortgage: bank lending, more likely to reject the loan application of minorities - 60% more likely to reject - banks charged minorities higher interest rates (predatory lending) - healthcare- african american mothers and their babies more likely to die- due to nutrition and medical care
Symbolic Interactionism
how labels affect perception and create prejudice create selective perception: lead us to believe certain things and blind us to others labels and self fulfilling stereotype- dirrty jobs or clean jobs
structure
how parts of society fit together
system of descent
hw kinship is traced over generations
Childbirth
ideal family size changed over years change in the 1970s- women sex rev? birth control? size of family based on church going young families want big families, older families want smaller ones
experimental group
in a study, the participants who receive the treatment
problem defining marriage and family because it changes over culture to culture
in new guinea, woman must birth child before marriage and cannot marry father of child in china, dead men married to dead women for intimacy in afterlife
one parent families
increase single women taking longer to get married after already giving birth women head these famlies, tend to be poor
Max has developed the hypothesis that the stress felt by unemployed men increases the probability of spousal abuse. In this case, stress would be considered the ________ variable and spousal abuse would be considered the ________ variable.
independent; dependent
manifest function
intended to help the system ex women having too few children so gov offers money for every child born to married couple
case study
intensive study of a single group, incident, or community
A researcher is asking questions of a serious nature, and a respondent gives only "socially acceptable" answers. This is an example of ________.
interviewer bias
An attractive African American woman is conducting random interviews on campus to gather data on students' opinions on the reverse discrimination suit filed by white students at the University of Michigan School of Law. Four out of five of the white respondents and virtually all of the African American respondents favor the court's ruling and supports "bonus points" being given to applicants of color. Based on this information, what is probably affecting the data collection process?
interviewer bias
When sociologists Diana Scully and Joseph Marolla (1984, 2014) interviewed convicted rapists in prison they were concerned that the prisoners might shift their answers depending on which researcher was interviewing them because one was male and one was female. They were concerned that gender might lead to...
interviewer bias
sample
items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population
Anthropologists Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf concluded that ________.
language creates ways of thinking and perceiving
College provides a haven for several million potential workers who are classified as "students" rather than "unemployed," which helps stabilize the job market. This situation represents what Merton would describe as a ________.
latent function
prejudice is learned
learn it from those around us being attracted to KKK because someone you like belongs to it, not because you hate the race, then they LEARN to be racaist Mutual understandings increase prejudice decreases an relations improve when people of different racial-ethnic backgrounds interact frequently. prejudice can be reduced through frequently like college roommates. (contact theory)
Internalizing dominant norms
learning to be prejudiced against own group like liking lighter skinned black women than darker skinned
Sociologists have identified an emerging set of five interrelated values in American society. What are these emerging values?
leisure, self-fulfillment, physical fitness, youthfulness, and environmental concern
marriage social channels
likely to love/marry someone with a similar background= homogamy, occurs largely due to propinquity- spatial nearness usually choose similar racial ethnic background less consequences now with marriage today; interratial
Love and courtship
love can be an addiction romantic love: mutual sexual attraction and idealized feelings about one another usually starts with sexual attraction america: love produce marriage india: marriage make love
Cindy is interested in how the movement of Maytag production plants and other industries from the Midwest to Mexico has changed the lives of thousands of unemployed workers and their communities. Cindy is conducting a ________ analysis.
macro-level
transitional adulthood
major historical change in how children become adults today, much less transition to adulthood at younger age
gender stratification
males and females unequal access to property, power, and prestige. Gender is called a maser status because it cuts across all aspects of life. Labels that contain expectations on how to act. A basis of inequality.
Future of marriage and family
marriage so functional that it shouldnt be going away 1. by studying trends we can guess that cohabitation, birth to single women, and age of first marriage will increase 2. more married woman in workforce means more power 3. more elderly making more sandwiched feeling Media will continue to make the view of marriage worse
endogamy
marry within their group like no interacial marriage
blended families
members were ones part of other families divorce common makes this common complicate family relationships
patriarchy
men as a group dominating women as a group- authority given to men
Murder
men more likely to kill than women, women usually victims, men losing power so they become violent (conflict theory) strength and virility with violence= symblic interactionalist
interracial
more black husband and white wife, less white husband and black wife- in general much more interracial marriage today
asian american family
more likely to have both parents many different countries in asian group japan: self discipline, respect to family, moderation etc more shame and guilt that physical punishment
Brazil race
more races for white and black than in the states
polygyny
more than one wife polyandry, more than one husband
child rearing
more time with kids today than in 70s and 80s married couple/single moms: difference is that when married woman at work baby with father single- baby with grandparent
US Racial Groups
most europeans in US are german, then Irish, then english/British
glass ceiling
mostly invisible barrier the prevents women from reaching the top levels of work stereotypes, and lack of women mentors lead to strong glass ceiling ways to reach for high levels: 1. confidence in abilities 2. set goals for themselves and measure progress 3. promote themselves 4. ID gatekeepers to advancement and make themselves noticeable 5. id need, sold management on it and then meet the need.
CEO GAP
mostly men, and name has to do with it if youre a woman, a less feminine name helps
exogamy
must marry outside their group incest taboo- prohibits sex and marriage among relatives
myth of race
myth continues because people perceive these races and act on beliefs not facts.
Individual discrimination
negative treatment of one person by another
The emerging tools and the skills needed to use them, which have a significant impact on social life, are called ________.
new technology
Nannies
one on one care upper middle class inhome care jealousy can occur and parent can feel guilty
The methodical and exacting process by which a researcher measures a variable is known as ________.
operational definition
science
organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world
Which two research methods did Laud Humphreys utilize in his classic "tearoom" study?
participant observation and surveys
Myth of Racial Superiority
people divide humans into other races and tend to see othe races as superior. with langugage, no race better than others
society
people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture
Household
people who occupy same housing unit
respondents
people who respond to a survey
secondary sex characteristics
physical distinctions between males and females that do not have to do with reproduction, these are evident at puberty. Males: muscles, low voice, body hair, increased height Female: breasts, broad hips
multiculturalism
pluralism permits/encourages racial ethnic variation minority groups can maintain their separate identities successful multiculturalism diminishes minority group
Internal Colonialism
policy of exploiting minority groups for economic gain (conflict theorists) ex: apartheid in South Africa
Functionalism
prejudice and discrimination were functional for nazis, shaped by the environment Carolyn Sherif study of boys in summer camp being put into groups for competition, friends turning on each other
functionalist: function of incest taboo
prevents role confusion helps parents socialize children like if father daughter incest were allowed, how would a mother and daughter interact? forces exogamy, exogamy was functional in tribal societies to help form alliances
Assimilation
process by which a minority group is absorbed into the mainstream culture - forced assimilation the dominant gruop refuses to allow the minority to practice its religion, to speak language, or follow its customs - armenians in russia could only celebrate russian holidays Permissible assimilation: allows minority to adopt the dominant group's patterns in its own way
Samuel Stouffer`
produced The American Soldier, a study of World War II combat soldiers. To motivate men, they used "feminine" terms as insults, "cant handle it little girls"
Max Weber
protestant ethic created spirit of capitalism cross cultural and historical materials to chase social change
Closed-ended questions
questions that are followed by a list of possible answers to be selected by the respondent
Open-ended questions
questions that respondents answer in their own words
First wave of women's movement
radical branch: reform all institutions of society conservative branch: win right to vote for women - conservative branch ended up winning, won right to vote in 1920 and then the movement basically dissolved but inequality continued
Ethnic Groups
refer to culture and culture characteristics like jews (cultural characteristics bind them together) so jews can be Chinese and swedish
Basic sociology
research for the purpose of making discoveries about life in human groups not for making changes in these groups gaining knowledge
Vietnam veterans
research on Vietnam veterans and testosterone to explain why the door to biology is opening in sociology: Random sample Measured testosterone of vietnam veterans Men with high testosterone levels got in trouble as kids more and become delinquents, more likely to do drugs, and cheat. However, not just biology. Social class plays a part. Compare high testosterone in low class and high class...low class men more likely to get into trouble.
Sandwich generation
responsible for two generations, their parents and kids 40-55
History of sociology
scientific method
Second wave (2)
second wave of protest against gender inequlities 1960-1980s broad goals: raising women's pay, changing policies on violence agaisnt women, and legalizing abortion
symbolic interactionism
sees interaction and meaning as central to society and assumes that meanings are not inherent but are created through interaction
Of the five interrelated core values emerging in American society, the one that is reflected in the "human potential" movement that focuses on "self help, relating, and personal development" is ________.
self-fulfillment
racial ethnic identity
sensitive to talk about and a everchanging field.
Segregation:
separation of racial or ethnic groups allows dominant group to maintain social distance from minority group
Sexual harassment
sexual orientation doesn't matter, still sex harassment.
Juanita is conducting survey research for the Colgate-Palmolive Company. The company recently sent several cases of personal-sized toothpaste to Dr. Yankum as a part of a promotion. Juanita is surveying patients as they leave Dr. Yankum's office to ask if the dentist gave them any hygiene items to continue quality dental care. Juanita has discovered that practically every patient received Colgate and has concluded in her report that dentists prefer Colgate toothpaste over other brands. What flaw exists in Juanita's research?
she is using a biased sample to collect her data
Affirmative Action
shifting towards multicultural society proposition 209- made it illegal to give preference to minorities and women in hiring, promotion, college education - race can be a plus factor but no point system can be used to give minorities a leg up in college admissions
race ethnicity
signifies little for understanding family life, rather its social life and culture more resources means more characteristics of middle class: fewer kids, education emphasis, fewer single mothers
social class
social class can change how you rear your kids middle class tends to nurture a lot, push activities on them, more concern kids have self expression, withdrawal affection and privilege as punishment working class more likely to let kids choose own activities, grow and develop on their own more concerned w physical conformity, more likely to use physical punishment Melvin Kohn- parent work impacts on how they rear their children
William Julius Wilson
social class is more important than race in determining the life chances of african americans other sociologists argue that they still make less money than white counterparts, and therefore race still plays a role social class affect more so than race
Herbert Spencer
social darwinism survival of fittest disagreed with comte we should not guide social reform
designer babies
social implications of designer babies with genetics
Emile Durkheim
social integration suicide rates more connected to society decreases suicide modern society creates more isolation "Human behavior cannot be understood in terms of the individual, we must always examine social forces that affect peoples life"
Three of the following terms are interchangeable. Which one does NOT belong with the other three?
social learning
Jane Addams
social reformer hull house co founded ACLU She and Emily Greene only sociologist to win Nobel Peace Prize
living longer from marriage
social support
Talcott Parsons
social theory abstract sociological models
Gender
social, NOT biological behaviors and attitudes masculinity of femininity differs around the world In ethnocentrism, each culture thinks that its preferences reflect what gender "really" is. Goal to make themselves appealing by reaching standards of gender.
functional analysis
society is a whole unit aka functionalism structural functionalism August Comte and Herbert Spencer: society is living organism emile Durkheim viewed society as many parts and when all parts fill their function it is a normal state we need to look at structure and function Robert Merton functionalism
functional analysis
society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together
macrosociology
sociological investigation that concentrates on large scale phenomena or entire civilizations
Minority group
sociologists classify women as a minority group minority group= people who are discriminated against on the basis of physical or cultural characteristics, regardless of their numbers Some analysts think women were not a minority in hunting gathering society
Applied sociology
sociology to solve problems micro level of classroom interactions and macro level of crime or pollution
There is a high correlation between the number of Americans who pay income tax in the month of April and the number of swimsuits sold. Which of the following statements is the best description of this relationship?
spurious relationship
online dating
still has stigma but will lose the weirdness as time goes on
Walker is conducting research on scholarship recipients at Faber College. In his sample of 250 students, he is ensuring he has a proportionate number of students based on class standing, race, sex, and major course of study. Walker's sample is an example of a ________.
stratified random sample
Conflict Perspective
struggle between husband and wife conflict arising between two people who live intimately power is source of a lot of conflict wives have more power than they did in the past
Implicit Association test
study that shows internalizing the norms of the dominant group - associating good words with pictures of white people and bad words with pics of black people, both whites and blacks do this - shows we learn ethnic maps of culture route of a biased perception
Every December, many Jewish families celebrate Chanukah, the "festival of lights," during which special foods are served, rituals are practiced, and traditional activities take place that are unique to this faith. In this context, members of the Jewish faith would represent which concept?
subculture
Bright side of family life
successful marriage: 3 of 5 say they are happy 1. happy couples think of their spouses as best friends 2. like their spouses as people 3. think of marriage as a long term commitment 4. believe that marriage is sacred 5. Agree with their spouses on aims and goals 6.believe that their spouses have grown more interesting over the years 7. Strongly want the relationship to succeed 8. laugh together Happy families: 1. spend a lot of time together 2. are quick to express appreciated 3. are committed to promoting one another's welfare 4. do a lot of talking and listening to one another 5. religious 6. deal with crises in a positive manner Marriage happier when partners get a long with their in-laws, find leisure activities that they both enjoy, agree how to spend money
hysterectomy
surgeons recommend total hysterectomy because they are disease causing and not needed after child bearing age.
In experimental research, the variable that is the cause of change (the independent variable) must precede that which is changed (the dependent variable). This condition is called ________.
temporal priority
berdache
term for a ceremony where man or woman could be declared the opposite sex
From a sociological perspective, which statement best classifies 19th century Mormons and 21st century physicians?
the Mormons would be classified a counterculture and the physicians as a subculture
positivism
the application of the scientific approach to the social world
Dr. Zimbardo is examining the effect that pornographic movies have on the ways in which single men respond to the needs of women. He has one group of men watch pornographic films and another watch Three Stooges episodes. He then tests their reactions to women in need by showing them short film clips and following up with a series of questions. What research method is Dr. Zimbardo using?
the experiment
Using Facebook to study the race-ethnicity of friendships among college students would be an example of which research method?
the experiment
family of procreation
the family formed when a couple's first child is born
family of orientation
the family i which a person grows up in
control group
the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.
Conflict theory
the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general.
proletariat
the industrial working class
bourgeoisie
the middle class, marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production
dependent variable
the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
replication
the repetition of an experiment in order to test the validity of its conclusion
What is the use of objective and systematic observation to test theories, one that is often employed by sociologists?
the scientific method
sociology
the study of human society
Experiments
the use of control and experimental groups and dependent and independent variables to test causation
value free
the view that a sociologist's personal values or biases should not influence social research
feminism
the view that biology is not destiny and that stratification by gender is wrong and should be resisted. Men and women should be equal politically, economically, and socially known as suffragists in the beginning
Male scientists and social science
they stood in the way and pretended they were experts on essence of womanhood saying that they may want to be scientists but they want to be partners and mothers more.
Dominant group
those that do the discriminating (majority) like dutch afrikaans to blacks
Trends in US Families
today's average first time bride and groom are older than at any time in history also putting off having children this is because cohabitation. still cohabitation at young age but marriage postponed
Harriet Martineau
translating comte to english
objectivity
treating facts without influence from personal feelings or prejudices
family
two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage, or adoption
Global Gap in politics
typical for women to be underrepresented in politics
Latinos (hispanics)
umbrella term of people speaking spanish from latin america largest ethnic group in america most dont ID with this term, americans of mexican origin, cuban origin, etc. more than listed latinos due to undocumented immigrants 7/10 latinos live in CA, TX, Florida, NY, Illinois, and Arizona miami- capital of south america Lau v Nichols allowed spanish teaching in english schools use os spanish provokes english only movement in the states only 3 senators, not a lot of representation in politics divisions based on the country of origins (cuba, mexico, etc) hold back the political power because they are divided within the latino title
sociological perspective
understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context
reserve labor force
unemployed, "in reserve"- taken "out of reserve" during high times of economic need, make gains only at expense of other groups anger towards other working class groups and away from power elite
scapegoat
unfairly blame troubles on people- usually a minority group. like hitler to jews target gender, immigrants, age prejudice and frustration often linked (like students with the puzzles being angry at others)
Pan Indianism
unification of the separate tribes, common themes that run through the tribes
Gender inequality in health care
unintended sexual discrimination of women with CABG surgeries died more often then men because the doctors kept them on heart lung machine for less time, and hen women complained of chest pain the doctor took them 1/10th as serious
latent function
unintentional consequences is gov didn't have a stopping point of bonuses for babies, then families become very large to get the bonuses and poverty increases, so welfare and taxes increase and nation protests. these were not intended
sexual harrassment
unwelcomed sexual attention at work or at school, which may affect job or school performance or create hostile environments, not recognized until 1970s, until then it was just thought of as men being into them or turned on symbolic interactionist: labels affect this, labeling actions as sexual harassment changes the way we see it, we can see its a misuse of authority instead of sexual attraction. most sexual harassers are men because men are mostly in position of authority, but women can harass.
applied sociology
using sociology to solve problems
Symbolic interactionism
using symbols to establish meaning key to understanding world and communicating with each other Charles Cooley and George Herbert Mead symbols like title of "boyfriend or girlfriend" social life depends on how we define ourselves face to face interaction marriage, divorce, love, parenthood- how changing ideas of these put pressure on people/married couples
Ex-Spouses
usually anger, woman more likely to feel like they have a new chance at life continuities represent lingering attachments some couples still hook up
Primary sex characteristics
vagina and penis, organs for reproduction
independent variable
variable that is changed in an experiment
In the statement, "Poverty causes crime," the words "poverty" and "crime" are best described as ________ because they are subject to change.
variables
unobtrusive measures
ways of observing people so they do not know they are being studied
immigration
we have more immigrants today than ever before minorities in ca are becoming the majority - fear that too many immigrants change culture of america - fear the primacy of english language - - fear they take jobs from natives WEB Du Bois- color line problem quote
native american fam
weather to follow traditional or dominant culture closest to latino structure permissive, avoid physical punishment elders pay role in family differ by social class
function
what each part does and how it contributes to society
social interaction
what people do when they are in one another's presence
racism
when the basis of discrimination is based on race perception, that is racism
WASP
whit anglo saxon protestant prejudiced to other whites when US founded they established culture- thought other groups inferior and made inferior groups conform white privlege
unintentional discrimination
white patients more likely to get more health care and procedures done than black- both black and white doctors do this
New models of gender
with new masculinities, decrease in homophobia. Homophobia seems to be based on need to maintain gender boundaries.
Alice Rossi
women are more prepared biologically for mothering than most men
matriarchy
women as a group dominate men as a group
future is hopeful
women have more participation in decision making processes of our social institutions and this shatters the stereotypes that hold women back. relationships will change
widowhood
women more likely then men because men die earlier and they usually marry older men widowhood effect: death of spouse so severe that the widow tends to follow
Women in politics
women voters outnumber men voters in US carol brown first african American woman to be a senate in 1992, first asian in 2013, no latina yet. women moving up in politics, trend changing but still underrepresented
Symbolic Interactionism and Misuse of Statistics
you are an individual not a statistic just because there is a certain stat, doesnt mean that you have the specific statistic We create our own worlds we can create a self fulfilling prophecy