Sociology Quiz 2

Disparaging attitudes toward polygamy (a marriage that includes more than two people) in the United States may be a form of

ethnocentrism.

The anthropologist Clifford Geertz used ____________ to study the collective symbols of the Balinese cockfight.

ethnography

Culture includes all of the following aspects of a group EXCEPT:

geographical boundaries

For most of their existence as a species, humans lived in what types of societies?

hunting and gathering

These societies were often predominant in desert or mountainous regions, where crops were difficult to grow.

hunting and gathering

The emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power sources, is known as:

industrialization

These are societies marked by large material and power inequalities, and in which rural agriculture and cities coexist.

industrialized

Disparaging attitudes towards polygamy (a marriage that includes more than two people) in the United States may be a form of

ethnocentrism

Secret documents revealed by Edward Snowden in 2013 revealed a NSA program collecting vast amounts of information on the communications of Americans. Which of the following are characteristics of industrial societies that sociologists might use to put these revelations in context? (Select all that apply)

(a) rapid technological developments based on advanced scientific knowledge (b) more extensive control over many aspects of citizen's lives than previous types of human societies (c) advanced modes of military organization (d) the rise of a rational-legal mode of social organization

Which of the following statements about individualism best exemplifies the relationship between norms and values?

Americans often believe strongly in individualism, which is exemplified by a mainstream belief that it is normal and healthy for people aged eighteen or older to move out of their parents' house

Why might work be considered a more important agent of socialization in industrialized societies than in other kinds of societies?

Because the majority of work in industrialized countries is done outside the home, it comprises a whole new set of norms and expectations to which workers must become accustomed

What is the main difference between pastoral societies and agrarian societies?

Pastoral societies relied mainly on domesticated animals, while agrarian societies relied on agriculture.

(Blank) societies relied mainly on domesticated animals, while (blank) societies grew crops for their livelihood.

Pastoral; agrarian

Based on his/her view of the modern world, which sociological theorist of the nineteenth century would most likely have agreed with the following statement about industrial society: Increased specialization in a growing division of labor will benefit industrial society by increasing bonds of social cohesion?

Emile Durkheim

Which of the following statements might be derived from the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

Learning a different language can be a very good way of understanding the culture and experiences of the group by which that language was developed.

Which of the following is an example of globalization of material culture?

McDonald's restaurants are found around the world

What is the effect of social media, such as Facebook, on young adults' sense of themselves?

More often negative than positive

Although male elders had the most influence, decision making in these societies was generally participatory.

Pastoral

Semiotics is the:

analysis of nonverbal cultural meanings

What is the relationship between colonialism and global inequalities in industrial development?

The wealth obtained from colonized areas, often in the form of raw natural resources, was funneled back to the home countries of colonial powers instead of being invested in the development of the colonized areas.

Which of the following statements applies to hunting-and-gathering societies?

There is less inequality in such societies than in any other type of human society discussed in the text.

In what ways have American elites become cultural omnivores?

They demonstrate high status through a broad range of cultural consumption, including low status cultures.

According to your text, which of the following is true of the majority of countries that constitute the Global South?

They were formerly under colonial rule.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the general sociological approach to the nature/nurture debate as described in this chapter?

While genetics and biology play a role in human behavior, they manifest in an astounding variety of ways, based on complex interactions with the social environment.

Which of the following is the best definition of a nation-state?

a political community with clearly defined geographical borders and a shared culture

What is colonialism?

a process whereby Western nations established their rule in parts of the world away from their home territories

A society is:

an enduring system of interrelationships that connects individuals

In diverse societies, studies of _________________ and _____________________ are common. These studies attempt to understand how diverse societies (and the individuals in them) can best function

assimilation and multiculturalism

Only a very small percentage of people in these societies work on the land.

civilizations

What type of society is best known for its development of large cities, pronounced inequality in wealth and power, rule by kings and emperors, written language, and flourishing art and science?

civilized

A central process shaping the social geography of the modern world was:

colonialism

Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own is known as:

ethnocentrism

Features that are found in virtually all societies are called:

cultural universals

Which of the following might be considered a cultural universal?

decorating one's body

Because of recent so called cultural turn in sociology, most sociologists now agree that:

different people have different scripts in any encounter

what are Pierre Bourdieu's four different types of capital?

economic capital, social capital, cultural capital, and symbolic capital

Those societies in the global south that have begun to successfully develop industrial systems are known as:

emerging economies

Most of the traditional civilizations were these, developed through conquest and incorporation of other societies.

empires

_________ that consists of the physical objects that a society creates that influences the way in which people leave.

material goods

The salad bowl metaphor is used to describe:

multiculturalism

Definite principles or rules of behavior that people are expected to observe are called:

norms

Cultural relativism is the

practice of judging a society by its own standards

The way that a person dresses, holds a knife and fork, and drives a car are examples of:

signifiers

Smaller segments of a society with distinct values and norms and their own unique patterns of behavior are called:

subcultures

Culture can be defined as

the values, norms and material objects characteristics of a particular group

Jody's daughter has been preparing for a school spelling bee by studying several hours a day. Jody feels that by encouraging this behavior, she is instilling a sense of competition in her children. Competition is an example of an American:

value

Culture can be defined as

values, norms, and material objects characteristic of a particular group.

Because of this, culture can be created and transmitted across time and space.

writing