Sociology Study Guide
In Philip Zimbardo's Stanford prison experiment, young men were assigned roles as either guards or prisoners. The results showed that.
Situation can exert powerful effects on morally and identity.
Aiden is a good tennis player whose performance seems to improve as the crowd watching her get larger. The best explanation for this phenomenon is
Social facilitation
The effect that group size can have on individual productivity is explained by which of the following
Social loafing
When Sarah works on a project alone, she puts in a lot of effort and meets deadlines. However, when she works on a project in a group, she rarely attend scheduled meetings and always misses the deadline when submitting the part of the project she is responsible for completing. Sarah's behavior is best explained by
Social loafing
Which of the following studies in the field of social psychology met with the greatest criticism about the ethical involved?
Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience
Holding a predetermined belief about a group of people, regardless of the personal qualities of the individual members, is referred to as
Stereotyping
One way to reduce ingroup conflict is to establish
Superordinate goals
During a political debate, Gurnuk express detailed facts on an important issues. Kendall responded with an emotional appeal on the same issue. Which method of persuasion is each of the candidate using?
Gurnuk is using central route and Kendall is using peripheral route
Certain cultures often place more emphasis on collective than on personal achievement. One result of this may be that people of these cultures are more likely to develop which type of self-system?
Independent
Rohan pushes Nishka so he can steal her dessert. Which of the following best explains Rohan's aggressive behavior
Instrumental aggression
According to social earning theory aggression is the result of which of the following?
Modeling
According to social learning theory, aggression is the result of which of the following?
Modeling
Amanda sat next to Brittney in psychology class every day. They often worked together on assignments. By the end of the semester, Amanda become quite fond of Brittney. Which of the following psychological term best explain Amanda's attraction to Brittney?
More- exposure effect
The fundamental attribution error occurs when individuals do which of the following
Overestimate the influence of personal qualities relative to situational factors when trying to explain the behavior of others.
Maya performs poorly on a psychology and explains her failure by saying, "That test was so hard no one could pass it". This explanation illustrates.
Self-serving bias
Stanley Milgram's classic research on obedience showed that approximately what percent of participants administered the highest voltage shock
60%
Diffusion of responsibility has been used to explain which of the following findings in social psychology.
A person who is alone which witnessing an emergency is more likely to help than if he were part of a group
Daniel often expectations about other people that influence how he acts towards them. Such expectations in turn cause that person to behave consistently with the original expectations. The phenomenon is known as.
A self-fulfilling prophecy
The process by which one evaluates the causes of the other people's behavior is called
Attribution
People who find themselves in behavior that is against their principles will most likely experience
Cognitive dissonance
When Iman experiences two thoughts that are incompatible, psychological tension may be produced, leading to an reconcile the discrepant thoughts. Which of the following concepts best characterized this response.
Cognitive dissonance
While shopping in the grocery store Kala stopped and was blocking the asle. Another shopper asked Kala to step aside sot hat she could move down the asle, Kala moved out of the way to let the shopper pass. Which of the following phenomenon accurately describes Kala's action.
Compliance
because the most popular students in the high school tend to wear a particular brand of athletic shoe, a new student buys a pair of shoes of the same brand. such behavior demonstrates which of the following social psychological concepts?
Conformity
In the Stanford prison simulation, participants were randomly assigned to one of the two, guards or prisoners. After a few days, the prisoners stages a failed revolts and were consequently punished and humiliated by the guards. How did the researchers explain the abusive behavior of the guards.
The guards were influenced by the role and the situation
Farah sees a 44 year old man fall to the ground. According to the studies on prosocial behavior, which of the following situations would describe the likelihood of her helping him
The man fell in a crowed farmers market
When Kaitlyn's boyfriend brought her a nice present, she thought, "He buys me presents because he's such a nice person". This kind of explanation is referred to as
an attribution
Gina is trying to explain to her parents why they should allow her to attend university of state. She presents them with information on tuition, graduation, and retention rates, financial aid, and enrollment. Gina is using
central route to persuasion
Belle, a high school student strongly opposed to video game use, is researching the topic for a speech she will deliver to her English class. Rather than searching for "the effects of video games" Belle searches for "the dangers of video games" and finals hundreds of Web sites with information she can use to argue her position. Her behavior is an example of
conformation bias
Research on physical attractiveness has shown that
desirable personality characteristics are typically ascribed to good-looking people
In certain situations, the larger the number of bystanders, the less likely it is that one of them will help someone in trouble. The result is explained by
diffusion of responsibility
Allison is aware that smoking is harmful to her health, but she continue to smoke. According to cognitive dissonance theory, it is most likely that Allison will
focus on the social advantages to smoking
Mason is walking down the street when someone asks her to sign a petition to put clean air legislation on the next ballot. She decides to sign her petition. Then the person asks weathered she would be willing to give a donation to the associated environmental group. This technique is known as.
foot in door
In Stanley Milgram experiment, which of the following concepts is a possible explanation for participant's willing to apply increasingly intense shocks to a confederate in the other room?
foot-in-door
When 4 year old Wengel grabs a toy car from 2 year old Rebekah because Wengel wants to play with the toy, Wengel is demonstrating
instrumental aggression
When Sarah hears that her neighbor's house has been robbed, she argues that the neighbor deserves it because he leaves his expensive electronic out where people can see them. Sarah's belief best explained by which of the following cognitive biases.
just world hypothesis
Mohamed is most likely to obey when demands are made by
legitimate authority
The result of Stanley Milgram studies on obedience suggests that
most people will obey perceived authority figures; instructions to harm others
Even though Reese prefers romantic comedy movies, she often goes to action adventure movies to it in with her friends. Reese's belief can be best be explained by
normative social influence
Which of the following is NOT a method for reducing the dissonance a person might experience after refusing to contribute money for a gift to a coworker?
saying a phrase as "I am so rude" over and over
Kadoria began her banking career as a teller, but she was quickly promoted to increasingly more responsible managerial positions. Despite the fact that she has very limited experience to justify her promotions, she believes that she has been successful because she is very talented. Which of the following explanation is Kadoria using to justify her success?
self-serving bias
Which of the following is an individual more likely to do when working in a group
show a decline in work output
Jason is better at computer games when his friends are watching than when he plays alone. Researchers would explain Jasons behavior using which of the following theories?
social facilitation
Which of the following is an example of social facilitation
soumya performs better in games before a large crowd than she does in practice
People were asked to sign a petition in support of a political candidate. Later, those who signed the petition were asked to donate money to the candidate, and many of them did. This phenomenon is best characterized as
the foot-in-the-door technique
In Stanley Millgram's classic studied of obedience, teachers in the staged experiment were instructed to administer shocks to learners when they made mistakes. A large percentage of the teachers obeyed the experimenter and administered strong levels of shock to the earners. When this experiment is described, most people judge the obedient participants to be aggressive, cold, and unappealing, and they fail to recognize the role of social forces in behavior. The mistake judgment is due to
the fundamental attribution error
The term group polarization refers to the tendency for
the prevailing opinion within a group to become more extreme after discussion
Presley performed well on the most recent physics test. When asked why he performed well, Presley said it was because of his level of ability. Presley performed poorly on the same test. When asked why, he said that the test was unfair. These attitudes illustrate
the self serving bias
Andrea has just failed a physics exam. Which of the following explanations is LEAST likely to be evidence of the self-serving bias
"I didn't study enough"
Tala made the fundamental attribution error in explaining her students poor performance on their geography examination when she said which of the following
"The students just do not care enough about their grades"
Tyler is an individual bystander. He is most likely to help an injured person under which of the following circumstances?
When he is the only other person present
