SOCL 2501 EXAM 3
what are some problems of teen pregnancies:
- Drop out of school - More at risk than older pregnant women for high blood pressure and anemia - More likely than adults to have STDs - Costly and their health-care expenses are often higher - Early labor/premature birth
what are the three conflict (conflict theories) ways to explain crime
- group conflict - radical - feminist
why do some teens today not have sex
- religion/morals (the main reason) - have not found the right person - concerns about pregnancy
how does the media distort the amount and nature of crime
- stories of "sensational" crimes arise and cause the public to be concerned even though the crime has not risen - overdramatizing crime by reporting it in many news stories -heavy coverage devoted to violent crime
what are some examples of prostitution
- streetwalkers - call girls - escorts - brothel workers - massage parlor workers - bar or casino workers
what are Americans attitudes today about heterosexuality
- they are very diverse - Some people have a lot of sex and engage in a variety of sexual activities, while other people have less sex and limit their sexual activity to vaginal intercourse
according to the social disorganization theory research today confirms that crime rates are higher in neighborhoods with:
-High rates of residential mobility -Population density -Poverty -Single-parent families
what are some aspects of people's social backgrounds are associated with their views on abortion:
-Religion -Gender -Education -Political ideology -Regional differences
what are some problems in US prisons
-possible breeding ground for crime as rehabilitation programs are lacking -Horrid living conditions
what kind of people were involved in the sexual revolution; think of the time period
1960s... hippies - "free love" - "make love not war" - they did not think they needed to wait for marriage to have sex anymore
what percentage of pregnancies in the US are unplanned? 42% end in abortion and 58% end in birth
45%
how many felonies does the FBI consider the most serious
8
- what is the life expectancy in high income nations
81 years
T/F: Most homicides are committed for relatively emotional, spontaneous reasons and between people who knew each other beforehand.
True
1. How do people typically feel about adultery? a. Almost unanimously against b. Small majority against c. Small majority think it's okay d. Large majority think it's okay
a. Almost unanimously against
1. The inability to achieve success legitimately is a part of which explanation of crime? a. Anomie b. Social bonding c. Labeling d. Conflict
a. Anomie
1. The public supports abortion in some cases, EXCEPT for: a. Women's physical health is endangered b. Defect in the fetus c. Rape d. Cannot afford e. Incest
a. Cannot afford
1. Which theory believes that sex work occurs because men view women as sex objects? a. Feminist b. Functionalism c. Conflict d. Symbolic interactionism
a. Feminist
1. The labeling theory of crime causation is considered part of which major perspective? a. Interactionist b. Functional c. Conflict d. Anomie e. Feminist
a. Interactionist
1. Where is "cancer alley"? a. Louisiana b. Michigan c. Alabama d. Texas
a. Louisiana
1. Scholars have found that poverty and mental illness are correlated but they aren't certain of the direction a. True b. False
a. True
1. What is the gender paradox? a. Women have more health problems than men but outlive them b. Women have more health problems than men but live just as long as them c. Men have more health problems than women but outlive them d. Men have less health problems than women and live just as long as them
a. Women have more health problems than men but outlive them
What is the difference between crime and deviance?
Crime is behavior that is prohibited by law, whereas deviance goes against social norms
help the children who are born as a result of teenage pregnancies
ECIP (early childhood intervention programs)
Less than 50% of people polled do not want abortions for which of the following reasons? a. Married woman does not want more children b. Cannot afford more children c. Woman does not want to marry the father d. Any reason
all of the above
Which of the following are more likely to happen to teen mothers? a. Early labor b. STD c. Low birth weight d. Anemia
all of the above
according to Merton, crime by the poor results from a gap between the cultural emphasis on economic success and the inability to achieve such success through the legitimate means of working
anomie
Merton's view that deviance is caused by a failure to achieve the American goal of financial success through the conventional means of working
anomie theory
what are the four property crimes the FBI considers most serious
burglary, larency, motor vehicle theft, and arson
1. Which of the following groups has the shortest life expectancy? a. White males b. White females c. Black males d. Black females e. All are about the same
c. Black males
1. Who is ranked at the top of the sex work hierarchy? a. Street workers b. Brothel workers c. Call girls d. Massage parlor workers
c. Call girls
1. Partly to increase their incomes, physicians have tried to control the practice of medicine and to define social problems as medical problems is part of which theory about health? a. Hierarchical b. Social interactionism c. Conflict d. Functionalism
c. Conflict
1. Crime is part of the sociological study of: a. Perversion b. Intimidation c. Deviance d. Criminal justice e. Public policy
c. Deviance
1. The physician-patient relationship is hierarchical: the physician provides instructions, and the patient's need to follow them is part of which theory about health? a. Conflict b. Social interactionism c. Functional d. Hierarchical
c. Functional
1. Which disease of the 1980's reversed some of the sexual revolution of the 1960's? a.Pneumonia b.Diabetes c.HIV d.Cancer e.Syphilis
c. HIV
1. The extent of a person's physical, mental, and social well-being is the definition of? a. Healthcare b. Health insurance c. Health d. Medicine
c. Health
1. What is a key factor that explains high crime rates in urban areas? a. Poor sanitation b. Poor public transportation c. High density rates d. High unemployment rates e. Few manufacturing jobs
c. High density rates
1. What was the name of the unsafe Ford vehicle that resulted in about 500 deaths? a. Taurus b. Skylark c. Pinto d. Impala e. Galaxy
c. Pinto
1. What is the belief that a weak bond to family and schools causes much crime? a. Labeling b. Anomie c. Social bonding d. Radical
c. Social bonding
- which perspective sees that physicians have tried to control the practice of medicine and define social problems as medical problems partly to increase their incomes
conflict
__________ theories stress that social groups with power and influence try to use the law and criminal justice system to maintain their power and to keep other groups at the bottom of society
conflict
conflict theory is related to the
conflict explanation of crime
which view of prostitution: -Prostitution arises from women's poverty in a patriarchal society -It also reflects the continuing cultural treatment of women as sex objects who exist for men's pleasure. -Reflects the economic inequality of society: · Lack of money · According to the feminist version of conflict theory, prostitution results not only from women's poverty but also society's patriarchal culture
conflict theorist view
1. Assessment of health and medicine overly harsh 2. Criticism of physicians' motivation too cynical These are criticisms of which theoretical perspective
conflict theory
1. The large number of crimes that do not come to the attention of the police and also not to the public is called: a. Victimization b. Uniform crime report c. Consensual crime d. Dark figure of crime e. Self-report crime
d. Dark figure of crime
_________ crime does not happen as often as the media makes you believe
cross-race crime
1. What is true regarding the impact of Covid-19 on crime and the criminal justice system? a. Close physical contact of police officers contributed to higher rates b. Crowding in prisons and poor health care led to higher rates incarcerated c. Low-level offenders were released to reduce covid-19 infections d. All of the above
d. All of the above
was there an increase or decrease in crime after the pandemic
decrease
has teen pregnancy increased or decreased since the 1990s
decreased
sexual activity between a a person in a relationship and someone who is not his or her partner
extramarital sex
- The US healthcare system is not really privatized
false
- food insecure means lacking sufficient knowledge to acquire good food and nutrition
false
1. A religious person is mostly likely for premarital sex a. True b. False
false
1. consensual crime and victimless crime are different
false
T/F: The US does not have the highest rate of incarceration in comparison to other Western democracies:
false
T/F: The media's only role is to provide what is newsworthy to consumers
false
T/F: most Americans are not worried about crime or being a victim of crime
false
T/F: the nation's major source of crime data is the National Crime Victimization Survey
false
T/F: females commit more street crime than males, in part because of gender role socialization that helps make females feel more assertive and aggressive.
false; males
T/F: Uniform crime reports do not report white collar crime
false; they do
1. Applies more to short-term illness than to chronic 2. Ignores social backgrounds 3. Hierarchical issues These are criticisms of which theoretical perspective
functionalist
the _________ approach emphasizes that good health and effective health care are essential for a society's ability to function.
functionalist
which theoretical perspective? -Good health and effective medical care are essential for the smooth functioning of society. -Patients must perform the "sick role" in order to be perceived as legitimately ill and to be exempt from their normal obligations. The physician-patient relationship is hierarchical: The physician provides instructions, and the patient needs to follow them
functionalist
which theoretical perspective? · Good health & effective medical care are essential for a functioning society · Sick role: expectations of how people are supposed to think and act when they are ill · Should not be perceived as having caused own health problem · Must want to get well · Must confirm illness by physician and follow instructions to get well (hierarchical relationship)
functionalist
the U.S. spends much more per capita on _____ ____ yet it lags behind many of its peer nations in important health indicators
health care
Differences in health and illness according to social class, race and ethnicity, and gender
health disparities
- if one social group has more health problems than other groups this is called a
health disparity
is there a higher percentage of teens who have had sex or not had sex
higher percentage have not had sex
what are the four violent crimes the FBI considers most serious
homicide, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery
Treating inmates ________ would be an important step toward successful reentry into mainstream society
humanely
what are some examples of consensual crime
illegal drug use, prostitution, gambling, pornography
where are crime rates higher
in urban areas
Although criminal defendants have the right to counsel, the legal representation of such defendants, most of whom are poor or near poor, is very __________
inadequate
what is the NCVS' purpose
to administer tens of thousands of surveys to randomly selected US households; they estimate about twice as many crimes as the UCR reports to us
- ADHD is used by supporters of both symbolic interactionism and conflict theory
true
- The extent of a person's physical, mental, and social well-being is the definition of health.
true
- a sick person is expected to follow the professionals instructions in order to become well. if a sick person fails to do so, she or he again loses the right to perform the sick role
true
1. there is an underrepresentation of people of color as victims in media reports
true
T/F: Radical theory is similar to group conflict theory but it goes a step further to highlight the importance of economic social class and power:
true
T/F: The news media overdramatize the nature and amount of crime, and they give more attention to crimes involving African Americans and Latinxs as offenders and whites as victims.
true
T/F: White-collar crime involves more death, injury, and economic loss than street crime, but the punishment of white-collar crime is relatively weak
true
T/F: abortion has been largely practiced since the beginning of history
true
T/F: many people do not report their crimes to the police, and police practices affect the number of "official" crimes reported by the UCR
true
T/F: most people are concerned most about violent crime but they are more likely to be a victim of a property crime
true
T/F: teen pregnancy is higher for blacks, indigenous, and latinx teens than for non-latinx white or asian teens
true
How much higher is the teen pregnancy rate for Black, Latinx, and Indigenous American people compared to non-Latinx white people
twice as high
Most teenage pregnancies and births are ____________ and are part of a more general problem for all women in their childbearing years
unplanned
what type of crime is being described: -Most are premeditated and spontaneous and most offenders and victims knew each other -Two-thirds involve firearms -Most are interracial, meaning they occur within the same race -Males commit nearly 90% of all homicides -Rate is much higher in large cities -Rate rose in the 1980s, peaked during early 1990s before declining sharply until the early 2000s and leveling off and fluctuating since then
violent crime
what kind of crime does the media tend to highlight
violent crime, typically committed by African Americans or other people of color against white victims
Crime committed by people in the course of their occupations ( "A crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation")
white collar crime
crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations
white collar crime
what type of crime are most whites involved in
white collar crime
This type of crime is typically associated with a person's status:
white-collar crime
______ have higher rates of bipolar disorder and depression
women
The extent of pornography in the U.S. may reflect our historical commitment to freedom of speech, but it may also reflect our lack of commitment to full equality between ________ and _______
women and men
who are more likely to disapprove of premarital sex
women, older people, and more religious people
Police officers typically develop a _________ _______ that, in response to the danger and hostility they face, tends to be authoritarian and suspicious
working personality
have views on premarital sex changed
yes
who commits a disproportionate amount of street crime, in part because of the influence of their peers and their lack of stakes in conformity.
young people
what is the major motivation for prosititution
money
do americans think that extramarital sex is wrong
most do
makes the same general assumptions as group conflict theory but with one key difference: it highlights the importance of economic social class and power
radical theory
the wealthy try use the law and criminal justice system to reinforce their power and keep the poor and people of color at the bottom of society
radical theory
what is the most promising strategy to reduce abortions
reduce unintended pregnancies
What is the top reason why teens do not have sex?
religion
what 2 major groups condemn pornography
religious (violation of their rules) and feminists (don't want to be seen as objects)
Which two groups are outspoken against pornography? Choose all that apply
religious organizations and feminists
what are some predictors of attitudes on premarital sex
social background and religious impact
Hirschi wrote that delinquency results from weak bonds to conventional social institution
social bonding
Hirschi's view that deviance results from weak bonds to conventional social institutions such as the family and schools
social bonding theory
certain social characteristics of urban neighborhoods contribute to high crime rates (ex: poverty, dilapidation, population density, and population turnover)
social disorganization
what are two functional (social structure theories) that explain crime
social disorganization and anomie
The view that the weakening of social bonds and conventional social institutions in a community raises its crime rates
social disorganization theory
The study of how health and illness vary by sociodemographic characteristics such as social class, race and ethnicity, and gender
social epidemiology
____________ theories stress that crime results from economic and other problems in how society is structured and from poverty and other problems in neighborhoods
social structure
A _______ understanding emphasizes the influence of people's social backgrounds on the quality of their health and health care. A society's culture and social structure also affect health and health care.
sociological
The poor are likely to commit this type of crime compared to the wealthy, who commit this type of crime:
street crime; white-collar crime
which of the following is at the bottom of the sex work "hierarchy"
streetwalker
what is at the bottom of the hierarchy of prostitues
streetwalkers
crime and deviance can be seen as _________
subjective
1. Implying that no illnesses have objective reality 2. Neglects the effects of inequality for health and illness These are criticisms of which theoretical perspective
symbolic interactionism
which theoretical perspective? -Health and illness are social constructions: -Physical and mental conditions have little or no objective reality but instead are considered healthy or ill conditions only if they are defined as such by a society. -Physicians "manage the situation" to display their authority and medical knowledge.
symbolic interactionism
which theoretical perspective? 1. Physical and mental conditions have little or no objective reality 2. Considered healthy or ill conditions only if they are defined as such by a society
symbolic interactionism
which country's incarceration rate is the highest rate of any Western democracy
the united states
who has the highest rates of teenage pregnancy and birth of all Western democracies. However, these rates have declined substantially from the early 1990s.
the united states
who opposed the use of booster shots
the world health organization; because they thought it was unfair that low income nations needed their shots still and they hadn't received any vaccines yet
how does age affect crime
the younger, the more likely: - lack jobs - prefrontal cortex, which controls self control, is immature from 15-24 - when you are older you are less likely to break laws and rebel
are there gender differences in the prevalence of various heterosexual behaviors, but men are more likely than women to have had multiple sex partners.
there are little to no difference
- which of the following is not true regarding the global coronavirus pandemic and its effects on low income nations
these nations had fairly high coronavirus vaccinations
Racial and ethnic disparities exist due to:
-High poverty rates -Diet -Stress -Physical location—more likely to live in unhealthy places
explain Roe v. Wade:
-Allowed all abortions during the first trimester -Permitted states to regulate abortion during the second trimester to protect the mother's health but could not prohibit -Allowed to prohibit abortion except when the mother's life or health was at stake
according to the anomie theory, the poor have several ways of adapting to their frustration:
-Conformity -Innovation -Ritualism -Retreatism -Rebellion
when is the public divided on abortion:
-Married woman does not want more children -Family cannot afford more children -Unmarried woman does not want to marry -Woman wants an abortion for any reason
when does the public largely support abortions:
-Physical health of the mother is at stake -Pregnancy resulted from a rape or act of incest -Baby is likely to have a serious defect
the poor have the worst health for what reasons
-Stress -Living conditions -Lack of access to adequate health care -Lack of education -Unhealthy lifestyles
Only 45-50 percent of the public support a legal abortion for the remaining scenarios:
-a married woman does not want more children -the family cannot afford more children -an unmarried woman does not want to marry -a woman wants an abortion for any reason.
how does race affect crime
-african americans and latinx have higher rates of street crime (due to poverty, frustration from discrimination, living in urban areas, etc.) - whites commit more white-collar crime, and less street crime
what are the roles of the media:
-set the agenda -identify social problems -decides what's newsworthy
what are some important basic facts about abortion:
-¼ of American women have an abortion by age 45 -926,000 abortions occurred in 2014 in the U.S., down from a peak of 1.6 million in 1990 -75% of abortion patients are poor or near poor -Accessibility is scarce
Why is the U.S. spending on health care so high?
1. Administrative costs for health care are the highest in the industrial world 2. Relies on a fee for service model 3. Other problems in the quality of health care puts patients at risk:
when was the sexual revolution
1960s
At the societal level, teenage pregnancy and motherhood are very costly in at least 2 important respects:
1. problems in teen pregnancies cause more expensive bills than older women 2. the children of teenage mothers are at risk for several kinds of behavioral and developmental problems
strong majorities of the public support a legal abortion for the first three scenarios:
1. the women's health is endangered 2. the pregnancy resulted from a rape 3. the baby is likely to have a serious defect
teenage pregnancies would not occur if we had 2 situations:
1. they stop having sex 2. they use effective contraception
when did Religious groups and other parties spoke out about the immorality of prostitution and efforts succeeded in shutting down legal brothels
1910
who has higher rates of street crime African Americans and Latinx or non-latinx whites
African Americans and Latinx
Which STD of the 1980s reversed some of the sexual revolution of the 1960s?
HIV
What was the name of the US Supreme Court case that legalized abortion
Roe v. Wade
which case in 1973 started the abortion rights movement
Roe v. Wade
______________ - rights & protections provided by Constitution and Bill of Rights & Supreme Court rulings
U.S. legal system
1. Which of the following would not be considered larceny? a. Assault b. Shoplifting c. Pickpocketing d. Purse snatching
`a. Assault
Which of the following would most likely be against premarital sex?
a religious person
The provision of medical services to prevent, diagnose, and treat health problems
health care
1. How many homicides involve nonstrangers? a. ¾ b. ½ c. ¼
a. ¾
what is a major consequence of unplanned pregnancy
abortion
what is one of the most controversial issues in the US
abortion
what do many schools require? is it helping?
abstinence courses; there is no evidence that it helps
who are self report surveys typically given to
adolescents
Which group has the lowest teen pregnancy rate?
asian americans
the study of white collar crime today focuses on fraud by:
attorneys, physicians, illegal behavior by executives of corporations (corporate crime)
1. Which group has the lowest teen pregnancy rate? a. White americans b. Asian americans c. Latinx americans d. Indigenous Americans
b. Asian americans
1. Who publishes the Uniform Crime Reports? a. Us census b. FBI c. Homeland security d. State police e. Attorney general
b. FBI
1. What is it called when one social group has more health problems than other groups? a. Health anomaly b. Health disparity c. Health outlier d. Health distortion
b. Health disparity
1. which of the following regarding social class and crime is true? a. The poor commit equal rates of street crime and white-collar crime b. The poor commit more street crime than white-collar crime c. The wealthy commit equal rates of street crime and white-collar crime d. The wealthy commit more street crime than white-collar crime
b. The poor commit more street crime than white-collar crime
1. What was a major reason explaining the sexual revolution of the 1960's? a.Vietnam b.The introduction of birth control pills c.Television d.Pornography expanded e.More women than men
b.The introduction of birth control pills
who are at risk for several kinds of developmental, cognitive, and behavioral problems.
children of teen mothers
the ________ approach emphasizes inequality in the quality of health and in the quality of health care.
conflict theory
which theoretical perspective? -Social inequality characterizes the quality of health and the quality of health care. -People from disadvantaged social backgrounds are more likely to become ill and to receive inadequate health care. -Partly to increase their incomes, physicians have tried to control the practice of medicine and to define social problems as medical problems
conflict theory
which theoretical perspective? 1. Quality differs greatly around the world and within the U.S. 2. Society's inequities reproduced in our health and health care 3. People with disadvantaged social backgrounds more likely to become ill and difficult for them to get well 4. Physicians may have financial motives when diagnosing
conflict theory
If an individual attends college to get a better education and a better job, what type of individual are they?
conformist
Behaviors in which people engage voluntarily and willingly even though these behaviors violate the law (also called victimless crime)
consensual crime
which type of crime raises these two issues: 1. To what extent should the government prohibit people from engaging in behavior in which there are no unwilling victims 2. do laws against consensual crime do more good than harm or more harm than good?
consensual crime
Actions by corporations that kill or maim people or leave them ill
corporate violence/ crime
what are two aspects of police behavior are relevant for social problems
corruption and police brutality
Behavior that is prohibited by the criminal law because it is considered especially harmful or offensive
crime
1. Under conflict theory, which of the following is not true? a. It emphasizes inequality of health and health-care delivery b. Critics say this approach's assessment of health and medicine is harsh c. It critiques efforts by physicians to control t he practice of medicine d. Health and illness are social constructions
d. Health and illness are social constructions
1. What does "food insecure" mean? a. Eating out too much instead of homecooking b. Lacking sufficient knowledge to acquire good food and nutrition c. Overeating but not being aware you are doing it d. Lacking sufficient means/ money for adequate food and nutrition
d. Lacking sufficient means/ money for adequate food and nutrition
1. What is the phrase "the world's oldest profession" referring to? a. Gambling b. Stealing c. Forgery d. Sex work e. Drug dealing
d. Sex work
1. What is the study of how health and illness vary by sociodemographic characteristics? a. Sociology pathology b. Investigative sociology c. Sociological inquiry d. Social epidemiology
d. Social epidemiology
1. Which country has the highest incarceration rate? a. Vietnam b. China c. Italy d. United states e. Bulgaria
d. United states
Behavior that violates social norms and arouses strong social disapproval
deviance
Sutherland argued that criminal behavior is learned by interacting with close friends
differential association
Does not explain behavior that is usually committed by one offender (e.g., rape)
differential association theory
Sutherland's view that deviance stems from interacting with primary group members who commit deviance and have values conducive to deviance
differential association theory
what are 3 interactionist (social process theories) that explain crime
differential association, social bonding, and labeling
A system of medicine in which patients pay for health care, prescriptions, and other medical costs themselves
direct-fee system
1. What ethnicity is usually the most associated with "organized crime"? a. Irish b. Russian c. African American d. Lithuanian e. Italian
e. Italian
ECIP=
early childhood intervention programs
______ and ____ discrimination non-whites experience leads to anger and frustration that in turn can promote criminal behavior
ethnic and racial
who is more likely to have had same-sex sexual contact (male or female)
females
who is the STD rate higher for? females or males
females
Which theory believes that sex work occurs because men view women as sex objects?
feminist
_______ approach: -Reasons women commit crime -Reasons female crime is lower than male crime -The victimization of girls and women by rape, sexual assault, and domestic violence -The experience of women professionals and offenders in the criminal justice system
feminist
gender plays an important role in the following areas: 1. the reasons girls and women commit crime 2. the reasons female crime is lower than male crime 3. the victimization of girls and women bu rape, sexual assault, and domestic violence 4. the experience of women professionals and offenders in the criminal justice system
feminst theory
- under which perspective does the description that the physician-patient relationship is hierarchal fall under
functionalism
In what theory is there a belief that sex work may lower the divorce rate?
functionalism
which view of prostitution: - Prostitution is functional for several parties in society - It provides prostitutes a source of income, and it provides a sexual alternative for men who lack a sexual partner or are dissatisfied with their current sexual partner - According to Kingsley Davis, prostitution also helps keep the divorce rate lower than it would be if prostitution did not exist
functionalist view
_______ is related to mental illness but depends on the disorder
gender
Social backgrounds predict our views about pornography laws... but which are the strongest predictors?
gender and religiosity
What are the strongest predictors of our views about pornography laws? Choose all that apply
gender and religiosity
- women have more health problems than men do even though they outlive men- this situation is commonly known as what
gender paradox
women have worse health than men in many areas yet they outlive men
gender paradox
we can determine crime based on ____, age, ______, urban v. rural residence, etc.
gender; social class
assumes that criminal law is shaped by the conflict among the various social groups in society that exist because of differences in race and ethnicity, social class, religion, and other factors
group conflict theory
criminal law is shaped by the conflict among the various social groups in society that exist because of differences in race and ethnicity, social class, religion, and other factors
group conflict theory
___________ behaviors (like _______ crime) may not be considered deviant and fail to result in severe legal punishment
harmful; white-collar
The extent of a person's physical, mental, social well-being
health
all of these are ways to improve _________: -Continued efforts to reduce poverty and racial/ethnic and gender inequality -Expansion of measures that fall broadly into what the field of public health calls preventive care -Focus on the high cost of health care -Reduce medical errors in hospitals and to raise the rate of hand washing -Provide poorest nations with money, equipment, and other resources they need
health and health care
The situation in prisons _________ the odds that inmates will leave prison and jail as more of a threat to public safety than when they were first incarcerated
increase
The _________ approach emphasizes that health and illness are social constructions
interactionist
________ theories stress that crime results from our interaction with family members, peers, and other people, and from labeling by the criminal justice system
interactionist
deviance and crime result from being officially labeled; arrest and imprisonment increase the likelihood of reoffending
labeling
Occurs because labeling: -Gives someone a negative self-image -Reduces potential for employment -Makes it difficult to have friendships with law-abiding individuals
labeling theory
The view that being labeled deviant increases the chances of future deviance
labeling theory
theft of personal property
larency
the UCR is more widely used, but _____ ________ than the NCVS
less accurate
___________ behaviors (like _______) may be considered very deviant because the public deems the behavior immoral
less harmful; prostitution
The media is said to create this when they focus on a particular story over and over:
media spectacle
- this word refers to the social institution that seeks to prevent, diagnose, and treat illness and to promote health in its various dimensions
medicine
The social institution that seeks to prevent, diagnose, and treat illness and to promote health in its various dimensions
medicine
_____ have higher rates of antisocial personality disorders
men
who are more likely to commit crime, men or women
men
80% of ____ are arrested for violent crime vs. 20% of ______
men, women
- some scholars say mental illness is a social construction or a
myth
a system of medicine in which the government pays all or most of the costs of health care, prescriptions, and other items for the entire population
national health insurance
Racial composition of American prisons—56% of all state and federal prisoners are African American or Latinx- this is called the "new _______"
new Jim Crow
are all states in compliance with current abortion laws
no, it varies amongst states
is the rate of abortion related to its legality
no; abortion rates are as high in nations that ban abortion as in nations that allow them
- which of the following groups is least likely to be uninsured in the US
non latinx white americans
75% of homicides involve ____-_____
non strangers
Criminal activity by groups or organizations whose major purpose for existing is to commit such crime
organized crime
what kind of crime Exists and thrives because it provides goods and/services that the public demands
organized crime
who has - poor nutrition -Inadequate sanitation -Rampant disease such as HIV/AIDS -inadequate health care -Higher rates of infant, child, and maternal mortality -Higher death rates overall -shorter life spans
people in the poorest nations
who is the STD rate higher for? people of color or whites
people of color
Which court case weakened Roe v. Wade?
planned parenthood v. casey
which case ruled that: -States could ban abortions before the end of the second trimester -Requiring a twenty-four-hour waiting period -Signing of an informed consent form and a parental consent form for minors
planned parenthood v. casey
the defendant agrees to plead guilty, usually in return for a reduced sentence
plea bargaining
who has more mental problems? rich or poor? white or non-whote?
poor, due to stress; no connection to race and mental illness
other than economic status, Health differences also exist when we examine the effects of ______ and _________
race and ethnicity
what is a big factor in higher crime rates
poverty
- mental health disparities demonstrate what
poverty and mental illness are correlated, though researchers aren't fully certain if poverty causes mental illness or mental illness is more likely to cause poverty
The disproportionate involvement of African Americans and Latinxs in street crime arises largely from their _______ and ______ residence.
poverty and urban residence
Gender, age, and religiosity predict attitudes about ________ _______
premarital sex
we must encourage kids to stop having sex, but if they do to use _______________. how can we make this possible?
proper contraceptives; make them of little to no cost for teenagers
64% of men are arrested for ____ crime vs. 36% of women
property
what type of crime is being described: -Has declined since the early 1990s -Quite common -Produces losses of billions of dollars annually
property crime
________ has been common since ancient times and became very common in the US starting in the 19th century
prostitution
What is the approach that scholars have favored to reduce crime?
public health approach
Maternity group homes for unmarried teen mothers
second chance homes
what are some harm reduction approaches to reducing teenage pregnancies
second chance homes and reducing poverty/ improving conditions of disadvantaged neighborhoods
what is a key strategy to help teen mothers and their children?
second-chance homes and early childhood intervention programs
anonymous questionnaire given to subjects to indicate whether and how often they committed various offenses
self-report survey
The _________ ________ liberalized some views about sexual behavior and increased participation in some forms of sexual behavior, particularly premarital sex.
sexual revolution
saw a substantial change in many aspects of Americans' sexual behavior and in how they thought about sex
sexual revolution
some scholar see pornography and dangerous to women whereas others see a positive fact in the way that men could be less likely to engage in ___________ _____________
sexual violence
A program of health insurance for all citizens that is funded and operated by the federal government
single-payer system
which view of prostitution: -Prostitutes and their customers have various understandings of their behavior that help them justify why they engage in this behavior -Many prostitutes believe they are performing an important service for their customers, and this belief is perhaps more common among indoor prostitutes than among street prostitutes -Moves away from the larger issues: · Examines the everyday understandings that prostitutes and their customers have about their behavior
symbolic interactionist view
___________ are much more sexually active today than before the sexual revolution
teenagers
Pregnancies and births among ________ incur higher health-care costs than those among ______ women
teenagers; older
when were some of the sexual revolution trends reversed and why
the 1980s because of HIV and AIDS... people became more concerned about consequences of unprotected sex
what is the NCVS (what does it stand for)
the National Crime Victimization Survey
Except for __________, industrial nations have national health-care systems and national health insurance. Their health-care models help their citizens to have relatively good health at affordable levels.
the US
the nation's major source of crime data
the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
A major reason why the sexual revolution of the 1960's occurred was:
the birth control pills
what encouraged the start of the sexual revolution
the creation of the birth control pill; women began having sex without fear of pregnancy
functionalism is related to
the functional structure of explaining crime
symbolic interactionism is related to
the interactionist explanation of crime
what is a key strategy to reduce teenage pregnancies?
the provision and use of effective contraception at little or no cost
