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duration neglect

Giving relative unimportance to the length of an emotional experience, whether pleasurable or unpleasant, in judging and remembering the overall experience.

________ are mental shortcuts that provide serviceable but often inexact answers to common judgmental problems.

Heuristics

________ is observing and copying another person's body language and is a form of ________ processing.

Ideomotor mimicry; nonconscious

When forming judgments about others, people often rely on the representativeness heuristic. Unfortunately, this can lead people to

Ignore base-rate information

________ is the first step in the foot-in-the-door technique.

Making a small request

What are the advantages of having an optimistic explanatory style?

An optimistic explanatory style is the tendency to attribute successes to internal, stable, and global causes and to attribute failures to external, unstable, and specific causes. An optimistic explanatory style is associated with higher grades and better physical health outcomes later in life.

perception.

Ana just watched a scary movie by herself and is feeling afraid. As she is getting into bed after the movie, Ana hears a sound on her roof and jumps up. She thinks someone must be trying to break in. Ana's experience demonstrates how emotions can exert a powerful influence on

Recall that Carl Hovland and his colleagues broke down persuasive messages into three components. Which of the following questions emphasizes the component called source characteristics?

Are people more likely to buy a brand of aspirin that is recommended by the American Medical Association?

According to the textbook, which of the following statements is INACCURATE?

Asians do not commit the fundamental attribution error

________ theory deals with how people assign causes to the events around them and the effects that these explanations have.

Attribution

________ theory focuses on the ways in which we answer such questions as "Why does my roommate always play his music loudly?"

Attribution

As the smartest kid in his class, Caleb believes that his intelligence is innate, permanent, and relatively unchangeable. His classmate, Brian, believes that with effort and many hours of studying, he can increase his intelligence. Which of the following statements about Caleb and Brian is accurate?

Caleb has an entity theory of intelligence; Brian has an incremental theory of intelligence.

Which of the following is true of schemas?

Can be primed outside of conscious awareness

secondary

Carla's boyfriend breaks up with her. She comes up with her own explanation for this unfortunate turn of events during the ________ stage of the appraisal process.

when Carol chooses between two pairs of shoes as a gift for her mother

Carol, a student from China, is good friends with Tanja, a student from Germany. According to research on cognitive dissonance, when is Carol more likely to experience dissonance than Tanja?

Jeff believes in saving the environment but finds himself throwing away aluminum cans because his college campus does not recycle. He may experience an aversive emotional state due to the inconsistency between his attitudes and his behavior. This is an example of

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Jeff believes in saving the environment but finds himself throwing away aluminum cans because his college campus does not recycle. ________ would predict that he may experience an aversive emotional state due to the inconsistency between his attitudes and his behavior.

Cognitive dissonance theory

behavior can be automatic, primed by features in our environment.

Michelle just watched a film that showed several high-speed chases on city streets. On her way home from the theater, she drives much faster than normal. This example best illustrates that

According to Peter Burke, if there is a large discrepancy between how people respond to us and what we expect, if that response is overwhelmingly positive, we will:

Modify our subsequent behavior to align with the expected response, not the overwhelmingly positive response.

One study found that head nodding led to greater persuasion when arguments were strong but less persuasion when arguments were weak. How did the researchers explain these findings?

Nodding should enhance confidence in one's own favorable or unfavorable thoughts.

Imagine the following scenario: In a research study of theory of mind, children are shown a candy box with the lid closed. The researcher asks them to predict what is in the box. Naturally, the children say, "Candy." Next, the researcher shows the children that, in reality, there are pencils in the box. Finally, the researcher asks the children to predict what a friend will say is in the box. ______ four-year-olds would most likely tend to say ______.

Nonautistic; "Candy"

Laureano has a strong preference for Honda over all other car brands. When it came time to buy a new car, however, there was a promotion that offered a very small discount on Nissans and Laureano elected to buy a Nissan, even though he likes Hondas a lot better. What is the most likely reason why Laureano would experience dissonance in the wake of this behavior (buying the Nissan instead of a Honda)?

There was insufficient justification for this behavior.

Which of the following statements is true of schemas?

They are elaborate collections of systematized knowledge.

What do the results of the "Milgram Experiment" and Darley and Batson's "Good Samaritan" study have in common?

They both highlight the power of the situation in determining behavior.

Imagine you spend an afternoon watching television and notice that all of the commercials have one common theme: an attractive athlete or actor endorsing a product. Why do advertisers hire attractive people to endorse their products?

They can increase the persuasiveness of a message through the peripheral route because we are more likely to like and trust them.

Actors' and observers' attributions differ for many reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?

They have the same information about their own versus others' behavior.

If students' heavy drinking habits are driven by pluralistic ignorance, then what-according to research-should university administrators do to decrease student drinking?

They should make students aware of their mistaken belief that "everyone" approves of heavy drinking.

What happens when montane voles are given an injection of oxytocin?

They stay close to one sexual partner.

Let's say a company that makes a consumer product such as laundry detergent asks customers to write a testimonial about the product in exchange for a small chance of winning a small prize. What does cognitive dissonance theory predict will happen to consumers who participate and write the testimonial?

They will come to hold more positive attitudes toward the product.

Which of the following scenarios is LEAST consistent with the fundamental attribution error?

When someone talks loudly to his or her friend on the bus, you think to yourself, "This person might be talking to someone who has a hearing problem."

anger

Which emotion is more often expressed by those high in power, compared to those low in power?

oxytocin

Which hormone promotes closeness and commitment?

the cultural approach

Which of the following approaches to understanding emotion assumes that emotions are strongly influenced by values, roles, institutions, and socialization practices?

a study showing that people express more confidence in a bet right after making it than they do right before making it

Which of the following studies best supports Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory?

According to the textbook, all of the following can activate schemas EXCEPT

all of the above

Which emotion is more often expressed by people who are high in power, compared to people who are low in power?

anger

The process by which small attacks on our beliefs help counteract larger attacks on our beliefs is called

attitude inoculation.

Display rules are

culturally specific principles that govern how and when and to whom we express emotion.

Trina notices her brother Mark eating a second piece of chocolate from a box of candy. Because he rarely eats candy of any kind, Trina concludes that Mark must really like the chocolate. In this instance, Trina is relying on ______ information to explain her brother's behavior.

distinctiveness

Pro-affirmative action advocates try to activate schemas related to ______, whereas anti-affirmative action advocates try to activate schemas related to ______.

diversity; fairness

Pro-affirmative action advocates try to activate schemas related to ________, whereas anti-affirmative action advocates try to activate schemas related to ________.

diversity;fairness

When random sampling is used, it means that

every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected.

The ________ approach assumes that emotions mobilize adaptive responses to survival threats.

evolutionary

When we engage in a self-serving bias, we attribute failure and other bad events that happen to us to ________, but we attribute success and other good events to ________.

external circumstances; ourselves

Which of the following do people share with animals, especially higher primates?

facial expressions

According to the textbook, love can be broken down into three broad categories. Which of the following is NOT one of the categories discussed in the text?

fatuous

All of the following are examples of resources used in archival research EXCEPT

firsthand observations of behavior

The term ________ distance refers to the idea that a building's layout can encourage contact between some people but discourage contact between other people.

functional

Recall that Festinger and his colleagues (1950) conducted research at a university housing project called Westgate West. Among other things, they examined friendship formation among apartment residents. The results showed that the residents living near the stairwells formed twice as many friendships with upstairs neighbors as those living in the middle apartments, which were further from the stairs. These results illustrate the impact of ________ on friendship formation.

functional distance

Which of the following questions reflects what attribution theories seek to explain?

Why did Julie break up with Tom?

Which of the following questions best reflects what attribution theory seeks to explain?

Why did Larissa break up with Tom?

The term construal refers to

a personal interpretation about situations and other people's behaviors.

Which of the following studies best supports Festinger's (1957) cognitive dissonance theory?

a study showing that people express more confidence in a bet right after making it than they do right before making it

Which of the following studies best supports Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory?

a study showing that people express more confidence in a bet right after making it than they do right before making it

Primacy effects often result from

a tendency for information presented early on to strongly influence a final decision

Primacy effects often result from

a tendency for information presented early on to strongly influence a final decision.

Vivica finds Dion physically attractive. Judging from his appearance, she assumes that he is also outgoing and honest. Vivica is displaying the

halo effect.

The self-serving bias tends to reflect all of the following EXCEPT

he motivation to be in control.

According to the text, ____________ are mental "shortcuts" that provide serviceable but often inexact answers to common judgmental problems

heuristics

The general processes by which we control others' beliefs about us is called

impression management

An effective norm-based anti-bullying and harassment intervention in schools asks students to ________. This intervention is effective because it helps students ________.

model opposition to the kinds of conflict and harassment common at their school; understand what sorts of harassment is common at their school

Research shows that state self-esteem can be influenced by

momentary mood states

Compared to people with no prior knowledge, people with prior knowledge of a subject are ________ to scrutinize messages about that subject and are ________ to change their attitudes about that subject.

more likely; less likely

According to what you learned in this chapter, ________ attitudes tend to be stronger than ________ attitudes.

negative; positive

John is a mathematics graduate student, whereas Lisa is a local celebrity. Although both John and Lisa are likely to have some increased ability to elicit conformity from others, Lisa is more likely to influence conformity through

normative social influence.

The disruption Eadward Muybridge experienced in his emotions (and therefore his social functioning) is believed to derive from damage to his

orbitofrontal cortex

One possible explanation for the self-serving bias is the motivational model, which states that the self-serving bias is caused by _____.

our need to protect and enhance our self-esteem

Which of the following scenarios best captures the definition of a group, as described in the textbook?

people who decide how to help a stranded motorist

The confirmation bias makes what prediction about human behavior?

people will seek out supporting evidence for their beliefs

Bo has repeatedly tried to find a job. After each unsuccessful attempt, he concludes that there is just something about him that will always get in the way of success in his life. Bo is displaying a _______ explanatory style.

pessimistic

A detested political dictator can be thought to have ________ without________.

power; status

Recall that Peterson and his colleagues examined whether young adults' explanatory style could predict physical health later in life. Results of their study showed that explanatory style during young adulthood

predicted health later in life.

When information ____________ has the most influence on people, the primacy effect has occurred. When information ____________ has the most influence on people, the recency effect has occurred.

presented first; presented last

A social psychologist conducts an experiment and finds a statistically significant result. This means that the

probability of obtaining this finding by chance alone is less than some quantity.

Consider the following quote from William Whyte in The Organization Man: "Despite the fact that a person can pick and choose from a vast number of people to make friends with, such things as the placement of a stoop or the direction of a street often have more to do with determining who is friends with whom." This quote captures the essence of how ________ can influence relationships.

proximity

Normative social influence often has a greater impact on ________ than on________.

public compliance; private acceptance

Psychologists who want to measure a person's explanatory style assess each of the following attribution dimensions EXCEPT

rational/affective

Psychologists who want to measure a person's explanatory style assess each of the following attribution dimensions EXCEPT

rational/affective.

Research conducted by Gottman and Levenson (1983, 2992, 1999) using the interaction dynamics approach yielded four behaviors that are particularly toxic to relationships. Which of the following is NOT one of these four behaviors?

rationalizing

A belief about what another person thinks of you is called a

reflected self appraisal

Juliet is in a committed romantic relationship with Romeo, but her parents have forbidden her to date him any longer. According to reactance theory,

she will become even more committed to Romeo.

Yael holds an incremental theory of intelligence. This means that she is likely to

spend more time working toward improving her abilities.

Jim meets Eun Joo for coffee and asks, "Would you be my date for the Sigma Chi formal dance?" She smiles and says, "That is so nice of you, but I have already got plans." Jim then thinks to himself, "I will never find a date for this formal." Given this information, you can conclude that Jim's response reflects a(n) ________ attribution.

stable

Although there are many similarities between American and Canadian cultures, research finds that these cultures do differ in meaningful ways. For example, there is evidence that people from these countries differ in their exchange of which Finch emoji?

sympathy emoji

Betsy and Janet want to take their children on a backpacking trip. Research suggests that if they want to increase the probability that their children will look back on the trip and think it was great fun, Betsy and Janet should try to make sure that

the end of the trip is extremely fun.

the end of trip is extremely fun

The "better-than-average" effect refers to

the finding that people tend to think that they are above average

The self-serving bias tends to reflect all of the following EXCEPT

the motivation to be in control

Self-perception processes are most likely to occur when prior attitudes are

weak

Self-perception processes are most likely to occur when prior attitudes are

weak.

focal emotion

An emotion that is especially common within a particular culture.

display rule

A culturally specific rule that governs how, when, and to whom people express emotion.

increases in oxytocin

Amy and David just had an awesome date. They went to a great restaurant and then played shuffleboard at a new bar. They are feeling close and committed to their relationship. Based on your reading, what physiological change are Amy and David likely experiencing?

The classic Milgram study showed that about ______ percent of participants delivered ______ to the "learner."

60; a 450-volt shock (highest possible)

The classic Milgram study showed that about ________ percent of participants delivered ________ to the "learner."

60; a 450-volt shock (highest possible)

About ________ percent of the participants in Milgram's original experiment delivered the maximum shock of 450 volts.

emotion

A brief, specific response, both psychological and physiological, that helps people meet goals, including social goals.

Likert scale

A numerical scale used to assess people's attitudes; a scale that includes a set of possible answers with labeled anchors on each extreme.

Which of the following is an immediate effect of increased cortisol levels?

Increased heart rate

Which of the following is a fundamental difference between individualist and collectivist cultures?

Independent cultures tend to view family relationships as voluntary, whereas collectivists tend to see family relationships as more binding.

A reader for American schoolchildren from the 1930s shows a little boy running, whereas a reader for Chinese children from the same time period shows a boy with his brother. What cultural difference does this highlight?

Individualistic cultures emphasize individual action, whereas collectivistic cultures emphasize relationships.

is inconsistent with one's beliefs, attitudes, or values.

Induced compliance is a form of behavior that

In her economics class, Nancy has been assigned to do a group project with Mario, someone she does not know well. Nancy's friend Tia knows Mario from another class and tells Nancy about him. According to the primacy effect, Nancy will form the best impression of Mario if Tia describes him in which way?

Intelligent, industrious, warm, impulsive, critical, stubborn

According to research by Wilson and colleagues, why might introspecting about the reasons for an attitude decrease the association between the attitude and behavior?

Introspection misleads us about our "real" attitudes.

Both sighted and blind athletes equally displayed nonverbal expressions of pride after winning.

Research by Tracy and colleagues examined the expression of pride in athletes who were sighted versus blind. Which of the following best summarizes the results of this research?

Which of the following advertising strategies BEST illustrates an attempt to persuade people through the central route?

Research is presented demonstrating that a particular moisturizing lotion is more effective than other products

overestimate the emotional impact of negative life events.

Research on affective forecasting suggests that people tend to

weak.

Self-perception processes are most likely to occur when prior attitudes are

According to Shanto Iyengar's concept of agenda control, the

media shape what people think about, care about, and believe to be true.

According to research, shame is more likely to be a focal emotion for _____ than for _____.

members of interdependent cultures; members of independent cultures

According to research, shame is more likely to be a focal emotion for ________ than for ________.

members of interdependent cultures; members of independent cultures

According to ________, people have a tendency to like things when they are exposed to them more often.

mere exposure effect

Mary tells Halima about a situation that happened to their mutual friend. This friend's beloved pet cat was run over last week, and rather than waste the corpse, their friend decided to cook the cat and eat it. Even though she knows that their friend did not harm the cat before it died and that their friend felt fine afterward, Halima still feels that this behavior was wrong. Halima is experiencing

moral dumbfounding.

According to research on cognitive dissonance theory, people betting on horses at the racetrack should feel ________ after placing their bets than before placing their bets.

more confident

Jim watched a videotape of a woman talking about her life. Throughout the tape, the woman said many things that are stereotypical of a professor. She also said many things that are stereotypical of an engineer. Before watching the video, Jim was told that the woman was employed as an engineer. According to schema research, Jim will probably remember

more engineer-consistent information that professor-consistent information

Howard Leventhal and colleagues (1965) tried to persuade college students to get a free tetanus shot on campus by presenting scary information about tetanus and pictures of people with lockjaw. Participants who were additionally given a map with the health center circled and asked to form a plan about when they would visit were ________. These results suggest that ________.

more likely than others to get the shot; a subtle nudge can have a big impact on behavior

Research on gender and conformity shows that compared with women, men are

more likely to conform in stereotypically female domains (e.g., child rearing).

William hosted a dinner party for his coworkers. The next day, five coworkers complimented William on the wonderful meal. However, one coworker criticized the meal. William is

more likely to think about the critical remark than the compliments.

Jim meets Tina for coffee and asks, "Would you be my date for the Sigma Chi formal dance?" She smiles and says, "That's so nice of you, but I've already got plans." Jim then thinks to himself, "I'll never find a date for this formal." Given this information, you can conclude that Jim's response reflects a(n) ____________ explanatory style.

stable

Happier couples tend to attribute their partners' positive behaviors to

stable causes that are general, intended, and selfless.

The ________ dimension of explanatory style considers whether the causes of a particular behavior will be present again in the future

stable/unstable

The ________ dimension of explanatory style considers whether the causes of a particular behavior will be present again in the future.

stable/unstable

Imagine that you have to convince an audience to adopt your opinion on health care reform, but the specific arguments that your team has selected for your presentation are weak. According to research on attitude change, what should you do to increase your chances of being persuasive despite your weak arguments?

state your arguments with confidence

Recall that Burgess and Wallin (1953) studied the personality characteristics of hundreds of engaged couples. Specifically, they compared couples who planned to marry with "random" couples they created by pairing individual members of one couple with individual members of another couple. The results showed that members of engaged couples, compared to random couples, were significantly

more similar to each other on demographic, physical, and personality characteristics.

Jim watched a videotape of a woman talking about her life. Throughout the tape, the woman said many things that are stereotypical of a professor. She also said many things that are stereotypical of a waitress. Before watching the video, Jim was told that the woman was employed as a waitress. According to schema research, Jim will probably remember

more waitress-consistent information than professor-consistent information.

Evolutionary psychology predicts that women (relative to men) ought to be ________ selective in their choice of mates because their levels of parental investment (relative to men's) are ________.

more; high

Barbara mostly chooses to watch news programs that support her political beliefs while avoiding news programs that may disagree with her views. This is an example of the

motivated confirmation bias

Barbara mostly chooses to watch news programs that support her political beliefs while avoiding news programs that may disagree with her views. What is this an example of?

motivated confirmation bias

Barbara mostly watches news programs that support her political beliefs, while avoiding news programs that may disagree with her views. What is this an example of?

motivated confirmation bias

Barbara mostly watches news programs that support her political beliefs, while avoiding news programs that may disagree with her views. What is this an example of?

motivation confirmation bias

The textbook describes an experiment conducted by Bargh and Pietromonaco (1982) in which participants were exposed to a list of words too quickly to discern them. Participants were exposed to either a list composed mainly of hostile words or a list composed mainly of nonhostile words. Consistent with the argument that ________ stimuli influence schemas, results showed that those exposed to the hostile list ________.

subliminal; subsequently rated a target person more negatively

You are asked to design an antismoking pamphlet. You decide to put a frightening photograph of a lung-cancer victim on the cover. According to Howard Leventhal and his colleagues' (1967) research, your message will be more likely to reduce smoking if you also provide

suggestions for how to quit smoking.

When it comes to display rules, people from interdependent cultures, in comparison to people from independent cultures people, tend to more readily

suppress expressions of positive emotion.

Interviews and written questionnaires are forms of which type of research method?

survey

Lucy's family is not well-off. Although they wish they were more prosperous, they take comfort in the love and support they provide to each other and consider their society fair. As a result, Lucy's family does not endorse proposed changes to the laws that would provide them with better health insurance. Their behavior can be explained by ________ theory.

system-justification

________ molds animals and plants so that traits that enhance the probability of survival are passed on to subsequent generations.

natural selection

According to self-verification theory, people with negative self-views tend to remember ________ feedback more. In contrast, people with positive self-views tend to remember ________ feedback more.

negative; positive

Using a ________-based approach to reduce destructive behavior is likely to be most effective when people ________ the popularity of the behavior.

norm; overestimate

Hank attends a focus group where he and five other men are asked to rate three lawn mowers. Hank knows a lot about lawn mowers and is certain that lawn mower A is superior and deserves the highest rating. However, the rest of the men say that lawn mower B is the best. If Hank ends up publicly agreeing with the rest of the group, he has probably succumbed to

normative social influence.

Both Sherif's autokinetic illusion study (1936) and Asch's line study (1951) demonstrated the effect of conformity on an individual's decision making; however, they each captured different aspects of conformity. The results of Sherif's study reflected ________ social influence whereas Asch's study reflected ________ social influence.

normative; informative

Lucy's family is poor. Although they wish they were more prosperous, they take comfort in the love and support they provide to each other and consider themselves quite happy. As a result, Lucy's family does not endorse proposed changes to the laws that would provide them with better health insurance. Their behavior can be explained by ________ theory.

system-justification

The better-than-average effect refers to the finding that people

tend to think that they are above average.

Psychologist Shelley Taylor proposed that we can reduce stress and improve our own health by connecting with and providing support to others. The term she used for this approach is

tend-and-befriend

In psychology, the term rumination refers to the

tendency to think about a stressful event over and over again

Candice is not doing very well in her art class but wishes she were a great artist. According to research on self-presentation, when she goes on social networking sites, what is she likely to convey about her artistic abilities?

that she is not very good at art

A television infomercial tells viewers that they can get the world's best steak knives for only $25. Right before the infomercial ends, viewers are told that if they call within the next thirty minutes, they will also receive a can opener for free. This example demonstrates the ________ technique.

that's-not-all

According to the textbook, which of the following events best illustrates the disastrous effects of groupthink?

the Kennedy administration's decision to conduct the Bay of Pigs invasion

Ruben, a marketing executive for Apple, wants to predict a person's iPod-related behavior from his or her attitude about iPods. To this end, Ruben will administer a survey asking people their attitudes about iPods. Two years later, he will ask these same people to report on their behavior related to iPods. According to research on attitude-behavior consistency, Ruben should measure people's attitudes and behavior at the same level of specificity. Which of the following pairs of questions best satisfies this criterion?

"How much do you want to buy an iPod within the next two years?" and "Have you bought an iPod in the last two years?"

Sarah and William got into an argument. The next day, Sarah reflects on why they behaved the way they did. According to the actor-observer difference, Sarah should think,

"I happened to have a bad day, but William is just plain nasty."

Which of the following statements best represents something that a Japanese coach might say to a newspaper reporter after winning a game?

"It seems as if the other team was tired and unprepared for this game."

Which of the following best illustrates a pessimistic attribution style?

"It's my fault my mom is mad at me and I don't see it changing anytime soon. I'm worried I won't be able to focus on my assignments because I feel so bad."

Which of the following slogans is most likely to persuade members of an independent culture to buy a sunscreen product?

"Keeps your skin looking young and healthy"

The Westlake Hills Little League team just lost a game. According to research on attribution biases, right after the game, the Westlake Hills coach is likely to say,

"Our opponents played better than ever today."

Travis thinks that Roscoe is a terrible person. So when Travis finds out that Roscoe's business failed and that Roscoe's wife left him, Travis's reaction is consistent with the just world hypothesis. He therefore thinks to himself,

"Roscoe got what he deserved!"

Recall that in one study (Festinger and Carlsmith, 1959), the experimenter showed children a set of five toys and asked them how much they liked each one. Then the experimenter told each child that he or she was free to play with any of the toys except for the child's second favorite toy. In the "mild threat" condition, children were told that the experimenter would be "annoyed" if they played with the forbidden toy. In the "severe threat" condition, children were told that the experimenter would be "very angry" if they played with the forbidden toy, and that the child would never see any of the toys ever again. The experimenter then left the room, and each child was covertly observed. Later on, the experimenter asked each child to reevaluate the toys. Consistent with cognitive dissonance theory, the results showed that children in the

"mild threat" condition tended to view the toy less favorably than children in the "severe threat" condition.

Recall that in one study, the experimenter showed children a set of five toys and asked them how much they liked each one. Then the experimenter told each child that he or she was free to play with any of the toys except for the child's second favorite toy. In the "mild threat" condition, children were told that the experimenter would be "annoyed" if they played with the forbidden toy. In the "severe threat" condition, children were told that the experimenter would be "very angry" if they played with the forbidden toy, and that the child would never see any of the toys ever again. The experimenter then left the room, and each child was covertly observed. Later on, the experimenter asked each child to reevaluate the toys. Consistent with cognitive dissonance theory, results showed that children in the

"mild threat" condition tended to view the toy less favorably than children in the "severe threat" condition.

Dissonance theory suggests that people ________ their attitudes as a result of dissonance, whereas self-perception theory suggests that people ________ their attitudes from observing their behaviors.

(Not) infer; change

Imagine you are a participant in the 1967 study by Leventhal and colleagues, in which participants either (a) watched a scary film about lung cancer, (b) read a pamphlet of suggestions for how to quit smoking, or (c) watched the scary film and also read the pamphlet. According to the results, you would be most likely to quit smoking if you were in condition

(c).

Davidson and Begley (2012) studied the effects of mindful meditation for Tibetan monks. Which of the following best summarizes the results of this research?

(not, The Tibetan monks showed greater activity in the right frontal lobes, regions associated with negative emotions.)

Lois has just won a lottery that netted her a great deal of money. According to research on happiness, Lois should be ________ as a result.

not much happier, especially if she has attended college

Getting paid a lot of money to do things that violate one's core values, as compared to getting no money to violate one's values, should

not produce much dissonance

Getting paid a lot of money to do things that violate one's core values, as compared to getting no money to violate one's values, should

not produce much dissonance.

All of the following are characteristics of people who are likely to rise to leadership positions EXCEPT

not- generosity

According to self-awareness theory, which of the following conditions is most likely to prompt you to behave in accordance with your own moral standards?

observing yourself in a mirror

Consider the following explanations for why certain people are more likely to become leaders than others. Which one has the most empirical support?

one of the most important determinants of leadership is expertise and skill relevant to the goals of the group

Recall Tory Higgins' argument that people compare their "actual selves" with other "selves" and that these comparisons have important motivational implications. Which of the following is NOT among the selves to which Higgins refers?

optimal

The disruption Eadward Muybridge experienced in his emotions (and therefore his social functioning) is believed to derive from damage to his

orbitofrontal cortex.

focalism

A tendency to focus too much on a central aspect of an event while neglecting the possible impact of associated factors or other events.

moral foundations theory

A theory proposing that there are five evolved, universal moral domains in which specific emotions guide moral judgments.

attitude

A(n) ________ is an evaluation of an object in a positive or negative fashion.

According to Cooley's concept of the looking-glass self, we learn about ourselves through

our beliefs about what other people think of us.

Research on affective forecasting suggests that people tend to

overestimate the emotional impact of negative life events.

people infer their own attitudes from their behaviors and the context in which these behaviors occur.

According to Daryl Bem's self-perception theory,

those with a higher ratio of positive to negative emotions

According to John Gottman's research, which married couples are most likely to have long-lasting relationships?

Introspection misleads us about our "real" attitudes.

According to research by Wilson and colleagues, why might introspecting about the reasons for an attitude decrease the association between the attitude and behavior?

more confident

According to research on cognitive dissonance theory, people betting on horses at the racetrack should feel ________ after placing their bets than before placing their bets.

members of interdependent cultures; members of independent cultures

According to research, shame is more likely to be a focal emotion for ________ than for ________.

experiencing hazing should increase one's allegiance to a fraternity.

According to the concept of effort justification,

negative; positive

According to what you learned in this chapter, ________ attitudes tend to be stronger than ________ attitudes.

self-affirmation

After doing poorly on his biology exam, Jim reminds himself that he is a good artist and a loving boyfriend. Thus, Jim is using ________ to cope with a potential threat to his self-esteem.

Because of the availability heuristic, people can be more likely to

overestimate the frequency of dramatic natural disasters

George Gerbner and his colleagues (1986) studied whether the media (e.g., prime-time television programming) shape a person's conception of social reality. They found that people who watched a lot of television

overestimated the prevalence of criminal activity.

Kareem tends to idealize his husband, which means that he

overestimates his husband's virtues and underestimates his faults.

People sometimes work together on a project and later decide who should get the most credit. According to research by Ross and colleagues (1979), this decision often entails _____________ one's own contributions to joint projects. Moreover, this tendency arises from ________________.

overestimating; the availability heuristic

People sometimes work together on a project and later decide who should get the most credit. This decision, according to research by Michael Ross, often entails ____________ one's own contributions to joint projects. Moreover, this tendency arises from ____________.

overestimating; the availability heuristic.

The ________ effect describes the situation in which we devalue activities we perform, even if they are pleasing, in order to get an external payoff.

overjustification

Katerina loves to read books. Her parents think that reading books is important, so they reward her with $5 every time she reads a book. Over time, Katerina decides that she does not really love books all that much. This is an example of the

overjustification effect.

The ________ effect suggests that our intrinsic interest in an activity may diminish if we begin to receive a payoff for completing the task. According to ________ theory, this is in part because we observe ourselves doing the task for the payoff and infer that we must not enjoy the task much in its own right after all.

overjustification; self-perception theory

Which hormone promotes closeness and commitment?

oxytocin

Going into a group meeting at work, you are concerned that you will end up conforming to the rest of the group on decisions, even when you disagree. Which of the following factors could influence whether you conform?

All of the above are correct.

All of the answer options are correct.

The results of the Milgram experiments are less surprising to us when we consider the

All of the answer options are correct.

Physically attractive people generally feel ________ than people who are comparatively less attractive.

All of the answers are correct.

last for hours or even days.

All of the following statements about emotions are accurate EXCEPT emotions

Attitudes are sometimes poor predictors of behavior.

Although Quan believes that child safety is important, he often forgets to use a car seat when taking his toddler to day care. What does this best illustrate about the relationship between attitudes and behavior?

powerful social norms can override the influence of attitude on behavior.

Although you want to chat with your friend during class, you're worried that the professor or other students would notice. You choose not to talk to your friend. This illustrates that

Recall that Berglas and Jones (1978) led male participants to believe that they were going to either succeed or have difficulty on an upcoming test. Next, participants were given the change to ingest either a performance-enhancing drug or a performance-inhibiting drug. who preferred the performance-inhibiting drug?

participants who thought they would have difficulty on the test

When it comes to causal attributions, what is true of the distinction between people from interdependent and independent cultures?

people from interdependent cultures are more likely to use consensus information when making an attribution

Which of the following statements about culture and self-esteem is the most accurate?

Americans utter many more self-complimentary statements during conversations (compared to Japanese individuals).

Which of the following statements about culture and self-esteem is the most accurate?

Americans utter many more self-complimentary statements during conversations (relative to Japanese Individuals).

Amir just saw a movie that he somewhat liked. According to the process of thought polarization, how is Amir likely to feel after he thinks more extensively about the film?

Amir will come to like the film even more.

attitude

An evaluation of an object in a positive or negative fashion that includes three components: affect, cognition, and behavior.

implicit attitude measure

An indirect measure of attitudes that doesn't involve a self-report.

The view that personality is malleable and that abilities can be changed by environmental factors is most characteristic of

people from interdependent cultures.

According to Bem's self-perception theory,

people infer their own attitudes from their behaviors and the context in which these behaviors occur.

Shared attention refers to a phenomenon whereby

people pay more careful attention to persuasive messages that they know are seen by a large group of others.

Which of the following is FALSE regarding the findings from research on culture and social perception? Relative to

Asians, Americans are less likely to assume that people are trustworthy.

Attitudes are sometimes poor predictors of behavior.

attitudes and behavior are measured at the same levels of specificity.

Attitudes do a good job predicting behavior when

____________ theory deals with how people assign causes to the events around them and the effects that these explanations have.

Attribution

____________ theory focuses on the ways in which we answer such questions as "Why does my roommate always play his music loudly?"

Attribution

______________ theory deals with how people assign causes to the events around them and the effects that these explanations have

Attribution

When our college football team wins, we are more likely to wear school colors the following Monday and to use the pronoun "we" when describing the game-winning touchdown or goal. According to Abraham Tesser's self-evaluation maintenance model, these behaviors illustrate how the process of ____________ can be used to boost our self-esteem.

BIRGing (aka reflection)

BIRGing (aka, reflection)

According to the norm of reciprocity,

people should benefit those who benefit them.

It is very common for magazines to conduct surveys in which readers voluntarily fill out survey cards and mail the cards to the publisher. The main problem with conducting a survey in this manner is that

people who respond to the survey are likely to be different from those who do not respond.

According to Baumeister and his colleagues, there is a dark side of high self-esteem. These researchers have argued that

people with high self-esteem are particularly sensitive to insults, which could lead them to violence

perception.

After successfully requesting that his neighbor loan him his jumper cables to start his car, Jeremy then persuades his neighbor to drive him the ten miles to where his car is stalled. This kind of foot-in-the-door technique works because people

perform certain actions because they are consistent with their self-images.

Joanna does not think carefully and deliberately about what a politician says during a debate. Instead, she attends to the politician's winning smile and boyish good looks. Joanna is attending to the ________ route to persuasion.

peripheral

The main pathway to produce a happy life can differ cross culturally. For people who grew up in the United States, this pathway tends to be through ________, whereas for people who grew up in East Asian countries, this pathway is often through ________.

personal achievement; harmonious relationships

In an independent culture, a person's sense of self tends to be based largely on

personal achievements

pessimistic

Sean has tried repeatedly to find a job. After each unsuccessful attempt, he concludes that there is just something about him that will always get in the way of success in his life. Sean is displaying a ____________ explanatory style.

pessimistic

Michelle just watched a film that showed several high-speed chases on city streets. On her way home from the theater, she drives much faster than normal. This example best illustrates that

Behavior can be automatic, primed by features in our environment

The self-perception processes posited by Daryl Bem are particularly likely to be invoked when

Behavior is inconsistent with attitudes that are relatively vague

the end of the trip is extremely fun.

Bill and Janet want to take their children on a backpacking trip. Research suggests that if they want to increase the probability that their children will look back on the trip and think it was great fun, Bill and Janet should try to make sure that

focalism.

Bill thinks that if he could find a wonderful wife, his entire life would be ideal. He thinks of all the great times he will have but never considers the difficulties that are bound to arise. Bill is engaging in

emotion accent.

Biting the tongue signals embarrassment in India but not in the United States. This is an example of a(n)

Bob is from a working-class family and is the first in his family to attend college. He receives a welcome letter that emphasizes how he will be able to explore his personal interests and participate in independent research. According to the research discussed in the text, how is Bob likely to respond to this letter?

Bob is likely to become more stressed about college and worried about making social connections.

Research by Tracy and colleagues (2007, 2013) examined the expression of pride in athletes who were sighted versus blind. Which of the following best summarizes the results of this research?

Both sighted and blind athletes displayed nonverbal expressions of pride after winning.

Research by Tracy and colleagues examined the expression of pride in athletes who were sighted versus blind. Which of the following best summarizes the results of this research?

Both sighted and blind athletes equally displayed nonverbal expressions of pride after winning.

Compare and contrast the discounting and augmentation principles.

Both the discounting and augmentation principles are logic used to infer the cause of a particular behavior based on how most people would behave in a given situation. With the discounting principle, people should assign reduced weight to a particular behavior if other causes are present that might have produced it. With the augmentation principle, people should assign greater weight to a particular behavior if other causes are present that would normally produce the opposite outcome.

______ processes consist of observing and remembering relevant stimuli from the outside world, and ______ processes filter and interpret stimuli in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations.

Bottom-up; Top-down

________ processes consist of observing and remembering relevant stimuli from the outside world, and ________ processes filter and interpret stimuli in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations.

Bottom-up; top-down

____________ processes consist of observing and remembering relevant stimuli from the outside world, and ____________ processes filter and interpret stimuli in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations.

Bottom-up; top-down

He will reject the candidate more emphatically.

Bradley narrowly escapes a head-on collision while driving from home. Once he arrives, he turns on the television and sees a political ad for the challenger in the local mayoral race, which focuses on how the challenger will change city policies if elected. According to research on terror management, how will he evaluate this ad?

Four members of a TV show production staff agree that they should record "audience reactions" to the show (i.e., the sound of applause and laughter sometimes played during shows). However, they disagree on which strategy to use to get the loudest applause. Given what you've learned in this chapter, which of the following would result in the loudest applause?

Brenda's plan to bring in groups of 5 people at a time to watch an episode of the show until she had recorded audio from 10 groups. She would then combine the 10 recordings to create one recording with of 50 people's responses.

The participants had more favorable attitudes toward the characters they viewed while flexing an arm toward, compared with extending an arm away.

Cacioppo and colleagues have examined how arm movements can influence attitudes by asking participants to view Chinese characters while either extending an arm away from or flexing an arm toward themselves. Which of the following best sums up the results of this research?

The basis for the attitude is largely affective.

Candice really likes action films. Under which condition is introspecting about why she likes action films likely to WEAKEN the association between her attitude toward action films and her intention to go to see an action film at the theater?

Many member of a street gang believe privately that their initiation process is too harsh and dangerous. However, they do not express these beliefs because they assume that everyone else thinks the initiation process is just fine. This scenario explains

pluralistic ignorance

The phenomenon of ________ occurs when people are reluctant to express their misgivings about a perceived group norm. Unfortunately, their reluctance reinforces a false norm.

pluralistic ignorance

The phenomenon of ____________ occurs when people are reluctant to express their misgivings about a perceived group norm. Unfortunately, their reluctance reinforces a false norm

pluralistic ignorance

The phenomenon of ____________ occurs when people are reluctant to express their misgivings about a perceived group norm. Unfortunately, their reluctance reinforces a false norm.

pluralistic ignorance

Many members of a street gang believe privately that their initiation process is too harsh and dangerous. However, they do not express these beliefs because they assume that everyone else thinks the initiation process is just fine. This scenario exemplifies

pluralistic ignorance.

self-affirmation; less

Claude Steele's research suggests that people given the opportunity to engage in ________ are ________ likely to experience cognitive dissonance.

Prior to a basketball game, Coach Keating shakes his players' hands. Each player then gives the others a fist bump and a hug. In contrast, Coach Lopez wishes the players luck and then the team goes through a cheer. Based on research by Kraus and colleagues. how will the teams do if they follow the same routine over the season?

Coach Keating's team will do better because the touch in which they engage coordinates the team.

inference processes about our behaviors

Cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory differ in that self-perception theory emphasizes that ________ influence(s) our attitudes.

That we often see ourselves as better, stronger, or faster than we really are best reflects

positive illusions

Recall that Isen studied how emotions might influence cognitive processes. She found that ________ emotions led participants to ________.

positive; categorize objects in more inclusive ways

self-perception theory.

Consider the following quote: "How do I know what I think until I hear what I say?" The sentiment expressed in this quote captures the essence of

increase

Consider the following saying: "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again." According to cognitive dissonance theory, trying again should ________ how much you value the outcome of your efforts.

The textbook describes an experiment conducted by Bargh and Pietromonaco (1982) in which participants viewed a list composed mainly of hostile words or a list composed mainly of non-hostile words. Consistent with the argument that ______________ stimuli influence schemas, results showed that those exposed to the hostile list ________________.

Correct subliminal; subsequently rated a target person more negatively.

Raymond is in a position where he is able to control his own outcomes and those of others. Which of the following terms best describes what Raymond possesses?

power

What is a counterfactual thought? Explain the circumstances under which it is most likely to occur.

Counterfactual thoughts are thoughts of what might have, could have, or should have happened "if only" something had occurred differently. Determinants of how easy it is to imagine the event not happening include time and distance. Additionally, events that occur during a departure from an individual's routine also instigate counterfactual thoughts.

Although you want to chat with your friend during class, you're worried that the professor or other students would notice. You choose not to talk to your friend. This illustrates that

powerful social norms can override the influence of attitude on behavior.

Although you want to chat with your friend during class, you're worried that the professor or other students would notice, so you choose not to talk to your friend. This best illustrates that

powerful social norms can override the influence of attitudes on behavior.

In a study conducted by Peterson and his colleagues, participants' explanatory style when they were young adult

predicted health in older age.

In a study conducted by Peterson and his colleagues, participants' explanatory style when they were young adults

predicted health in older age.

derived from behaviors that proved useful and adaptive to our ancestors.

Darwin's principle of serviceable habits suggests that facial expressions of emotion

Which of the following scenarios best characterizes the concept of obedience?

David is pouring himself a cup of coffee when his boss shows up and says, "Pour me a cup." David pours the cup of coffee and gives it to his boss.

The Tibetan monks showed greater activity in the left frontal lobes, regions associated with positive emotions

Davidson studied the effects of mindful meditation for Tibetan monks. Which of the following best summarizes the results of this research?

When information that is ________ has the most influence on people, the primacy effect has occurred. When information that is ________ has the most influence on people, the recency effect has occurred.

presented first; presented last

According to the principle of reciprocal concessions, Amal's dad is more likely to comply with her request to buy her a used car if Amal

previously asked her dad for a new car and her dad said no to that request.

Procedures that momentarily activate a particular schema are referred to as

priming

Marla is on the subway, listening to music and reading over her review sheet from class. Suddenly, she hears someone nearby scream out. Afraid, she stops her music and looks around to figure out what's happening. This example best illustrates how emotions

prioritize what you pay attention to.

culturally specific principles that govern how and when and to whom we express emotion.

Display rules are

change; infer

Dissonance theory suggests that people ________ their attitudes as a result of dissonance, whereas self-perception theory suggests that people ________ their attitudes from observing their behaviors.

Rhonda tells you that she hates her new apartment. According to the covariation principle, what type(s) of questions would you ask to explain why she feels this way?

Do her roommates also hate the apartment? Did Rhonda like her previous apartment? Would Rhonda prefer to own her own home rather than rent?

Rhonda tells you that she hates her new apartment. According to the covariation principle, which question would you ask to assess the consistency covariation dimension?

Does Rhonda always report hating her apartment, or is she just saying so today?

Who is most likely to be influenced by peripheral cues when processing a televised message from an antilittering campaign?

Doug, who is distracted by a conversation he is having with his roommate

According to McCall and Simmons, which of the following is correct about identity?

Each person has a personal identity that moves with them between situations, but also social identities that vary according to the situation.

Which of the following people is likely to have relatively higher marital dissatisfaction?

Edward, who has low self-esteem and is of lower socioeconomic status.

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.

Ekman and colleagues' research on the universality of facial expression showed that people from diverse cultures tend to agree in how they label the emotions of

________ is the tendency to experience more positive emotions than negative emotions and is a key component of happiness.

Emotional well-being

harm

Emotions such as sympathy, concern, or compassion are triggered by appraisals of ________ and motivate prosocial behavior toward people who are vulnerable.

According to a social psychological research on the covariation principle, which condition should prompt the highest expectations about the TechnoCool dance dub?

Everyone raves about TechnoCool, your friend rarely raves about any clubs, and your friend has raved about TechnoCool on many different occasions

According to social psychological research on the covariation principle, which condition should prompt the highest expectations about the TechnoCool dance club?

Everyone raves about TechnoCool, your friend rarely raves about any clubs, and your friend has raved about TechnoCool on many different occasions.

According to the concept of effort justification

Experiencing hazing should increase one's allegiance to a fraternity

Which of the following research methods is the best way to identify a causal relationship between two variables?

Experimental

What is one of the most important differences between correlational and experimental research designs?

Experiments use random assignment.

________ refers to a person's habitual way of explaining many different types of events.

Explanatory style

____________ refers to a person's habitual way of explaining many different types of events.

Explanatory style

John had an enjoyable sexual encounter with his sister last week and decides to tell his friend Mark about it. According to the social intuitionist model, what is the first step in Mark's moral reasoning about John's experience?

First, Mark has a quick emotional reaction that this is wrong

First, Mark has a quick emotional reaction that this is wrong.

Josh is also generally afraid of other potential risks, even those unrelated to terrorism.

Following the terrorist attacks on 9/11, Josh was very afraid of the possibility of future attacks. How could Josh's fear influence his perception of his environment?

behaviors are not determined solely by attitudes.

For obvious reasons, department store managers strongly disapprove of shoplifters. However, some stores allow shoplifters to leave with merchandise! These stores do not want to create a scene that will disturb good patrons. This scenario illustrates the social psychological finding that

illustrators

Former President Bill Clinton is known for his public presence. While making speeches he points his fingers and shakes a closed fist to emphasize important points. President Clinton is utilizing which form of nonverbal communication?

Janet often encounters John at school. As a result, they end up becoming friends. This scenario illustrates how ________ influences interpersonal attraction.

proximity

Recall that in one experiment, participants were assigned to one of two roles: questioner or responder. The questioner read a series of questions to the responder and told the responder how to answer each question. In fact, the questioner used a preprinted list to tell responders exactly how to answer each question. The results of this research showed that the

questioners still drew inferences about what the responders were like.

George's nonverbal head nods to the music while studying biology were an indication of approval that he then associated with the subject.

George listens to music while studying for his biology test. While he studies, he nods his head in time to the music. Over time, George realizes he likes biology a lot more than he initially did. Why is this?

George's nonverbal head nods to the music while studying biology were an indication of approval that he then associated with the subject.

not produce much dissonance.

Getting paid a lot of money to do things that violate one's core values—as compared to getting no money to violate one's values—should

Luckies estimated they would be less happy compared to Leftovers.

Gilbert and colleagues (1998) asked people in a relationship ("Luckies") to predict how they would feel if they broke up. They compared these estimates with the happiness levels of people who had recently ended a relationship ("Leftovers"). What did they find?

He will reject the candidate more emphatically.

Bradley narrowly escapes a head-on collision while driving home. Once he arrives home, he turns on the television and sees a political ad for the challenger in the local mayoral race, which focuses on how the challenger will change city policies if elected. According to research on terror management, how will he evaluate this ad?

He will reject the candidate more emphatically.

Tamara just bought a brand new purse. According to research on culture and social class in the United States, how is Tamara likely to respond when her best friend buys the same purse?

If Tamara is from the middle class, she is likely disappointed that she is no longer unique.

Which of the following statements about attribution is INACCURATE?

If an individual's reaction occurs just once, it is easier to determine whether the behavior should be attributed to the situation or to the person.

when alone; less

If engaging in a behavior inconsistent with an attitude ________, East Asians are ________ likely to experience cognitive dissonance than Westerners.

Under what circumstances is someone more likely to fear victimization as a result of watching a lot of television?

If he or she lives in a high-crime area

The availability and representativeness heuristics sometimes can operate in tandem. The joint effect of these two heuristics can create a(n):

Illusory Correlation

Psycholgists who want to measure a person's explanatory style assess each of the following attribution dimensions EXCEPT

rational/affective

Researchers should make use of________ when assessing attitudes that people may be unwilling or unable to report.

Implicit Measures

In which of the following ways do the results of the Milgram experiments parallel the events in Nazi Germany leading up to the Holocaust?

In both situations, harmful actions occurred in an incremental, step-by-step manner.

attitudes on behavior is weaker

In the 1930s, a time when anti-Asian sentiments were common, Richard LaPiere toured the United States with a young Chinese couple. Together they visited numerous hotels, auto camps, restaurants, and cafes. LaPiere compared the attitudes of people who managed these various establishments with how well (or poorly) these people actually treated the Chinese couple. The text used this study to introduce an important point, namely, that the effect of ________ than people think.

Why might social Darwinism be a distorted application of Darwin's theory?

It assumes that some groups of people are more deserving of survival than others.

Why was it so important for Paul Ekman and his colleagues to conduct research on the universality of facial expressions of emotion with the Fore tribe, an isolated society in the hills of Papua New Guinea?

It helped rule out the alternative explanation that people learned facial expressions of emotion through exposure to Western culture.

If an experiment produces reliable results, what does this mean?

It is likely to yield the same results on repeated occasions.

According to research by Wilson and colleagues (1984), why might introspecting about the reasons for an attitude decrease the association between the attitude and behavior?

It misleads us about our "real" attitudes.

Lenora's parents always taught her that she ought to "put on a happy face" even when she is not. According to research on self-perception theory, what effect does this behavior have on her corresponding internal state?

It works: behaving as if she were happy can actually make Lenora feel happier.

It works—behaving as if she is happy can actually make Lenora feel happier.

All of the following people are likely to resist persuasive attempts to adopt a different brand of soap EXCEPT

Jack, who does not have a vested interest in any particular brand of soap.

Maria would have a longer response latency than Jamal.

Jamal loves strawberry ice cream, whereas Maria does not feel strongly about strawberry ice cream. Which of them would have longer response latencies (e.g., would respond slower) to a question about his or her attitude toward strawberry ice cream?

cognitive dissonance theory.

To learn whether responses in cognitive dissonance experiments are the product of self-perception processes, Bem (1972) asked participants to

read a detailed description of one condition of a dissonance experiment and to predict the attitude of the person depicted in the description.

To learn whether responses in cognitive dissonance experiments are the product of self-perception processes, Daryl Bem asked participants to

read a detailed description of one condition of a dissonance experiment and to predict the attitude of the person depicted in the description.

You read the results of a survey that reports that two-thirds of Cosmopolitan readers lost weight by "going vegan." You should not give the report of this survey much credence because

readers who responded to the survey are not likely the same as those who did not.

First, Mark has a quick emotional reaction that this is wrong.

If we know that Jon left school after the eighth grade and has been working as a janitor for the past twenty years, what research-based predictions could we make about his health status?

Jon is more likely to die at an earlier age than those in higher-status jobs.

Following the terrorist attacks on 9/11, Josh was very afraid of the possibility of future attacks. How could Josh's fear influence his perception of his environment?

Josh is also generally afraid of other potential risks, even those unrelated to terrorism.

Juan is a member of his university's debate team. When a friend felt ill at a competition, Juan offered to take her place even though he had very little time to study her arguments in favor of adding a particular fish to the endangered species list. Which of the following is an example of how metacognitions can affect persuasion?

Juan felt unsure that he accurately remembered the prepared arguments and, as a result, felt strongly that the fish should not be put on the endangered species list.

Diana and Julie are asked to give presentations at work with only ten minutes to prepare. Diana has a good friend in the audience, whereas Julie does not. Who is likely to become the most stressed during the presentation?

Julie

Ahmed went to the Museum of Modern Art during his vacation to New York City. Afterward, he remembers that he liked so many pieces, but he can really only recall the details of the Andy Warhol painting he saw at the very end, as he was walking out the door. Ahmed is displaying

recency effect

overjustification effect.

Anya needs $500 to help pay for a trip to Europe. She calls her parents and asks if they will give her $5,000 for her trip, and they say no. She then asks if she can have just $500, and they say yes. This demonstrates the effectiveness of the ________ technique.

reciprocal concessions (door-in-the-face)

amplified; Japanese

Kitayama and colleagues (2004) conducted an investigation comparing cognitive dissonance across Japanese and Canadian participants. All participants were asked to rank CDs. Participants in one condition were asked to choose one CD to keep among their middle two rankings, while participants in another condition were given a CD without choice. While completing these study procedures one group of participants was exposed to a poster with faces, designed to prime the concept of other people. Results showed that the poster manipulation ________ cognitive dissonance for ________ participants.

A prison warden has instructed his prison guards to hose down the prisoners with icy cold water as punishment, despite the fact that this is likely illegal. When one of the guards protests, the warden informs the guards that he himself will take personal responsibility for any negative consequences. This will make the guards more likely to obey because it

reduces the guards' stress about what they are doing.

A belief about what another person thinks of you is called a

reflected self-appraisal

The behavior was freely chosen.

Laureano has a strong preference for Honda over all other car brands. When it came time to buy a new car, there was a promotion on Nissans and Laureano elected to buy one, even though he likes Hondas better. According to the research described in the textbook, why would this scenario increase dissonance in the wake of Laureano's attitude-inconsistent behavior?

The president of a fraternity wants to increase the number of fraternity members who volunteer for nonprofit organizations in the community. Which of the following strategies would BEST fit with the concept of channel factors?

Leave information about when and how members might volunteer on the counter.

Which of the following message recipients does NOT display a characteristic that is known to impact the susceptibility to persuasion?

Lenny, a Latino man

It works—behaving as if she is happy can actually make Lenora feel happier.

They will come to hold more positive attitudes toward the product.

Imagine that Lisbeth lives in a future age in which people can self-administer oxytocin pills to boost feelings of commitment and generosity. According to research by de Dreu and colleagues (2010), who would be the most likely to reap the benefits if Lisbeth took one of these oxytocin pills?

Lisbeth's neighbor and cousin

Recall that through either photographic or computer technology, researchers can make a composite (or "averaged") face out of any number of individual faces. When people are asked to rate the attractiveness of composite faces relative to individual faces,

regardless of sex, people tend to prefer composite faces.

not much happier, especially if she has attended college

Lois has just won a lottery that netted her a great deal of money. According to research on happiness, Lois should be ________ as a result.

How does social class relate to causal attribution?

Lower- or working-class individuals make attributions similar to those from interdependent cultures

How does social class relate to causal attribution?

Lower- or working-class individuals make attributions similar to those from interdependent cultures.

Gilbert, Wilson, and colleagues (1998) asked people in a relationship ("Luckies") to predict how they would feel if they broke up. They compared these estimates with the happiness levels of people who had recently ended a relationship ("Leftovers"). What did they find?

Luckies estimated they would be less happy compared to Leftovers.

system-justification

Luis has negative schemas about his looks and his intelligence. He believes he is unattractive and doubts his smarts. At school on Friday, Luis interacted with a few different people. Which of these interactions is Luis likely to remember the following week?

Luis's history teacher said his paper was no clear

Luis's history teacher said his paper was not clear.

if the components of an attitude are inconsistent, attitudes may not predict behavior.

Luisa just made a dentist appointment. Although she feels terrified of the dentist, she thinks that maintaining a healthy smile is important. This example best illustrates that

cognitive dissonance

Making hard decisions triggers negative emotion, which in turn triggers processes of rationalization that make us comfortable with our decisions. This statement captures the phenomenon explained by ________ theory.

Which of the following methods is most clearly suited for testing whether construals exert a causal effect on game performance?

Manipulating the name of a game

In what ways are Americans' and Asians' attribution and impression formation processes similar? In what ways are they dissimilar?

Many aspects of attribution processes are similar across cultures. For example, people everywhere likely engage in counterfactual thinking, maintain just world beliefs, and observe a difference in the causes of their own and others' behaviors. However, there are also cultural differences in certain attribution processes. People from Asian cultures are more likely to take notice of the situation than Americans and to attribute a behavior to situational causes. Correspondingly, people from Asian countries are less likely to make the fundamental attribution error, particularly in circumstances when they have direct experience in the situation themselves.

effort justification

Many people who choose not to have children suspect that homebound, sleep-deprived, and financially strapped parents are fooling themselves when they say that nothing in life brings them more pleasure. In other words, these childless people suggest that parents put a lot of energy into ________ in order to decrease cognitive dissonance.

Marco, a physics major, and Tim, a social work major, always take the bus together to school. Today the bus was delayed. Tim is going to be late for a midterm. Marco does not have class for a few hours. While walking from the bus stop, Marco and Tim pass a woman crying on a bench. According to Darley and Batson's "Good Samaritan" study, how are Marco and Tim likely to behave?

Marco is more likely to help the women given that he does not have to rush to a midterm.

Base-rate information includes information about the

relative frequency of members of different categories in a population.

Jamal loves strawberry ice cream, whereas Maria does not feel strongly about strawberry ice cream. Which of them would have longer response latencies (i.e., would respond more slowly) to a question about his or her attitude toward strawberry ice cream?

Maria would have a longer response latency than Jamal

Maria would have a longer response latency than Jamal.

dissonance reduction

Mark cannot decide which video game to purchase. After thinking it over, he buys the latest fighting game rather than a soccer game he liked just as much. As he leaves the store, he feels an uncomfortable tension. In order to resolve this tension, Mark must engage in

moral dumbfounding.

Mary tells Halima about a situation that happened to their mutual friend. This friend's beloved pet cat was run over last week, and rather than waste the corpse, their friend decided to cook the cat and eat it. Even though she knows that their friend did not harm the cat before it died and that their friend felt fine afterward, Halima still feels like this behavior was wrong. Halima is experiencing

The degree to which two observers or coders score a behavior in a similar way is a measure of

reliability.

A researcher who runs the same study a second time to see if the results are the same is attempting to

replicate the results

People use the ________ heuristic when they try to categorize something by judging how similar the object is to their conception of the typical member of the relevant category.

representativeness

People use the ____________ heuristic when they try to categorize something by judging how similar the object is to their conception of the typical member of the relevant category.

representativeness

Michelle and Eahlam were assigned to work together on the first day of chemistry class. Shortly after introducing themselves to each other, Michelle awkwardly missed her seat and fell as she was trying to sit back down. She looked visibly embarrassed and had a bright pink blush. Based on what you know about embarrassment, what might Eahlam have inferred about Michelle when seeing this response?

Michelle is trustworthy.

Mikell has been thinking over and over again about a conflict she had with a coworker. As a consequence, she has allowed that stressful conflict to pervade her evenings and weekends when she is not at work. Her sister, Tori, also had a conflict with a coworker but seemed to forget about it almost immediately. When their friends are catching the common cold, which of these two will be more vulnerable to catching the cold as well?

Mikell, because her elevated stress levels will make her immune system less effective

Technological advances such as long-range missiles mean that countries can inflict harm on each other from great distances. Research conducted by ________ suggests that these advances make it considerably ________ likely that people will be willing to inflict harm.

Milgram; more

echnological advances such as long-range missiles mean that countries can to inflict harm on each other from great distances. Research conducted by ________ suggests that these advances make it considerably ________ likely that people will be willing to inflict harm.

Milgram; more

People sometimes have to assess whether someone is a member of a particular group. In assessing whether someone is gay or a Republican, for example, we often rely on the _____________ heuristic, which entails figuring out the degree to which _______________________.

representativeness; someone resembles a category prototype

Maria, Min, and Bobby ran for class president. When the votes were tallied, Maria received thirty-eight votes, Min received thirty-seven votes, and Bobby garnered thirty-five votes. According to Medvec and colleagues' (1995) study of Olympic athletes' emotional reactions, one would expect ______ to be the LEAST happy with the election outcome.

Min

Maria, Min, and Bobby ran for class president. When the votes were tallied, Maria recieved 38 votes, Min receieved 37 votes, and Bobby garnered 35 votes. According to the Medvec and colleagues' (1995) study of Olympic athletes' emotional reactions, one would expect ________________ to be the LEAST happy with the election outcome.

Min

People sometimes have to assess whether someone is a member of a particular group. In assessing whether someone is a student or a teacher, for example, we often rely on the ____________ heuristic, which entails figuring out the degree to which ____________.

representativeness; someone resembles a category prototype.

look her way and then take a broad stance to look large

Mohammed is at a bar and notices an attractive woman sitting with her friends. According to what you learned about flirtation and nonverbal behavior, what is Mohammed likely to do first to communicate his interest?

cognitive

Molly knows the history of her home city of Philadelphia. There are three landmarks downtown that she always shows to friends who visit. This knowledge of Philadelphia is the ________ component of her attitude toward her city.

People use the ________ heuristic when they try to categorize something by judging how similar the object is to their conception of the typical member of the relevant category.

representatives

According to research on cognitive dissonance theory, people betting on horses at the racetrack should feel ________ after placing their bets than before placing their bets.

More confident

Pooja conducts a study as part of her honors thesis in psychology and finds a surprising result. Before publishing the finding in a psychology journal, she wants to be more confident that it did not happen by chance. What should Pooja consider doing?

rerunning the study to see if the result replicates

The function of an institutional review board (IRB) is to review

research proposals and judge the ethical appropriateness of the research.

According to Sheldon Stryker, ______________ are distributed among people with different characteristics, depending on the ______________ for those characteristics and identities.

resources; expectations

The textbook describes research by Todorov and colleagues in which participants rated a large number of faces along different personality dimensions. Which two dimensions stood out as the main dimensions used in these ratings? a. trustworthiness and physical attractiveness d. trustworthiness and dominance

NOT happiness and physical attractiveness b

When people form judgments about everyday events, the feature-matching process usually a. leads people to select the right schema to encode a given event. b. creates a mismatch between the features of a schema and a given event. c. leads to inaccurate perceptions of a given event. d. ensures that irrelevant similarities or superficial features of a given event will not influence a person's schema.

NOT leads to inaccurate perceptions of a given event.

Construal level theory predicts that we think about events distant in time or space in ________ terms, and that we think about events nearer in time or space in ________ terms. a. abstract; concrete c. concrete; abstract

NOT positive; negative NOT negative; positive

Janet means well when she tells her daughter, "Please do not ever date a boy with a tattoo. People with tattoos are dangerous. A girl down the street dated a boy with a huge tattoo and he ended up assaulting her." If this story is a deceptive exaggeration, Janet is engaging in a. heuristic processing. b. ideological distortion. c. secondhand extremism. d. the embellishment fallacy.

NOT secondhand extremism

The research in which participants who were primed to think of elderly people later walked more slowly down a hallway best shows a. the influence of schemas on memory. b. the influence of schemas on behavior. c. that schemas lead us to notice more information in our environment. d. that bottom-up processing can have a strong influence on our behaviors.

NOT that bottom-up processing can have a strong influence on our behaviors.

In 1992, Ross Perot asked voters, "Should the president have the line-item veto to eliminate waste?" Ninety-seven percent said yes. When the question was asked in more neutral terms—"Should the president have the line-item veto or not?"—only 57 percent agreed. This example best illustrates c. an order effect. d. spin framing.

NOT the availability heuristic\ b NOT

People sometimes work together on a project and later decide who should get the most credit. According to research by Michael Ross, this decision often entails ________ one's own contributions to joint projects. Moreover, this tendency arises from ________. b. overestimating; self-enhancement motives d. overestimating; the availability heuristic

NOT underestimating; the availability heuristic c NOT

Grandma Shirley gave each of her four grandchildren $25 as a holiday gift. Which of the grandchildren spent the money in a way to maximally benefit his or her happiness?

Nancy, who put the money toward a double feature at the movies.

Which of the following is true about the original Milgram experiment (1965)?

Nearly all participants called the experimenter's attention to the learner's suffering, and many participants stated explicitly that they refused to continue.

Imagine the following scenario: In a research study of theory of mind, children are shown a candy box with the lid closed. The researcher asks them to predict what is in the box. Naturally, the children say, "Candy." Next, the researcher shows the children that, in reality, there are pencils in the box. Finally, the researcher asks the children to predict what a friend will say is in the box. ________ 4-year-olds would most likely tend to say ________

Nonautistic; "Candy."

Challenge the position that people within the United States are all equally likely to commit the fundamental attribution error. What aspects of American identity relate to this tendency?

Not all people within the United States are equally likely to commit the fundamental attribution error. For example, bicultural people may be more or less likely to commit the fundamental attribution error depending on what culture is primed. People with Puerto Rican and Mexican heritage are less likely to use trait words to describe their own and others' behaviors. Moreover, people from lower- class backgrounds are more likely to consider situational influences on behavior than people from higher-class backgrounds.

Danner and colleagues (2001) analyzed personal narratives written by a sample of nuns at the time when they entered the convent around age 20. The researchers then evaluated how the nuns were doing many years later. What was a key finding of this study?

Nuns who reported more happiness in their personal narratives at age 20 lived longer lives.

Rusbult's investment model of commitment holds that three factors determine how committed people will be to their relationship. These factors are

satisfaction, alternatives, and investment.

A stereotype is best characterized as a type of

schema

Professor Hansen expects that students will sit quietly and take notes during his large lecture course. Thus, a student who talks in class and never opens a notebook violates Professor Hansen's ________about students.

schema

Psychologists have discovered that people store information in coherent configurations called

schemas

The human mind stores information in coherent representations called

schemas

Social psychology can be defined as the ________ study of the ________ of individuals in social situations.

scientific; feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

According to social exchange theory, people

seek out rewards in their interactions with others, and they are willing to incur certain costs in order to obtain them.

Research supporting self-verification theory has shown that people

selectively attend to information that is consistent with their self-views

Research supporting self-verification theory has shown that people

selectively attend to information that is consistent with their self-views.

After doing poorly on his biology exam, Jim reminds himself that he is a good artist and a loving boyfriend. Thus, Jim is using ________ to cope with a potential threat to his self-esteem.

self-affirmation

Researchers have found that people are less likely to display defensive biases (such as taking credit for a success and denying credit for a failure) if they previously engaged in which of the following?

self-affirmation

When people take stock of their strengths and accomplishments, they are engaging in ________ , which ________ the experience of cognitive dissonance.

self-affirmation; decreases

Claude Steele's research suggests that people given the opportunity to engage in ________ are ________ likely to experience cognitive dissonance.

self-affirmation; less

in creative ways.

On her way to school, Aisha found a five dollar bill and feels great. In class a little bit later, Aisha is given a problem set on which to work. According to what you know about the broaden-and-build hypothesis, Aisha is more likely to solve the problem set

Within the culture of news organizations there are certain topics that are known to be somewhat off-limits for reporting. Due to First Amendment protections, news organizations are protected and able, in a legal sense, to print whatever stories they want. However, editors do not want to be the first to publish certain stories critical of people in positions of power. This type of hesitancy to publish certain topics is a form of

self-censorship

When Josue thinks about how good he is at baseball, he recalls that time he hit three home runs in a row. When Josue thinks about how good his best friend Tom is at baseball, he remembers that Tom averaged just one home run per game throughout the season. Josue's thinking contributes to which of the following?

self-enhancement

Which of the following is NOT likely a mechanism by which optimism is associated with better physical health?

Optimists are less likely to need to rely on others for support.

Gene is given a questionnaire that has statements like these printed on it: "I take a positive view of myself" and "I feel that I have a number of good qualities." He is asked to indicate how much he agrees with such statements. This questionnaire is meant to measure Gene's

self-esteem

According to the sociometer hypothesis,

self-esteem is an internal, subjective index of the extent to which people feel included or excluded by others

According to the sociometer hypothesis,

self-esteem is an internal, subjective index of the extent to which people feel included or excluded by others.

Jerome heard that Liza has a great sense of humor. On meeting her for the first time, Jerome encourages Liza to share jokes she has heard and to tell him about comedy films she has seen. Although Liza does not see herself as especially funny, she obliges Jerome, and he concludes that what he had heard about Liza is true. Which of the following phenomena is most closely reflected in the exchange between Jerome and Liza?

self-fulfilling prophecy

Ryan begins his 20-page sociology paper at about 5 p.m. on the night before the paper is due. At around 6 p.m., Gary requests a favor that would take several hours. Ryan grants the favor and ends up leaving himself just a few hours to complete the paper. Later, when friends ask Ryan about his paper grade, he says, "I got a D because I was helping Gary all night instead of writing." This scenario exemplifies a self-presentation process called

self-handicapping

Consider the following quote: "How do I know what I think until I hear what I say?" The sentiment expressed in this quote captures the essence of

self-perception theory.

The set of processes by which people initiate, alter, and control their behavior in the pursuit of their goals is called

self-regulation

Ji-Min thinks of herself as outgoing, a big sister, a runner, and intelligent. There are aspects of Ji-Min's

self-schema

Ji-Min thinks of herself as outgoing, a big sister, a runner, and intelligent. These are aspects of Ji-Min's

self-schema.

Because of the availability heuristic, people can be more likely to

Overestimate the frequency of dramatic natural disasters

Last year, when Laura got a poor performance review from her supervisor, she told herself that the rating system was unfair and her boss had it in for her. When her review was glowing this year, Laura took it as a signal that she is both smart and capable. Laura's causal attributions are most consistent with which of the following?

self-serving attribution bias

In one study, participants were asked to recall a previous time in their lives when they felt confident. These participants were subsequently more persuaded by a persuasive message arguing for a new campus policy than participants who were asked to recall a previous time during which they felt doubt. How might metacognition help to explain this finding?

Participants asked to recall a confident memory engaged in more metacognition than those asked to recall feeling doubt.

appraisal

Patterns of construal for evaluating events and objects in the environment based on their relation to current goals are known as ________ processes.

activity in the orbicularis eye muscle

Paul Ekman coined the term Duchenne smile in order to differentiate true, enjoyment smiles from fake, polite smiles. What is present in the Duchenne smile that is NOT present in polite smiles?

Which of the following statements is NOT true?

People attain authority through their ability to influence informal social arrangements.

Which of the following statements best reflects self-affirmation theory?

People maintain feelings of worth after an identity threat by focusing on how great they are in a different life area.

Defend the position that the self-serving attributional bias is NOT always based on the motivation to maintain self-esteem.

People may attribute successes to the self and failures to external circumstances for rational reasons that do not have to do with maintaining self-esteem. When a person succeeds, it is at least partly due to his or her own efforts and thus warrants taking credit. When a person fails, it at least partly occurs despite his or her own efforts and thus requires looking for causes elsewhere.

Which of the following examples provides the best evidence for the broaden-and-build hypothesis of how emotions influence cognition?

People who watch an amusing film clip rate themselves as more similar to outgroup members.

Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with the evolutionary perspective?

People will inevitably do what they are biologically predisposed to do.

The confirmation bias makes what prediction about human behavior?

People will seek out supporting evidence for their beliefs

The confirmation bias makes what prediction about human behavior?

People will seek out supporting evidence for their beliefs.

Peripheral

self-serving attributional bias

People strive for stable and accurate beliefs about the self. This motivation is emphasized by ________ theory.

self-verification

Pluralistic Ignorance

The phenomenon of ________ occurs when people are reluctant to express their misgivings about a perceived group norm. Unfortunately, their reluctance reinforces a false norm.

Pluralistic ignorance

affective forecasting

Predicting future emotions, such as whether an event will result in happiness or anger or sadness, and for how long.

When information ______ has the most influence on people, the primacy effect has occurred. When information ______ has the most influence on people, the recency effect has occurred.

Presented first; Presented last

Coach Keating's team will do better because the touch in which they engage coordinates the team.

Prior to a basketball game, Coach Keating shakes his players' hands. Each player then gives the others a fist bump and a hug. In contrast, coach Lopez wishes the players luck and then the team goes through a cheer. Based on research by Kraus and colleagues how will the teams do if they follow the same routine over the season?

Which of the following is NOT evidence for the need to belong?

Prisoners tend to be happier when they focus on their preexisting family ties rather than forming kinship-like ties with other prisoners.

Nancy is trying to decide which car to buy. According to Richard Petty and John Cacioppo's elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, Nancy will be more likely to process information about the cars she researches through the central route if

she is personally motivated to devote time and energy to the information

Nancy is gathering information about different cars in order to decide which car she wants to buy. According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, Nancy will be more likely to process this information through the central route if

she is personally motivated to devote time and energy to the information.

Which of the following is most likely to be due to the mere exposure effect?

Radio listeners like a song the station plays multiple times more than they like a song the station plays only once or twice.

after telling people that the experiment was interesting, participants in the $1 condition tended to express a more favorable attitude toward the experiment.

Recall that Festinger and Carlsmith gave participants either $1 or $20 for telling others that an experiment was fun and interesting. The experiment entailed turning pegs on a pegboard one quarter turn at a time. Thus, in actuality, the experiment was tedious and boring. Study results showed that

positive; categorize objects in more inclusive ways

Recall that Isen studied how emotions might influence cognitive processes. She found that ________ emotions led participants to ________.

The attitudes of Group 1 participants better predicted current relationship status than the attitudes of Group 2 participants.

Recall that Wilson and his colleagues asked students about their current romantic relationships. Participants in Group 1 were asked for an overall evaluation of their relationships, whereas partici- pants in Group 2 were additionally asked to explain why they felt the way they did. Nearly nine months later, the researchers recontacted the participants and asked them about the current status of the relationships. Which of the following statements most accurately captures the study's results?

"mild threat" condition tended to view the toy less favorably than children in the "severe threat" condition.

Catherine and Greg currently have an exchange relationship with one another. This means that their relationship is likely ________ and is governed by ________.

short-term; concerns about equity and reciprocity

Emotions are different from moods in that emotions are

shorter in duration than moods.

Recall that Snyder and colleagues (1977) conducted a study in which men spoke with a woman over the telephone. Using different photographs, the researchers manipulated the men's beliefs about the woman's physical attractiveness. The woman did not know whether any given man believed her to be attractive or unattractive. The results of this study showed that the woman

showed greater social skills when talking to men who thought she was attractive.

Some patients in a nursing home were given opportunities that increased their sense of control. Compared with nursing home patients who did not have these same opportunities, those with an increased sense of control

showed improvement in overall functioning.

What is wrong with the ways in which teachers typically make causal attributions about girls' and boys' successes and failures?

Research finds that in elementary school, teachers provide different attributional feedback to boys and girls. Negative evaluation of girls' performance focuses almost exclusively on intellectual inadequacies, while half of the negative evaluation of boys' performance focuses on nonintellectual factors. Positive evaluation of girls' performance focuses on intellectual ability less than 80 percent of the time, while positive evaluation of boys' performance focuses on intellectual ability 94 percent of the time. These attributional patterns suggest that criticism for girls means they lack intellectual ability, while for boys it means they have not worked hard enough or paid enough attention.

Why is it inaccurate to say that people from interdependent cultures do NOT commit the fundamental attribution error?

Research finds that people from interdependent cultures also commit the fundamental attribution error. In fact, the classic effect in the Jones and Harris (1967) paradigm—assuming a speech or essay by another person reflects his or her own beliefs despite being forced to take that stance—has been replicated cross-culturally. It is accurate to say that people from interdependent cultures are less likely to commit the fundamental attribution error, particularly in situations in which the individual has direct experience in the situations themselves.

Which of the following advertising strategies BEST illustrates an attempt to persuade people through the central route?

Research is presented demonstrating that a particular moisturizing lotion is more effective than other products.

accept; smallest

Research on cognitive dissonance teaches a broad and important lesson about how to influence someone else's attitudes. Specifically, if you want people to ________ the broader value or message behind what you got them to do, then you should use the ________ amount of incentive or coercion necessary to induce compliance.

the facial expressions used to display an emotion.

Research shows that cultures do NOT tend to vary in

Which of the following is the best example of a correlational research study?

Researchers measured the association between participants' blood pressures and their degrees of chronic stress.

Which of the following is a challenge for understanding how media shapes our attitudes?

Researchers rely on people's self-reports of what media they have watched, which could be inaccurate.

implicit measures

Researchers should make use of ________ when assessing attitudes that people may be unwilling or unable to report.

Rhonda tells you that she hates her new apartment. According to the covariation principle, which question would you ask to assess the consistency covariation dimension?

Rhonda always report hating her apartment, or is she just saying so today?

A study conducted by Newcomb measured students' liking of their housemates over the course of 15 weeks. The evidence that came from this study found that, not only did liking increase over time, but it was also related to

similarities between the housemates.

Social psychologists have used the bogus stranger paradigm to study the effects of ________ on liking.

similarity

Pat is a lower-class man who works at a tire factory for a living. When trying to make sense of why a coworker is late to work, Pat is likely to make which kind of attribution?

situational

The actor-observer difference is the tendency for actors to make ____________ attributions while observers make ____________ attributions

situational; dispositional

care/harm

Rob is a conservative Republican. Based on your reading, about which moral domain is Rob LESS likely to be concerned?

The actor-observer difference is the tendency for actors to make ____________ attributions while observers make ____________ attributions.

situational; dispositional

The actor-observer difference is the tendency to make ________ attributions for one's own behavior, while making ________ attributions for others' behavior.

situational; dispositional

The actor-observer difference is the tendency to make _______________ attributions for one's own behavior, while making _____________ attributions for others' behavior.

situational; dispositional

Jason conducted an experiment in which participants were shown (a) three news stories dealing with the U.S. national deficit; (b) six news stories dealing with the U.S. national deficit; or (c) no news stories dealing with the U.S. national deficit. According to research on agenda control, Jason should expect that participants who read ________ news stories dealing with the deficit should be ________ likely to cite the deficit as one of the most important problems facing the country.

six; most

"How much do you want to buy an iPod within the next two years?" and "Have you bought an iPod in the last two years?"

Andy, an advertising executive, wants to use subliminal advertising to encourage people to buy his product. What effect will the use of subliminal advertising likely have on product sales?

Sales will not be affected.

Psychologists have discovered that people store information in coherent configurations called

Schemas

Which of the following is true of schemas?

Schemas can be primed outside of conscious awareness.

both the evolutionary and the cultural approaches

Scientific studies of emotional expression support which perspective(s) on emotions?

Carla's boyfriend breaks up with her. She comes up with her own explanation for this unfortunate turn of events during the stage of the appraisal process.

Secondary

Selma, a seventy-two-year-old woman who has had no formal education in the social sciences, would like to improve her ability to apply statistical and scientific reasoning. Which of the following is accurate about the steps Selma could take to improve this ability?

Selma could improve this ability through brief training sessions.

Generate an example of a time when you or someone you know committed the fundamental attribution error. Considering the causes of the fundamental attribution error that you learned about in this chapter, how might you explain this particular situation?

Several examples are acceptable as long as they present a situation when an observer attributed a behavior to dispositional causes without considering the situation. Reasonable causes include belief in a just world, perceptual salience, and cognitive effort or laziness.

Describe an instance in which you have committed the self-serving bias. Clearly explain how it demonstrates this attributional phenomenon.

Several examples of the self-serving attributional bias are acceptable as long as students describe a situation in which they attributed a failure or another bad event to external circumstances and/or a success or another good event to themselves.

Sidney and Jane are suffering from a similar health condition. Sidney is optimistic that her health will improve, while Jane's approach is to prepare herself for the worst. Which of the following outcomes is most likely?

Sidney's health condition will improve more than Jane's.

________ is the rule and ________ is the exception where the formation of relationships is concerned.

Similarity; complementarity

Why are social psychologists interested in social media platforms such as Facebook?

Social media represents a commonly used space for social interactions.

Which of the following statements about social psychology is the most accurate?

Social psychologists examine the influence of situations on behaviors.

Neha is likely to think that the attendant is rude and aggressive.

Someone cut Neha off while she was trying to find a parking spot at the movie theater. She is mad. After a few more minutes, Neha finds another spot and heads inside. When buying popcorn, the attendant spills a bit of it and then moves on to the next person in line. How is Neha likely to interpret the attendant's behavior?

Steve will remember more pain, because his procedure was more painful at the end.

Steve is undergoing a medical procedure that only takes twenty minutes but will be very painful at the end. Deborah is undergoing a medical procedure that takes over two hours and will be very painful at the beginning, but the pain tapers off over the rest of the time. Afterward, which one will remember experiencing more pain?

Which of the following news headlines would be most likely to make a lasting impression on readers?

Stocks Plummet on Release of Dire Economic Forecast!

In a study conducted by Joshua Aronson and colleagues (2003), a group of students were taught by college student mentors that intelligence was changeable and under their control. Compared to students in a control condition, how did these students perform on a subsequent statewide academic achievement test?

Students in the experimental condition performed significantly better than those in the control condition, and this was especially true for female students on the math portion of the test.

Which of the following statements about the effects of subliminal stimuli is most accurate?

Subliminal exposure to thirst-related words can lead thirsty people to drink more.

induced (forced) compliance

Subtly compelling people to behave in a manner that is inconsistent with their beliefs, attitudes, or values in order to elicit dissonance and therefore a change in their original attitudes and values.

Maria, Susan, and Bobby ran for class president. When the votes were tallied, Maria received 38 votes, Susan received 37 votes, and Bobby garnered 35 votes. According to Medvec and colleagues' study of Olympic athletes' emotional reactions, one would expect ____________ to be the LEAST happy with the election outcome.

Susan

Candace was having dinner with friends when one asked the group to name Australia's capital city. Sydney popped immediately into Candace's mind as a likely answer, but she waited to see what her other friends thought was right. Some were confident that the capital city was Sydney, while others thought it might be Canberra. Consistent with the self-validation hypothesis, Candace was persuaded that ________ was the right answer because ________.

Sydney; having "Sydney" pop into her mind so quickly made her confident it was right

________ theory states that people are motivated to see the existing sociopolitical setup as fair, desirable, and legitimate.

System Justification

________ theory states that people are motivated to see the existing sociopolitical setup as fair, desirable, and legitimate.

System justification

a self-adapter

Tami is in the lounge of her doctor's office waiting for some very important results. While waiting, Tami nervously shakes her leg. Tami is displaying which form of nonverbal communication?

Which of the following examples best shows how expectations (i.e. schemas) can be self0fulfilling propecies?

Teachers who expect that some children will do well in school actually lead those children to perform better

Which of the following examples best shows how expectations (i.e., schemas) can be self-fulfilling prophecies?

Teachers who expect that some children will do well in school actually lead those children to perform better.

According to the textbook's description of positive and negative framing, which of the following statements would be most influential on a decision to undergo a risky surgery?

Ten out of 100 people who have this surgery die.

According to the textbook's description of positive and negative framing, which of the following statements would be most likely to influence someone NOT to undergo a risky surgery?

Ten out of one hundred people who have this surgery die.

________ theory states that people deal with their anxiety over the inevitability of their own death by striving for symbolic immortality. This immortality is achieved through preserving valued cultural worldviews and believing they have lived up to the culture's standards.

Terror management

Lauren is an attractive woman. She has large round eyes, a large forehead, high eyebrows, and a rounded small chin. When other people first meet Lauren, what are they likely to think about her?

That she is naive

affective

The ________ component of an attitude consists of the degree to which the person likes or dislikes the attitude object.

social intuitionist model

The ________ states that people first have fast emotional reactions to events with moral significance and then recruit more thoughtful reasoning to make a final judgment about right and wrong.

Hannah and Damian disagree on the cause of Damian's recent automobile accident. Describe how the actor-observer difference might explain the disagreement between the two.

The actor-observer difference is a difference in attribution based on who is making the attribution. The actor is more inclined to make situational attributions, while the observer is more likely to make dispositional attributions. In this situation, Damian, the actor, is likely to attribute the automobile accident to the situation, such as another driver's behavior or the icy roads. In contrast, Hannah, the observer, is likely to attribute the automobile accident to Damian, such as the fact that he was not paying attention or is a bad driver.

response latency

The amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus, such as an attitude question.

Someone cut Neha off while she was trying to find a parking spot at the movie theater, and she is mad. After a few more minutes, Neha finds another spot and heads inside. When buying popcorn, the attendant spills a bit of it and then moves on to the next person in line. How is Neha likely to interpret the attendant's behavior?

The attendant is rude and aggressive.

Recall that Wilson and his colleagues (1984) asked students about their current romantic relationships. Participants in Group 1 were asked for an overall evaluation of their relationships, whereas participants in Group 2 were additionally asked to explain why they felt the way they did. Nearly nine months later, the researchers contacted the participants again and asked them about the current status of their relationships. Which of the following statements most accurately captures the study's results?

The attitudes of Group 1 participants better predicted current relationship status than the attitudes of Group 2 participants.

The ________ states that people first have fast emotional reactions to events with moral significance and then recruit more thoughtful reasoning to make a final judgment about right and wrong.

social intuitionist model

The attitudes of Group 1 participants better predicted current relationship status than the attitudes of Group 2 participants.

The basis for the attitude is largely affective.

The behavior was freely chosen

The behavior was freely chosen.

The length of a pleasurable experience is unrelated to overall reports of pleasure.

The concept of duration neglect refers to which of the following phenomena?

underestimate; overestimate

The concept of immune neglect suggests that we ________ our capacity to be resilient in responding to negative life events, and therefore ________ the extent to which a negative event will reduce our well-being.

________ exemplifies a message characteristic, whereas ________ exemplifies a source characteristic.

The content of a speech; the credibility of a communicator

How does the control condition compare to the experimental condition in experimental research designs?

The control condition is identical to the experimental condition in every way expect for the independent variable.

Explain the covariation principle and the three types of covariation information that people use to understand the causes of everyday social behavior.

The covariation principle is the idea that behavior should be attributed to causes that covary with the behavior. Three types of covariation information are significant in determining whether a behavior should be attributed to the person or the situation. Consensus refers to what most people do in the given situation. The more an individual's reaction is shared by others, the less it says about him or her and the more it says about the situation. Distinctiveness refers to what the individual does in different situations. The more someone's reaction is confined to a particular situation, the less it says about the individual and the more it says about the situation. Consistency refers to what the individual does in the given situation on different occasions. The more an individual's reaction varies across occasions, the harder it is to make an attribution either to the person or the situation.

In a study conducted by Aron and his colleagues (2000), married couples engaged in one of two tasks: either they were tied together with Velcro and required to move a soft ball positioned between their heads across a long mat, or they each had to push a ball on their own across the mat with a stick. Couples in the first condition reported higher marital satisfaction after completing the task compared to couples in the second condition. How did the researchers interpret these results?

The first task was more arousing, leading to a misattribution of arousal to feelings about one's partner.

Which of the following pieces of evidence supports Eagly and Wood's (1999, 2002, 2015) perspective that gender differences in mate preferences are driven by culture rather than evolution?

The greater the gender equality in a given society, the less importance women place on earning capacity in a potential mate.

social intuitionist model of moral judgment

The idea that people first have fast, emotional reactions to morally relevant events, which influence the way they reason to arrive at a judgment of right or wrong.

broaden-and-build hypothesis

The idea that positive emotions broaden thoughts and actions, helping people build social resources.

Stryker, along with McCall and Simmons, agree that individuals have multiple socially constructed identities. Which of the following is a big difference between the two sets of theory about identity?

The individual can negotiate an idiosyncratic version of the social identity

The research in which participants who were primed to think elderly people late walked more slowly down a hallway best shows

The influence of schemas on behavior

What is the just world hypothesis? In addition, explain how this hypothesis is relevant to the fundamental attribution error.

The just world hypothesis is the belief that people get what they deserve in life and deserve what they get. This belief is a potential cause of the fundamental attribution error—the tendency to overestimate dispositional causes of an event and to underestimate situational causes. When making a dispositional attribution, we are claiming that the person was the cause of the event and this gives us comfort and peace of mind. It suggests that people determine their own circumstances and that bad things will not just happen to them.

The concept of duration neglect refers to which of the following phenomena?

The length of a pleasurable experience is unrelated to overall reports of pleasure.

Social psychologists are particularly interested in studying the influence of which contemporary technology?

social media

In a series of experiments, Harlow (1958) raised baby rhesus monkeys in isolation from other rhesus monkeys but with access to two "mother surrogates," one made of cloth and the other made of wire and able to provide milk. Which of the following statements best describes the results of these experiments?

The monkeys suffered from isolation, preferred the comfort of the cloth mother, and were highly fearful of their monkey peers in adolescence.

According to the textbook, which of the following statements about attribution is/are accurate?

The more someone's reaction is confined to a particular situation, the less this reaction says about that individual and the more it says about the specific situation. All other things being equal, the more an individual's reaction is shared by others, the less it says about the individual and the more it says about the situation. The more an individual's reaction is specific to one occasion, the harder it is to make a definite attribution to either the person or the situation.

According to construal level theory, if you are imagining working on your thesis in graduate school in several years, you are most likely to be thinking about

The overall goal of how your thesis will help you to finish graduate school

Cacioppo and colleagues (1993) have examined how arm movements can influence attitudes by asking participants to view Chinese characters while either extending an arm away from or flexing an arm toward themselves. Which of the following best sums up the results of this research?

The participants had more favorable attitudes toward the characters they viewed while flexing an arm toward, compared with extending an arm away.

The processes we use to try and understand other people are known as _____.

social perception

Which of the following best summarizes the effects of airing telenovelas?

The programs changed people's attitudes and behaviors.

What is the "field of forces" that Kurt Lewin emphasized in understanding human behavior?

social situations

Jim just received an "A" on his statistics exam. While he is still happy about this, a classmate asks to borrow his lecture notes. According to research on emotion-based appeals for compliance, why is Jim likely to comply with this request?

The request will seem less threatening to Jim, and he will feel guilty if he does not comply.

behavior is inconsistent with attitudes that are relatively vague.

The self-perception processes posited by Daryl Bem are particularly likely to be invoked when

immune neglect

The tendency for people to underestimate their capacity to be resilient in responding to difficult life events, which leads them to overestimate the extent to which life's problems will reduce their personal well-being.

effort justification

The tendency to reduce dissonance by justifying the time, effort, or money devoted to something that turned out to be unpleasant or disappointing.

cognitive dissonance theory

The theory that inconsistency between a person's thoughts, sentiments, and actions creates an aversive emotional state (dissonance) that leads to efforts to restore consistency.

system justification theory

The theory that people are motivated to see the existing sociopolitical system as desirable, fair, and legitimate.

self-perception theory

The theory that people come to know their own attitudes by looking at their behavior and the context in which it occurred and inferring what their attitudes must be.

terror management theory (TMT)

The theory that people deal with the potentially crippling anxiety associated with the knowledge of the inevitability of death by striving for symbolic immortality through preserving valued cultural worldviews and believing they have lived up to the culture's standards.

Recall that Peterson and Seligman examined the impact of attributions on academic success. Name the three dimensions along which Peterson and Seligman have assessed a person's explanatory style. Then give an example of a belief or type of thought that characterizes each of those dimension

The three attribution dimensions that make up explanatory style include internal/external, stable/unstable, and global/specific. Several examples of beliefs or types of thought are acceptable. An example that is internal mentions the self, while an external one does not. An example that is stable implies things will never change, while an unstable one implies that change is possible. An example that is global affects many areas of life, while a specific one applies to just a few areas.

cognitive consistency

Theories that emphasize uniformity between the components of attitudes and between attitudes and behavior are called ________ theories.

evaluates whether an event is congruent or incongruent with his or her goals.

There are two general stages to the appraisal process that gives rise to human emotions. In the first appraisal stage, the person

a person determines possible ways of responding to an event and the consequences of those responses.

There are two general stages to the appraisal process that gives rise to human emotions. In the secondary appraisal stage,

Which of the following statements about physical attractiveness is FALSE?

There is no tendency for people to treat unattractive children less fairly (relative to attractive children).

Which of the following is the best example of a positively framed statement?

This brand of condom has an overall 75 percent success rate.

Tina, a longtime Republican, is trying to decide how to vote in the upcoming mayoral election. She has researched the candidates and has discovered that the Republican candidate has many strengths but also many weaknesses. How will Tina likely react to the mixed evidence?

Tina will become even more firmly entrenched in her attitude.

read a detailed description of one condition of a dissonance experiment and to predict the attitude of the person depicted in the description.

To learn whether responses in cognitive dissonance experiments are the product of self-perception processes, Daryl Bem asked participants to

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that touch promotes closeness between friends and relationship partners?

Touch causes the body to create and release estrogen.

You are interested in pledging a fraternity. The first time you come by the frat house, you meet Vince as you walk in the door. Vince says hello and then angrily yells at his frat brother down the hall. What are you likely to infer about Vince based on this interaction?

Vince has a high status role within the fraternity.

We often tell narratives about which emotions we felt in a particular situation and why. What seems to be true of these self-report accounts?

We are generally good at labeling which emotions we felt, but we are not so good at accounting for why we felt that way.

Which of the following is a limitation of correlational research?

We can never be sure about causality.

immune neglect

We may be bad at affective forecasting because of ________, the tendency to focus too much on a central aspect of an event while ignoring the possible impact of associated factors or other events.

life satisfaction; emotional well-being

What are the two measurable components of happiness?

They stay close to one sexual partner.

What happens when montane voles are given an injection of oxytocin?

Based on the research on audience characteristics, which of the following scenarios best illustrates how Tommy's mood is likely to impact his response to persuasive attempts?

When Tommy feels sad, he is more likely to attend to pessimistic messages than to optimistic messages.

self-affirmation; decreases

When a person takes stock of his or her strengths and accomplishments he or she is engaging in ________ , which ________ the experience of cognitive dissonance.

When is the "better-than-average" effect most likely to occur?

When people assess their abilities on ambiguous traits that can be constructed in different ways.

ask participants to use numbers to indicate the extent to which they agree with a particular statement.

When researchers use a Likert scale to assess participants' attitudes, they

Petty and colleagues (1981) asked students to read either eight weak arguments or eight strong arguments in support of implementing a comprehensive exam at their university. Some students were told that the exam would be initiated the following year, and others were told it would be initiated in ten years, well after their graduation. Finally, the researchers varied the expertise of the source of the arguments; that is, participants were told the arguments were generated either by a local high school class or by a prestigious "Commission on Higher Education." The researchers measured students' attitudes toward the exam. What was the main result of this study?

When students believed the exam would be implemented in ten years, the expertise of the source influenced their attitudes but the quality of the arguments did not.

cleanliness/filth

Which is NOT one of the universal moral domains described in Haidt's moral foundations theory?

the evolutionary approach

Which of the following approaches to understanding emotion assumes that the components of emotion allow adaptive responses to threats to survival?

immune neglect

Which of the following biases best explains the pattern of findings yielded by research on affective forecasting?

People who watch an amusing film clip rate themselves as more similar to outgroup members.

Which of the following examples provides the best evidence for the broaden-and-build hypothesis of how emotions influence cognition?

preventing emotional feelings

Which of the following is NOT a key component of emotional intelligence?

being better at mathematics

Which of the following is NOT associated with high emotional intelligence?

Touch causes the body to create and release estrogen.

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that touch promotes closeness between friends and relationship partners?

awareness of our shared humanity with others

Which of the following is a result of feeling sympathy?

Jacquie and Karen are both interested in the topic of divorce. Jacquie is a social psychologist and Karen is a sociologist. Compared to Karen, which of the following questions is Jacquie most likely to ask?

Why does infidelity lead to divorce?

because people are motivated to maintain the status quo, particularly when their own mortalities are made salient

Why is it a good idea for incumbent politicians to campaign for maintaining the safety and security of their countries?

According to the evolutionary perspective, why are women more selective than men in their choice of mates?

Women invest more in the offspring than males.

Vince has a high status role within the fraternity.

System justification

________ theory states that people are motivated to see the existing sociopolitical setup as fair, desirable, and legitimate.

hich of the following instances of "common sense" may be due to the representativeness heuristic? a. You should avoid potato chips if you suffer from greasy skin and acne. c. You should drink milk when you have a cold. d. Eating turtle meat makes you a worse swimmer.

Imagine that your local campus police officers need help solving a crime. They have two witnesses whose accounts of the event are inconsistent, and they suspect that at least one of these witnesses might be lying. Whom should the local police call to best assist them in detecting whether either witness has lied?

a Secret Service agent

The main difference between compliance and obedience is that obedience occurs in response to

a more powerful person or group.

Moe just got dumped. He tells his friends, "It was my fault - I cheated. I always find myself cheating in relationships. Now I'm so distracted, I don't think I'll be able to study for my classes." Which of the following is Moe demonstrating?

a pessimistic attribution style

Emily is in a good mood. This means that she is most likely to comply with which of the following requests?

a request to donate to a charitable organization

In one study, elementary school teachers were told that aptitude tests indicated that certain students would "bloom" intellectually in the coming year, though in reality these students' names were chosen randomly. At the end of the year, the selected students indeed performed better on aptitude tests compared to other students. This phenomenon is called ____________ and is likely drive by _________________.

a self-fulfilling prophecy; teacher behavior

In one study, elementary schoolteachers were told that aptitude tests indicated that certain students would "bloom" intellectually in the coming year, though in reality these students' names were chosen randomly. At the end of the year, the selected students indeed performed better on aptitude tests compared to other students. This phenomenon is called ________ and is likely driven by ________.

a self-fulfilling prophecy; teacher behavior

Information-processing limitations help explain why our judgments can depend on the order in which information is presented. For example, primacy effects often result from

a tendency to pay great attention to information presented early on.

Primacy effects often result from

a tendency to pay greater attention to information presented early on.

A flashbulb memory is a

a vivid recollection of when one heard about some emotionally charged news

a. "How do you feel about iPods?" and "Have you used an iPod in the last two years?" c. "How positively do you feel about iPods?" and "Have you used an iPod in the last month?" d. "How much do you want to buy an iPod within the next two years?" and "Have you bought an iPod in the last two years?"

a. Behavior can be automatic, thereby bypassing conscious thought altogether. b. Attitudes often prime behavior. c. Attitudes are sometimes poor predictors of behavior.

a. Maria would have a longer response latency than Jamal.

a. The participants had more favorable attitudes toward the characters they viewed while flexing an arm toward, compared with extending an arm away. b. Participants who nodded their heads showed the most positive attitudes toward the characters. d. The arm movements did not affect participants' attitudes toward the different Chinese characters.

Researchers should make use of ________ when assessing attitudes that people may be unwilling or unable to report.

a. implicit measures c. surveys d. Likert scales

a. self-perception b. self-affirmation c. system-justification

Construal level theory predicts that we think about events distant in time or space in _______ terms, and that we think about events nearer in time or space in ________ terms.

abstract; concrete

Construal level theory predicts that we think about events distant in time or space in ________ terms, and that we think about events nearer in time or space in ___________ terms.

abstract; concrete

To persuade a large group, a(n)________argument is generally more effective than a(n)________ argument.

abstract; concrete

accept; smallest

Tiesha thinks that she did poorly on her exam because the questions were too hard, but that her friend did poorly because he is not smart. Tiesha's attributions reflect the

actor-observer difference

Tiesha thinks that she did poorly on her exam because the questions were too hard, but that her friend did poorly because he is not smart. Tiesha's attributions reflect the

actor-observer difference.

The ________ component of an attitude consists of the degree to which the person likes or dislikes the attitude object.

affective

The ____________ component of an attitude consists of the emotional reactions a person has to the attitude object.

affective

Recall that Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) gave participants either $1 or $20 for telling others that an experiment was fun and interesting. The experiment entailed turning pegs on a pegboard one quarter turn at a time. Thus, in actuality, the experiment was tedious and boring. The study results showed that

after telling people that the experiment was interesting, participants in the $1 condition tended to express a more favorable attitude toward the experiment.

Glenda was recently placed in a nursing home, and her physical health has been gradually deteriorating. Accordingly to the textbook, which of the following would be most likely to improve her health?

allowing her a greater sense of control

Larry suspects that his girlfriend wants to break up with him. Being a rather mean-spirited fellow, Larry tells his girlfriend that if she breaks up with him, she will be alone and will never find another boyfriend. To manipulate his girlfriend, Larry is drawing his girlfriend's attention to the ________ component of Rusbult and colleagues' (1980, 1983, 2012) investment model of commitment.

alternative partners

Susie is participating in research that assesses the strength of her bond with her partner. As part of this research, she is asked, "All things considered, how attractive are the people other than your partner with whom you could become involved?" Which element of the commitment model of relationships is this question measuring?

alternative partners

Vazire and colleagues conducted a series of students to evaluated who we believe knows us best, ourselves or close other, and whether our beliefs are accurate. The results showed that

although we tend to believe that we know ourselves best, close others do a better job predicting certain aspects of out behavior than we do

amplified; Japanese

Activation of the ________ is associated with our gut feelings (particularly fear) in response to environmental stimuli, whereas activation of the ________ seems to heighten in response to rewards.

amygdala; nucleus accumbens

Research by Ekman (1992) on the universality of facial expression showed that people from diverse cultures tend to agree in how they label the emotions of

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.

Liam, the photography editor of a national magazine, is looking through a series of pictures to find a model who seems strong and competent. Given research findings on physical appearance and snap judgments, Liam should select a model whose face has

angular chin

The adult attachment style characterized by excessive attempts to get closer to others and frequent worry about relationships is

anxious-ambivalent.

The propensity to show facial expressions and the tendency to live in groups are related in that they both

are human universals

The propensity to show facial expressions and the tendency to live in groups are related in that they both

are human universals.

Imagine you are playing a video game when five strangers arrive to watch you. According to Robert Zajonc's work on social facilitation, the ________ created by the presence of these strangers would impair your performance if you ________ this particular video game.

arousal; are unfamiliar with

When researchers use a Likert scale to assess individuals' attitudes, they

ask participants to use numbers to indicate the extent to which they agree with a particular statement.

When researchers use a Likert scale to assess participants' attitudes, they

ask participants to use numbers to indicate the extent to which they agree with a particular statement.

The foot-in-the-door studies and the Milgram studies are similar in that they both

asked people to comply with a small, relatively unobjectionable action at first.

According to the textbook, there are three main predictors of attraction. Which of the following is NOT one of these three predictors?

attachment

Because schemas have been shown to influence ________, participants who are told to watch a video of a basketball game and count the number of times people in white shirts pass the ball might completely miss seeing a person in a black gorilla suit walk through the game.

attention

Bernard views himself as a Democrat. He is watching a television broadcast of a debate between two congressmen, a Republican and a Democrat. His roommate starts to vacuum the apartment. Bernard asks his roommate to shut off the vacuum only when the Democrat is speaking. This scenario illustrates ________ in action.

attentional bias

A(n) ________ is an evaluation of an object in a positive or negative fashion.

attitude

Some residents in your town want to build a new elementary school, but others do not. You are leaning toward the pro-school camp. One day, you receive a flyer from the pro-school camp that warns you that the anti-school camp is going to hold a demonstration at a local park. The flyer briefly summarizes how the anti-school camp will attack the pro-school position. Further, the flyer asks you to think about how you can refute the attack before the demonstration occurs. The pro-school camp's strategy is an example of ________, and it should ________ your resistance to stronger, more detailed attacks if you end up attending the demonstration.

attitude inoculation; increase

Some residents in your town want to build a new elementary school, but others do not. You are leaning toward the pro-school camp. One day, you receive a flyer from the pro-school camp that warns you that the anti-school camp is going to hold a demonstration at a local park. The flyer briefly summarizes how the anti-school camp will attack the pro-school position. Further, the flyer asks you to think about how you can refute the attack before the demonstration occurs. The pro-school camp's strategy is an example of ________. It should ________ your resistance to stronger, more detailed attacks if you end up attending the demonstration.

attitude inoculation; increase

Attitudes do a good job predicting behavior when

attitudes and behavior are measured at the same levels of specificity.

In the 1930s, a time when anti-Asian sentiments were common, LaPiere (1934) toured the United States with a young Chinese couple. Together they visited numerous hotels, auto camps, restaurants, and cafes. LaPiere compared the attitudes of people who managed these various establishments with how well (or poorly) these people actually treated the Chinese couple. The text used this study to introduce an important point, namely, that the effect of ________ than people think.

attitudes on behavior is weaker

The just world hypothesis is relevant to the fundamental attribution error because this hypothesis helps explain why we tend to

attribute others' behaviors to dispositional causes.

The process by which individuals seek to understand why others behave as they do is known as _____.

attribution

________ theory deals with how people assign causes to the events around them and the effects that these explanations have.

attribution

________ theory focuses on the ways in which we answer such questions as, "Why does my roommate always play his music so loud?"

attribution

___________ theory deals with how people assign causes to the events around them and the effects that these explanations have.

attribution

____________ theory deals with how people assign causes to the events around them and the effects that these explanations have.

attribution

____________ theory focuses on the ways in which we answer such questions as "Why does my roommate always play his music loudly?"

attribution

Laura and Janet both responded to a newspaper ad for "friendly and outgoing" sales associates. While interviewing with the store manager, Laura comes across as extraverted. Janet comes across as shy. After the interviews, the manager thinks about the two applicants. According to the _____________, the manager should feel more confident that _____________ behavior is a clear reflection of her true self.

augmentation principle; Janet's

Lissett and Janet both responded to a newspaper ad for "friendly and outgoing" sales associates. While interviewing with the store manager, Lissett comes across as extraverted while Janet comes across as shy. After the interviews, the manager thinks about the two applicants. According to the ________ principle, the manager should feel more confident that ________ behavior is a clear reflection of her true self.

augmentation; Janet's

Lissett and Janet both responded to a newspaper ad for "friendly and outgoing" sales associates. While interviewing with the store manager, Lissett comes across as extraverted while Janet comes across as shy. After the interviews, the manager thinks about the two applicants. According to the _____________ principle, the manager should feel more confident that ____________ behavior is a clear reflection of her true self.

augmentation; Janet's

Suppose you are driving home from school and suddenly realize that you have not noticed anything you have driven past for the last few minutes. This experience of driving without paying attention to your route is an example of ________ processing.

automatic

Studies that find that unprejudiced people can still show negative implicit attitudes toward people of different races highlight the importance of distinguishing between

automatic and controlled processing.

Studies that find that unprejudiced people can still show negative implicit attitudes toward people of different races highlight the importance of distinguishing between

automatic and controlled.

Lola visits Trish in Weston, CT. At some point, Lola asks Trish whether there is a lot of crime in Weston. Although crime rarely occurs there, Trish recalls a recent news story about a Weston drug store robbery. On the basis of this memory, she then tells Lola that there is a lot of crime in Weston. This scenario illustrates reliance on the ________ heuristic.

availability

People rely on the ________ heuristic when they judge the frequency or probability of some event by the readiness with which similar events come to mind

availability

People rely on the ________ heuristic when they judge the frequency or probability of some event by the readiness with which similar events come to mind.

availability

According to the textbook, two physical features that signal health and reproductive fitness are

averageness and bilateral symmetry.

Artie and his girlfriend Robyn just broke up. Robyn calls her best friend to talk about it. She says, "Artie is the kind of guy who never seemed to feel comfortable with intimacy or being in love. He just did not seem to trust, need, or depend on me. In fact, he would even tell me that I loved him more than I should, and this made him nervous." According to this description, Artie's attachment style is best characterized as

avoidant.

In which situation would someone be more likely to perform well on a test? a. when a specific example of a genius is activated c. when a soccer hooligan schema is activated d. when a professor schema is activated

b NOT

When information ________ has the most influence on people, the primacy effect has occurred. When information ________ has the most influence on people, the recency effect has occurred. a. experience firsthand; experienced secondhand c. presented first; presented last d. experienced secondhand; experienced firsthand

b NOT c

________ theory deals with how people assign causes to the events around them and the effects that these explanations have.

b. Representative c. Attribution d. Situational

Which of the following statements about the effects of teacher expectations on student performance is accurate?

b. Teacher expectation effects are large for lower-achieving, lower-SES, and African American students.

b. They will come to hold more positive attitudes toward the product. c. They will feel positive emotions. d. They will come to hold more negative attitudes toward the product.

Which of the following questions best reflects what attribution theory seeks to explain?

b. Where is Juan most likely to find a date for the dance? c. Why did Larissa break up with Tom?

Which of the following studies best supports Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory?

b. a study showing that people express more confidence in a bet right after making it than they do right before making it c. a study showing that people value academic achievement more strongly after reading education-related words than after reading sports-related words d. a study showing that introspection leads to less attitude-behavior consistency than does an absence of introspection

Flora will most likely attribute Jeremy's quiet, shy behavior to his introverted personality when

b. consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency are all high. c. consensus and consistency are high, but distinctiveness is low. d. consistency is high, and consensus and distinctiveness are low.

The ________ is the idea that behavior should be attributed to potential causes that occur along with the behavior.

b. explanatory theory c. covariation principle d. attribution theory

Luisa just made a dentist appointment. Although she feels terrified of the dentist, she thinks that maintaining a healthy smile is important. This example best illustrates that

b. if the components of an attitude are inconsistent, attitudes may not predict behavior. d. emotion can be elicited automatically without conscious awareness.

Consider the following saying: "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again." According to cognitive dissonance theory, trying again should ________ how much you value the outcome of your efforts.

b. increase confusion over c. decrease d. increase

b. knowledge c. cognitive

Getting paid a lot of money to do things that violate one's core values—as compared to getting no money to violate one's values—should

b. lead to attitude change. c. not produce much dissonance.

Psychologists who want to measure a person's explanatory style assess each of the following attribution dimensions EXCEPT

b. rational/affective. c. stability/instability. d. global/specific.

________ theory states that people are motivated to see the existing sociopolitical setup as fair, desirable, and legitimate.

b. self-perception c. terror management d. system justification

The actor-observer difference is the tendency to make ________ attributions for one's own behavior, while making ________ attributions for others' behavior.

b. situational; dispositional d. distinctive; common

According to Dan Gilbert, the first stage of the attributional process entails making ________ attributions that are ________. The second, adjustment, stage entails making ________ that are ________.

b. temporary; subconscious; stable attributions; conscious c. dispositional; automatic; situational attributions; deliberate d. situational; deliberate; dispositional attributions; automatic

Carol, a student from China, is good friends with Tanja, a student from Germany. According to research on cognitive dissonance, when is Carol more likely to experience dissonance than Tanja?

b. when Carol chooses between two necklaces for herself c. when Carol chooses between two pairs of shoes as a gift for her mother d. when Carol listens to loud music while shopping

According to the textbook, all of the following factors can DECREASE the accuracy of secondhand information EXCEPT

base-rate information

According to the textbook, all of the following factors can decrease the accuracy of secondhand information EXCEPT

base-rate information

According to the textbook, all the following factors can decrease the accuracy of secondhand information EXCEPT

base-rate information

To increase compliance, descriptive and prescriptive norms should

be aligned with one another.

In class, Linda had to give a "pro-life" speech on abortion. Before her speech, the teacher told everyone that Linda had been assigned to take this position, regardless of her true beliefs about abortion. Research on the fundamental attribution error suggests that, after class, the other students will

be biased to think that Linda is truly pro-life.

In her debate class, Min was assigned to give a "pro-life" speech on abortion. Before her speech, the teacher told everyone that Min had been assigned to take this position, regardless of her true beliefs. Research on the fundamental attribution error suggests that, after class, the other students will

be biased to think that Min is truly pro-life.

In her debate class, Mischa was assigned to give a "pro-life" speech on abortion. Before her speech, the teacher told everyone that Mischa had been assigned to take this position, regardless of her true beliefs. Research on the fundamental attribution error suggest that, after class, the other students will

be biased to think that Mischa is truly pro-life

be biased to think that Mischa is truly pro-life.

The planning fallacy refers to the tendency to

be unrealistically optimistic about how quickly you can complete a project.

Why is it a good idea for incumbent politicians to campaign for maintaining the safety and security of their countries?

because people are motivated to maintain the status quo, particularly when their own mortalities are made salient

According to the textbook, why is it a good idea for incumbent politicians to campaign for maintaining the safety and security of their countries?

because people are motivated to maintain the status quo, particularly when their own mortality is made salient

Once it is activated, a schema may have automatic effects on behavior. This can cause individuals to _____.

behave consistently with the schema without being aware of the reason for the behavior

Michelle just watched a film that showed several high-speed chases on city streets. On her way home from the theater, she drives much faster than normal. This example best illustrates that

behavior can be automatic, primed by features in our environment

Michelle just watched a film that showed several high-speed chases on city streets. On her way home from the theater, she drives much faster than normal. This example best illustrates that

behavior can be automatic, primed by features in our environment.

The self-perception processes posited by Bem (1967, 1972) are particularly likely to be invoked when

behavior is inconsistent with attitudes that are relatively vague.

The self-perception processes posited by Daryl Bem are particularly likely to be invoked when

behavior is inconsistent with attitudes that are relatively vague.

behaviors are not determined solely by attitudes

behaviors are not determined solely by attitudes.

One of the most commonly used social neuroscience techniques is known as functional magnetic resonance imaging. This technique measures changes in the brain associated with ________ to determine which parts of the brain are active during certain activities.

blood flow

Recall that Wells and Gavanski (1989) asked study participants to read a story about a woman who went to lunch with her boss to celebrate a promotion. According to the story, the boss ordered a dish for the woman that contained wine. Unfortunately, the woman was so allergic to wine that she died. The researchers were interested in how participants would respond to additional information about the boss's behavior. Results of this study showed that participants who thought the

boss almost ordered a different dish that did not contain wine viewed his choice of meals as more causally significant.

Scientific studies of emotional expression support which perspective(s) on emotions?

both the evolutionary and the cultural approaches

Scientific studies of emotional expression support which perspective(s) on emotions?

both the evolutionary and the cultural approaches.

Recall that the Chapmans studied how experienced clinical psychologists and college students would interpret individuals' responses to the Draw-a-Person test, which often is used to diagnose psychiatric disorders. Results showed that ________ perceived illusory correlations between individuals' mental disorders and their drawings.

both the students and the clinicians

____________ processes consist of observing and remembering relevant stimuli from the outside world, and _______________ processes filter and interpret stimuli in light of preexisting knowledge and expectations.

bottom-up; top-down

Janet has a minority opinion about dorm curfew and is afraid she will feel pressured to conform to the majority opinion at an upcoming dorm meeting. To resist conformity pressure, Janet should

bring an ally to the meeting.

c. after telling people that the experiment was interesting, participants in the $1 condition tended to express a more favorable attitude toward the experiment. d. neither $1 nor $20 could induce participants to tell other people that the experiment was interesting.

Someone with an optimistic explanatory style is likely to make which types of attributions for success?

c. external, unstable, specific d. internal, stable, global

People tend to make ________ attributions when levels of consensus and distinctiveness are low and consistency information is high.

c. internal d. specific

According to Daryl Bem's self-perception theory,

c. people infer their own attitudes from their behaviors and the context in which these behaviors occur. d. people reflect on their attitudes, which then lead to behaviors that reflect these attitudes.

In Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson's (1968) "Pygmalion in the Classroom" study, students whose teachers were told that they were expected to show substantial IQ growth over the course of the year showed ________ during a brief time period.

c. substantial increases in IQ scores

A key difference between automatic processes and controlled processes is that automatic processes

can operate in parallel.

Theory of mind is important for group living because it

can prevent misunderstandings that could lead to aggression or death.

Shira comes home from work and tells her husband that she just got promoted. Her husband responds with enthusiasm and asks her questions about her new position. His behavior is an example of

capitalization.

Rob is a conservative Republican. Based on your reading, about which moral domain is Rob LESS likely to be concerned?

care/harm

Dissonance theory suggests that people ________ their attitudes as a result of dissonance, whereas self-perception theory suggests that people ________ their attitudes from observing their behaviors.

change; infer

Which of the following concepts is most relevant to people who want to make someone act on his or her intentions?

channel factors

Which is NOT one of the universal moral domains described in Haidt's moral foundations theory?

cleanliness/filth

cognitive

Theories that emphasize uniformity between the components of attitudes and between attitudes and behavior are called ________ theories.

cognitive consistency

cognitive dissonance

cognitive dissonance theory.

Infants characterized as securely attached in Ainsworth's strange situation paradigm tended to

comfortably explore a novel environment.

It is the first time Phan has walked through Yosemite Park and she feels immense awe at the beauty of the giant mountains and expansive vistas. According to research on awe, Phan is also likely feeling a sense of

common humanity and connectedness to others.

Because they are currently in a(n) ________ relationship, Bobby and Cindy feel a special responsibility for one another and expect that they will be together for a long time.

communal

Luciana has been working hard to earn a promotion at work. Her wife, Victoria, has been actively supporting Luciana's efforts at work by cooking dinner and paying the bills before Luciana comes home from work. Victoria's efforts to support Luciana represent evidence that they have a(n) ________ relationship.

communal

Recall that Ainsworth classified the attachment patterns of infants according to how they responded to separations and reunions with their caregivers. Which of the following is NOT one of the styles she specified?

communal

Jamal watches how his friends react to a performer at a comedy club. If he is particularly concerned with whether few or many of them laugh, he is focusing on ____________ information.

consensus

Jamal watches how his new girlfriend reacts to a performer at a comedy club. Is she easily amused or is the comedian really that funny? If he compares his girlfriend's response to the comedian to other people in the audience, he is focusing on ______ information

consensus

Michelle notices her brother Mark eating a second piece of chocolate from a box of candy. Since he rarely eats candy of any kind, Michelle concludes that Mark must really like the chocolate. In this instance, Michelle is relying on ____________ information to explain her brother's behavior.

consensus

Your roommate keeps telling you to watch "Love is Blind," but you're skeptical so you ask around to see if your friends also recommend it. By doing this, what type of information are you trying to collect?

consensus

ces her brother Mark eating a second piece of chocolate from a box of candy. Since he rarely eats candy of any kind, Michelle concludes that Mark must really like the chocolate. In this instance, Michelle is relying on ____________ information to explain her brother's behavior

consensus

Which piece of covariation information must always be high if one is to make a reliable internal or external attribution?

consistency

Flora will most likely attribute Jeremy's quiet behavior to his introverted personality when

consistency is high, and consensus and distinctiveness are low

Flora will most likely attribute Jeremy's quiet, shy behavior to his introverted personality when

consistency is high, and consensus and distinctiveness are low

Flora will most likely attribute Jeremy's quiet, shy behavior to his introverted personality when

consistency is high, and consensus and distinctiveness are low.

Flora will most likely attribute Jeremy's quiet, shy behavior to his introverted personality when____________.

consistency is high, but distinctiveness and consensus are low

Judy is always complimenting people with whom she works. Bob, one of Judy's best friends, thinks that Judy is genuinely thoughtful and friendly. Sarah, who does not know Judy well, thinks that Sarah is shallow and fake. This example suggests how friendship influences

construals.

According to research by Gottman and Robert,(1983, 1992, 1999), ________, which involves looking down on another person, is particularly likely to undermine relationships.

contempt

Although doing his job well is an important aspect of Jim's self-concept, he is just not good at his job. Correspondingly, he is starting to feel bad about himself. According to ____________, Jim will feel better about himself if he gets a new job that he is good at.

contingencies of the self-worth account of self-esteem

Maisie, a junior in high school, is studying for her SAT exam. Although she is tired after a long day of school, she sits down with her study guide and slowly works through five new math problems. Maisie is likely employing

controlled processing.

What do neuroscience techniques (such as functional magnetic resonance imaging) allow social psychologists to do?

correlate social behavior with regions of brain activity

The ____________ holds that people have a tendency to believe that another person's behavior is due to his or her disposition rather than the situation in which that person finds him- or herself.

correspondence bias (aka fundamental attribution error)

The ____________ holds that people have a tendency to believe that another person's behavior is due to his or her disposition rather than the situation in which that person finds him- or herself.

correspondence bias (aka., fundamental attribution error)

After being fired, DoWoo thinks, "If only I had put more effort into my job, maybe I would still have it." This self-reflection exemplifies

counterfactual thinking

Ashley looks back on her marriage and thinks, "If only I had put more effort into the relationship, Lew and I would still be together." This self-reflection exemplifies

counterfactual thinking

Gloria looks back on her marriage and thinks, "If only I had put more effort into the relationship, Lew and I would still be together." This self-reflection exemplifies

counterfactual thinking

Ashley looks back on her marriage and thinks, "If only I had put more effort into the relationship, Lew and I would still be together." This self-reflection exemplifies

counterfactual thinking.

Gloria looks back on her marriage and thinks, "If only I had put more effort into the relationship, Lew and I would still be together." This self-reflection exemplifies

counterfactual thinking.

Ellen and Ernesto feel extra happy when reflecting on their relationship and the fact that they almost didn't meet at that party five years ago. It was only because Ellen's best friend's coat disappeared that she was still there when Ernesto arrived. When they think about how easily they could have missed each other, that are engaging in _______________, and that they feel especially happy when they do so reflects ____________.

counterfactual thinking; emotional amplification

Ashley looks back on her marriage and thinks, "If only I had put more effort into the relationship, Lew and I would still be together." This self-reflection exemplifies

counterfactual thinkning

The ________ is the idea that behavior should be attributed to potential causes that occur along with the behavior.

covariation principle

The _________________ is the idea that behavior should be attributed to potential causes that occur along with the behavior.

covariation principle

Which of the following approaches to understanding emotion assumes that emotions are strongly influenced by values, roles, institutions, and socialization practices?

cultural approach

If the need to belong is universal, then this need should occur in

cultures around the world.

Which of the following phenomena best illustrates the relationship between social influence and behavior?

cycling faster when people are watching you (as opposed to when you are alone)

When forming judgments about others, people often rely on the representativeness heuristic. Unfortunately, this can lead people to c. ignore how much a person resembles a prototypical group member. d. ignore base-rate information.

Gloria looks back on her marriage and thinks, "If only I had put more effort into the relationship, Lew and I would still be together." This self-reflection exemplifies

d. counterfactual thinking.

Debriefing participants after an experiment is completed is always an important step in the experimental procedure. However, debriefing is particularly important when

deception is used.

At the last minute, Christine decided to try a new route to work. On her drive in, she hit a deep pothole, causing one of her car tires to go flat. Her decision to try a new route ________ the likelihood that she engaged in counterfactual thinking.

decreased

Research on gender and the self-concept indicates that as compared to men, women are more likely to

define themselves in terms of social characteristics and relationships.

Consider the following quote by Gustav Le Bon: "Whoever be the individuals that compose it, however like or unlike be their mode of life, . . . their character, or their intelligence, the fact that they have been transformed into a crowd puts them in possession of a sort of collective mind." This quote best illustrates the concept of

deindividuation

A researcher measures the galvanic skin response (GSR), or degree of sweating, of people holding a clear plastic jar containing a spider. She compares the GSRs of people with spider phobias with the GSRs of people without spider phobias. In this experiment, the galvanic skin response functions as the

dependent variable

Darwin's principle of serviceable habits suggests that facial expressions of emotion

derived from behaviors that proved useful and adaptive to our ancestors.

A social norm that reflects how things are typically done is considered ________, whereas a social norm that reflects what behaviors are approved is considered ________.

descriptive; prescriptive

Which statement is most consistent with the beliefs of an individualist culture?

different strokes for different folks

Barbara wants Jason, her new coworker, to like her. All of the following could increase the likelihood that Jason will like Barbara EXCEPT

disagreeing with Jason so that he will see she can think for herself.

According to Dan Gilbert, the first stage of the attributional process entails making ________ attributions that are ________. The second, adjustment, stage entails making ________ that are ________.

dispositional; automatic; situational attributions; deliberate

dissonance reduction.

Lenora can't decide whether to buy a new video game or a new pair of jeans with the birthday money her grandmother gave her. Although she likes both video games and new clothes, she has to make a choice and decides to go with the video game. Right after buying the game, however, she experiences a lot of negative emotion because she really liked the jeans but did not buy them. In this example, the negative emotional state Lenora experiences after buying the video game despite liking the jeans is called

dissonance.

Consider the following finding from a study in which U.S. schoolchildren were asked to describe themselves: "Forty-four percent of children who were born outside of the US mentioned their country of origin when describing themselves, whereas only 7 percent of those born in the US mentioned their place of birth." This finding best supports the __________ hypothesis

distinctiveness

Michelle notices her brother Mark eating a second piece of chocolate from a box of candy. Because he rarely eats candy of any kind, Michelle concludes that Mark must really like the chocolate. In this instance, Michelle is relying on ____________ information to explain her brother's behavior.

distinctiveness

Trina notices her brother Mark eating a second piece of chocolate from a box of candy. Because he rarely eats candy of any kinda, Trina concludes that Mark must really like the chocolate. In this instance, Trina is relying on ____________ information to explain her brother's behavior.

distinctiveness

According to research on informational social influence, Anton is more likely to agree with the recommendations of others on the best tax-preparation company to use if he

does not know much about tax preparation.

Deborah and Steve went on vacation together last fall. Due to her work schedule, Deborah was able to leave for the trip before Steve, so her trip was a few days longer. Both Deborah and Steve had a great time and later think about the trip with equal fondness. That Deborah did not recollect her longer trip as more pleasurable than Steve's shorter trip best reflects the concept of

duration neglect.

Darby consistently attributes her failures to stable, global, and internal causes. Maria accounts for her failures by citing unstable, specific, and external causes. According to research on explanatory style, Darby is likely to ________ than Maria.

earn lower grades

Darby consistently attributes her failures to stable, global, and internal causes. Briana accounts for her failures by citing unstable, specific, external causes. According to research on explanatory style, Darby is likely to

earn lower grades than Briana.

Recall that Kahneman and Tversky conducted an experiment to explain why the availability heuristic occurs. Their results showed clear support for a(n) ____________ explanation

ease of retrieval

Recall that Kahneman and Tversky conducted an experiment to explain why the availability heuristic occurs. Their results showed clear support for a(n) ____________ explanation.

ease of retrieval

Recall that Norbert Schwarz and colleagues conducted an experiment to explain why the availability heuristic occurs. Their results showed clear support for a(n) ______ explanation.

ease of retrieval

Recall that Norbert Schwarz and colleagues conducted an experiment to explain why the availability heuristic occurs. Their results showed clear support for a(n) ________ explanation.

ease of retrieval

effort justification

According to the ________ model, some types of persuasive appeals will be more effective when the target audience is unmotivated and thinking mindlessly, while other types of persuasive appeals will be more effective when the target audience is alert and attentive.

elaboration likelihood

Several mountain climbers were trapped on Mount Everest during a blinding snowstorm. Many climbers died on the mountain. One climber made it all the way back to base camp. Unfortunately, however, he collapsed and died mere yards away from the safety of his tent. Because this climber came so close to saving himself, ______ is particularly likely to occur in response to this climber's death.

emotional amplification

Several mountain climbers were trapped on Mount Everest during a blinding snowstorm. Many climbers died on the mountain. One climber made it all the way back to base camp. Unfortunately, however, he collapsed and died mere yards away from the safety of his tent. Because this climber came so close to saving himself, ________ is particularly likely to occur in response to this climber's death.

emotional amplification

Which of the following is the term for brief and specific psychological and physiological responses that help people achieve goals?

emotions

Judgments are particularly likely to result from top-down processes when people

encounter an event that is ambiguous.

radio soap opera in Puerto Rico is designed to combat the spread of Zika virus. This is an example of

entertainment-education.

The belief that intelligence is something one is born with and cannot change is referred to as the

entity theory of intelligence.

According to Peter Burke, the difference between how we think others are responding to our performance, and our expectations for our performance, generates an __________ that in turn affects ______________.

error signal; our future behavior

Ekman's research showing that facial expressions of emotion are largely universal best supports the ________ perspective on emotion.

evolutionary

Social psychologists differ from personality psychologists because social psychologists tend to

examine the influence of situations on behaviors.

The main difference between Sherif's (1936) conformity study and Asch's (1951) conformity study is that Asch's study

examined situations in which one's own beliefs clearly conflict with those of the group.

What are two essential components of a self-fulfilling prophesy?

expectations about what a person is like and behaving toward the person in ways consistent with the expectations

According to the concept of effort justification,

experiencing hazing should increase one's allegiance to a fraternity.

________ refers to a person's habitual way of explaining many different types of events.

explanatory style

Which of the following statements captures the persuasive arguments account of why group polarization occurs? Discussing an issue in a group

exposes group members to even more arguments in favor of the position that the average group member was already inclined to take.

An American soldier is captured and tortured by enemy forces. The enemy then releases a videotape of the soldier proclaiming a deep hatred for America. According to the discounting principle, Americans who later view this videotape are likely to explain the soldier's proclamations in terms of ________ causes.

external

When we engage in a self-serving bias, we attribute failure and other bad events that happen to us to _______________, but we attribute success and other good events to ________________.

external circumstances; ourselves

If a social psychology experiment were conducted that had very little relation to real-life experiences or situations, this experiment would be low in

external validity

Joseph is energetic and fun loving and craves attention from other people. He also wants to find a girlfriend. According to social psychological research, Joseph is most likely to be attracted to a woman who is

extraverted.

According to research on group polarization, people who make decisions in groups tend to make decisions that are more ________ than people who make decisions on their own.

extreme

The self-validation hypothesis states that

feeling confident about one's thoughts serves as a form of validation.

In the original Milgram experiment (1965), participants found themselves in an agonizing conflict. Forces compelling them to complete the experiment included all of the following EXCEPT

feeling empathy for the victim.

________ is the feeling of ease (or difficulty) associated with processing information.

fluency

_________ and __________ are similar in that both derive from the ease of thinking about a target.

fluency; the availability heuristic

focalism.

Imagine that you are walking inside the mall and you come across a person asking for signatures on a petition for a cause that you support. The person asks if you would be willing to sign the document, to which you agree, but then asks if you would be willing to volunteer your time to collect signatures as well, and you find yourself agreeing again. What technique did the person use to get you to agree to both requests?

foot-in-the-door

Imagine that you work for a local animal shelter and your goal is to increase the number of people who are willing to adopt a dog from the shelter. According to the ________ technique, one approach could be to first ask people if they would be willing to wear a button that says, "Adopt a dog today," and then a couple of weeks later ask them if they would be willing to adopt a dog themselves.

foot-in-the-door

When judgments or decisions are influenced by the way in which information is presented, this is called a

framing effect

The ________ holds that people have a tendency to believe that another person's behavior is due to his or her disposition rather than the situation in which that person finds him- or herself.

fundamental attribution error

The ____________ holds that people have a tendency to believe that another person's behavior is due to his or her disposition rather than the situation in which that person finds him- or herself.

fundamental attribution error

According to the negative state relief hypothesis,

granting someone's request decreases negative mood states.

The textbook lists several different factors that can influence the pressure to conform. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors listed in the text?

group fame

Researchers asked Catholics to donate to the March of Dimes either when they were on their way into church for confession, or when they were on their way out. In support of the argument that ________ influences compliance, results revealed that ________.

guilt; people gave more money before confession

Emotions such as sympathy, concern, and compassion are triggered by concerns about ________ and motivate prosocial behavior toward people who are vulnerable.

harm

Tight cultures differ from loose cultures in that they

have strong norms about how people should behave.

he will reject the candidate more emphatically

According to the text, ____________ are mental "shortcuts" that provide serviceable but often inexact answers to common judgmental problems.

heuristics

According to the textbook, ____________ are mental shortcuts that provide serviceable but often inexact answers to common judgmental problems.

heuristics

________ are mental shortcuts that provide serviceable but often inexact answers to common judgmental problems.

heuristics

_________________ are mental shortcuts that provide serviceable but often inexact answers to common judgmental problems

heuristics

Your waiter seems to be doing everything wrong. He has forgotten to take your drink order. He delivers someone else's food to your table. He does not come out and say it, but his facial expressions seem to say he would rather be someplace else. If you assume his behavior is caused primarily by ________, your assumption is consistent with the fundamental attribution error.

his disposition

Kevin is writing a description of himself on his online dating profile. According to the evolutionary theory of attraction, which of the following pieces of information should he mention to increase the odds that women will message him on the dating site?

his high income

According to Sheldon Stryker, the social structure affects the types of __________ that people can hold in life, based on their _____________.

identity; characteristics

It is thought that automatic mimicry of others occurs because of the principle of ________, which states that merely thinking about a behavior makes performing that behavior more likely.

ideomotor action

Gerald has been spending a good deal of time at work reading about desserts, including recipes for cookies and ice cream. Later in the day, Gerald finds himself opening the freezer to serve himself some ice cream. Gerald has probably been influenced by

ideomotor action.

Kari is practicing lines for a school play. According to the research reviewed in the textbook, under what conditions will the presence of others detract from her ability to learn the lines?

if Kari finds the task difficult

Under what circumstances is someone more likely to fear victimization as a result of watching a lot of television?

if he or she lives in a high-crime area

if the basis for the attitude is largely affective

When forming judgments about others, people often rely on the representativeness heuristic. Unfortunately, this can lead people to

ignore base-rate info

When forming judgments about others, people often rely on the representativeness heuristic. Unfortunately, this can lead people to

ignore base-rate information

when forming judgments about others, people often rely on the representativeness heuristic. Unfortunately, this can lead people to

ignore base-rate information

When forming judgments about others, people often rely on the representativeness heuristic. Unfortunately, this can lead people to

ignore base-rate information.

The availability and representativeness heuristics sometimes can operate in tandem. The joint effect of these two heuristics can crease a(n)

illusory correlation

The availability and representativeness heuristics sometimes can operate in tandem. The joint effect of these two heuristics can create a(n)

illusory correlation

The availability and representativeness heuristics sometimes can operate in tandem. The joint effect of these two heuristics can create a(n).

illusory correlation.

We may be bad at affective forecasting because of ________, the tendency to focus too much on a central aspect of an event while ignoring the possible impact of associated factors or other events.

immune neglect

Which of the following biases best explains the pattern of findings yielded by research on affective forecasting?

immune neglect

____________ facilitate(s) goal achievement by linking goal-directed behaviors to specific situational cues.

implementation intentions

If you decide to buy new clothes that fit the latest fashion trend just to blend in with others, you are responding to ________ conformity pressures.

implicit

Researchers should make use of ________ when assessing attitudes that people may be unwilling or unable to report

implicit measures

Researchers should make use of ________ when assessing attitudes that people may be unwilling or unable to report.

implicit measures

In reconciling cognitive dissonance and self-perception theories, researchers find that dissonance reduction processes tend to occur when behavior is at odds with ________, while self-perception processes are more likely to occur when behavior is inconsistent with ________.

important and clearly held attitudes; vague attitudes that are less important

According to Tversky and Kahneman (1974, when an initial intuitive assessment of a situation is not modified or overridden by a more deliberative analysis,

important factors may be ignored and our judgments may be systematically biased

According to Tversky and Kahneman, when an initial intuitive assessment of a situation is not modified or overridden by a more deliberative analysis,

important factors may be ignored and our judgments may be systematically biased.

The general process by which we control others' beliefs about us is called

impression management

The general process by which we control others' beliefs about us is called

impression management.

Top-down processing is most useful

in ambiguous situations where we have at least some prior knowledge.

Top-down processing is most useful ____________.

in ambiguous situations where we have at least some prior knowledge.

On her way to school, Aisha found a five dollar bill, which made her feel great. In class a little bit later, Aisha is given a problem set on which to work. According to what you know about the broaden-and-build hypothesis, Aisha is more likely to solve the problem set

in creative ways.

Responses to stimuli in the environment are guided by two different systems of thinking. The intuitive system performs many operations ________, while the rational system is more likely to perform operations ________.

in parallel; one at a time

Consider the following commonsense saying: "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again." According to cognitive dissonance theory, trying again should ____________ how much you value the outcome of your efforts.

increase

Consider the following saying: "If at first you don't succeed, try, try again." According to cognitive dissonance theory, trying again should ________ how much you value the outcome of your efforts.

increase

increase in oxytocin

If you want to ________, you should rely on attitude inoculation.

increase your resistance to attitude change

The proverb, "The squeaky wheel gets the grease" reflects which type of self-construal?

independent

Cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory differ in that self-perception theory emphasizes that ________ influence(s) our attitudes.

inference processes about our behaviors

Explain the fundamental attribution error. Provide three explanations for why it occurs.

influences on behavior, and the corresponding tendency to overemphasize the importance of dispositions on behavior. People may be more likely to attribute a behavior to dispositional causes because of their belief in a just world, the idea that good things happen to good people, which provides comfort and reassurance. Other causes of the fundamental attribution error include perceptual salience, the idea that features of the environment that more readily capture attention (i.e., the person) are more likely to be seen as the cause of an effect. Finally, it is less cognitively demanding to make dispositional attributions. When tired or unmotivated, people are less likely to do the additional work of considering the situation.

The textbook describes a study in which one group of participants was asked to determine whether working out a day before a tennis match made the player more likely to win, and another group of participants was asked to determine whether working out a day before a tennis match made a player more likely to lose. Consistent with the confirmation bias, participants in the group examining a connection between working out and winning were most likely to search for

information about how many players worked out, and then won their match.

People's attention tends to be drawn to

information that supports their original attitudes.

Glenda has just heard a compelling statement from Rhonda about why she should fasten her seatbelt. Glenda believes Rhonda's statement is accurate and fastens her seatbelt as a result. This type of conformity is a form of ________ social influence.

informational

People who hold a minority view tend to change the majority opinion through

informational social influence.

The Five-Factor Model of personality encompasses all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

intelligence

intelligent, industrious, warm, impulsive, critical, stubborn

Pat has listed ten things that describe who he is. The first three are "I am a son," "I am fun when I am with my friends," and "I am a manager." Pat is most likely part of a(n) ________ culture.

interdependent

People tend to make ________ attributions when levels of consensus and distinctiveness are low and consistency information is high.

internal

People tend to make _______________ attributions when levels of consensus and distinctiveness are low and consistency information is high.

internal

Melinda gets a bad grade on her first Physics exam and thinks to herself, "I should have studied harder. When my girlfriend finds out how poorly I did, she'll dump me for someone smarter. I better study a lot for the next exam so I can get a higher score." Choose the correct ORDER of the attributions Melinda is making.

internal, global, unstable

Someone with an optimistic explanatory style is likely to make which types of attributions for success?

internal, stable, global

Jillian heard that city officials wanted to construct a new highway near her house. Initially, she thought this was a bad idea. Then she attended a city council meeting where she heard several viewpoints and obtained detailed information about the highway project. After the meeting, she told her neighbors that the new highway seemed like a good idea. Jillian's endorsement of the project is best characterized as an instance of

internalization.

According to attribution theory, behaviors that arise because of an individual's traits, motives, or intentions are _____ caused, while those behaviors that arise because of some aspect of the social or physical environment are _____ caused.

internally; externally

Identified by John Gottman and Robert Levenson (1999), the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse refer to

interpersonal behaviors that predict relationship problems.

A biased sample would most likely result in which of the following?

invalid conclusions based on the study results

In contrast to recent scientific findings, philosophers and other thinkers have historically seen emotions as

irrational and destructive.

In an experiment, the control condition

is compared with the experimental condition.

Induced compliance is a form of behavior that

is inconsistent with one's beliefs, attitudes, or values.

Jim was just convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol. He may be given a lighter jail sentence if he

is physically attractive.

Some historians believe that the idea that romantic love should precede marriage

is relatively recent, emerging only in the past five hundred years or so.

A person's attachment style

is shaped by how the child is treated during infancy and early childhood.

A hypothesis ________ , whereas a theory ________.

is tested by a specific study; encompasses a body of related research

Emotional well-being

is the tendency to experience more positive emotions than negative emotions and is a key component of happiness.

A study shows that people who watch the local evening news believe the world is more dangerous than people who do not watch the evening news. On the basis of this study, a newspaper reporter concludes that watching the evening news causes people to believe the world is more dangerous than it actually is. This is a flawed conclusion because

it confuses a correlational relationship with a causal relationship.

The problem with self-selection in research is that

it makes causal interpretations difficult.

What distinguishes the concept of authority from status and dominance?

it refers to power that derives from institutionalized roles or arrangements

Wendy Wood (1982) found that participants in favor of environmental preservation who ________ shifted their attitudes considerably when exposed to an anti-preservation message.

knew less about the subject

Psychologists have discovered that people store information in coherent configurations called

knowledge structure

Self-schemas are

knowledge-based summaries of our beliefs and feelings about the self in particular domains.

Self-schemas are

knowledge-based summaries of our feelings, actions, and others' views about the self

Kyle, a male student, and Megha, a female student, both failed their geography exams. According to research by Dweck and colleagues, Kyle is likely to attribute his failure to his ________, whereas Megha is likely to attribute her failure to her ________.

lack of effort; lack of ability

Kyle, a male student, and Gail, a female student, both failed their geography exam. According to research by Dweck and colleagues, Kyle is likely to attribute his failure to his ____________, whereas Gail is likely to attribute her failure to her ____________.

lack of effort; lack of ability.

According to the textbook, conformity can be beneficial for society because it

leads to smoother social interactions.

Jamie is the sort of person who likes to think, puzzle, ponder, and consider multiple perspectives. Compared with people who do not like these activities, Jamie is

less likely to be influenced by peripheral aspects of a persuasive communication.

Sally feels lost in a crowd at a rock concert and is experiencing deindividuation. This means that Sally is

less self-aware, less concerned with others' evaluations, and less inhibited.

According to evolutionary theory, males put ________ investment in their offspring than females because males ________.

less; have more opportunities to produce offspring

People who grow up in a loose culture are ________ likely to find someone who is talking loudly and laughing in a fancy restaurant more ________ than people who grew up in a tight culture.

less; inappropriate

Reactance theory suggests that compliance may be ________ likely if people ________.

less; perceive that their freedom of choice is being threatened

What are the two measurable components of happiness?

life satisfaction; emotional well-being

Peggy is a generally neurotic person. According to research discussed in the textbook, Peggy is particularly

likely to experience relationship problems.

Which of the following is the best example of observational research?

living with a group of people and observing their behavior

You think of Jan as a very introverted person. The confirmation bias predicts that you will

look for examples of introverted behaviors in Jan.

You think of your friend Jan as a very introverted person. Confirmation bias would predict that you will

look for examples of introverted behaviors in Jan.

look her way and then take a broad stance to look large

Jim tends to act in accordance with his internal inclinations, impulses, and dispositions. As well, he is not very attuned to the social context in which he finds himself. Thus, Jim would score ____________ on a measure of ____________.

low; self-monitoring

Recall that Dan Gilbert studied why people tend to attribute others' behaviors to dispositional factors. According to his theoretical framework, this pattern of attribution occurs because people tend to

make initial dispositional inferences without later adjusting them on the basis of situational information.

Cassandra and Martin have been dating for three months. According to equity theory, Cassandra is likely motivated to

make sure that she and Martin each receive roughly what they put into the relationship.

Schemas affect our use of stored memories by _____.

making it easier to retrieve information that is consistent with the schema

The independent variable in an experiment is

manipulated and is the hypothesized cause of a particular outcome.

Members of which of the following tend to have interdependent self-construals?

many African cultures

Kahneman and Tversky (1973) found that a majority of participants mistakenly believed there were more words in the English language that start with the letter r than words that have r in the third position. These results demonstrate the functioning of

the availability heuristic

the basis for the attitude is largely affective.

Which of the following statements most accurately represents the factors that encourage social loafing among groups instead of social facilitation effects?

the belief that one's effort is not mandatory for the group's success and that individual contributions cannot be assessed.

The just world hypothesis refers to

the belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

The just world hypothesis refers to

the belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

People often mistakenly believe that actors are similar to the characters they play on television programs or in films. This tendency is best explained by

the correspondence bias (aka fundamental attribution error)

Hector plays golf every Saturday. His wife, Alicia, notices that after a winning round, Hector tends to play with the kids. After a losing round, he tends to watch television by himself. According to ________ , over time, Alicia is likely to conclude that Hector's golf games can exert a causal effect on his behavior at home.

the covariation principle

One of the most pervasive sources of distortion in secondhand accounts is

the desire to entertain

One of the most pervasive sources of distortion in secondhand accounts is

the desire to entertain.

A longitudinal study is able to help resolve which of the following limitations of a traditional correlational study?

the direction of a possible causal relationship between the variables

According to ________, our confidence that a particular cause is responsible for a given outcome is reduced if there are other plausible causes that might have produced it.

the discounting principle

According to ____________, our confidence that a particular cause is responsible for a given outcome is reduced if there are other plausible causes that might have produced it.

the discounting principle

In his attempts to persuade Roger to get a fraternity tattoo on his arm, Dan assembles 100 tattooed fraternity members. Dan probably wasted a lot of effort in doing so, because

the effect of group size on conformity levels off when group size reaches about three to four people.

The just world hypothesis, believing that good things happen to good people, is used to explain which psychological phenomenon?

the fundamental attribution error

People often mistakenly believe that actors are similar to the characters they play on television programs or in films. This tendency is best explained by

the fundamental attribution error.

________ is the tendency to believe you could have predicted an outcome accurately, when in reality you probably could not have.

the hindsight bias

The research in which participants who were primed to think of elderly people later walked more slowly down a hallway best shows

the influence of schemas on behavior.

Many people think that victims of domestic abuse and rape are responsible for their fates. This disturbing tendency is most closely related to

the just world hypothesis

Many people think that victims of domestic abuse and rape are responsible for their fates. This disturbing tendency is most closely related to

the just world hypothesis.

Tamara has been married to Josh for seven years. They have three children, own a house together, and have many mutual friends. According to the investment model of commitment, Tamara may be hesitant to end her marriage, even if she is dissatisfied, because of

the magnitude of her investment.

The self-serving bias tends to reflect all of the following EXCEPT

the motivation to be in control.

According to the textbook, the self-serving bias can reflect

the motivation to feel good about oneself. rational thought processes. sound attributional reasoning

According to construal level theory, if you are imagining working on your thesis in graduate school in several years, you are most likely to be thinking about

the overall goal of how your thesis will help you to finish graduate school.

According to construal level theory, if you're imagining working on your thesis in graduate school in several years, you are most likely to be thinking about

the overall goal of how your thesis will help you to finish graduate school.

Recall that Hamill and colleagues (1980) conducted a study on factors that influence attitudes. The researchers first assessed each participant's attitude toward welfare. In one condition, participants read a vivid story about a woman who exploited the welfare system and "lived like a queen" at taxpayers' expense. In another condition, participants were given statistical information about welfare that suggested that the "welfare queen" example was atypical. In a third condition, participants were given both types of information (i.e., the story and the statistical information). Finally, each participant's attitude toward welfare was measured a second time. The results showed that

the participants were more likely to change their attitudes in response to the story.

Chartrand and Bargh (1999) found that people mimic such behaviors as face rubbing and foot shaking, and that this mimicry is particularly likely to occur when

the person or people being mimicked are well liked, and the person doing the mimicking has a high need to affiliate with others.

A self-fulfilling prophecy is _____.

the process by which schemas sometimes influence the social world in ways to make the world consistent with the schema

Hedwig just met her friend's new boyfriend, and her initial impression wasn't positive. He was so reserved, he barely talked at all. Hedwig then spends some time and energy thinking about all of the good things her friend has told her about him, and considers the fact that sometimes it takes a little while to feel comfortable around new people. She decides he is probably cool after all. In forming this new, positive impression of the boyfriend, Hedwig relied on

the rational system

Hedwig just met her friend's new boyfriend and her initial impression wasn't positive. He was so reserved; he barely talked at all. Hedwig then spends some time and energy thinking about all of the good things her friend has told her about him, and considers the fact that sometimes it takes a little while to feel comfortable around new people. She decides he is probably cool after all. In forming this new, positive impression of the boyfriend, Hedwig relied on

the rational system.

Ahmed went to the Modern Art during his vacation to NYC. Afterward, he remembers that he liked so many pieces, but he can really only recall the details of the Andy Warhol painting he saw at the ver end, he was walking out the door. Ahmed is displaying

the recency effect

Ahmed went to the Museum of Modern Art during his vacation to New York City. Afterward, he remembers that he liked many pieces, but he can really only recall the details of the Andy Warhol painting he saw at the very end, as he was walking out the door. Ahmed is displaying

the recency effect

Our tendency to attribute our own positive outcomes to internal causes and negative outcomes to external causes is known as _____.

the self-serving bias

As you drive in to school, you hear a random radio-show caller arguing that sun exposure really has not been proven to cause skin cancer and that some research suggests that skin cancer is completely genetic and not related to sun exposure at all. At the time, you think that this is a silly argument and that the caller does not know what she is talking about. However, two months later, you go outside without wearing sunscreen and you find yourself remembering that you had read something about how the sun actually does not cause skin cancer. In this situation, ________ has influenced your attitude.

the sleeper effect

As you drive in to school, you hear a random radio-show caller arguing that sun exposure really has not been shown to cause skin cancer and that some research suggests that skin cancer is completely genetic and not related to sun exposure at all. At the time, you think that this is a silly argument and that the caller does not know what she is talking about. However, two months later, you are outside without wearing sunscreen, and you find yourself remembering that you had read something about how the sun actually does not cause skin cancer. This process is evidence that ________ has influenced your attitude.

the sleeper effect

Dan McAdams writes about and does research on the "narrated self," which consists of

the story we tell about out social self

Although Sarah could afford any car she wants, she drives an ageing Volkswagen. Sam, Sarah's friend, thinks that this choice says something about Sarah's personality. Sam's conclusion provides a good example of _____.

the theory of correspondent inference

If a researcher finds a correlation between two variables, it is always possible that there is some unmeasured variable out there in the world that is the true cause of the other two, and is responsible for the relationship between them. This reflects

the third variable problem.

Recall that Dweck and her colleagues aimed to understand why boys and girls tend to explain their failures differently. To this end, they conducted an experiment that manipulated ________. Results showed that ________.

the type of feedback that students received in class; comments teachers typically give to girls lead to internal attributions for failure

Imagine that a group of corporate managers is experiencing groupthink. Which of the following behaviors might they display?

the value reaching a consensus over critically evaluating the facts

The naturalistic fallacy refers to the claim that

the way things are is the way they should be.

Although Emil generally thinks of himself as both a good student and a good son, while visiting with his mother over the holidays he is thinking more about being a good son. That this good son aspect of his identity is more on his mind when he is with his mom illustrates the idea of

the working self-concept

Societies may differ from each other in many ways, but it is important to recognize that

there are also regional and subcultural differences within any large society.

In a variation on Festinger's classic study on induced compliance, participants are asked to tell a confederate that a very boring task is in fact quite fun but the confederate does not appear to be deceived by this lie. Under these circumstances, participants do not show the typical cognitive dissonance effect which suggests that inconsistency only produces dissonance if

there are negative consequences of the inconsistency.

there was insufficient justification for this behavior

How are self-monitoring and self-handicapping related?

they are both forms of impression management

When people make public statements regarding their attitudes,

they are more likely to resist later counterattitudinal messages.

Sebastian is high in the need for cognition. This means he likes to

think deeply about issues.

Pablo and Celia ask a job applicant to talk about her background for a few minutes. Before doing so, the applicant says she has bad allergies, so she might sniffle and speak with a shaky voice. The applicant then talks about herself, and she does, in fact, sniffle and speak with a shaky voice. While the applicant talks, Pablo is attentive. But Celia is tired and her mind wanders a bit. Attribution research suggests that, compared with Pablo, Celia is more likely to

think that the applicant is anxious or upset.

The principle of ideomotor action states that

thinking about a behavior can make its actual performance more likely.

Which type of construal would best facilitate a child's capacity to wait for the larger reward during the delay of gratification task (otherwise known as "the marshmallow test")?

thinking of the marshmallow as a bunny's tail

Robert was a successful dentist for over a decade before deciding that he would be happier as a salesman. He has started a position at a new company that sells high-tech alarm clocks and high-tech toothbrushes. Of these two products, Robert is likely to be more successful selling ________, because he is likely to be a(n) ________ when delivering persuasive appeals for that product.

toothbrushes; trustworthy source

Having prior knowledge about a situation can influence how we construe ambiguous situations. This is a result of a heavy reliance on

top-down processing.

Which of the following would be an example of random sampling in a survey study designed to learn more about the student body at a particular college?

tossing a coin to determine who will be surveyed from a list of all students enrolled.

trustworthiness and dominance

An illusory correlation occurs when

two variables are believed to be correlated when in fact they are not.

Hideous crimes against humanity include the Holocaust in Nazi Germany, the "ethnic cleansing" in Bosnia, and the tribal massacres in Rwanda. According to the textbook, there are two different ways of explaining such crimes. One of these explanations, the normalist thesis, holds that

under certain circumstances, almost anyone has the capacity to harm others.

underestimate; overestimate

Research in basic science aims to

understand a phenomenon in its own right, without concern about real-world issues.

Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of the goals of social psychology?

understanding how personality traits predispose people to respond to major events in their lives.

The sleeper effect occurs in situations in which messages from ________ sources shift attitudes ________.

unreliable; after a delay

_____________ is useful in developing our self-concept, but it can lead us to lose some self-esteem, at least temporarily

upward comparison

Pablo wants to persuade his coworkers to adopt his product plan and has many high-quality arguments detailing why his plan is sound. Which of the following should NOT be an attribute of his persuasive message?

using complex scientific language and jargon

Social psychologists have shown that all of the following practices boost happiness EXCEPT

valuing material goods

Neuroimaging studies have found that a person who is in the throes of intense love and looks at a photograph of his or her partner will show increased activation in the ________ and deactivation in the ________.

ventral striatum (reward); amygdala (threat)

Jenny has just read a novel about a husband who treats his wife badly. She then meets her new boyfriend for a dinner date. According to research on schemas, Jenny is likely to

view her boyfriend's action in a more negative light

Dave's roommates call him a "moocher," a "parasite," and a "leech." These names suggest that Dave

violates the norm of reciprocity.

A flashbulb memory is a

vivid recollection of when one heard about some emotionally charged news

A flashbulb memory is a

vivid recollection of when one heard about some emotionally charged news.

Jim watched a videotape of a woman talking about her life. Throughout the tape, the woman said many things that are stereotypical of a professor. She also said many things that are stereotypical of a waitress. Before watching the video, Jim was told that the woman was employed as a waitress. According to schema research, Jim will probably remember more

waitress consistent info

Research on the hostile media phenomenon has shown that

we all tend to believe that the media are biased against our particular causes.

According to your textbook, all of the following are potential causes of the fundamental attribution error EXCEPT

we are always trying to take other people's perspectives.

According to your textbook, all of the following are potential causes of the fundamental attribution error EXCEPT

we have more access to information about ourselves than others

According to your textbook, all of the following are potential causes of the fundamental attribution error EXCEPT

we have more access to information about ourselves than others.

According to the augmentation principle, which action is most likely to be attributed to the personality of the actor?

wearing a tropical shirt and shorts to a funeral

In the original Milgram experiment (1965), the experimenter asked participants to shock someone else whenever that person made a mistake on a learning task. The results of this experiment showed that people

were willing to inflict pain on strangers.

In the original Milgram experiment, the experimenter asked participants to shock someone else whenever that person made a mistake on a learning task. The results of this experiment showed that people

were willing to inflict pain on strangers.

Samantha wants to persuade her roommate Larissa to allow her to get a dog. Samantha's arguments for wanting the dog are not very strong, but they are uplifting. According to research on mood and persuasion, when should Samantha approach Larissa if she wants the best chance of persuading her roommate?

when Larissa is listening to beautiful music

Min, a student from China, is good friends with Tanja, a student from Germany. According to research on cognitive dissonance, when is Min more likely to experience dissonance than Tanja?

when Min chooses between two pairs of shoes as a gift for her mother

If engaging in a behavior inconsistent with an attitude ________, East Asians are ________ likely to experience cognitive dissonance than Westerners.

when alone; less

If engaging in a behavior that is inconsistent with an attitude ________, East Asians are ________ likely to experience cognitive dissonance than Westerners.

when alone; less

According to social psychologists, which of the following conditions is most likely to make someone do what an authority figure says to do, even if it involves hurting someone?

when people can hold an authority figure responsible for his or her actions

According to social psychologists, which of the following conditions is most likely to make someone do what an authority figure says to do—even if it involves hurting someone?

when people can hold an authority figure responsible for his or her actions

In which of the following scenarios is social loafing most likely to occur?

while moving large furniture with a group of friends

Goffman's idea of face refers to

who we want others to think we are

All of the following are examples of social influence EXCEPT a

woman choosing not to participate in an event that goes against her moral beliefs.

worked out; won

The part of our self-knowledge that is conscious to us at any given time is called the

working self-concept.

Which of the following would be an example of random sampling in a survey study designed to learn more about the student body at a particular college?

writing the name of every student on a piece of paper and selecting participants by pulling names out of a hat

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CHAPTER 13