spa 4478 quiz 2
value expressive function
if people believe that their group has certain unique qualities, their prejudicial attitudes toward others is a way of expressing those values.
cultural identity search
involves a process of exploration and questioning about one's culture in order to learn more about it and to understand the implications of membership in that culture
belief
an idea that people assume to be true about the world
ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's culture
characteristics of cultural identity
Central Dynamic Multifaceted
utilitarian function
Displaying certain kinds of prejudice means that people receive rewards and avoid punishments
true or false:
The greater the degree of interculturalness, the greater the loss of predictability and certainty
True or false: cultural patterns do not affect perceptions of competence.
False. They do affect perceptions of competence.
GLOBE team
Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness. includes: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, ingroup collectivism, institutional collectivism, gender egalitarianism, assertiveness, performance orientation, future orientation, and humane orientation
geert hofstede
Hofstede's approach is based on the assertion that people carry mental programs, or "software of the mind," that are developed during childhood and reinforced by their culture
seven cultural dimensions:
Individualism-Collectivism, Power Distance, Gender Expectations, Task Relationship, Uncertainty Avoidance, Harmony-Mastery, Time Orientation
social categorizing
People impose a pattern on their world by organizing the stimuli into conceptual categories. Most people think that other people perceive, evaluate, and reason about the world in the same way that they do. Humans simplify the processing and organizing of information from the environment by identifying certain characteristics as belonging to certain categories of persons and events.
identity
the condition of viewing oneself as a unique person
cultural patterns defintion
Shared beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable over time and that lead to roughly similar behaviors across similar situations
task relationship
balance between work and pleasure.
personal identity
based on people's unique characteristics, which may differ from those of others in their cultural and social groups.
individual level of racism
beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors of a given person toward people of a different racial group. similar to prejudice
symbolic racism (modern racism)
believe that members of some other group threaten their traditional values, such as individualism and self-reliance
microagression
brief comment or communicative act that presumes negative attributes about others because of their cultural membership. usually intended as a compliment.
cultural identity achievement
characterized by a clear, confident acceptance of oneself and an internalization of one's cultural identity
humane orientation
The degree to which people encourage others to be fair, altruistic, friendly, generous, caring, and kind.
future orientation
The degree to which people engage in future-oriented behaviors such as planning, investing in the future, and delaying gratification
indulgence-restraint
a cultural value dimension distinguishing societies based on how oriented people are toward immediate fun and enjoyment versus restraining oneself from much indulgence in such things. more self control and willpower.
racialization
a process in which powerful social institutions assign all individuals to a racial group and they then rank those groups into a hierarcy of value.
The five major elements in Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's description of cultural patterns:
activities, social relations, the self, the world, and passage of time
time orientation
concerns how people conceptualize time and pace of life.
central component
cultural identities are central to a person's sense of self
genuine likes and dislikes
cultural practices of some groups can form the basis for prejudicial attitude because the groups displays behaviors another group doesnt like. ex: vegetarians thinking negatively about people who eat meat
autonomy vs embeddedness
cultural preference for the kinds of relationships and boundaries that ought to exist between individuals and the larger group. autonomy= independent. (intellectual: creative, curious) (affective: exciting life, pleasure) embeddedness= collective social network
aspects of identity
cultural, social, personal
harmony vs mastery
deals with people's orientations to social and natural resources. harmony= encourage acceptance and blending into the natural and social worlds rather than change. mastery= encourage their members to direct and control the natural and social worlds.
performance orientation
degree to which a culture encourages and rewards people for their accomplishments
institutional collectivism
degree to which a culture's institutional practices encourage collective actions and the collective distribution of resources. low= decisions are based on whats good for the indiv. high= decisions are based on what is good for the group. leaders encourage group loyalty even if individual goals suffer.
assertiveness
degree to which people are assertive, confrontational, and aggressive in social relationships. high= taking initiative, value strength and success. low= value modesty. warm relationships, and cooperation.
ingroup collectivism
degree to which people express pride, loyalty, and solidarity with their family or similar group. parents taking pride in their children's accomplishments.
cultural level of racism
denies the existence of the culture of a particular group. Involves the rejection by one group of the beliefs and values of another, such as "negative evaluations by whites of black cultural values".
social relations orientation
describes how people in a culture organize themselves and relate to one another.
self-orientation
describes how people's identities are formed, whether the culture views the self as changeable, what motivates individual actions, and the kinds of people who are valued and respected.
social identity
develops as a consequence of memberships in particular groups within one's culture
institutional level of racism
exclusion of certain people from equal participation in the society's institutions solely because of their race
gender egalitarianism
extent to which people minimize gender-role differences and gender discrimination while promoting gender equality. ex: boys are encouraged more than girls to attain a higher education.
stereotype threat
frequently resulting in negative consequences and diminished performances due to an increased pressure to do well
activity orientation
how the people of a culture view human actions and the expression of self through activities. being> being-in-becoming>doing. also how a person measures success.
world orientation
how to locate themselves in relation to the spiritual world, nature, and other living things.
peripheral beliefs
matters of personal taste. They contribute to each person's unique configuration of ideas and expectations within the larger cultural matrix.
old fashioned racism
members of one group openly display obviously bigoted views about those from another group. judgements are common and there is a dehumanizing quality to it. most extreme form of racism.
high context culture
most of the meaning is either implied by the physical setting or is presumed to be part of the individual's internalized beliefs, values, norms, and social practices. very little is provided in the transmitted part of the message. ex: interactions that take place in a long term relationship who are able to interpret the slightest gesture or briefest comment. Message doesn't need to be stated explicitly.
Predjudice
negative attitudes toward other people that are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes.
edward hall
noted that cultures differ in the extent to which their primary message patterns are high or low context
aversive racism
occurs when people who value equality have negative beliefs about members of a certain race often as a result of childhood socialization experiences.
third form of stereotype inaccuracy
occurs when the degree of error and exaggeration differs for positive and negative attributes positive valence: when the positive attributes are exaggerated while ignoring the negative ones. negative valence: when the negative attributes are exaggerated and the positive ones are ignored.
second form of stereotype inaccuracy
occurs when the group average, as suggested by the stereotype, is simply wrong or inappropriately exaggerated. ex: all germans being seen as very efficient. they may actually be less efficient than the exaggerated perception.
forms of racism
old fashioned, symbolic, tokenism, aversive, genuine likes and dislikes, degree of unfamiliarity
unexamined cultural identity stage
one's cultural characteristics are taken for granted, and consequently there is little interest in exploring cultural issues
"being" is an activity orientation that..
values inaction and accepts the status quo. African americans and greek cultures.
egalitarianism versus hierarchy
people must organize and coordinate their activities in a way that preserves and fulfills the needs and goals of the social group. egalitarian= people view others as social equals who choose to work together. hierarchy= unequal distribution of power is desirable.
social practices
predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow.
knowledge function
prejudicial attitudes that people hold because of their need to have the world neatly organized and boxed into categories.
ego-defensive function
protects self esteem. it can function to protect one's self-image by denigrating or devaluing those who might make us feel less worthy.
"doing" is an activity orientation that..
rarely questions the assumption that is important to get things done aka the striving culture who seeks to change and control what is happening to them. European americans.
Shalom Schwartz
reasoned that there are three problems that all cultural groups must solve: autonomy vs embeddedness, egalitarianism vs hierarchy, harmony vs mastery.
implicit bias
refers to a deeply held perception and expectation about others, especially those others who differ from us in fundamental ways: their nationality, race, religion, gender, age, sexual orientation, linguistic background
time orientation dimension
refers to a person's point of reference about life and work. It ranges from long term to short term
cultural identity
refers to one's sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.
discrimination
refers to the behavioral manifestations of prejudice. aka prejudice in action.
power distance
refers to the degree to which the culture believes that institutional and organizational power should be distributed unequally and whether the decisions of the power holders should be challenged or accepted.
"becoming" is an activity orientation that..
sees humans as evolving and changing. Native and South Americans.
Stereotyping
simplistic generalization about a group of people.
outgroups
social group with which a person does not identify closely with.
ingroups
social group with which a person identifies closely with.
norms
socially shared expectations of appropriate behaviors
code switching
switching back and forth between two different language (or dialects) in a conversation.
opression
systematic, institutionalized mistreatment of one group of people by another
racism
tendency to respond negatively to people who are culturally different which results in the oppression of cultural minorities.
shared interpretations result from..
the culture's collective assumptions about what the world is, shared judgements about what it should be, expectations about how people should behave, and predictable behavior patterns that are commonly shared.
central beliefs
the culture's fundamental teachings about what reality is and expectations about how the world works
Individualism/Collectivism
the degree to which a culture relies on and has allegiance to the self or the group.
Masculinity/Femininity
the degree to which a culture values assertiveness and the acquisition of wealth as opposed to caring for others and quality of life.
shared interpretations
the effects of subtle differences.
uncertainty avoidance
the extent to which the culture feels threatened by ambiguous, uncertain situations and tries to avoid them by establishing more structure.
degree of unfamiliarity
the least alarming form of racism, and certainly everyone has experienced with members of other groups. members of a group can create negative attitudes because of a lack of experience with the characteristics of their group ex: others may look, smell, talk, or act differently which can be a source of discomfort.
low context culture
the message must be overt and explicit. ex: communication through a computer. For computers to "understand" a message, every statement must be precise.
intensity
the strength/importance of the value, or the degree to which the culture identifies the value as significant.
outgroup homogeneity effect (first form of stereotype inaccuracy)
the tendency for people to regard all members of a group as much more similar to one another than they actually are.
multifaceted components
there are typically many facets or components to your cultural identity. ex: student, employee, wife, daughter, southerner, millenial, methodist.
True or false: no common set of behaviors is universally interpreted in the same way nor regarded with the same degree of favorability.
true
true or false: all cultures face a common set of problems for which they must find solutions
true
true or false: norms change over a period of time while values and beliefs are more enduring
true
true or false: prejudiced thinking is dependent on stereotypes
true
hierarchy of value
unequal positioning of groups, such that those at the top of the hierarchy are positively valued over those who are lower and are thereby regarded as inferior, weak, less valuable, and less important
cultural identity develops through a process involving 3 stages:
unexamined cultural identity, cultural identity search, cultural identity achievement
cultural patterns
unseen but shared expectations. It is the basis for interpreting the symbols used in communication and cannot be experienced directly.
four functions of predjudice
utilitarian, ego-defensive, value expression, knowledge function
values
what a culture views as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, beautiful or ugly, appropriate or inappropriate, etc. Offers explanation for the ways people communicate.
tokenism
when people dont perceive themselves as prejudiced bc they make small concessions to members of the other group. its the practice of reverse discrimination in which people go out of their way to favor new members of another group to maintain their own self-concepts as indiv. who believe in equality for all.
valence
whether the value is seen as positive or negative.
dynamic components
your sense of the culture to which you belong exists within a changing social context.