Space 101 Exam #1
Space Shuttle Cost
$1.7 billion to develop, $450 million to launch.
NASA's Budget 2018
$20.7 billion, not a lot of money compared to the whole US budget
GPS Satellite Cost
$44 million
Europe
1200-1400: Roger Bacon worked on a better gunpowder that improved range of rockets (Bacon may have been the first European to come up with gunpowder), Jean Froissart invented the basics of the bazooka - use a tube and get a more accurate launch, Joanes de Fontana invented a surface torpedo
Korea
1400s: Singijeon / Hwacha: a multi-launch rocket system. Similar to the fire-arrow, but with an explosive tip 1375: Korea reinvented gunpowder, since they couldn't get the technology from China Large ones could fly 1-2 km, Medium about 150 meters, Small about 100 meters, but launched 100 at a time. Late 1500s: Japan invaded Korea•Hwachas were used to help repulse the Japanese Battle of Haengju - 3,400 Koreans using hwachas successfully defend against 30,000 Japanese
Isaac Newton
1642 - 1727 Cambridge University Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy - Newton vs. Leibniz - who really created calculus?The apple fell from the sky-Newton decided that the same force that makes an apple fall from a tree is the same force that holds the moon in orbit!
India
1700s: India used rockets against the English, 8 inches long, 1.5-3 inches in diameter Attached to a bamboo pole Able to travel about 1000 yards (over 1/2 a mile)
War of 1812
1814 British ship Erebus fires many, many Congreve rockets at Fort McHenry in Baltimore Each rocket weighed about 30 lbs and contained an explosive charge Battle witnessed by Francis Scott Key - "rockets' red glare"
William Hale
1844 - developed the idea of spin stabilization Exhaust gasses exit at an angle, causing the rocket to spin, which makes it more stable Eliminated the stick attachment that Congreve rockets had
From the Earth to the Moon
1865 Book by Jules Verne Shoot a rocket out of a cannon towards the moon-Verne did calculations for the book Send 3 people to the Moon and back
China
1st century AD: China had gunpowder 1232: First reported use of rockets in war 1500s: Attached fire-arrows to a chair w/kites
THEMIS
5 satellites lined up in a row to investigate how the magnetosphere works Especially a process called substorms, which cause a lot of aurora•Launched February 17, 2007 In 2011, 2 split off to orbit the moon as Artemis
Greece
A Greek named Archytas invented a little device hung a wire, called a pigeon, in which he could put boiling water Boiling water creates steam Steam goes out of a small hole in the "bird" and projects it forward, along the wire
V-2 Cost
A V-2 rocket cost about the same as 4 bombers. Considering that only 2 people were killed for each V-2 rocket that was launched, it was not an efficient killing machine. Also, considering that 20,000+ people were killed in the making of the V-2 rockets, it was horribly inefficient.
Law
A descriptive statement or equation that reliably predicts events under certain conditions
centripetal force
A force that acts on a body moving in a circular path and is directed toward the center around which the body is moving.
centrifugal force
A force that acts outward on a body moving around a center, arising from the body's inertia.
Theory
A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data
Scientific Method
A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem
Mass
A measure of the amount of matter in an object
Weight
A measure of the force of gravity on an object
scientific notation
A method of writing or displaying numbers in terms of a decimal number between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10. Multiply in scientific notation: Multiply the "b" numbers out front-Add the "j" numbers in the exponents Divide in scientific notation: Divide the "b" numbers out front Subtract the "j" numbers in the exponents Addition and subtraction: If the "j" exponents are the same, then add/subtract the "b" values If the "j" exponents are not the same, take the number with the bigger "j" and ignore the "smaller" number
Scalar
A physical quantity that has magnitude but no direction
V-1
A pulse-jet "flying bomb" Over 8000 flown at England, destroying almost as many structures as the Blitz/Battle of Britain Diverted a lot of attention away from bombing Germany Replaced by the V-2 rocket, which was less effective and far more costly per warhead
Force
A push or pull exerted on an object
Vector
A quantity that has magnitude and direction
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Newton
A unit of measure that equals the force required to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at 1 meter per second per second
Atmospheric Explorers
AE-A: Lasted from April to July 1963 Explorer 17-Contained instruments to measure the density and composition of the upper atmosphere AE-B: Launched in 1966, lasted 10 months AE-C: Lasted about 3 years AE-D: Lasted about 4 months AE-E: Lasted 5 years, launched in 1975
Dora-Mittelwerk
After the bombing of Peenemunde, the production of the V-2 was moved to an abandoned gypsum mine. Slave labor was used to expand the mine to be about a mile long and have high ceilings in order to build the rockets. Dora was the concentration camp, while Mittelwerk was the production facility. About 60,000 workers were used (in total - about 10,000 at a time) to build the rockets, day and night. They built around 5200 V-2 rockets-As well as over 2000 V-1 buzz bombs Of the 60,000 workers, 20,000 died from starvation, fatigue, and execution. They hanged workers by crane, many at a time (as many as 60), to show what would happen to nonproductive workers. Americans captured the facilities on April 11, 1945. Hitler ordered his forces there to destroy anything that might be of value... The order was deliberately ignored and the facility was found intact The workers, however, were not spared... When the German's knew the Americans were coming, many workers died in a forced evacuation march, then they just killed many of the survivors Horrific conditions found
air resistance
Air resistance is like friction it works to inhibit the forward motion of and object in motion. There are some caveats to this: You need to be moving through air (or some sort of fluid) for air resistance. So, there is very little air resistance in space. We will assume no wind. If there is a wind, then it can strongly affect this force. You have to do a vector subtraction between the velocity that the object is moving and the velocity of the wind.
Explorer Missions
All of these classes of Explorer missions are "competed" NASA puts out a call for proposals They put a cost cap on it: each class has its own cap, allowing for different sized missions They tell you what they want: ~200 requirements on the proposal content The research community writes proposals Called a "PI led" mission opportunity Allows NASA to pick the best idea and concept Fiercely competitive Typically, only 1 mission selected with each call Typically, they get 15-25 proposals
Robert Goddard
American A Method of Attaining Extreme Altitude (1919) Described how much fuel it would take to break Earth's gravitational force Also described how to get to the moon Made fun of by the press - they believed it was completely impossible and that Goddard was a fool - lacked "the knowledge ladled out daily in high schools" 1926 - First liquid propulsion rocket launched-Reach 67 m altitude, 2.5 seconds, and reached a speed of 96 km/h Named "Nell" Moved to Roswell, New Mexico in 1930 to avoid press, on a grant from Guggenheim. Patents for lots of different devices, including gyroscopic guidance system and multistage rockets. In the 1930s, he collaborated with Germans in designing rockets, but was disturbed by what they might use them for. 1939, Goddard went to the army to discuss the use of rockets as weapons against Germany, but was casually dismissed.
Operation Paperclip
Americans occupied area around Mittelwerk and had the scientists In the truce with Russia, Russia would get control over area around Mittelwerk in June. Further, British were taking over the area near the mine with the hidden documents at the end of May. The job of getting scientists, documents, and parts out of Germany was given to Robert Staver. Before each took control of their areas, Staver was able to get documents (with less than 12 hours to spare) and parts to assemble 100 V-2 rockets out of there to the American-controlled territory Even more nerve racking, the scientists were all housed in the soon to be Russian occupied land. Staver got them (1000 scientists and family members) out of the area less than 24 hours before the Russians took control of the area. After much negotiation, 115 scientists were brought to the US on September 7, 1945. Families left behind in Germany, but brought to US later. Many people did not want to bring the Germans to the US. There were such heinous crimes at Dora and other places. Could the scientists prove that they weren't involved? Why would they work for the US? von Braun was a member of the SS, so was he a Nazi? Well, yes. He had also been arrested and was going to be put to death earlier in the war. Was he forced to join the SS?
Newton's First Law
An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion unless a force is applied.
Science
An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world.
Peenemünde
Army Research Center-Heeresversuchsstelle Peenemunde (HVP) in German Founded in 1937 Wernher von Braun, Director This is where the development and initial testing of the V-1 and V-2 were conducted. 1943, the Allies heavily bombed Peenemunde Rockets were already developed, so it didn't destroy the German's ability to use them. Actually destroyed plans for the rockets, but copies were already made. Heavily damaged the nearly-ready production facility there Slowed down full-scale production by many months. Killed about 180 Germans and 500-600 foreign workers. Germans decided to move the production facilities to someplace safer.
terminal velocity
As we have talked about before, terminal velocity is the balance between gravity and air resistance. This can actually be used for other things, such as how much thrust a plane has to exert to fly through the air, or how much force a biker has to use to maintain speed. For terminal velocity: The force exerted is gravity
Atmospheric Density
Atmospheric density is a measure of the number of air molecules per volume of atmosphere Why is the atmosphere so thin? The change in the density of the atmosphere is proportional to the density itself. That means when the density is large (near the surface), the CHANGE in density is large, so it gets thin very quickly. If the planet had a smaller gravity, the atmosphere would be further extended Temperature - A warmer planet would have a more extended atmosphere.
R-7
August 21, 1957 - first successful test of the R-7 World's first intercontinental ballistic missile First flown in mid 1950s Retired as an ICBM in 1961, but used to launch satellites to this day. More than 1600 launched. Basic design by Korolev One of the large drawbacks of the R-7 was that it took a day to fuel it up Not exactly convenient for an ICBM which should be able to launch at an instant.
Boxer Rockets
Boxer rockets (1855) - First multi-staged rockets One of the early uses of rockets was to help rescue ships that were stuck on sandbars or sinking. The rocket was tied to a rope and launch over the bow of the ship, delivering the rope. Tie the rope onto the boat, then people could shimmy down the rope to the shore.
good science
Built on theories• Logical explanations based on facts Dependent on experiments Precise observations to test the theories-Repeatable Explain your methodology so others can cross-check it- Evolving and changing As observations are replaced by better ones-Published in refereed, professional journals Peer-review is essential to the integrity of science Publication is essential to the advancement of science
SOTW: Cassini
Cassini: Launched by 3 space agencies: NASA, European Space Agency (ESA), Italian Space Agency. Launch: October 15th, 1997 Arrival at Saturn: June 29th, 2004 Largest interplanetary spacecraft ever 7.5 miles of cables Weighed 6 tons, tall as a school bus Wrapped in gold foil to prevent static electricity build-up Ended: September 15th, 2017
Vanguard Launch
December 6, 1957 Televised to the whole world Rocket lifts off for a couple of seconds Then falls back and explodes Satellite actually survives Tumbles away and starts to broadcast signal From the ground....
V-2 Innovations
Engine-Made significant improvements on the engines designed by Goddard, including better mixing of the fuels before combustion. Shape-More aerodynamic than any other rockets created before. Guidance-Used an inertial guidance system. Telemetry-Developed a communication system to allow monitoring of the rockets performance as it was in flight.
William Congreve
Englishman, 1772-1828 Congreve rockets first used by the English in 1805 Used against the French and US Used until about 1850 or so.
Explorer 3 Launch
Explorer 3 March 26, 1958 14 kg USSR 3 / US 3!!!
Mexian-American War
First US rockets Major General Winfield Scott was selected to lead a force into Mexico, including a rocket brigade-150 men Rockets used in 1847 against Veracruz, Mexico Rockets were used against Mexico City Rocket brigade was disbanded in 1848, after the war.
Sputnik
First artificial Earth satellite. Russians launch October 4, 1957 About 18,000 miles per hour Transmitted a radio signal which amateurs used for 22 days, until batteries ran out. About 185 pounds. Burned up on January 4, 1958. Russians 1, US 0
Jupiter C Rocket
First launch: September 20, 1956 Von Braun summoned to Washington and told that there were to be no "accidental" satellites. Upper stage of Jupiter C must be filled with sand and not fuel. Traveled 3,335 miles and a height of 682 miles. Using Jupiter C, the US was the first to recover an object from space. Germans modified the Redstone into the Jupiter C rocket Had to figure out how to allow reentry of ICBM into the atmosphere without burning up. Conveniently like bringing a man back from space. Three stage rocket. Also conveniently, the Jupiter was powerful enough to put a satellite into orbit, if the nose cone was tweaked a little...
Newton's Third Law
For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Newton's Second Law
Force = mass x acceleration
Teleportation
General idea is to transport a person from point A to point B "instantly" Could travel from one side of the planet to the other in seconds instead of hours or days. Could travel to the moon instantly! But - is this possible?? Or even probable?? So, could we do it? No, not really. At least not anytime soon. Way too much information in the human body Mapping it requires a prohibitively large amount of memory Transmitting it requires a prohibitively large bandwidth to get it down to even a remotely reasonable time Reconstruction is a problem, too Need the right materials at the other end! Reconstruction of memories could be extremely difficult
geosynchronous orbit
Geosynchronous orbit is the position in which the orbit of the satellite is exactly the same as the rotation of the Earth (i.e., it goes around the Earth once per day).
V-2
German First ballistic missile 46 feet long...stood taller than most buildings Flew to about 90 km (55 miles) in altitude Had a range of about 350 km (200 miles) Carried about 1000 kg of payload (i.e. explosives) Accuracy of a few miles down to a few meters (improved during the war) Basically built on Robert Goddard's design 1942 - First successful test of V2 1944 - First launch of V2 About 3,200 V2s launched in 1944 and 1945, hitting targets in England, Belgium, and France (mostly). About 2,800 people in London were killed (1400 rockets launched towards London), although some individual rockets killed more than 100 people. About 7250 people died altogether. The V-2 travelled at around 4 times the speed of sound, so you couldn't hear it before it landed. With bombers, you could hear them and take shelter. There was no warning when a V-2 landed, just...boom There was also no defense, since the rocket was traveling so fast. No anti-aircraft munitions could hit it. The only real defense was to try to destroy the launch sites and production facility.
Hermann Oberth
German. 1922 - described using liquid-propellant for rockets in his dissertation It was rejected, He published it anyways He also came up with the idea of multi-staged rockets. Worked for the movies in 1928-1929 as a scientific consultant Helped to popularize rockets
Orbit equation
Gravity = centripetal acceleration Astronauts are in free-fall also for exactly the same reason -they are falling towards the Earth. They just miss it all of the time. Velocity to stay in circular orbit is the square root of gravity times distance The Earth is 42,550 km around (at 400 km altitude), so to get once around the Earth would take 5535 s, or 92 minutes to orbit once. How many orbits per day? 15.5 orbits
Critique the Media
Hard to convey science through the media Limited space/time cannot fully explain a study Significance ≠ statistical significance There is a mathematical meaning for this word Sensationalization of trivia Some results are blown way out of proportion Reporter bias The reporter might have an agenda to push The 100% certainty trap Scientists almost never claim certainty about anything
WW2
Hitler believed in rockets, while no other country really did. In a sad way, Hitler gave us space travel. After being bombed and bombed and bombed some more, Hitler authorized the creation of rockets capable of hitting London and other strategic locations (about 200 miles). A-4 or V-2 (Vengeance-2) was born.
R-2
Improved Russian design of the V-2 Korolev designed it in 1947-1948 Improved engines and fuel system Double thrust of V-2 State Commission decided that a different rocket was superior, so Korolev incorporated some of their design and it was accepted for military use in 1951. German radiological warhead used - dispersed radioactive liquid at altitude - "radioactive rain".
International Geophysical Year - 1957
In 1954, the US decided that they wanted to launch a satellite in honor of the International Geophysical Year. von Braun argues that the Redstone could be adapted to carry a 5-10 lb satellite into orbit. James Van Allen - head of scientific research for the satellite (also a professor at the Univ of Iowa) 1955 - Government decided to have three branches of the military (Army, Navy and Air Force) compete to launch first satellite: Air Force was developing the Atlas rocket Navy was developing the Vanguard rocket Army had von Braun's Redstone rocket
Gravity in space
Is there gravity in space? YES! Earth's gravitation force extends VERY far out. It even affects the orbits of other planets, comets, and such. So, why are you weightless in space? An IMBALANCE in forces. Not only on the astronaut, but the spacecraft as well An object that is orbiting a planet is constantly accelerating (it is roughly going in a circle -horizontal to the planet's surface). The speed has to be exactly correct for the acceleration (gravity) at that altitude to perfectly change the velocity and keep the object at the same distance away from the planet.
Jupiter C Launch
January 29, 1958 Launch day Bad weather Next day, bad weather January 31 comes along At 2 hours to go a fuel leak is found Young engineer runs out onto the launch pad and determines that it is only spilled fuel and not leaking from the rocket. Finally launch comes and goes smoothly Explorer 1 launched into orbit!
Laika
Khrushchev wanted to push his advantage even more, so asked Korolev to do something else. 40th anniversary of the October Revolution on November 7th. Korolev suggested that they launch a dog into space. They modified the upper stage of the R-7 to hold a dog. Rigged together a pressure suit for the dog. Laika (which means "Barker"). November 3, 1957 - one month after they launch Sputnik! Put into the capsule on October 31 Launched November 3rd Had video cameras in the capsule to show the world that the Soviets could launch a living being into space. Laika got a little freaked out on launch, then calmed back down. Heating/cooling system malfunctioned and she died 6 hours into the flight The world thought she lived for 4 days
Explorer 1
Launched 1958 First US Satellite First Scientific Satellite Discovered Radiation Belts The radiation belts was a big discovery James Van Allen became a well-known name
Delta IV Rocket
Launches satellites into orbit, costs $140 million.
Speeds of Orbits
Low-Earth orbit: ~ 8 km/s GPS orbit: ~ 4 km/s Geosynchronous orbit: ~ 3 km/s
Classes of Explorer Missions
Medium Class Explorers (MIDEX) Total cost of mission not to exceed ~ $200 Million THEMIS, Swift, MAP, FUSE, IMAGE Small Explorers (SMEX) Total cost of mission not to exceed ~$100 Million AIM, FAST, SAMPEX, SWAS, TRACE, HESSI, GALEX University-Class Explorer (UNEX) Total cost < $15 Million SNOE, CHIPS Mission of Opportunity Main mission carried out by someone else Cost to NASA ~ $10 to $50 Million TWINS, CINDI, HETE-2, Astro-E2
Modern Explorer Missions
Modern Explorer missions: All are in orbit around the Earth Costs a lot of money to launch something into interplanetary space These are essentially the "smaller" missions that NASA operates Competitively proposed and selected If the PI goes over budget, NASA cuts them off
Explorer Line
NASA has launched over 90 satellites in the Explorer line Each satellite is given a number in the Explorer line and a name that most people associate with the satellite Not all NASA missions are Explorer missions For example, planetary missions are not included They continue through today COBE: Cosmic Background Explorer: enabled Nobel Prize-winning science in astrophysics-NASA's latest Explorer (launch in Dec 2017): TESS Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, Explorer #96
US Motivation
On August 6, 1945, the US dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima. With a rocket, the US or Russia wouldn't need bombers (which could be shot down). Also, the accuracy of the rockets isn't as crucial - it just needs to go roughly to the right place. So, the ultimate goal was Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs). Initial rocket scientists, like von Braun, wanted to launch satellites and put people on the moon, not build ICBMs. But governments funding them were not interested in this. The pioneers eventually convinced their respective countries that satellites were quite useful You could spy on the other country! So, the main motivation for launching satellites was reconnaissance. Not learning about outer space Satellites and ICBMs are very different, since it takes significantly less power to launch an ICBM. Satellites are much harder.
Atlas Rocket Launch
On December 18, 1958 US launches Atlas rocket First communication satellite Recording on board broadcasts a message from Eisenhower - Happy Christmas!
NASA
On July 29, 1958 NASA created National Aeronautics and Space Act signed NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration "Meatball" and "Worm" logos Began operations on October 1, 1958 About 80 employees over 4 labs-Keith Glennan - first chief administrator Project Mercury soon starts off Goal is to put a man into orbit and safely recover him $89 Million dollar budget Grows to $740 Million in 4 years
Decline of Rocketry
Once "modern" artillery was invented, rockets became less useful Could shoot guns and artillery much more accurately than you could shoot the rockets By the start of the Civil War, rockets were hardly used at all Both sides tried to use them a bit in the Civil War, but basically had to reinvent them, since the ones in storage didn't work any more. Rockets were not really used in warfare again until WW2
Computer Storage
Our storage capacity is basically doubling every year. So, to go from a 1 TB to a 1015 TB disk would take.... only about 50 years. So, in 50 years we may have the capacity to store a "map" of someone. That is being horribly optimistic. At some point we will fundamentally not be able to store more information on the current technology. The space between bytes on a disk can only get so much closer together before you start running into the limiting physics. So new technologies have to be developed to continue the rapid rise in storage.
James Van Allen
Over earth equator are two concentric belts of intense radiation named for this American physicist who found them in the 1950s. One of the few space scientists to ever have his face on the cover of Time magazine
Hubble Space Telescope
Planning for the HST started in about 1970 Funding started in about 1978 with a launch date set for 1983 Named HST in 1983 Construction of the main mirror began in 1979, finished in 1981 Launch date slipped to 1986, price rose to over $1B Challenger disaster in early 1986 delayed launch for years HST kept in a clean room and powered up for the whole time Cost: $6M per month Original cost estimate $400M. Actual cost by launch: $2.5B Costs continue to build with servicing missions - -Nearly a billion dollars per trip Now well over $5B, maybe close to $10B And then there was the flaw..... The mirror was ground wrong Edges were too flat (not curved enough) Couldn't replace the mirror Already in space when they discovered it So engineers designed corrective optics that they could add to the HST to make it so the light behaved exactly how they wanted it to behave. Think about glasses - eye doesn't focus correctly, so you put a pair of glasses on that changes the light to make it appear perfectly focused at the back of your defective eye. After the fix: great, crystal clear images! Passed the 10,000 scientific papers milestone in 2011 NASA: "one of the most prolific astronomical endeavors in history" Scientists are still producing hundreds of papers a year with Hubble Space Telescope data Space Telescope Science Institute A whole laboratory devoted to astrophysics and the use of Hubble, Kepler, and the other NASA Astrophysics Division missions Call is open each year: currently doing "cycle 26" of Hubble observation time requests Yep, anyone can propose to have Hubble pointed at a place in the sky
Acceleration
Rate of change of velocity
Avoiding bad science
Recognizing that the problem exists is half the solution Many people don't even know there is a difference Three basic areas for scrutiny Challenge the research and methodology Critique usages of scientific results in the media Think about it when you hear a scientific result
Challenging the Research
Researchers can be biased by their funding sources Anyone can post anything on the internet How test was conducted can influence the results Researchers might only report what supports their idea Correlation does not imply causation Extrapolation to a larger/different issue is dangerous
V-2 Guidance
Rocket is launched. Flies to about 100 km altitude Engines cut off. Glides to target. Usually ~200 miles away Gyroscopes inside nosecone kept it on track Radio control systems specify how gyros are oriented to steer it
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Russian Exploration of Space by Means of Reactive Apparatus (1896) Developed the Rocket Equation in 1898 - describes the change in velocity of a rocket given the mass of fuel and exhaust velocity Came up with the idea of using liquid propellants Discussed use of multi-stage rockets to escape Earth's gravity
Scientists vs. Engineers
Scientists: Search for answers to questions. Why does this work the way it does? Engineers: Builds/designs stuff, don't need to know why it works. How do I get this to work? There is a spectrum between the two and it can be difficult to tell the two apart sometimes.
SETI
Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence There's a SETI Institute in California They scan the sky with radio telescopes and analyze the noise for coherent (non-random) signals
Sputnik 3
Sputnik 3 May 15, 1958 1327 kg (100 times more than Explorer 3) Khrushchev gloats and gloats.... 4 - 3
SNOE
Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (Explorer 72) One of the first student satellites launched Built by University of Colorado Launched in February 1998 Reentered in December 2003
drag force
The "rubbing" force between objects moving at different velocities. Between the object and the air through which it moves Tries to equalize all velocities Since the object is being forced through the air (that is, it's moving faster), the air tries to slow down the object. Directly proportional to: mass density of the local air cross-sectional area of rocket through the air drag coefficient of the shape of rocket tip speed of rocket, squared The general idea is to get the rocket above the atmosphere as fast as possible, so drag is reduced. Then, turn and go sideways.
The Drake Equation
The Drake Equation: Putting together the factors for the detection of extraterrestrial life Especially those with which we might have radio contact Formula for the number of advanced, communicating civilizations in the galaxy The bigger the number, the bigger the chance we have of detecting ET life Frank Drake: famous radio astronomer, not Sir Francis Drake Multiplication of several terms: Rate of star formation in Milky Way Fraction of these stars that have planets Number of Earthlike planets per system Fraction of habitable planets on which life evolves Probability that life will evolve to an intelligent state Probability that intelligent life will develop the capacity to communicate over long distances (that is, radios Years during which this technological civilization is broadcasting
Momentum
The product of an object's mass and velocity
Friction
The resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another. Friction force is always opposite to velocity Regardless of other forces, it fights the motion of the object.
Velocity
The speed of an object in a particular direction
Other NASA Mission Line
There have been many other satellites launched besides the Explorer satellites For the "big" robotic missions Like Hubble, Cassini, and Parker Solar Probe Each division in the NASA Science Mission Directorate has one or more "big mission" lines Earth Science Heliophysics Planetary Science Astrophysics
NKVD
This was the predecessor of the KGB. Stalin was furious that when the Russians took over Mittelwerk, there were no V-2s or paperwork or Germans. Colonel General Ivan Aleksandrovich Serov was put in charge of getting the rocket information from Germany. Boris Chertok - one of the first Russians (from NKVD) in charge of assessing the situation at Mittlewerk. Found some secret stashes of V-2 parts. Institute Rabe formed near there to attempt to develop rockets from the V-2 parts and plans that the Russian had found. Chertok in charge At this point, they tried to "steal" the German scientists back from the US (who hadn't shipped them off yet). Mostly failed. Helmut Grottrup went to the Russians.•Grottrup's wife was a pain in the ass. Decided that they really needed Korolev
TRACE
Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (Explorer 73) Very cool images of the solar atmosphere
Vanguard 1 Launch
US launches Vanguard 1 March 17, 1958 Still in orbit around the Earth Oldest piece of space junk! First solar powered satellite-1.5 kg
Wernher von Braun
Worked with Oberth starting in 1930 Was fascinated by the idea of space travel, but in Germany, right before the war, you couldn't study rocketry unless it was for military application. Awarded a PhD in 1934. Official thesis was actually kept secret (on liquid fueled rockets). Used a lot of Goddard's research to build the A-4 (V-2) rockets. Became director of Peenemunde in 1937 Member of the Nazi Party (had to be to hold this position) Was aware of the conditions at Dora and Mittelwerk, But claimed that he could not do anything about it Pretty much single handedly convinced Hitler to use A-4 rockets Wanted them developed for space flight, but clearly Hitler did not He was actually arrested by the SS in 1944 for discussing with other scientists about using rockets for space flight and not weapons. In 1945, it became quite clear that the Germans were losing the war, and that the scientists would be either: Killed by the German SS Captured by the Russians, since they were closest to Peenemünde Have to flee and try to get to the Americans Didn't want to go with the Russians von Braun eventually left Peememunde in April 1945 with about 500 scientists Was ordered by General Kammler to a more central location Ordered by SS to stay and fight to the death at Peememunde Decided Kammler's orders were better and fled to Mittelwerk Some of the scientists hid about 500 lbs of documents in a mine shaft to protect them from being destroyed Scientists split up so a single bombing would not kill all of them Also made it easier for them to escape the SS. On May 2, 1945, scientists turned themselves over to the Americans. von Braun's brother actually leads them to the Americans. May 1, 1945 Hitler commits suicide. May 8, 1945 war in Europe ends. In May 1945, von Braun wrote an impassioned report outlining all of the great things that the US would gain by rocketry: Transatlantic flights in 40 minutes, spy satellites, space station, modification of sunlight hours with huge space mirrors, and of course, travel to other planets.
Radiation Belts
lso known as the Van Allen Belts Shaped like a torus Two of them, actually Inner and Outer Belts Outer is more variable and less energetic Inner much more energetic and can be populated for long periods of time Need to include the effects of radiation when designing satellites NASA mission currently in orbit: Van Allen Probes-Awful name, great mission!
normal force
the force perpendicular to a surface that prevents an object from falling through the surface
Sergei Korolev
the leading Soviet rocket scientist; known as the "Father of the Soviet Space Program" Brilliant aeronautical engineer Similar dream as von Braun and Goddard: spaceflight Arrested on June 27, 1938 Enemy of the people Served some of his time in eastern Siberian gulag Nov. 1939, released from Siberia and told to report to Moscow Sold his coat to get a ride to the nearest city (Magadan) in which there was a boat to Moscow He missed the last boat, and so had to stay in Magadan for the winter With no coat He was put into an "easier" prison when he got back to Moscow Released August 1944 To work on rockets Korolev learned about the Jupiter C launch and freaked out Thought that the US was very close to a satellite R-7 has lots of delays and first launch pushed back until well into 1957 Object D also has severe problems Delay after delay Sloppy workmanship Korolev eventually orders the satellite shipped to him Driver of the truck crashes into a tree because he is drunk, testing the satellite for shock-proof-ness. When Korolev sees satellite, he understands that it will never work Scrap Object D for simple transmitter on a spherical satellite. Sputnik
Quantum Entanglement
the unusual behavior of elementary particles where they become linked so that when something happens to one, something happens to the other; no matter how far apart they are. Quantum entanglement seems like a much better way to communicate over long distances instantly. I have no idea how quantum entanglement means high information storage capacity
