Span 131 Exam 3 Spring 2018

This slogan refers to the drive to bring European immigrants to Argentina in the 19th century and to thereby "Europeanize" the nation. The population of Argentina rose from around 1.5 million to 8 million in 1914. From 1870-1914, nearly six million immigrants arrived. Half were from Italy and another quarter from Spain.

"Governar es poblar" (To govern is to populate)

Two of these sayings are associated with the Cristero Revolt. The revolt was essentially an internal religious civil war that was sparked by a reaction to the very liberal and anti-Catholic Constitution of 1917. Which of these was NOT a slogan related to this conflict.

"Tierra y libertad" (Land and Liberty)

Which of these was NOT a part of the Liberal Reforms in Mexico in the mid-19th century?

- Abolition of the "Fueros" and church tithes - downsizing the army - The creation of a civilian militia (All of these were part of the liberal reforms. These provoked a powerful conservative reaction)

The Mexican Constitution of 1917 did all of the following EXCEPT ____.

-Made it impossible for the church to accumulate wealth -Banned the church from its traditional role in education -Prohibited priests and nuns from wearing clerical garb in public (All of these were part of the constitution of 1917)

If the most striking feature of the Guatemalan revolution was the relative absence of violence, and if the reforms that the Guatemalans sought were the same that the USA backed elsewhere in countries like El Salvador, why did the USA intervene to stop it in the 1950s?

-U.S. Economic interests were threatened -The threat of communism - Arevalo's "spiritual socialism" and its spread throughout the region -Guatemala is close to the USA (all of these)

In which year do Puerto Ricans become citizens of the USA?

1917

In which year does the island of Puerto Rico become a "freely associated state" (commonwealth)?

1948

In the aftermath of the Bolivian revolution, all of the following happened EXCEPT:

All of these happened in bolivia: -Bolivian politics would remain bitterly divided and fragmented -there would be a series of military coups and and dictators until the 1990s -the leaders became increasingly dependent on U.S. foreign aid -A man of indigenous ancestry, and who was the former president of the coca-growers union (Cocalero Trade Union), was elected president. -many peasants eventually turned to coca production as cocaine trafficking emerged there, as in Colombia, as one of the biggest businesses of the Americas -the army would take power

We know that Jacobo Arbenz, the democratically elected leader in Guatemala, was replaced by a CIA-backed coup ("Operation Success") after he began to implement social and economic reforms. His successor tossed out all the reforms and initiated four decades of military-dominated rule. Some 200,000 people would die in the conflicts during this time. Who was this military leader who ruled after Arbenz?

Carlos Castillo Armas

_____ are one of the chief legacies of the wars of independence. The term refers to a strong, charismatic leader who emerged out of the wars of independence. Often a local leader, this man embodied the martial virtues of the macho warrior. This term later will lose its rural, military origins and becomes a way to denote powerful, personalistic leaders in the later decades of the 20th century. Militarism would cripple much of Latin America in the 19th century and leave an enduring legacy of authoritarianism and dictatorship in many countries

Caudillos

As part of President William Howard Taft's foreign policy designed to protect U.S. investment and businesses, the practice of sending in Marines to Latin American nations in order to establish order, take control of the customs houses, and then use the tariffs on imports and exports to guarantee payments to foreign creditors was called _____.

Dollar Diplomacy

"______" are communal landholdings in Mexico. Millions of acres were given to peasants in the 1920s and 1930s as part of a larger process of land reform.

Ejidos

"Cinco de Mayo" is the national celebration of Mexico's independence from Spain, much like our 4th of July.

False

Almost without exception, when leftist leaders have been voted into power in the late 20th and early 21st centuries in Latin America, they have upheld their allegiance to the ideals of social justice, human rights, and the elimination of the enormous socioeconomic inequities in their societies. In short, when the Left has had the power to run these nations, the inequalities of the past have been almost entirely erased.

False

Even though poverty and inequality have not been eradicated in Latin America, the good news is that they have decreased drastically in scale. In short, things have gotten better and not worse.

False

Even though they sometimes disagreed with the policies of the USA, most Latin American intellectuals welcomed the "civilizing force" of the "Colossus of the North."

False

In Guatemala today, indigenous peoples comprise nearly 40% of the population. The good news, however, is that the "social question" has largely been resolved. That is, ethnic divisions have largely disappeared and civil violence virtually absent.

False

Most of Latin America has been densely populated and mostly urban for most of its history.

False

The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 was relatively insignificant since it only sold for 15 million dollars and the USA only obtained the area we now know as the state of Louisiana.

False

The USA had as much influence in South America as it did in Central America and Caribbean in the 19th century.

False

The darker-skinned peoples of Latin America no longer overwhelmingly remain at the bottom of the socioeconomic pyramid that has characterized Latin America since the 16th century. The grinding poverty and discrimination that indigenous peoples have historically suffered in nations like Guatemala and Peru has finally come to an end with the neoliberal policies of the last few decades.

False

The modernity and progress that the liberal factions brought to Latin American nations was beneficial to all social groups. That is to say, indigenous groups and rural peoples reaped great rewards through the "trickle-down effect." They enjoyed the increased incomes and stability and more importantly, they were able to retain their lands, values, customs, and languages.

False

U.S. intervention in ________________ in 1954 halted revolutionary change in its tracks and touched off decades of brutal and deadly civil war that would kill tens of thousands.

Guatemala

Liberals and conservatives in the 19th century in Lain America were seen as ___.

Ideological groups that represented kinship networks and regional loyalties

Which of the following is not an example of the creation of trading blocs through regional integration? Remember that the blocs reduce trade barriers internally and raises them externally to non-member nations, a form a protectionism among global blocs instead of individual nations.

Imagined Communities

In the mid-19th century, the vast majority of the 20 million inhabitants of the new nations of Latin America were ____.

Indians, Africans, and mixed-raced peoples

In 1800 Brazil had the largest slave population in the world (half of its population). After abolition, Brazil witnessed a flood of European immigrants to meet their labor needs. Between 1887 and 1914, some 2.7 million immigrants—came to Brazil. They came mainly from ___________ and added even more to the already colorful cultural mosaic of the nation.

Italy, Spain, and portugal

This hero of Cuban independence was also a Modernist poet who penned exceptional poems.

José Martí

This Mexican intellectual and Minister of Education believed that to be "Mexican" was to be part of a "cosmic race," a racially and culturally mixed people primarily rooted in the pre-Colombian cultures of Mesoamerica. He is credited with the invention of the expression "la raza cósmica ." As part of his overall project, he initiated a government-sponsored cultural product that endured for decades, one that utilized art and aesthetics to promote a new sense of Mexican identity.

José Vasconcelos

The "Conquest of the Desert" (1879-1880) was a campaign that pushed the surviving indigenous peoples into harsh region of Patagonia, or annihilated those who resisted. The general who led this campaign was rewarded with the presidency in Argentina (1880-1886). The campaign opened up the plains for agricultural expansion. Who was the man who led this campaign?

Julio Roca

The "War of a Thousand Days" (Guerra de los Mil Días) was a conflict between the ________ in Colombia (1899-1902). Over 100,000 people died. The country at the time only had 3 million people, so that is a staggering number.

Liberals and Conservatives

The idea that the USA has a God-given right to expand from "sea to shining sea," that is, from the east coast to the west coast, is known as __________. This idea was made popular by the newspaper editor John L. Sullivan.

Manifest Destiny

_____________ is one of the most potent forces that binds together many diverse peoples and cultures around loyalty to an idea. The diverse peoples of Latin American nations ferociously defend the idea and national reality of a "Brazil" or "Mexico," for example, even though they are part of a smaller regional or subnational community.

Nationalism

Under the system known as ________, Britain (and other imperial powers) did not need to occupy Latin American nations in order to control them as though they were colonies. The overwhelming power of British exports, British purchases of Latin American goods, and dominance via investments, all combined to place the new economies at the mercy of British capitalists and capital. In essence, they were virtual economic colonies. Remember that Britain funded the construction of railroads, ports, communications systems, public utilities, and the purchase of government bonds as well.

Neocolonialism

The anti-imperial guerrilla leader who emerged in opposition to the USA's involvement in Nicaragua in the 1920s was _____. His name will later be taken up by a revolutionary movement in that country.

None of these.

The influence of Positivism is so strong in this country at the end of the 19th century that the slogan "Order and Progress" was placed on the nation's flag (and it still appears there today).

None of these: Uruguay, Panama, Mexico, Costa Rica

The ______ became a massive political machine (in Mexico) whose candidates would always win the presidency, governorships, and control of the congress. Although known by different names in the early years, the party held power for some 70 years after the Mexican Revolution. [This party lost the elections in 2000 for the first time since its formation. However, the current president of Mexico, Enrique Peña Nieto (2012-), is a member of this party.]

PRI

By the mid-twentieth century, all of the following countries but one pursued a path of reform and gradually created strong, representative, electoral systems. They typically avoided bloodshed, civil war, and coup d'etats. [Again, we are talking about PRIOR to the 1950s.] Which one was NOT included in this list?

Panama

General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing entered Mexico on a "punitive expedition" of 10,000 troops in search of ______, the Mexican revolutionary hero who had attacked the town of Columbus, New Mexico in 1916.

Pancho Villa

The treaty that was signed that allowed the USA to build and fortify a canal in Panama carries the name of John Hay, the U.S. Secretary of State, and this man, a French canal company agent. He helped the nation declare its independence from Colombia and assured that the USA got the canal rights it so strongly desired.

Philippe Bunau-Varilla

The beginning of the Mexican Revolution marked the end of the rule of _______________, a 35-year dictatorship.

Porfirio Díaz

Many Latin American intellectuals and leaders fell under the influence of the philosophy of _____________ in the nineteenth century. This philosophy glorified reason and scientific knowledge and rejected traditional religious beliefs. In this view, with the guidance of science humanity would enter into a new age where technicians and engineers would run an authoritarian republic. This took root in place like Mexico and Brazil, whose flag even reads "Order and Progress."

Positivism

Which of these was not a Mexican revolutionary figure of importance?

San Luis Potosí

By the early 20th century, ____________ had become the principal market for all of the Caribbean, Mexico, and Central America. This country purchased about 30% of Latin America's exports and this figure would continue to rise in the 20th century.

The U.S.A

"La Frutera" is another name for "el pulpo." Both of these nicknames are used to refer to ___________, a powerful transnational corporation that became the largest landowner in Guatemala and elsewhere in Central America. It owned the only railway in the country at that time and that railway was used primarily to take their products to the coast for export.

The United Fruit Company

This treaty from 1848 effectively ended the Mexican-American War. Mexico lost 40% of its territory and for this reason states such as California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado are now part of the United States.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Antonio Conselheiro was the leader of the Canudos revolt in Brazil (1897). This revolt serves as an illustration of the banditry and revolts in traditional rural society which are seen as a reaction to—and rejection of--the encroachment of modern, urban Brazil.

True

As they entered the 20th century, most Latin American nations relied exclusively on a single crop or mineral. Monoculture of this type made them very vulnerable to the rise and fall of commodity prices in Europe and the USA.

True

By the 1930s, the political and economic influence of Great Britain in Latin America—including South America—was largely disappearing and that of the USA was growing dramatically. After 1945, U.S. power and influence in the region accelerates rapidly and is second to none.

True

For a decade, Texas was an independent nation. It declared its freedom from Mexico, but was later annexed by the USA.

True

For centuries, the Church had been a virtual arm of the state and the clergy enjoyed the privileges of the "fuero" that set them apart legally and socially from others in society. Various sectors of the church had accumulated enormous wealth and resources. Still, for the radical Liberals in Mexico, the Church represented the epitome of the ills of the old colonial regime: privilege, hierarchy, and outmoded thought. It also saw the Church as a real challenge to the Liberal control of the nation-state.

True

Militarism and caudillos would cripple much of Latin America in the 19th century and leave an enduring legacy of authoritarianism and dictatorship in many countries.

True

More than a political doctrine, Liberalism sought to replace the personalistic, corporatist, hierarchical order of Iberian colonialism with the ideal of the Enlightenment. It assumes the autonomy of the rational individual capable of using reason to makes choices in a society governed by a constitutional order that protects individual rights and equality before the law. It espoused free trade, the end of special privileges, hierarchy, corporatism, corporate interest groups, and personalistic rule

True

The Lerdo Law forced the sale of lands owned by the Catholic Church in Mexico that were not being used for religious purposes. (Some estimate that the Church owned 50% of the land in Mexico in the 1850s). This was part of a plan to put the land to use and increase the middle class.

True

The indigenous peoples of Guatemala were forced to work the land of the large plantations and fincas. They used pseudo-legal tactics such as "vagracy laws" to make sure the Indians were forced to work on their estates, even under abysmal condtitions.

True

Which of the following is NOT true with respect to Latin America at the beginning of the 21st century?

a massive wave of Africans has arrived looking for opportunities and to connect with their peoples who were brought over as slaves

One of the most striking images of Brazilian Modernism was _____________. In this movement, the Brazilian intellectuals and artists wanted to devour all influences—European, African, indigenous—and then digest and produce something new, something uniquely Brazilian.

anthropophagy

Conservatives in 19th century Latin America wanted or did all of the following except ___.

to liberalize the economy and expand free trade in a laissez faire-type setting

Protectionism through tariffs and duties on imports, the creation of state-controlled enterprises to guide and develop vital industries, and large-scale government financing of key sectors of the economy as a means to develop national economies was called ______.

import substitution industrialization

A pro-Indian nativism that stressed the indigenous roots of the Andean society was called ___. Key authors from this movement include Miguel Angel Asturias and José Carlos Mariátegui.

indigenismo

All five revolutions in Latin America in the 20th century sought to transform the nation through an assault on the most important economic institution in Latin America: _____.

land tenure

This was a group of positivist intellectuals in Mexico collectively known as ___. They served as technocrats, bureaucrats, and cabinet ministers and promoted the modernization of Mexico under the Porfirio Díaz regime.

los científicos (the scientists)

José Vasconcelos was the minister of education in the early 1920s in Mexico and helped foster the nationalistic artwork of the _____________________. The leader of a cultural movement that sought to educate the masses and foster a sense of nationalism, Vasconcelos thought that schools, art, films, etc. should serve the didactic purpose of teaching everyone in Mexico what it meant to be "Mexican." The works by these artists were perfect in that respect.

muralists

After the war in 1898, Spain lost all of the following possessions except ____.

the Bahamas

The practice of creating, training, and equipping nonpartisan, local security forces (police, national guard, army) that could replace U.S. troops and allow them to withdraw from Latin American nations was called ____. The idea was to refrain from direct military intervention and to have the nonpartisan force guarantee the peace. This would allow these countries to build national institutions, democracy, and pursue economic development. The USA also provided loans, military equipment and training, as well as private investment as part of the nation-building process. Unfortunately, this policy often led to the establishment of long-lasting brutal dictatorships and repressive governments.

the Good Neighbor Policy

Which is NOT true about the situation in Guatemala in the 1940s?

the Mayan groups living in Guatemala were highly centralized and homogenous; they shared a common language, local customs, and religious practices which kept them all united as one against the ladino minority.

The idea that the Americas are no longer open to foreign (European) colonization, issued in a proclamation at the end of the first quarter of the 19th century, is known as _____.

the Monroe Doctrine

The official announcement that the USA not only wished to protect all of the Americas, but also that it had the "right" to do so, was called ____. Basically it stipulated that the USA could intervene in Latin American nations to prevent European intervention.

the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

What two countries replace Spain and become the greatest political and economic influence on the region in the century after independence?

the USA and England

"El pulpo" (the octopus) is a name used to refer to ____; the name has a negative connotation since it refers to an entity that has its "tentacles" (i.e., power and influence) in Latin American politics and economics.

the United Fruit Company

The "civilization / barbarism" dichotomy represented a struggle between these two groups in Argentina.

the cities and the countryside

Two powerful and dramatic patterns characterize demographic change in Latin America in the second half of the 20th century: the rapid and explosive growth of population in the region (overall population tripled—to just over a half a billion people—and _______________________.

the massive movement of people from the countryside to the cities

Approximately ___________ English-speaking West-Indian workers died in Panama during the construction of the Canal (many from diseased such as malaria and yellow fever). Tens of thousands of these workers came and transformed the racial and cultural landscape of Panama.

25,000

In addition to being a chain of clothing stores in the USA, ________________ are nations whose small, weak mono-culture economies were easily influenced by powerful foreign influences.

Banana Republics

The Zapotec Indian who led Mexico from 1858-1872 was __________. This leader unified the Mexican liberals against the French, who had invaded Mexico.

Benito Juárez

The War of the Pacific (1879-1883) left this country landlocked (without an outlet to the sea).

Bolivia

The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty is related to _____.

The Panama Canal

Many people see the sinking of the USS Maine as the beginning of this war. Theodore Roosevelt and the Rough Riders are associated with this war. Roosevelt referred to it as "splendid little war."

The Spanish-American (Cuban) War