The Cardio Vascular System
The force the heart must overcome to pump blood is known as what?
Afterload
Does venoconstriction increase the return of blood to the heart, blood pressure within the vein, or blood flow within the vein?
All of the above
Which portion of the ECG corresponds to repolarization of the atria?
Atrial repolarization is masked by ventricular depolarization
In which septum is it normal to find openings in the adult?
Atrioventricular Septum
What does cardiac output equal/ C.O.=
C.O.= heart rate x stroke volume
What are factors of blood pressure?
Cardiac Output, Blood Volume, and Resistance to Flow
Arteries closer to the heart would be expected to have a higher percentage of what?
Elastic Fibers
What is a negative chronotropic agent?
Factors that lower heart rate
What is a positive chronotropic agent?
Factors that raise the heart rate
What is contractility?
How hard the Myocardium contracts for a given preload
In a healthy young adult, what happens to cardiac output when heart rate increases above 160 bpm?
It decreases
What is afterload?
It is the sum of all forces opposing the ejection of blood from ventricles
What is pulse?
It is the surge of pressure produced by the heart beat that can be felt by palpating a superficial artery
Would stroke volume be expected to be larger in a patient with high or low blood pressure with everything else being equal?
Low
The cardiovascular centers are located in which area of the brain?
Medulla Oblongata
Is potassium (K+) a positive or negative inotrope?
Negative
What are factors the factors of stroke volume?
Pre-Load, Contractility, and After-Load
What are vasoreflexes?
Quick and powerful ways of altering blood pressure and flow
What are chemoreceptors?
Receptors that responds to chemical stimuli, or changes in blood or tissue concentrations of substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, and electrolytes.
Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit?
Right Atrium
What is cardiac output?
The amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute
What is blood flow defined as?
The amount of blood flowing through an organ, tissue, or blood vessel (mL/min)
What is preload?
The amount of tension in the ventricular myocardium immediately before it begins to contract
What is perfusion?
The flow of blood per given volume or mass of tissue in a given time (mL/min/g)
What is arteriosclerosis?
The stiffening of blood vessels due to the loss of elastic fibers?
What are baroreflexes?
They are automatic, negative feedback responses to changes in blood pressure
What are baroreflexes?
They are short-term regulators of blood pressure
What is the best description of veins?
Thin walled, large lumens, and low pressure
List the valves in the order through which the blood flows from the vena cava through the heart
Tricuspid, Pulmonary Semilunar, Bicuspid, Aoritc semilunar
The endothelium found in blood vessels are found where?
Tunica Interna
If you drink a liter of coke, the increased blood pressure, due to increased blood volume, would be detected by what?
Baroreceptors
What are chemoreflex?
It is an automatic response to changes in blood chemistry
What is mean arterial pressure?
It is diastolic pressure + 1/3 of pulse pressure
What is atherosclerosis?
It is the build up of lipid deposits that turns into plaque
What is diastolic pressure?
It is the minimum arterial BP taken during ventricular relaxation between heart beats aka ventricular diastole
What is systolic pressure?
It is the peak arterial BP taken during ventricular contraction aka ventricular systole
