The Cardio Vascular System

The force the heart must overcome to pump blood is known as what?

Afterload

Does venoconstriction increase the return of blood to the heart, blood pressure within the vein, or blood flow within the vein?

All of the above

Which portion of the ECG corresponds to repolarization of the atria?

Atrial repolarization is masked by ventricular depolarization

In which septum is it normal to find openings in the adult?

Atrioventricular Septum

What does cardiac output equal/ C.O.=

C.O.= heart rate x stroke volume

What are factors of blood pressure?

Cardiac Output, Blood Volume, and Resistance to Flow

Arteries closer to the heart would be expected to have a higher percentage of what?

Elastic Fibers

What is a negative chronotropic agent?

Factors that lower heart rate

What is a positive chronotropic agent?

Factors that raise the heart rate

What is contractility?

How hard the Myocardium contracts for a given preload

In a healthy young adult, what happens to cardiac output when heart rate increases above 160 bpm?

It decreases

What is afterload?

It is the sum of all forces opposing the ejection of blood from ventricles

What is pulse?

It is the surge of pressure produced by the heart beat that can be felt by palpating a superficial artery

Would stroke volume be expected to be larger in a patient with high or low blood pressure with everything else being equal?

Low

The cardiovascular centers are located in which area of the brain?

Medulla Oblongata

Is potassium (K+) a positive or negative inotrope?

Negative

What are factors the factors of stroke volume?

Pre-Load, Contractility, and After-Load

What are vasoreflexes?

Quick and powerful ways of altering blood pressure and flow

What are chemoreceptors?

Receptors that responds to chemical stimuli, or changes in blood or tissue concentrations of substances such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, glucose, and electrolytes.

Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit?

Right Atrium

What is cardiac output?

The amount of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute

What is blood flow defined as?

The amount of blood flowing through an organ, tissue, or blood vessel (mL/min)

What is preload?

The amount of tension in the ventricular myocardium immediately before it begins to contract

What is perfusion?

The flow of blood per given volume or mass of tissue in a given time (mL/min/g)

What is arteriosclerosis?

The stiffening of blood vessels due to the loss of elastic fibers?

What are baroreflexes?

They are automatic, negative feedback responses to changes in blood pressure

What are baroreflexes?

They are short-term regulators of blood pressure

What is the best description of veins?

Thin walled, large lumens, and low pressure

List the valves in the order through which the blood flows from the vena cava through the heart

Tricuspid, Pulmonary Semilunar, Bicuspid, Aoritc semilunar

The endothelium found in blood vessels are found where?

Tunica Interna

If you drink a liter of coke, the increased blood pressure, due to increased blood volume, would be detected by what?

Baroreceptors

What are chemoreflex?

It is an automatic response to changes in blood chemistry

What is mean arterial pressure?

It is diastolic pressure + 1/3 of pulse pressure

What is atherosclerosis?

It is the build up of lipid deposits that turns into plaque

What is diastolic pressure?

It is the minimum arterial BP taken during ventricular relaxation between heart beats aka ventricular diastole

What is systolic pressure?

It is the peak arterial BP taken during ventricular contraction aka ventricular systole