Span 302 Unit 4 Grammar

The sequence of tenses in Spanish vs. English

(In English we see the sequence of tenses in the rules governing verb tenses.) They are dictated by logic; an action in the future obviously cannot happen before an action in the past. In writing, it's a matter of looking at your clauses and sentences and determining when each action is happening relative to everything else. The past must come before the present, and the present before the future, etc. Pay particular attention to the verb sequence when you have a dependent clause before an independent clause, or a result clause before the if-clause (Si clause, but you will learn about that later). In Spanish, when an independent clause is in the simple past tense, any dependent clauses must also be written in one of the past tenses, not any of the present tenses or the future tenses. Consider the example below for an illustration of this rule in English: The cat was bathing because his feet are dirty. (This is grammatically incorrect) The cat was bathing because his feet will be dirty. (This is also grammatically incorrect) Because the tense of the independent clause is in the past (was bathing), the verb in the dependent clause should also be in the past, as illustrated in the sentence below: The cat was bathing because his feet were dirty. (Grammatically Correct)

Repetition of direct and indirect objects

Object pronouns with prepositions (a mí, a ti, a él, etc.) can be added after the verb to clarify or emphasize the direct or indirect object. This applies particularly to usted/él/ella and ustedes/ellos/ellas, which have the same indirect object pronouns (le and les). Direct Object Pronouns La respeto. (I respect her/you.) Indirect object pronouns Les diré la verdad. (I'll tell them/you (pl.) the truth.

Negation using nunca, jamás

nThe existence of the person or thing can be denied by negating the world clause using *nunca, jamás*, or other negative expressions such as *en modo alguno* (in no way/not in any way) or en ninguna parte (nowhere). Subjunctive: *Nunca/Jamás* he sido una persona que *lea* mucho. (I have never been a person who reads a lot.) Indicative: *Siempre* he sido *una persona* que lee mucho. (I have always been a person who reads a lot.)

El/la que or el/la cual OR Los/las que or los/las cuales

the one/ones who, the one/ones that, who, whom, which - article agrees with gender and number of antecedent - Antecedents: people, things, ideas, whole sentences, actions, events These are more formal pronouns that generally serve the same function as quien when the antecedent is human, or que when there is a comma or preposition other than a, de, en, or con present. Basically, this is used when que/quien cannot be used and the antecedent is gendered. Also if it doesn't sound right to use, don't use it. - So this means if there is a gendered noun like el libro (because it has the preposition el in front of it, the relative pronoun attached to it would be el que) -- Se despertó y apagó el despertador, el que/el cual estaba sonando a todo volumen. (He woke up and turned off the alarm clock, which/which was sounding at full volume.) These two groups are generally interchangeable, with two exceptions. See next card ->

Relative clauses

(adjective clauses) start with a relative pronoun: (el, la, los, las) que, quien(es), (el, la) cual, (los, las) cuales, cuya(s), (todo) lo que or with relative adverb (cuando, donde, como). Relative clauses describe their antecedent. Main clause (antecedent) Compra los libros: Buy the books Relative clause (characteristics) que necesites. In the examples, los libros is the antecedent for the relative clause que necesites. The use of the subjunctive in the relative clause is always determined by the speaker's perspective of the antecedent.

Exceptions with El/la que or el/la cual OR Los/las que or los/las cuales

*When the relative pronoun is used with the verb ser to mean the one who, or the one that, the appropriate que form should be used: - Mi novio es el que me dio esta pulsera. - Alicia es la que tiene las llaves. When you have two antecedents of different genders in the main clause, the appropriate cual form should be used. - El padre de la novia, el cual es muy estricto, no permite que salga a solas con su amor. - La cuñada de mi amigo, la cual vive en Nueva York, es una bailarina famosa.

Prepositions

- Describe the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. - They cannot stand alone, they must be attached to something such as a noun or pronoun, and in certain cases verbs. Example: behind (the tree), across (Maple Street), down (the stairs) However, in Spanish after most prepositions is an infinitive, not a conjugated verb. See Span 210 Grammar Unit 1 Quizlet for more information In English, a preposition can come after the relative pronoun, but in Spanish, the preposition must always come before the relative pronoun. Esta es la computadora con la que siempre escribo. (This is the computer [that] I always write with.) La casa en la que vivimos es pequeña. (The house [that] we live in is little.

Forms of Relative Pronouns

- Que - El/la que or el/la cual - Los/las que or los/las cuales - Quien/Quienes - Cuyo(a)/cuyos(as)

Indirect Object Pronoun Forms

- Remember IOs are pronouns are used with the verbs to indicate who is receiving the direct object. - Yo - me (to/for me) - Tú- te (to/for you, singular & informal) - Él, ella, usted- le (to/for you, to/for him, to/for her, sing. & formal) - Nosotros(as)- nos (to/for us) - Vosotros(as)- os (to/for you, plural, inf., used in Spain) - Ellos, ellas, ustedes- les (to/for you, them; plu., inf./form. in Spain) To specify a person with a noun, use the following phrases: (use the él, ella, ud. form) For one person: a + (singular noun) + le + verb For two or more people: a + (plural noun) + les + verb

Direct Object Pronoun Forms

- Yo - me - Tú- te - Ud./él/ella- lo/la (it) - Lo- him, it - La- her, it - Nosotros -> Nos (us) - Vosotros- > Os (you) (plural, inf., in Spain) - Uds./ellos/ellas -> Los, Las (You) (plural, inf. in Spain/Formal in Latin America)

restrictive clause (defining clause)

A restrictive clause is an essential part of its sentence; if it were taken out of the sentence, the sentence's meaning would change. These are never separated from the antecedent with a comma. Which relative pronoun is used in a defining clause is determined by whether a preposition is used. - Sabías que cerró el restaurante en (el) que/en el cual nos conocimos? (Did you know that the restaurant where we met has closed?

a participle

A verb form that can be used as an adjective Spanish participles are verb forms that can be used to form compound verbs or which can be used as adjectives. There are two types of participles you're likely to use quite a lot: - present participle (gerundio) - past participle (participio) Present participles are called gerundios in Spanish and are used to form progressive tenses. (-ando/iendo) - Present Progressive is your -ing of Spanish Past participles are called participios in Spanish, and are used to form perfect tenses (ado/ido), as well as adjectives.

The Personal A and Antecedents

ANTECEDENT UNCERTAIN/DOUBTFUL → SUBJUNCTIVE Busco un guía que hable inglés. (I'm looking for a guide who speaks English.) ANTECEDENT CERTAIN → INDICATIVE Conozco a un guía que habla inglés. (I know a guide who speaks English.) Use the personal a before nadie, ninguno/a, and alguien, even when their existence is uncertain. ANTECEDENT UNCERTAIN/DOUBTFUL → SUBJUNCTIVE No conozco a nadie que se queje tanto como Antonio. (I don't know anyone who complains as much as Antonio.) ANTECEDENT CERTAIN → INDICATIVE Yo conozco a alguien que se queja aún más que Antonio... ¡tú! (I know someone who complains even more than Antonio... you!)

Place, manner, and quantity

In a relative clause, the relative adverbs (como, donde, cuando) refer back to the antecedent, which is mentioned and can be identified. Main Clause: Estaremos en un parque (We'll be in a park) ----> Adverbial Clause: donde podemos jugar.

The subjunctive in adverbial clauses

Adverbial clauses start with conjunctions that express time, manner, purpose, concession, cause, condition, and other relationships.

Affirmative indefinite pronouns and quantifiers

Affirmative indefinite pronouns and quantifiers used as antecedents describe something or someone that can't be identified, so they trigger the use of the subjunctive. However, the indicative can be used with the affirmative indefinite pronouns and quantifiers to indicate that the speaker knows the person or thing but does not want to identify it. Subjunctive: Quiero *a alguien* que me *quiera*. (I want someone who loves me.) Indicative: Quiero *a alguien* que me *quiere*. (I love someone who loves me.)

Adverbs

An adverb is a part of speech (or word class) that's primarily used to modify a verb, adjective, or other adverbs and can additionally modify prepositional phrases, subordinate clauses, and complete sentences. Put another way, adverbs are content words that provide information about how, when, or where something happens.

Antecedents

An antecedent is a thing (usually a noun) represented by a pronoun later in a sentence. Ante meaning before, so the antecedent is the thing (usually a noun) that comes before a pronoun. Remember a pronoun just takes the place of a noun later on in a sentence and the antecedent is what the pronoun will replace later on in the sentence. But in this case, it is relative pronouns that will do the replacing. For example, in the sentence 'John knows Tim and likes him,' Tim is the antecedent of him, it's also a noun. Him is the pronoun here and the antecedent of a pronoun is usually a noun.

Repetition of direct and indirect objects pt. 2

An object pronoun with a preposition can also be used for all other persons for emphasis. Direct Object Pronouns - Me ven a mí. (They see me.) - Te llaman a ti. (They're calling you.) Indirect Object Pronouns - ¿Te dio Miguel la noticia a ti? (Did Miguel tell you the news?) - Os envié las notas a vosotros. (I sent the notes to you (pl.)

Cualquier(a)

Anybody/who(m)ever/whichever Subjunctive: *Cualquiera* que *tenga* visa puede viajar a España. (Whoever has a visa can travel to Spain.)

Consequence

Conjunctions of consequences express the consequence of a condition using the indicative. With the subjunctive, they convey purpose. - Nos escribimos, de tal modo que estamos en contacto. (We will write to each other, so we can keep in touch.) After affirmative main clauses with tan and tanto/a(s) in an implied comparison, the indicative is used. After negative (adding the word no) main clauses, the subjunctive is used. Subjunctive: negative - La nieve no es tan poca que no podamos esquiar. (There isn't so little snow that we can't ski.) Indicative: affirmative La nieve es tan poca que no podamos esquiar. (There is so little snow that we can't ski.)

Purpose, goal

Conjunctions of purpose that express purpose, intent, goals, and correspond to the English conjunctions so that, in order that. (Examples of these are para que (so that), a fin de que (so that)) The subjunctive is always used with conjunctions of purpose. - La constitución fue modificada a fin de que el presidente pudiera ser reelecto. (The constitution was changed so that the the president could be re-elected.) The infinitive is used when there's no change in subject. - Tengo dinero para comprar los libros. (I have money to buy the books.)

Cuyo/a(s) in both defining clauses and non-defining clauses

Cuyo/a(s) is a formal relative pronoun used only in written Spanish. It agrees in gender and number with owned and can be used in defining and non-defining clause. In speech and in less formal texts, cuyo is replaced by que/cual and the verb tener. - Las personas cuya nacionalidad es inglesa. (People whose nationality is English...)

Direct Objects and the Personal A

Direct Objects can be things or people. In Spanish, when the direct object/noun is a specific person, the word a, is placed in front of it. This is known as the Personal A. Note: No personal a is required with tener or haber, even if it is a person/pet. Compare the two sentences: - Bruno quiere un cactus. -> Bruno wants a cactus -- What does Bruno want? A cactus= a thing not a person, therefore, the personal a is not needed. - Bruno conoce a Diana. -> Bruno knows Diana. Whom does he know? Diana= a person, therefore the personal A is needed.

Position of object pronouns

Direct and indirect object pronouns (los pronombres de complemento directo e indirecto) precedes the conjugated verb or has special rules in a verb phrase Indirect objects - Carla siempre me da entradas para el teatro. -> Carla always gives me theater tickets. - No le voy a comprar más libros. -> I'm not going to buy him any more books. The indirect object can be repeated using the construction a + [prepositional pronoun] or a + [noun]. This construction allows the speaker to emphasize or clarify who is pleased, bothered, etc. - A ella no le gusta bailar, pero a él sí. She doesn't like to dance, but he does. - A Felipe le molesta ir de compras. Shopping bothers Felipe. Direct objects - Ella las consigue gratis. -> she gets them for free. - Nunca los lee. -> He never reads them.

Todo/a(s)

Direct and indirect objects pronouns usually appear when todo/a(s) is the direct or indirect object in the sentence. - La policía lo sabe todo. (The police know everything.)

Direct Object Pronouns

Direct object pronouns (usually objects or nouns) receive the direct action of the verb. They answer the questions: what? and whom? with respect to the verb. As they are usually at the end of the sentence. - Direct Objects can be replaced by pronouns such as it, them, and her. When a pronoun replaces a direct object, it agrees in number and gender with the noun it replaces. What (do I need/am I going to buy?) - Necesito un vestido. Lo voy a comprar mañana. -> I need a dress. I'm going to buy it tomorrow. (Vestido is a masculine singular noun; lo is the masculine singular direct object pronoun that replaces vestido.) Whom (do I know/did I meet?) - Conozco bien a María. La conocía hace años. -> I know María well. I met her years ago. (María is a feminine singular noun; la is the feminine singular direct object pronoun that replaces María.)

Indefinite antecedents

El que (the one who) refers to a male or an indefinite person and la que refers to an indefinite female (in an all-female group.) Cualquiera que/quien (whoever) refers to anyone, without specifying gender. - El que/Cualquiera que/Quien fume aquí, recibirá una multa. (Anyone who smokes here will get a fine.) Lo que (what, that which) is a neuter relative pronoun that refers to an indefinite idea (not a person). - Lo que me interesa es la salud. (What interests me is health.)

The Conditional Perfect- A note

In a si clause, if the si clause is using the past perfect subjunctive (hubiera), the main clause or resulting clause is the conditional perfect. In which all it is, is just haber in the conditional tense (habría) plus a past participle (ido or ado). Regular conditional as you know, it is not a perfect tense. So, it does not have the participle.

The purpose of Direct Objects and their pronouns

For example, you do not say, I went to the store. I brought a suit. The suit was nice. The suit fits me well. The suit was not expensive. I drove home. That sounds very choppy and rough. You say I went to the store, there I brought a nice suit. It (you are using a direct pronoun here to replace the suit because we already know the suit is the direct object) fit me well and was not expensive. After that, I drove home. They answer the questions: what? and whom? with respect to the verb. - Direct Objects just as they can in English, in Spanish, they can also be replaced by pronouns such as it, them, and her. When a pronoun replaces a direct object, it agrees in number and gender with the noun it replaces. What (do I need/am I going to buy?) - Yo necesito un vestido. Lo voy a comprar mañana. -> I need a dress. I'm going to buy it tomorrow. (Yo is the subject and necesito is the verb. Vestido is a masculine singular noun and the direct object. Lo is the masculine singular direct object pronoun that replaces vestido. Whom (do I know/did I meet?) - Yo conozco bien a María. La conocía hace años. -> I know María well. I met her years ago. (Yo is the subject and conozco is the verb. María is a feminine singular noun and the direct object. La is the feminine singular direct object pronoun that replaces María.

Refresher: Exceptions in the case of conjunctions that require the subjunctive

If there is no change of subject in the sentence, a subordinate clause is not necessary. Instead, the prepositions antes de, con tal de, en caso de, para, and sin can be used, followed by the infinitive. Note that the connector que is not necessary in this case. Las organizaciones ecologistas trabajan para proteger los arrecifes de coral. Environmental organizations work to protect coral reefs. Tienes que pedir permiso antes de darles de comer a los monos del zoológico. You need to get permission before feeding the monkeys at the zoo.

The Personal A and Prepositions

In Spanish, when the relative pronouns refers to a person that is a direct or indirect object in the sentence, the prepositions a must come before the relative pronoun. - Pedro fue a quien vi ayer. [It was Pedro I saw yesterday.] I can safety now say before any person who is named in a sentence, there needs to be a personal A.

Que in defining clauses

In defining clauses that do not require a preposition, que can be used alone (without an article). - Los amigos que tengo son estudiantes. (The friends [that] I have are students.) Que is generally used with an article after all prepositions, but can used without the article in defining clauses with the prepositions a, de, en, and con when the clause does not refer to a person. This usually happens only informal speech. - La ciudad en (la) que vivo es grande. (The city [that] I live in is big.)

El/la que/cual or los/las que/cuales in defining clauses

In defining clauses, these pronouns must always be used after a preposition for both people and things. The article must agree in gender and number with the antecedent. - El señor al que llamé no contestó. (The man I called didn't answer.)

Time: Indicative vs Subjunctive

In general, the subjunctive is used in a time clause when the main clause refers to the future. When the main clause refers to a habitual action, in the present or a past action, the indicative is used. These examples with cuando illustrate the sequence of time for most time conjunctions. Usually, the subordinate clause comes first. You also used the subjunctive when the main clause expresses a command. - Cuando llegues a la oficina, lee tu correo. (When you arrive at your office, read your email.)

Hypothetical statements about possible events

In hypothetical statements about conditions or events that are possible or likely to occur, the si clause uses the present indicative. The main clause may use the present indicative, the future indicative, ir a + [infinitive], or a command. So if the first verb in the si clause is in the simple present, it can use any of the tenses listed to complete the clause. Si clause: PRESENT INDICATIVE Si salgo temprano del trabajo, If I leave work early... (Main Clause: voy al cine con Andrés. I'm going to the movies with Andrés) Si usted no mejora su currículum, If you don't improve your résumé... (Main Clause: nunca conseguirá empleo. you'll never get a job.) Si la jefa me pregunta, If the boss asks me... (Main Clause: no le voy a mentir. I'm not going to lie to her.) Si hay algún problema, If there is a problem... (Main Clause: lámenos de inmediato. call us right away.) Remember the clauses go both ways because the si clauses can be in the first half of the second half of the sentence.

Hypothetical statements about improbable situation

In hypothetical statements about current conditions or events that are improbable or contrary-to-fact (highly unlikely, but possible), the si clause uses the past subjunctive. The main clause uses the conditional. Si clause: PAST (IMPERFECT) SUBJUNCTIVE 1. ¡Si ustedes no fueran tan inútiles, If you all weren't so incapable... see clause 4 2. Si sacaras un préstamo a largo plazo, If you took out a long-term loan... see clause 5 3. Si no estuviera tan cansada, If I weren't so tired... see clause 6 Main clause: CONDITIONAL 4. ya lo tendrían listo! ...(place clause 1 here) you'd already have this ready! 5. pagarías menos al mes. ...(place clause 2 here) you'd pay less each month. 6. saldría a cenar contigo. ...(place clause 3 here) I'd go out to dinner with you. Fabiola talking to Johnny —Si no estuviera en crisis económica, te ayudaría. If I was not in a economic crisis, I would help you. Johnny talks to Maria who looks down on him. —Si yo fuera él, les daría la tarde libre. If I were him, I'd given you the afternoon off.

impersonal expressions with ser

In impersonal expressions with ser that are followed by an adjective and the infinitive, the direct and indirect object pronouns are always attached to the infinitive. Direct Object Pronouns - ¿Es bueno estudiar la lección? (Is it good to study the lesson?) -- Claro, es bueno estudiarla. (Of course it's good to study it.) Indirect Object Pronouns - ¿Es necesario darte instrucciones? (Is it necessary to give you instructions?) - No, no es necesario darme instrucciones. (No, they haven't given me the money.)

Habitual conditions and actions in the past

In statements that express habitual past actions that are not contrary-to-fact, both the si clause and the main clause use the imperfect Si clause: IMPERFECT 1. Si mi papá salaba de viaje de negocios, If my dad went on a business trip... see clause 2 Main clause: IMPERFECT 2. siempre me traba un regalito. ...(place clause 2 here) he always brought me back a little present. Johnny talks to Diana who looks at him uncomfortably. —Si no me levantaba a las tres de la mañana, llegaba tarde al trabajo. "If I didn't get up at three in the morning, I'd be late for work."

Placement of Indirect Objects Pronouns

Indirect objects pronouns follow the same rules of placement as direct object pronouns. Indirect object pronouns can also be confusing because in Spanish they are generally placed before the verb in the same place where the subject is located! For example, gustar and verbs like it, need the IO. This makes it extremely important for you to be able to distinguish the main subject from indirect objects (secondary subjects). - To identify a subject, ask yourself: Who is performing the action? Recall verb endings can you identify who the subject is. -- Ex. Abuela nos preparó unos sándwiches. -> Grandma made us sandwiches. I.O. = Nos (us) - Place the pronoun in front of a single, conjugated verb: Nos trae más pan -> Will you bring us more bread? With verb phrases (conjugated verb + infinitive), place the pronoun before the conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive. - Me puede traer más café? or Puede traerme más café? -> Can you bring me more coffee? Reminder: With the present progressive tense, place the pronoun before the conjugated form of estar or attach it to the end of the present participle and and add an accent mark (-ándo, iéndo) - El abueloles está contando un chiste or El abuelo está contándoles un chiste. -> The grandpa is telling them a joke.

Indirect/Direct Object Pronouns + Verb Phrases

Indirect objects pronouns follow the same rules of placement as direct object pronouns. - If there is a single conjugated verb, place the pronoun in front: Nos trae más pan -> Will you bring us more bread? With verb phrases (conjugated verb + infinitive, needs both to work this way) place the pronoun before the conjugated verb or attached to the infinitive. In any verb phase, only one verb is conjugated and only one is the infinitive or unconjugated. - Me puede traer más café? or Puede traerme más café? -> Can you bring me more coffee? With the present progressive tense, place the pronoun before the conjugated form of estar or attach it to the end of the present participle and and add an accent mark (-ándo, iéndo) - El abueloles está contando un chiste or El abuelo está contándoles un chiste. -> The grandpa is telling them a joke.

Subjunctive Tenses Overview in Span 210

Note the difference in meaning between the three subjunctive tenses you have learned so far. PRESENT PERFECT INDICATIVE Las cadenas nacionales buscan corresponsales que hablen varios idiomas. The national networks are looking for correspondents who speak several languages. (Factual and in the present!) PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE Prefieren contratar a los que hayan trabajado en el extranjero. They prefer to hire those who have worked abroad. (This is in the present, but it is a preference, bias, a recommendation to applicants.) Imperfect (Past) Subjunctive Antes, insistían en que los solicitantes tuvieran cinco años de experiencia. In the past, they insisted that applicants have five years of experience. (A preference and in the past!)

Relative Pronouns

Members of the office argue. —Fue una de esas situaciones en las que uno tiene que mentir. "It was one of those situations where you have to lie." Relative pronouns, like conjunctions, are words that join clauses—in this case, a relative clause to its main clause. This is because relative pronouns refer to a noun (person, thing or idea) and can link two descriptions of the noun into a single, complex sentence made up of a main clause and a relative clause or adjective clause. - El profesor enseña español. (The professor teaches Spanish.) -- The noun described, el profesor, is the antecedent (antecedente). -- The relative pronoun, que, introduces a relative clause (que enseña español) that refers to the noun.

non-restrictive clause (non-defining clause)

Nonrestrictive clauses are just the opposite as they can be omitted and the sentence would still make sense. They provide additional information about the antecedent and are always set off by commas in Spanish. - Mario, que/quien siempre llega a tarde, no tiene auto. (Mario who always arrives late, doesn't have a car.)

Questions and Answers with Direct or Indirect objects

Note that the preposition a must be included when answering a question with a direct or indirect object pronoun that refers to a person. - ¿A quién llamó Viviana? (who did Viviana call?) -- ¡A mí! (Me!)

In Summary, place goes as follows

Placement depends on the type of verb: - Single Conjugated Verb: Before the Verbs - With a verb phrase: either before the verb or attached at the end of the verb. - With the present progressive: Same thing as a verb phrase, before the verb or attached to the end of the verb.

Direct Object Pronouns Placement

Placement depends on the type of verb: - Single Conjugated Verb: Before the conjugated verb -- (¿Qué me has comprado? -> What have you brought for me?) - With a verb phrase: either before the conjugated verb or attached at the end of the infinitive with an accent attached to the stressed syllable. -- (¿El desfile de moda? Lo estamos mirando ahora mismo. VS. ¿El desfile de moda? estamos mirándolo ahora mismo. There is an accent because the present progressive of ando is attached to the verb.) - With the present progressive: Same thing as a verb phrase, before the verb or attached to the end of the verb. Remember your accent for both ando and iendo or if it is simply attached at the end.

Prepositional pronouns

Prepositional pronouns function as the objects of prepositions. Which are used to emphasize or clarify things. They are often placed at the beginning of the sentence and remember cannot stand alone. They be related in someway to a pronoun or a noun and in certain cases, verbs. (Remember to see prepositions and Reflexive Verbs notecard to see which verbs) Except for mí, ti, and sí, these pronouns are the same as the subject pronouns (i.e. usted, nosotros, vosotros, etc.) ¿Qué piensas de ella? Ay, mi amor, sólo pienso en ti. ¿Lo compraron para mí o para Javier? Lo compramos para él The adjective mismo(s)/a(s) is usually added to clarify or emphasize the relationship between the subject and the object. José se lo regaló a él. José gave it to him (someone else). José se lo regaló a sí mismo. José gave it to himself.

The sequence of tenses in Spanish pt. 3

Previous Actions Reminder: you know whether to use the subjunctive here depending on if you see WEIRDO at play here or a subjunctive/indicative trigger phase. When the main verb is not in the present, present perfect, or future, the verb in the subordinate clause can be in the past subjunctive. Choice of tense depends on the context. Main Clauses (Present Tenses) - Present - Present perfect - Future - Future perfect - Commands (these are always subjunctive) Subordinate clause - Imperfect or present perfect subjunctive (Viniera/Haya Venido) Main Clause (Past Tense) - Imperfect - Preterite - Conditional - Conditional Prefect - Pluperfect (i.e. pluscuamperfecto subjuntivo or the past perfect subjunctive) Subordinate Clause - Pluperfect subjunctive or the pluscuamperfecto subjunctivo (i.e. past perfect subjunctive, Hubiera Venido)

Subject pronouns

Pronouns are words that replace nouns. Some English examples are I, you, me, it, him/her, them. A pronoun has different forms depending on how it is used in a sentence. The subject form is used when a pronoun is the subject of a sentence. There are two important regional differences for the subject forms of personal pronouns. In Spain there are two pronouns for you plural: a formal pronoun, ustedes, and an informal one vosotros/as. In Latin America, ustedes is both formally and informally. The difference is the use of vos instead of tú as the informal singular word for you in many areas of Latin America.

Quien(es) in defining clauses

Quien(es) can't be used without a preposition in defining clauses. The preposition a comes before quien if the antecedent is a direct or indirect object. - Hablé con quien contestó el teléfono. (I talked to the one/person who answered the phone.)

Direct Objects and Indirect Objects together in a sentence

Remember that you need to use the direct object pronoun in a sentence even if the indirect object is also expressed. For a direct object is essential to the meaning of a sentence, it takes the place of a noun later on. In which you can remember the noun is needed to complete a thought or to make a complete sentence. As to make a sentence, it has three parts: a subject, a verb, and a noun. While the indirect object or the second subject, which will be receiving the direct object, is not necessary for a complete sentence. It is also necessary for a complex sentence with more than two subjects.

Refresher: Si clauses with simple tenses

Si (if) clauses express a condition or event upon which another condition or event depends. Sentences with si clauses are often hypothetical statements. They are made up of a subordinate clause (si clause) and a main clause (result clause). However, remember the sequence of tenses. There must be first a simple present or past tense verb before the si clause. (Please look at the last card for examples on the sequence of tenses). Fabiola and Éric look at a keyring that Diana has in her hand. —No lo culpo si lo cambia por un pez. "I don't blame you if you trade it for a fish." In the picture, the si clause being the subordinate clause (on the left) and the main clause (result clause) on the right. However, as you will see on the next card, the si clause will always be the subordinate clause, but it can come before the main clause. Bear with me, it will make sense in a few minutes. So this means, this picture is reversible. For example, in a si clause, if you see a conditional verb (result clause) come first, know the si clause's verb is the imperfect subjunctive (past subjunctive). THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE IS NEVER USED IN A SI CLAUSE.

The sequence of tenses in Spanish pt. 2

Simultaneous or subsequent actions Reminder: you know whether to use the subjunctive here depending on if you see WEIRDO at play here or a subjunctive/indicative trigger phase. The tense of the verbs in the main and relative clauses depends on the context of the sentence. The examples that follow show some of the most common combinations. When the main verb is in the present indicative or future, the verb in the relative clause is in the present subjunctive. When the main verb is in the present perfect, the verb in the relative clause is in the present perfect subjunctive. Main Clause (Present Tenses) - Present - Present Perfect - Future - Future perfect - Commands (these are always subjunctive) Subordinate Clause - Present Subjunctive: For example, Venir (yo) -> Venga Main Clause (Past Tenses) - Imperfect - Preterite - Conditional - Conditional Perfect - Pluperfect (i.e. pluscuamperfecto pretérito or the past perfect) Subordinate Clause - Imperfect Subjunctive: Venir (yo) -> Viniera

Indirect Object Pronouns

So a complete sentence, in both English and Spanish, consists of a subject, a verb, and a noun or optional elements such as indirect and direct objects. Indirect objects also express to whom or for whom something is done. An indirect object is also the person affected by the action but not acted directly upon. - Ex. My mom made me cookies. -> The indirect object is me because mom made the cookies for me. Indirect object pronouns can be confusing because in Spanish they are generally placed before the verb in the same place where the subject is located! For example, gustar and verbs like it, need the IOP. This makes it extremely important for you to be able to distinguish subjects from indirect objects. To identify a subject, ask yourself: Who is performing the action? Recall verb endings can you identify who the subject is. - Ex. Abuela nos preparó unos sándwiches. -> Grandma made us sandwiches. I.O. = Nos (us)

Donde, cuando, como

The adverbs (como, donde, cuando) can also introduce a relative clause. They are equivalent to en/la que or en el/la cual when referring to the location, time or manner in which an events takes place. They do not change form and do not have a written accent. - La casa donde vivo es grande. (The house I live in is big.) When there is no stated is no stated antecedent, donde, cuando, and como have traditionally have been regarded as conjunctions that introduce an adverbial clause. The current interpretation adopted by the RAE also classifies donde, cuando, and como as relative adverbs when there is no antecedent and refers to these clauses as free adverbial clauses. - Fui donde me dijiste. (I went where you told me.)

Refresher: The sequence of tenses in Spanish

The choice of tense used in a subordinate clause depends on whether the action happened before, at the same time as, or after the action in the main clause. When the present or present perfect subjunctive appears in the subordinate clause, the main verb is in the present indicative, future, or present perfect. The tense depends on the context. Basically, you know whether to use the subjunctive here depending on if you see WEIRDO at play here or a subjunctive/indicative trigger phase. So in English, this would be Parallelism. Sentí mucho que ustedes no regaron las plantas y ahora las plantas estuvieran muerto. I was very sorry that you did not water the plants and now the plants are dead. This is called the sequence of tenses.

Refresher: Direct Objects (DO)

The direct object (usually objects or nouns) of a verb is the thing being acted upon (i.e., the receiver of the action). They also receive the direct action of the verb. Here are some examples of direct objects (in bold): - Play the guitar. - Every actor played his part. - The crowd will cheer the President. - We can climb the hill and fly the kite. But as you will see with indirect objects, once you understand what they are, you must understand what they are for. They are for fluidity and streamline what you are trying to say, so you do not repeat yourself over and over again. Making your sentences very choppy and rough.

Unknown/Known Antecedent

The indicative is used in relative clauses to refer to specific people, things, ideas, or events that the speaker already knows about. The subjunctive is used to refer to something or someone unknown that has imagined or desired characteristics. Subjunctive: Unknown Queremos comprar *una casa* que *tenga* tres dormitorios. (We want to buy a house that has three bedrooms.) Indicative: Known - Vamos a comprar *una casa* que *tiene* tres dormitorios. (We're going to buy a house that has three bedrooms.)

Refresher: Indirect Objects (IO)

The indirect object of a sentence is the recipient of the direct object. The indirect object is usually the second subject of a sentence, so what is this second subject receiving? That's your indirect object. The direct object (noun or object) is the thing being acted on by the main verb. You want to have your sentence. Think of the subject first, then the verb, then what the verb is reflexing on, that is your direct object. Then what your direct object is reflexing on is your indirect object. Subject -> Verb -> Direct Object -> Indirect object So in a complete sentence, in both English and Spanish, consists of a subject, a verb, and a noun. These can be replaced by optional elements such as indirect and direct objects. Indirect objects also express to whom or for whom something is done. - Ex. My mom made me cookies. -> The indirect object is me because mom made the cookies for me. -- The subject here is my mom, made is the verb, cookies are the direct object, and the second subject is me because I am the one receiving the cookies. Remember this is because I am not receiving the direct action, the cookies are, I am simply affected or benefiting from the cookies being made.

The Object of a Preposition

The object of a preposition is the noun or pronoun governed by a preposition. The object of a preposition is usually (but not always) the noun or pronoun to the right of the preposition. In the examples below, the objects of prepositions are underlined, and the prepositions are in bold in silence without prejudice to me, to you (Don't forget that the object of a preposition can be a pronoun ) by whom?

Sí, consigo

The reflexive pronoun se changes to sí after a preposition, except after the preposition con. - Ella se compró unos zapatos y también compró para sí una cartera. (She bought a pair of shoes and also bought a purse for herself.)

The subjunctive and relative adverbs

The subjunctive is also used in relative clauses with a relative adverb that refers to unknown and nonspecific locations, times, or ways. The adverb, or *que* and a suitable preposition, starts the relative clause. Subjunctive: unknown Iremos a un restaurante *donde/en el que haya* sitio para todos. (We'll go to a restaurant where there is room for everyone. (The speaker does not know of a specific restaurant.)) Indicative: known Iremos al restaurante *donde/en el que hay* sito para todos. (We're going to the restaurant where there is room for everyone. (The speaker knows of a specific restaurant.))

Adjective clauses in the subjunctive

The subjunctive is commonly used in questions with adjective clauses when the speaker is trying to find out information about which he or she is uncertain. If the person who responds knows the information, the indicative is used. ANTECEDENT UNCERTAIN/DOUBTFUL → SUBJUNCTIVE ¿Me recomienda usted un hotel que esté cerca de la costa? Can you recommend a hotel that is near the coast? ¿Tiene otra brújula que sea más fácil de usar? Do you have another compass that is easier to use? ANTECEDENT CERTAIN → INDICATIVE Sí, el Hotel Flamingo está justo en la playa. Yes, the Flamingo Hotel is right on the beach. Vea ésta y, si no, tengo tres más que son muy fáciles de usar. Look at this one, and if not, I have three others that are very easy to use.

Relative Pronouns pt. 2

The type of relative pronoun used depends on what kind of noun is being described. They are also used to refer back to a noun, pronoun, or phrase that was talked about previously. Meaning they are roughly based on the subject. Remember, an antecedent is a noun that a pronoun refers to. To ensure clarity, place an antecedent immediately before the relative pronoun referring to it. So essentially, relative pronouns are used to connect short sentences or clauses in order to create longer, smoother sentences. Unlike the interrogative words qué, quién(es), and cuál(es), relative pronouns never carry accent marks.

Important differences between Spanish and English

There are three important differences between English and Spanish relative pronouns. In Spanish, relative pronouns are required, while in English they are sometimes optional. - El auto que tienes es fabuloso. (The car [that] you have is fabulous.) In English, it would make sense to just say The car you have is fabulous. In Spanish, you need the "that" in your sentence for it to make sense.

Neuter Demonstrative Pronouns

There are two common neuter or gender-neutral demonstrative pronouns: esto (this) and eso (that). These pronouns never replace specific nouns; instead, they refer to unknown objects, ideas, or situations. - Ex. Isabel (pointing to an unknown object) ¿Qué es esto? (What is this?) - Rodrigo: Es una gorra (It's a cap)

Exceptions to Conmigo, Contigo, Consigo

These prepositions are used with tú and yo instead of mí and ti: entre, excepto, incluso, menos, salvo, según. Todos están de acuerdo menos tú y yo. Everyone is in agreement except you and me. Entre tú y yo, Juan me cae mal. Between you and me, I don't get along well with Juan.

Choosing the right relative pronoun

This means in order to select an appropriate relative pronoun, the antecedent must be first be identified by asking: who is the person or what is the idea/thing being described? In Spanish, the use of the relative pronoun depends on whether the clause is certain (defining) or uncertain (non-defining). If it's uncertain (non-defining), it is important to note whether the relative pronoun follows a preposition. In English, The rule of thumb is this: "that" introduces a restrictive clause, and "which" introduces a nonrestrictive clause. It works the same way in Spanish.

Necessary repetition of objects pt. 2

This placement of objects and object pronouns before the verb also applies to things and abstract ideas. Direct Objects Esto no lo entiendo. (I don't understand this.) Tus cartas las recibí ayer. (I got your letters yesterday.) Indirect Objects - A la pared le di una capa de pintura. (I gave the wall a coat of paint.) - A mi cámara le compré más memoria. I bought more memory for my camera.

Refresher: Uses of the Past Subjunctive: Idioms

Use the past subjunctive after the expression como si (as if ). Alfredo gasta dinero como si fuera millonario. Alfredo spends money as if he were a millionaire. El presidente habló de la economía como si no hubiera una recesión. The president talked about the economy as if there were no recession. Ella rechazó mi opinión como si no importara. She rejected my opinion as if it didn't matter. ¡Atención! The past subjunctive is also frequently used in si clauses. Si pudiera, compraría más acciones. If I could, I would buy more shares. The past subjunctive is also commonly used with querer to make polite requests or to soften statements. Quisiera que me llames hoy. I would like you to call me today. Quisiera hablar con usted. I would like to speak with you.

verbs like gustar, necesitar, buscar, and desear

Verbs like gustar, necesitar, buscar, and desear usually appear in relative clauses that describe imagined people, things, events, or situations. The indicative is used to describe specific or concrete people, things, events, or situations. Subjunctive: imagined Buscamos *un libro* que *explique* bien el subjuntivo. (We're looking for a book that can explain the subjunctive well.) Indicative: Specific Buscamos *el libro* que *explica* bien el subjuntivo.

Use of Pronouns

When Spanish verbs are conjugated, their endings provide information about the subject. For that reason, the subject pronoun is often omitted in both written and spoken language. - Hablo. I am talking. - Hablamos. We are talking. Subject pronouns are used when the subject of a sentence is unclear. Although conjugated verbs provide information about subject, in some cases verbs take the same forms for different pronouns, like él/ella/usted and ellos/ellas/ustedes, so the pronoun is often needed for clarification. Subject pronouns are also used for emphasis when comparing and contrasting. - Yo soy profesora y tú eres dentista. (I'm a teacher and you're a dentist.)

Double Object Pronouns

When both a direct and indirect object pronoun appears in the same sentence, the indirect object pronoun always comes before the direct object. (Think of I.D.) - So while it is important to think of direct objects first to find an indirect object, in Spanish, the indirect object's placement comes before the direct object. -- Me lo contó -> He told it to me. (indirect= me, direct= lo) When both pronouns are in the 3rd Person (Singular or Plural) and right next to each other, the indirect object pronoun, le or les changes to se. - Les mandé los cheques (I sent them the checks)-> Se lo mandé (I sent it to them). (indirect= les, direct= los, both 3rd person, so les becomes se)

Necessary repetition of objects

When direct or indirect objects in the form of proper nouns or pronouns come before a verb, a corresponding object pronoun is needed after the object and before the verb. Direct Objects - A la abuela la quiero. (I love Grandma.) - A Juan lo visito. (I'm visiting Juan.) Indirect Objects - A los chicos les doy un regalo. (I'm giving the boys a present.) A María le di mi teléfono. (I gave María my phone number.) In the examples, the objects come before the verb: a la abuela, a Juan, a ti (direct objects) and a los chicos, a María, a vosotros (indirect objects). This requires a direct or indirect object pronoun between the object and the verb.

Conmigo, Contigo, Consigo

When mí, ti, and sí are used with con, they become conmigo, contigo, and consigo. ¿Quieres ir conmigo al parque de atracciones? Do you want to go to the amusement park with me? Laura siempre lleva su computadora portátil consigo. Laura always brings her laptop with her.

A + Person's Name/Noun

When the indirect object is indicated with a noun (to Mary, for my friend, for the children). The indirect object pronoun le and les are used together with the noun. In English, it seems redundant and incorrect to use both, but in Spanish it is necessary. - To/For one person: Le and a + name/singular noun: Le escribo a tia Mary todas las semanas. (I write to tia Mary every week) (Literal translation: I write to her, tia Mary, every week. Which is grammatically wrong in English) - To/For more than one person: Les and a + names/plural noun: No les escribo mucho a mis primos -> I don't write to my cousins much.

Denied/Undenied and indefinite antecedent

When the main clause indicates or implies that a person or thing does not exist, the subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause. Negation using haber Subjunctive: denied/non-existent -En España *no había platos* que *me gustaran* más que el bacalao. (In Spain, there were no dishes I liked more than cod.)

Que

what, that, which (used when there is no comma or preposition, except a, de, en, or con) -- this does not change form - El actor que ganó el premio es de España. (The actor who won the award is from Spain.) - La película que ganó el premio fue dirigida por Pedro Almodóvar. (The film that won the award was directed by Pedro Almodóvar.) Que is also used more frequently than any other relative pronoun in spoken Spanish.

Cuando

when refers to time in an indicative or subjunctive clause. The subjunctive indicates time in the future. - Me alegro cuando mi abuela viene de visita. (I'm glad when my grandma visits us.)

Donde

where In speech and informal texts, donde is often replaced by a preposition of place + el/la/los/las que when a definite location is given. - La universidad (en) donde / en la que estudio está en Connecticut.

Lo que or lo cual

which These relative pronouns are gender-neutral and can be used interchangeably when the antecedent is the entire first clause. They can ONLY be used interchangeably after a comma in this way: - Nuestro jefe nunca nos da vacaciones, lo que/lo cual nos tiene muy enojados. - Mi hermana es muy responsable y estudiosa, lo que/lo cual es cosa buena. Not used with people, does not change form - Antecedents: whole sentences, actions, or events *When lo que means "what, or the thing that," (and NOT used after a comma), you cannot substitute lo cual. - Lo que más me gusta de esta ciudad son los parques. - Lo que ves es lo que hay.

Quien/Quienes

who, whom - agrees in number with the antecedent and used when there is a comma or preposition that precedes the antecedent. - Antecedent: only people

Cuyo/a, cuyos/as

whose - These relative pronouns are possessive pronouns. They agree in gender and number with what is possessed, NOT who possesses it. In other word, it will always agree with the noun that comes AFTER it. Antecedents: people, things - Pedro, cuya madre trabaja en esta escuela, siempre recibe favores especiales. - La autora cuyo libro ganó el premio Pulitzer, dará un discurso en la librería.

A special note about Si clauses

¡Atención! The si clause may be the first or second clause in a sentence. Note that a comma is used only when the si clause comes first. Si tienes tiempo, ven con nosotros. If you have time, come with us. Iré con ustedes si no llueve. I'll go with you if it doesn't rain. ¡Atención! Si (if) does not carry a written accent. However, sí (yes) does carry a written accent. Si puedes, ven. If you can, come. Sí, puedo. Yes, I can.