SPCE 315 Quizzes

The following are examples of different classes of reinforcers:

idk

Negative Reinforcement includes all, except:

A reduction in behavior

What is a reinforcement schedule? Give an example of a continuous and intermittent reinforcement.

A reinforcement schedule is the rule followed by the environment in determining which among the many responses will be reinforced. Continuous reinforcement is a schedule of reinforcement in which each occurrence of a response in reinforced. Intermittent reinforcement is a schedule of reinforcement in which some, but not all, of the occurrences of a response are reinforced.

A free operant is

A response class that may be freely and repeatedly emitted

Discuss a token economy. What are its advantages? When should you consider using a token economy?

A token economy is when a token or other symbolic item is used as an artificial reinforcer to be exchanged at a later time for a different reinforcer. The advantages are that it is more practical than supplying reinforcers immediately. Another advantage is that they can be used with both individuals and groups. You should consider using a token economy after (1) other more natural good teaching, management, and training methods prove as unsatisfactory (2) tasks and materials have been matched to the interests and skill repertoires of the people involved (3) scheduling, group arrangements, interesting activities, and other less complex but optimally arranged contingencies have not worked (4) resolving to avoid applying aversive contingencies (5) determining that the gap needs to be bridged between when the behaviors occurs and the time when reinforcers can be consumed.

Deprivation is defined as:

Absence or reduction of a reinforcer's availability for a period of time

Which design includes comparing various treatments while demonstrating a functional relationship between independent and dependent variables?

Alternating treatments design (ATD)

When we manipulate the environment to prevent unwanted behavior and facilitate demonstration of target behavior, we are using:

Antecedent control

Which one is true when deciding who to select as a video model? They should

Be fluent with the target skill

Discuss each of the seven essential characteristics of ABA.

1. Applied: focuses on socially significant behaviors 2. Behavioral: focuses on observable, objective measurement of behavior 3. Analytical: demonstrates functional relationship 4. Technological: fully describes all procedures implemented in detail that someone else could replicate implementation 5. Conceptually systematic: utilizes procedures based on principles of behavior analysis 6. Effective: demonstrates socially significant behavior change through objective measurement 7. Generality: produces behavior change across behaviors, people, and settings

List the steps to conducting a functional behavior assessment of a 7 yr-old engaging in spitting behavior during recess.

1. Identify the problem 2. Collect information to determine function 3. Form a hypothesis 4. Plan interventions 5. Evaluate the effectiveness of the plan

List the various steps in a typical ABA process and discuss two of them in detail.

1. Identify the problem or change 2. Assess physical, social environment 3. Specify goals and objectives: Many concentrate on selecting or designing and pursuing constructive behavioral goals through positive means. 4. Assess behavior of concern 5. Select, apply valid, reliable measures 6. Functionally asses current behavior 7. Identify effective contingencies or reinforcement and generalization 8. Graph baseline data 9. Select or design behavior-change, experimental analytic, and generalization plan 10. Apply behavior change plan 11. Continue graphing, assess treatment fidelity, reliability of data collection: Valid, reliable measures need to be identified and used to permit the collection and recording of useful data. 12. Assess for generalization and experimentally analyze results 13. Maintain, thin intervention strategies

List and discuss four ways to effectively use "rules" as an antecedent control procedure.

1. Involve participants in the development of the rules. This means participants are involved in establishing the rules to set goals for their performance. 2. State the rules positively. This means that the way the rules are worded should not have any negatives (i.e. "Do not"). 3. Keep the rules simple and short. This way, people are more likely to remember them. 4. Keep rules developmentally appropriate. In other words, rules need to match the developmental level of the individual. p 593

Discrete Trial Training should include:

1. Presenting the appropriate antecedent stimuli 2. Providing a temporary prompt 3. Waiting for the learner to emit the skill or behavior that is the target of the instruction 4. Providing the reinforcer, such as praise or a high-preference item designed to motivate the client to continue responding correctly contingent on the behavior 5. Ending with an inter-trial interval consisting of a brief pause between consecutive trials

Distinguish among primary secondary, and tertiary prevention.

1. Primary prevention: addresses contextual factors including motivational operations with the aim of preventing discipline problems in the first place 2. Secondary prevention: involve small-group tutoring, social skills training, etc. for at-risk students 3. Tertiary prevention: involves individualized programs designed for the few students who are at high-risk

Which of the following are ways to manage antecedent conditions to increase desirable behavior?

???

Social Stories have become a common intervention for various skills. Who developed them?

Carol Gray

What is chaining? Develop a behavior chain for "vacuuming the living room" behavior.

Chaining is sequencing responses that are functionally linked to the same terminal reinforcer. Behavior chains are composed of links that are reinforcing the previous link and setting the occasion for the next link. A behavior chain for vacuuming the living room behavior would be giving the SD "Vacuum the living room." Following the SD, the responses would look like this: Getting the vacuum -> Plugging the vacuum in -> Turning the vacuum on -> Moving the vacuum on the carpet to clean the floor -> Turning off the vacuum after the floor is clean -> Unplugging the vacuum -> Putting the vacuum away.

A behavioral objective includes:

Clear information on environmental details in which behavior is to occur

What is the best way to select potential reinforcers:

Conduction preference assessments

A multiple probe design is the same as a multiple baseline design.

False

As a trainer, it is a bad idea to have "goody bags" for teachers who implement treatment plans correctly.

False

Behavioral momentum and errorless learning are the same strategy, just different names.

False

Does correlation equal a functional relation?

False

Goals should only be achievable, not challenging.

False

It is acceptable to replace the term FBA with FA when abbreviating in reports, because they talk about the same thing: function of behavior.

False

Providing no more support than necessary means to use "most-to-least" strategy.

False

Replacement behaviors need not be linked to the function of the behavior as their goal is to just replace a behavior.

False

Treatment integrity is the same thing as inter-observer reliability.

False

When the focus is on strength or force of the expression of behavior, we are referring to duration of the behavior.

False

Transitory behaviors are only noted when an individual is transitioning from high preferred activity to a low preferred activity.

False (pg. 116)

Which one of the following is not a characteristics of a good measurement system:

Fast

Characteristics of a PBI is that they

Focus on how to behave, rather than on how not to behave

What are prompts? List 4 types of prompts.

Prompts are stimuli that control the desired behavior but that are not functionally related to the task. They are essentially hints or reminders. Four types of prompts are full physical, partial physical, gestural, and verbal.

Which of the following are recommended ways to manage contingencies when using modeling?

Provide instructions, rules, and rationales Encourage behavioral rehearsal

Level of proficiency of a behavior can be measured by:

Rate

Demonstrate how Monica would setup a changing-criterion design for her student Siu Yan for teaching multiplication tables. Include criterion for increases and decreases in response requirement.

Increases in response requirement: Monica would first take baseline data of Siu Yan's performance on a multiplication tables assignment. Then Monica would require Siu Yan to correctly answer 6/10 problems in phase one. In phase two, Siu Yan would be required to correctly answer 8/10 problems. In the final phase, Siu Yan would be required to correctly answer 10/10 problems. Decreases in response requirement: Monica would first take baseline data of Siu Yan's performance on a multiplication tables assignment. Then Monica would only allow Siu Yan to miss 4/10 problems in phase one. In phase two, Siu Yan would only be able to miss 2/10 problems. In the final phase, Siu Yan would not be able to miss any problems.

One way to maximize reinforcement and minimize the frequency of troublesome behaviors is to

Intersperse easy and difficult tasks to balance response effort

Which design should Ahmed choose as he is planning to implement the same treatment on Jackie, Jimmy, and Joey's math skills?

MBL-across participants

How can a trainer maximize the effects of performance feedback? (Must discuss at least three ways)

One way a trainer can maximize the effects of performance feedback is by reinforcing approximations. This allows the trainer to reinforce the subject on each trial that is closer to perfection. Another way a trainer can maximize the effects of performance feedback is by promoting fluency. This means that the desired behavior is performed rapidly, smoothly, and easily. Ultimately, this will make participants continue doing the desired behavior. A last way that a trainer can maximize the effects of performance feedback is through correspondence training. This means that reinforcers are delivered contingent on the agreement between verbal reports and actions.

How is reinforcement different than bribery? Give examples of each and how it does or does not affect behavior in the future.

Reinforcement is different than bribery because reinforcement teaches the learner why a behavior is not socially acceptable and encourages them not to do that behavior again. Bribery encourages the individual to perform the unacceptable behavior again to gain an unearned want. For example, a kid is crying in a toy store because she wants several toys after already being told no. An example of reinforcement (negative) in this situation would be to remove the child from the toy store without any toys. An example of bribery in this situation would be to give the child the toys she wants to make her stop crying. Reinforcement encourages the behavior to decrease in the future; bribery encourages the behavior to increase in the future.

Shilpa uses precision teaching for her students with down syndrome. How does she track data?

Standard celeration charts

Video self-modeling includes all of the following, except

The client using the video camera

What is the proper way to refer to data when talking or writing about it:

The data are stable

Shaping is defined as:

The process of changing behavior by reinforcing successful approximations of a behavior

Discuss the three group contingencies. Give example of each

The three group contingencies are independent, interdependent, and dependent. Independent group contingencies involve setting the same response requirements for all group members, but applying the reinforcers to performance individually. An example would be "Each student must have 9 out of 10 math problems answered correctly to receive a pizza party". Interdependent group contingencies involve treating the members of a group as if they were a single behaving entity. An example would be "Once all students answers 9 out of 10 math problems correctly, the class will receive a pizza party". Dependent group contingencies involve group members attaining reinforcers contingent on the behavior of a selected group or subgroup of members or of a specific individual. An example would be "If three students in the class answer 9 out of 10 math answers correctly, the class will receive a pizza party".

Which of the following is true about habituation?

The weakening of an unlearned environment-behavior relation when without consequence

Discuss 3 circumstances when stimulus change fails.

Three circumstances when stimulus change fails in when behavior is absent, stimulus control is weak or absent, and interfering stimuli. A behavior is absent when the person has yet to learn the behavior you are trying to evoke. In other words, the behavior is missing from his or her repertoire. Stimulus control is weak or absent when the response occurs only some of the time in the presence of the SD. Interfering stimuli such as distractions or various contextual factors need to be investigated or modified before successful control can be achieved.

What is treatment integrity and why is it important when using behavioral treatments?

Treatment integrity refers to ensuring that everyone involved carries out and supports the intervention as planned. This is important when using behavioral treatments because procedures that veer away from their intended path pose a risk of failure.

A functional analysis is a hands-on, direct assessment where contingencies are manipulated to determine the function(s) of a behavior.

True

A total-task chaining procedure is better suited for individuals who demonstrate some level of acquisition of several of the steps of a task analysis.

True

Activity schedules can be used as an effective antecedent control procedure.

True

Prompt dependence is the same thing as a stimulus overdependence.

True

When the focus is on form/appearance/shape of the behavior, we are referring to the 'topography' of the behavior.

True

Physical guidance can be used effectively by following all of these guidelines, except:

Use maximum force to secure client's attention

What is video modeling? Give one detailed example of how it can be used.

Video modeling is using video demonstrations to facilitate the acquisition of a range of skills. One detailed example of how it can be used is when teaching the behavior of "greeting friends". The learner would watch the video of other children greeting their friends appropriately. The children in the video should roughly be around the same age as the learner. Role play should be followed after watching the video so the learner has a chance to imitate the behavior seen in the video. Then the learner will imitate the behavior in real situations when greeting friends.

Response generalization is defined as a spread of an intervention effect from a targeted behavior to...

a similar non-targeted behavior (p 461)