Special Senses
Which receptors are most directly involved in regulating both blood pressure and urinary function?
baroreceptors
The fovea centralis of the retina most directly affects one's ability to
both b and c distinguish color and fine detail
Opaque lenses, called ____________, can make a person functionally blind despite having healthy photoreceptors and visual pathways.
cataracts
Aqueous humor is similar to ____________ in its composition as well as in the way it forms and its ultimate return to the venous circulation.
cerebrospinal fluid
The vascular tunic of the eye wall has which of the following regions?
choroid, ciliary body, iris
Otosclerosis could be expected to produce which of the following conditions?
conduction deafness
Which of the following is not one of the three layers, or tunics, of the eye?
conjunctiva
Movements of fluid within the ____________ result in the sensations of both hearing and equilibrium.
inner ear
In terms of chemical composition, perilymph resembles ____________, whereas endolymph is more like ____________.
interstitial fluid, cytosol
Two layers of smooth muscle in the ____________ allow it to control the diameter of the ____________.
iris; pupil
All of the following characterize the tympanic membrane except
it is a tough flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue
Which of the following does not correctly pair a receptor with a stimulus that it detects?
krause bulb; deep pressure
Which group includes only tactile receptors?
lamellated, Ruffini, and tactile corpuscles and Krause bulbs
Within the thalamus, visual information is processed specifically in the
lateral geniculate nuclei
Housed within the tympanic cavity, the three auditory ossicles are the
malleus, incus, and stapes
Olfactory receptors are located on
olfactory hairs
In adults, ____________ are one of the few types of neurons that are replaced mitotically.
olfactory receptor cells
The two openings in the bony wall between the inner and middle ear are the
oval window and the round window
What is the most inclusive name for sensory receptors that detect only changes in stimuli?
phasic receptors
Functions of the fibrous tunic of the eye include
provide attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles helping focus light on the retina protecting and maintaining the shape of the eye all the above
Which set includes only general senses?
temperature, pain, touch, pressure, and stretch
The least complex of the tactile receptors, called free nerve endings, are
terminal branches of dendrites
Which set includes only special senses?
gustation, olfaction, equilibrium, vision, and hearing
An equilibrium disturbance accompanied by vertigo, nausea, and hearing loss (among other symptoms), caused by a buildup of endolymph, is called
meniere disease
Which class of receptors can respond to extreme stimulating agents otherwise detected by all the other classes?
nociceptors
Gustatory information conducted by cranial nerves VII and IX first projects to the ____________ in the ____________ before ascending to the hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, and cerebral cortex.
nucleus solitarius, medulla oblongata
Although a normal reflex when rapidly oscillating one's head, jerky eye movements when the head is stationary indicate the pathologic condition called
nystagmus
Despite their structural uniformity, ____________ facilitate the recognition of at least 10 times as many primary sensations as do gustatory receptors, as well as many thousands of other chemical stimuli.
olfactory neurons
The chemical sense of smell is provided by paired ____________ within the nasal cavity.
olfactory organs
Relative to those on the back, the much smaller ____________ on the tongue allow a person to localize a tactile stimulus in that location with vastly more precision.
receptive field
Perceptions triggered by cardiac nociceptors that seem instead to arise along the T1-T5 dermatomes are an example of
referred pain
Which set includes only receptors that respond to mechanical stimuli?
tactile receptors, baroreceptors, proprioceptors
What is trachoma?
a chronic, contagious form of "pink eye" that can cause blindness
A structure that detects stimuli is known specifically as a
a receptor
Sensory information of which a person becomes consciously aware is called
a sensation
"Tuning out" background sounds while you study is possible because of a sensory phenomenon called
adaptation
When a phasic receptor undergoes a reduction in sensitivity to a continually applied stimulus, this change is called
adaptation
Which description is incorrect regarding chemoreceptors?
are always visceral sensory receptors
Gustatory information from the tongue is conducted by which cranial nerves?
facial and glossopharyngeal
The types of papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue include
filiform, fungiform, vallate, and foliate
At rest, tension in the suspensory ligaments of the lens
flattens the lens, focusing the eye for distant vision
Failure of aqueous humor to reach the scleral venous sinus causes ____________, a condition analogous to ____________.
glaucoma; hydrocephalus
What types of photoreceptor cells are found in the retina?
rods and cones
Which selection correctly pairs a stimulus with the location of its receptors?
rotation of the head; cupula
Which structures of the inner ear house the maculae?
saccule and utricle
Of the five basic taste sensations, ____________ tastes are caused by metal ions; ____________, by hydrogen ions; and ____________, by amino acids.
salty, sour, umami
Which of the following is not a subdivision of the bony labyrinth?
scala media
Within the cochlea, the receptors known as hair cells are components of the
spiral organ
Sensory receptors that act continuously are classified as
tonic receptors
All sensory receptors act as ____________, converting various types of stimuli into ____________.
transducers; nerve impulses
Crista ampullaris is to ampulla as macula is to
utricle and saccule
Collectively, the vestibule and semicircular canals compose an area called the
vestibular complex
Which brain region interprets incoming visual stimuli at a conscious level?
visual cortex of the occipital lobe
The partial decussation of optic nerve axons at the optic chiasm causes
visual input from both eyes to reach the visual cortex in each hemisphere
Within the cochlea, the receptors known as hair cells are components of the
axons