Special Senses

Which receptors are most directly involved in regulating both blood pressure and urinary function?

baroreceptors

The fovea centralis of the retina most directly affects one's ability to

both b and c distinguish color and fine detail

Opaque lenses, called ____________, can make a person functionally blind despite having healthy photoreceptors and visual pathways.

cataracts

Aqueous humor is similar to ____________ in its composition as well as in the way it forms and its ultimate return to the venous circulation.

cerebrospinal fluid

The vascular tunic of the eye wall has which of the following regions?

choroid, ciliary body, iris

Otosclerosis could be expected to produce which of the following conditions?

conduction deafness

Which of the following is not one of the three layers, or tunics, of the eye?

conjunctiva

Movements of fluid within the ____________ result in the sensations of both hearing and equilibrium.

inner ear

In terms of chemical composition, perilymph resembles ____________, whereas endolymph is more like ____________.

interstitial fluid, cytosol

Two layers of smooth muscle in the ____________ allow it to control the diameter of the ____________.

iris; pupil

All of the following characterize the tympanic membrane except

it is a tough flat sheet of fibrous connective tissue

Which of the following does not correctly pair a receptor with a stimulus that it detects?

krause bulb; deep pressure

Which group includes only tactile receptors?

lamellated, Ruffini, and tactile corpuscles and Krause bulbs

Within the thalamus, visual information is processed specifically in the

lateral geniculate nuclei

Housed within the tympanic cavity, the three auditory ossicles are the

malleus, incus, and stapes

Olfactory receptors are located on

olfactory hairs

In adults, ____________ are one of the few types of neurons that are replaced mitotically.

olfactory receptor cells

The two openings in the bony wall between the inner and middle ear are the

oval window and the round window

What is the most inclusive name for sensory receptors that detect only changes in stimuli?

phasic receptors

Functions of the fibrous tunic of the eye include

provide attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles helping focus light on the retina protecting and maintaining the shape of the eye all the above

Which set includes only general senses?

temperature, pain, touch, pressure, and stretch

The least complex of the tactile receptors, called free nerve endings, are

terminal branches of dendrites

Which set includes only special senses?

gustation, olfaction, equilibrium, vision, and hearing

An equilibrium disturbance accompanied by vertigo, nausea, and hearing loss (among other symptoms), caused by a buildup of endolymph, is called

meniere disease

Which class of receptors can respond to extreme stimulating agents otherwise detected by all the other classes?

nociceptors

Gustatory information conducted by cranial nerves VII and IX first projects to the ____________ in the ____________ before ascending to the hypothalamus, amygdala, thalamus, and cerebral cortex.

nucleus solitarius, medulla oblongata

Although a normal reflex when rapidly oscillating one's head, jerky eye movements when the head is stationary indicate the pathologic condition called

nystagmus

Despite their structural uniformity, ____________ facilitate the recognition of at least 10 times as many primary sensations as do gustatory receptors, as well as many thousands of other chemical stimuli.

olfactory neurons

The chemical sense of smell is provided by paired ____________ within the nasal cavity.

olfactory organs

Relative to those on the back, the much smaller ____________ on the tongue allow a person to localize a tactile stimulus in that location with vastly more precision.

receptive field

Perceptions triggered by cardiac nociceptors that seem instead to arise along the T1-T5 dermatomes are an example of

referred pain

Which set includes only receptors that respond to mechanical stimuli?

tactile receptors, baroreceptors, proprioceptors

What is trachoma?

a chronic, contagious form of "pink eye" that can cause blindness

A structure that detects stimuli is known specifically as a

a receptor

Sensory information of which a person becomes consciously aware is called

a sensation

"Tuning out" background sounds while you study is possible because of a sensory phenomenon called

adaptation

When a phasic receptor undergoes a reduction in sensitivity to a continually applied stimulus, this change is called

adaptation

Which description is incorrect regarding chemoreceptors?

are always visceral sensory receptors

Gustatory information from the tongue is conducted by which cranial nerves?

facial and glossopharyngeal

The types of papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue include

filiform, fungiform, vallate, and foliate

At rest, tension in the suspensory ligaments of the lens

flattens the lens, focusing the eye for distant vision

Failure of aqueous humor to reach the scleral venous sinus causes ____________, a condition analogous to ____________.

glaucoma; hydrocephalus

What types of photoreceptor cells are found in the retina?

rods and cones

Which selection correctly pairs a stimulus with the location of its receptors?

rotation of the head; cupula

Which structures of the inner ear house the maculae?

saccule and utricle

Of the five basic taste sensations, ____________ tastes are caused by metal ions; ____________, by hydrogen ions; and ____________, by amino acids.

salty, sour, umami

Which of the following is not a subdivision of the bony labyrinth?

scala media

Within the cochlea, the receptors known as hair cells are components of the

spiral organ

Sensory receptors that act continuously are classified as

tonic receptors

All sensory receptors act as ____________, converting various types of stimuli into ____________.

transducers; nerve impulses

Crista ampullaris is to ampulla as macula is to

utricle and saccule

Collectively, the vestibule and semicircular canals compose an area called the

vestibular complex

Which brain region interprets incoming visual stimuli at a conscious level?

visual cortex of the occipital lobe

The partial decussation of optic nerve axons at the optic chiasm causes

visual input from both eyes to reach the visual cortex in each hemisphere

Within the cochlea, the receptors known as hair cells are components of the

axons