exam 1

Thomas Hobbs said:

"Life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short. Pinker is saying this is no longer the case.

Negative reactions on Pinker's ideas:

"steven pinker's ideas are fatally flawed". "Pinker is wrong about violence and war". "By proclaiming the gospel of human progress, the Harvard psychologist has made a lot of enemies. Why do people love to hate Steven Pinker? > Bc these issue may have improved but they are still a problem. His 4 factors can be reversed, it could go the other way and become bad again. Genocide is sometimes organized by states and governments (take the holocaust for example)

How do we encourage people to be prosocial and engage in good behavior?

- In the world, there is a positive association between the amount people give to others and experiencing well-being in your own life. -correlation is not causal evidence -There is also a possibility that experiencing well-being and being happier leads to generosity. -The third variable problem: something else in the environment might cause to both of these things. Ex: Wealthy people may be happier and give more as a result of their wealth. - A study done on this had people rate their happiness in the morning and then later that evening. One group of participants spent money on themselves and the other group spent money on others. Spending on others throughout the day cause participants to be more happy (the amount spent did not matter).

Empathy vs. schadenfreude

-Empathy is when you feel bad for someone if they hurt themselves. Schadenfreude is when you feel malicious joy at the misfortune of others. -A study found that people felt more badly when someone in their own group hurt themselves or an outsider not associated with a group. People felt less badly when members of an out-group hurt themselves. (some people even felt good when an out-group target hurts themselves --- when people felt good about other people's distress this is schadenfreude)

-John darley and bibb latané:

-People like to believe they would be comfortable to intervene and help. However, every now and then people stand by and don't do anything. When do people opt to help? When do they opt not to? -John darley and bibb latané: studied the bystander effect and found that the more people that are around and witness and emergency situation, the less likely they were to help. -5 steps that have to happen for help to occur: 1. Notice the event. (distractions can cause people to fail to notice) 2. Interpret it as an emergency (pluralistic ignorance) 3. Assume responsibility (diffusion of responsibility) 4. Know appropriate form of assistance. (lack of knowledge or competence) 5. Decide to implement help. (danger to self; embarrassment) --If anyone of these 5 steps are ignored people won't offer help

One time game vs. long term situations:

-People were less likely to contribute in a one time game. -People were more likely to contribute in long term situations.

Why do people help?

-System 1: Fast, unconscious, automatic, everyday decisions, error prone. system 2: slow conscious, effortful, complex decisions, reliable. -it is debated as to whether people help bc of system 1 or system 2. More evidence shows it to be a system 1 thing. -There's evidence to show people are naturally selfish and then make a conscience effort to help. -There also evidence to show that acts of heroism is a system 1 decision. Lora Shrake "this woman had been mauled for a while and was very weak. I didn't think of what it could have done to me. I had to get it away from her she would have died". She was nominated by the Carnegie commission, who honor people who put themselves in harms-way to help others. This women didn't think about it she just automatically went in to help. Not scientific, but anecdotical.

The CAF world giving index:

-The U.S. emerges as one of the top countries when concerning giving and being generous. New zealand, Ireland, U.K, Canada, and Australia are all close runner ups. -Who volunteers (men: 49%. women 46%.), donates to charity (men and women both 29%), or helps out people needing assistance (men: 22%. women: 19%) the most globally?

Highest contributor study:

-The highest contributor (when others knew about it) was elected group leader 82% of the time. When others did not know who the good group member (the highest contributor) was, their status score was lower.

In the experiment with monkeys we discussed, the monkeys were more likely to make prosocial than purely self-interested choices when: (Select all that apply)

-They knew their partner -They were related to their partner

Manchester United fans were participants in a study system 1: personal distress system 2: sympathy

-They were asked what they like about being Manchester United fans. Then were asked to travel across campus, someone purposely fell in front of them and they were more likely to help the Manchester fans than they were the Liverpool fans (their rivals). -Then they were asked what they like about soccer, and then again a person fell in front of them; this time it did not matter what jersey they were wearing.

Collapse of compassion

-a phenomenon when people care a lot about an individual dying, but when they hear about a million people dying they may not care as much. -Stalin said "A single death is a tragedy, a million deaths is a statistic" -A humanitarian ad of one starving child caused more people to take action and want to help vs. an ad with a group of starving children -when there is a larger group of people in need, people tend to feel less compassion -A version of the study asked how much compassion they felt towards the group of children vs. the single child. One group of participants were expecting to make a donation and the other group of participants were told they didn't have to help. -When people weren't expecting to be asked to help, they felt more compassion for the group. -When they were asked to help they felt more compassion for the single child -This is thought to be a self protective response. people's feeling of personal distress rise, which leads to a collapse of compassion.

The carnegie hero fund:

-awards the carnegie medal to indivuals in the U.S. and Canada who risk their lives to an extraordinary degree saving or attempting to save lives of others -Males were more likely to receive this medal (8.9% of these medals were awarded to women). -These acts mostly require physical strength. -There are many instances that suggest women are more heroic in other forms. -During the holocaust, there were more women rescuers than men.

Jeopardy (gameshow) example:

-before the game is played you learn about the contestants. --One person says they would consider the best day of their life to have their family around and being surrounded by loved ones (this is viewed as socially desirable behavior) --the other person says the best day of their life would be to have the car of their dreams and be dating the celebrity of their dream (this is viewed as socially undesirable behavior) -The participants who watched the gameshow, felt more similar to the socially desirable gameshow contestant and also found that it was more rewarding for the participants when the socially desirable person won the gameshow. -The participants were in the brain scanner and the ventral striatum (which is an area of the brain responsive to reward) was activated more when the socially desirable and the contestant that was viewed as more similar to the participant won the gameshow.

-Susan noticed that her new coworker Lisa took the elevator up one floor this morning instead of using the stairs. She immediately concluded that Lisa is lazy. This is a _____________ attribution. -By making this attribution (in previous question), Susan is committing the:

-dispositional -fundamental attribution error

percentage of women involved in heroic acts

-higher percentage of women were living kidney donors, peace corps volunteers, and doctors of the world. If we see gender disparities in heroism we have to factor in which acts require physical strength.

-Students are MOST likely to call their professors "brilliant" or a "genius" in which of the following fields? -Probably not coincidentally, this (re. the question above) is a field that:

-music -is a particularly male dominated

20th century death:

-non communicable diseases: 1,970 million -cancer: 530 million -infectious diseases: 1,680 million -humanity crisises: 980 million (this includes war (130 million), murder, genocide, which is an attempt to wipe out specific portions of humanity based on race, religion, etc (30 million), etc)

-Based on research we talked about in class, where would you be most likely to hear an insult like, "your father is a coward". -why?

-southern italy -It's a relatively collectivistic culture

Study on monkeys show:

-that monkeys are more likely to choose the option that rewards them and their partner vs. when it rewards just them. ---When rewards are equal -Nonkin-1 (not related, but friends): roughly 61% of the time monkeys chose the prosocial option (the equal reward) -Nonkin-2: (kinda the same thing as nonkin-1) about 65% -Kin (family members): over 70% -stranger: below 50% ---When rewards are unequal (the other monkey receives more) -It rubbed the monkeys the wrong way and they were less likely to be prosocial -When a kin monkey was in the room but hidden from the subject monkey, the monkeys tend to act selfishly.

human goodness: heroism

-there is a stereotype that heroic acts are more of a male phenomenon

-Throughout much of the world, spending money on other people and good causes is positively associated with well-being. -Is this effect (from previous question) stronger in Russia than the United States?

-true -Yes

What was the average correlation between attitudes and behaviors that Wicker found in 1969?

.15

In a study Dr. Packer presented, the correlation between people's attitudes toward groups (including drunk drivers, librarians, and many others) and social norms about how acceptable it is to be prejudiced toward those groups was:

0.96

Which of the following are possible reasons we discussed why organizations may choose to promote women to leadership positions in times of crisis? (Select all that apply)

1) It seems like a time to try something different and they are looking for a change 2) Stereotypes of women as caring may make them seem like good leaders for difficult times 3) Promoting a women provides the organization with someone to blame

3 social dilemmas

1) Public goods 2) Tragedy of the commons 3) Coordination problem

Pinker's 4 factors on why violence has declined:

1. Enpanding state monopoly on violence. Governments restrict violence to themselves (the state is taking control of violence). Trial leads to prison or the death sentence. 2. Shift from sense that "life is cheap" to concern for quality of human lives. 3. More positive sum games - we benefit more by cooperating than fighting. "If I get the resources, you don't" mentality has decrease and people have overtime started to believe that cooperation leads to better outcomes to more people. Capitalism (where people work together) 4. An expanding a moral circle. Increasing feelings of wanting to belong and needing a circle of protection. People overtime have grown bigger moral circles.

Pinker's 4 factors can be reversed:

1. expanding state monopoly on violence: Genocide is sometimes organized by states and governments (take the holocaust for example) 2. shift from sense that "life is cheap" to concern for quality of human lives: can define some types of people as less than human.. devalue their lives (dehumanization)

At what age does a racial bias in perceptions of the innocence of children start to emerge?

10-13

From the 1980s to 2010, sentences for possession of crack cocaine were _______ times harsher than sentences for possession of powder cocaine in the United States.

100

new model of the bystander effect:

2 systems operate in the brain when there is an emergency. System 1 (personal distress): can cause worry and fear that causes people to freeze or flee. This system will not lead to helping. System 2 (sympathy system): causes you to feel sympathy and want to help. Both systems are activated in an emergency situation. The distress system comes on first, then the sympathy system comes on. Common identity (relation to the other person) can cause the sympathy system to overpower the distress. Whether we help or not depends on which system overpowers the other. This is still not entirely figured out. There are times when help is the first natural response and there are other times when not helping is the first naturally response.

If you were in the Framington Heart Study, the husband of a friend of a friend would have a social distance from you of:

3

Pinker's 4 factors reversed:

3. More positive sum games: Recast outgroups as threats (realistic, symbolic, existential threats) -people fear that immigrants will change way of life or culture, and therefore can be unwelcome by some individuals -there is significant evidence that -America has been strengthen by immigration, but is often times not framed this way 4. expanding moral circle: conflict and competition can shrink it back down again.

Three friends go to the movie theatre and have to decide which movie to watch. None of them have strong preferences -- but whatever they choose, they all want to watch the same movie together. From a social dilemma perspective, this is best thought of as:

A coordination problem

Which of the following teams would most likely show the symptoms of groupthink?

A newly formed team of acquaintances just getting to know one another bc 1) A team of friends often provides a supportive environment to express dissent 2) People on a new team are typically focused on making sure they get along

If someone says "I am so proud because I just became an aunt," what kind of identity are they proud of?

A relational identity

According to the 'black sheep effect', you are most likely to react negatively toward:

An ingroup member who conforms to an outgroup norm

At what point in Stanley Milgram's shock experiments were participants most likely to disobey the experimenter?

At 150 volts

If a person is persuaded by someone because they think their arguments actually ARE smart, which route of persuasion are they likely using at the time?

Central route

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) provides a way of examining brain activity by measuring _______________.

Changes in blood flow in the brain

coercive power

Coercive power: when a person can take away and punish you for doing something wrong or not doing it at all they are said to have coercive power over you. A good example could be when a city fines it's citizens every time they get caught littering.

When your actions and your attitudes don't match, it creates a psychological state known as:

Cognitive dissonance

Groupthink occurs when a group strives for unanimity more than accuracy when making decisions. To prevent groupthink, organizations might bring in outside consultants to provide fresh ideas. This:

Could backfire because outsiders can threaten a group's sense of cohesion

Politicians use gerrymandering to increase the chances their political party will gain power. In doing so they:

Decrease accountability

Propaganda that calls members of an outgroup "cockroaches" or "rats" increases the risk of violence because it

Dehumanizes the outgroup

Wanting to feel like things make sense is a type of:

Epistemic motive

The rule of law means that:

Everyone, including the ruler, has to obey the same laws

Dr. Packer found that people _______________ in groups that they care about compared to groups they don't really care about.

Experience and express more disagreement

When your dentist tells you to floss your teeth more often and you do so (at least for a while), what type of power are they exerting?

Expert power

According to Prospect Theory, losing $50 from their pocket should have a smaller emotional impact on someone than finding $50 on the sidewalk.

False

After reading the textbook chapter, it is reasonable to conclude that people (whether in experiments or authoritarian regimes) blindly follow orders.

False

Among the industrialized countries he looked at, Wilkinson found that richer nations have better outcomes on things like child mortality, mental health, and trust than poorer nations.

False

Conspiracy theories are, by definition, always incorrect.

False

Dr. Packer would agree with this statement: "When people join a crowd, it is as if their self switches off."

False

Evidence suggests that Stanley Milgram's participants were more likely to disobey the experimenter when the learner's pain caused them to feel empathy.

False

If it is really important that I reach the correct answer to a difficult question, I am likely to rely only on my own judgment rather than listening to what other people have to suggest.

False

Measures of implicit attitudes are like a lie detector test for whether or not someone is prejudiced.

False

Older adults are often more depressed than younger people because they receive more negative information at this point in their lives.

False

Participants in Sherif's autokinetic effect studies were so unsure of how much the point of light was moving that the experimenters could establish any norm they wanted, even ones with very large estimates of movement.

False

People don't criticize each other's ideas in psychologically safe environments.

False

The Stanford Prison Experiment clearly demonstrates the huge influence that simply having a social role (e.g., being assigned to be a prison guard) can have on a person's behavior.

False

The study of cognitive biases investigates the ways in which human decision-making is essentially random.

False

When people express disagreement in groups they are strongly identified with, they are usually doing it for their own personal benefit.

False

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, people are ________ in old age because they prioritize _______________.

Happier; emotional well-being

David Rand's studies:

Has done many studies on the public goods dilemma game. Studies people's choices when adding to the public good. Rand and his colleagues studies how long it took people to make a decision to help. Contribution was higher when people made faster decisions (about 65%). As compared to (about a 50%) contribution rate when making a slower decision (had to wait at least 10 seconds). When we have time to decide, his studies show people becoming more selfish. When making an unconstrained decision people's contribution rate falls between the two.

When Google conducted "Project Aristotle" to figure out what makes teams work, they found that the best predictor of success was:

Having a team with a high level of psychological safety

John purposely set fire to an abandoned warehouse that he owned in order to claim the insurance money. He didn't know there was anyone inside, but the fire killed a homeless man who was sheltering there. Why might people think that John was not fully responsible for the death of the homeless man?

He did not intend the man's death

King Henry VIII was very powerful but for much of his reign, he believed that the commandments of the Roman Catholic Church applied as much to him as to ordinary citizens. During this period,

He was constrained by some rule of law

After an exam, students who think they did well and are expecting good news often check their grades more quickly than students who think they did poorly and are expecting bad news. What type of motivation is probably at work here?

Hedonic motives

Asking which of the following questions would be the best way to predict if someone is going to get a flu shot this year.

How positively or negatively do you feel about getting a flu shot this year?

Citizens' ability to vote in fair elections limits the power of the state by:

Increasing accountability

We usually think that a person should be blamed for negative, unethical or illegal actions when they have intention, control, and lack a good justification. Please match each of these variables to the sort of question you might ask to figure out whether they apply to a particular harmful action.

Intention → was the person unaware that this action would have the harmful consequences it had?, Control → was the person forced by someone else to engage in this harmful action?Justification → did the person chose to engage in this harmful action for a good reason?

John is friends with Mike, Mike is friends with David, David is friends with Jake, and Jake is friends with Ryan. According to Framington Heart Study, which is the furthest person from John whose happiness would likely affect him?

Jake

What does LaPiere's study tell us about the relationship between attitudes and behaviors?

LaPiere's study tells us that there is a dramatic disconfirmation of the attitude-behavior link.

The titanic captain leadership:

Leadership played a big role in the higher survival rates of the more vulnerable (women and children) The captain had a strong influence on their survival rates.

Richard wilkinson: how economic inequality harms societies

Life expectancy at birth (2001) is higher for countries with a lower Gini coefficient (1990-1998)

Groups that are high in societal status and that people perceive as being in competition with their own group, tend to be stereotyped as:

Low in warmth, high in competence

Which of the following is probably NOT an example of someone being persuaded by the peripheral route?

Mark bought an acne treatment after watching a detailed YouTube ad explaining the laboratory findings demonstrating its effectiveness.

Research suggests that tweets are more likely to go viral if they contain more:

Moral-emotional words

In a classic experiment testing the availability heuristic, participants who had recalled six (compared to twelve) times they were assertive in the past rated themselves as ____________ assertive because ___________.

More; it was easier to recall 6 than 12 examples of being assertive

Research suggests that people who contribute a lot to their groups are _________ likely to be chosen as leaders (compared to people who contribute little), but only when __________.

More; other people know how much they contribute

In LaPiere's "hospitality study", he traveled around the United States with a Chinese couple to see how restaurants, hotels, cafes, etc. would treat them. After their trip, LaPiere sent surveys to these same places asking whether or not they would allow a Chinese person to enter their location. What were his findings

Most places reported that they would deny entry to a Chinese person, but in reality a majority had accepted the Chinese couple

Doing what other people do because we want to be liked and fit in is an example of:

Normative influence

Study on awe and happiness:

One group of participants were instructed to stand next to eucalyptus trees and the other group had to stand next to a building. The experimenter purposely dropped pens and papers on the ground (without the participants knowing it was on purpose) to see who would help. The group that was instructed to stand next to the eucalyptus trees were more likely to help. There is a strong intuition that helping others is not strategically the smartest move to get ahead in life. People think that "Nice guys finish last", bc there is a general concern that if people do not focus on helping themselves first, they are bound to be cheated at some point. Studies show prove this false.

The bystander effect refers to the phenomenon in which

People are less likely to help a victim when lots of others are around

Having power is most likely to increase corrupt behavior among which kind of people?

People who are selfish bc power increases goal pursuit

If a person is persuaded by someone because they think their voice "sounds smart", which route of persuasion are they likely using at the time?

Peripheral route

A NEW brain-based model of the bystander effect suggest that people don't intervene in emergencies when

Personal feelings of distress causes them to freeze or flee

Steven Pinker

Pinker wrote a book explaining how we live in the best possible times when concerning violence. this started some controversy. He looked at homicide rates since the 1300s, which have all lowered vastly though-out time (especially from 1300-1700) in various countries in Europe. He also looked at times which countries went to war, this also lowered a lot. There was a dramatic decrease in this rate from 1951-2000.

According to Leon Festinger's study of cult members, when people's strong beliefs are disconfirmed by events (like the world doesn't come to an end after all), they tend to react by:

Proselytizing (publicizing their beliefs) even more than before

Define reward power

Reward power: when someone can choose to reward others for doing the right thing or follow instructions. An example could be a parent giving their child a candy bar for doing well on a test.

You and Julie don't get along. You don't like her and she doesn't like you. When you see her drop her ice-cream cone on the ground, you are likely to feel:

Schadenfreude

Seth is trying to quit smoking and he decides that at least for the first few weeks, he is going to stop taking coffee breaks at work with his friends who smoke. What kind of self-regulation strategy is Seth using?

Situation selection

What kind of self-regulation strategy does research suggest is most likely to be successful?

Situation selection

According to the Normative Conflict Model (of dissent), which type of group member is likely to try to leave (exit) the group?

Someone who is weakly identified and disagrees with the group norms

In 2020 homicide rates:

Suddenly jumped up after falling for the previous 30 years. It has risen a bit in 2020 but is still at a low rate historically speaking.

"Legacy admissions" at universities are a potential cause of institutional bias because:

The alumni at many universities tend to be disproportionately wealthy and white

If you were asked what type of book is more commonly published, fiction or non-fiction, and you guessed that fiction is more common because you found it easier to think of fictional books you have seen before, what heuristic are you using?

The availability heuristic

In their BBC reality show replication of the Stanford Prison Experiment, psychologists Steve Reicher and Alex Haslam hypothesized that the prisoners would start to identify more their group when:

The boundary between the prisoners and the guards became impermeable

Imagine that you're watching four political candidates debate each other on TV before an election. If you're using the central route, you would probably be most persuaded by:

The candidate who gives a small number of really great arguments for their position

According to Irving Janis, what is the key motivation that produces groupthink?

The desire for unanimity

The barriers that prevent women from rising to executive positions in organizations are often called:

The glass ceiling

Jack is a workaholic and because he spends all his time at the office, he has no social life. He knows this is bad for his mental health, however, and wants to make more friends. This weekend, he plans to go to a party, but when the time comes he is tempted to stay at work and finish his report. What is the lower order goal and what is the higher order goal in this self-control conflict?

The lower-order goal is wanting to stay and finish his report. The higher-order goal is him wanting to go to the party.

Stereotypes are particularly likely to affect how people perceive and interpret an individual's behavior when:

The meaning of a behavior is ambiguous

Imagine that you collected data to compare the behavior of existing social media users on two different platforms. You found that users on Platform A are more rude and aggressive than users on Platform B. Which of the following are plausible reasons for (or contributors to) this finding? Select all that apply.

The norms on Platform A cause its users to behave worse than they otherwise would Things about the way Platform A is designed (e.g., its 'like' or sharing features) encourage bad behavior

The previous question provides an example of:

The principle of compatibility

According to the textbook, what ethical issues were associated with LaPiere's classic hospitality study?

The service providers (e.g., hotel owners) were unaware they were participants. The Chinese couple was unaware they were participants

Let's say you are interested in whether someone flosses their teeth. According to the theory of planned behavior, which of these is likely to be the strongest predictor of whether they floss their teeth today?

Their intention to floss their teeth today

In Asch's line conformity experiments, participants' levels of conformity dropped significantly if:

There was a dissenter in the group, even if the dissenter gave another wrong answer

The EU split:

There was a vote of whether the U.K. should stay apart of the EU. Mostly older people votely to leave. Younger people voted to stay. They ending up leaving. -Ads like "5.23 million more immigrants are moving to the UK!" -People feared that immigrates were changing their Britishness

What best describes what happens in groups with a consistent contributor?

These groups manage to sustain cooperation for longer than groups without a consistent contributor

If you ask 100 people to guess how many jelly beans are in a jar and take the average of their guesses, the average is likely to be closer to the correct answer if:

They all write their answers at the same time on separate pieces of paper

Research on Prospect Theory suggests that people are more likely to take risks (rather than choose outcomes about which they can be certain) when:

They are hoping to avoid a loss

If you observed that someone's fusiform gyrus was more active when they were looking at kids' faces than adults' faces, you could reasonably predict that:

They would be better at remembering the kids' than the adults' faces

In Festinger's experiment, which type of participant experienced the most cognitive dissonance?

Those who thought the experiment was boring and were paid $1 to tell someone else that it was interesting

Imagine that John is trying to decide whether Trey or Izzy is the better stand-up comedian. He personally thinks that Trey is funnier, but he's looking at some data to try to come to a more objective answer. John learns that Trey has had 50 comedy shows that the crowd loved and 10 shows that the crowd hated. Izzy has had 21 comedy shows that the crowd loved and 3 that the crowd hated. If John experiences confirmation bias, who will he likely conclude is the better comedian?

Trey

Evidence suggests that Black drivers in the United States are more likely to be stopped by the police during the daytime than at night.

True

It is more likely that an employee knows the date of their boss' birthday than that the boss knows the date of their employee's birthday

True

People can criticize each other's ideas in psychologically safe environments.

True

Sherif's autokinetic effect studies demonstrate that norms can persist in groups even when all the original members have been replaced with new people.

True

The results Reicher and Haslam observed on the measure of identification were consistent with this hypothesis (from question above).

True

This correlation (between attitudes and behaviors) was smaller than most people would have expected at the time.

True

Tweets with this type of content (from question above) are especially likely to go viral within a person's political ingroup.

True

In general, when people were assigned to a minimal group, they were ___________ to allocate ________ outcomes to members of the outgroup than the ingroup.

Unwilling; more negative

In a study we discussed in class, heterosexual women were better able to remember ______________ when they were feeling powerful.

Upside down male bodies than upside down female bodies

If we look at crime rates in the US:

Violence rates have declined drastically in the last 100 years. Especially in the last 25 or so years where violent and property crimes have both dropped a lot.

"Satisficing" occurs when

We make decisions that are probably good enough, not perfect

According to the Normative Conflict Model, under what conditions (i.e., when) are people likely to dissent from the norms of a group?

When people disagree with their group high identifiers may dissent, while low identifiers are more likely to disengage. A team of friends often provides a supportive environment to express dissent.

-Third party punishment:

When someone witnesses someone cheating someone else, they were willing to spend their own resources to punish the cheater. This is why being a good contributor is important.

Titanic example from class:

When the titanic started going down, people started to panic and chaos emerged. 1/3 of the passengers died. When this chaos started people's true colors showed. People expected to survive were men ages 20-60 and wealthy people bc they are viewed as more able, stronger and have better access to lifeboats. On the contrary, 72% of females survived and 21% of men. women with kids had a 95% chance of survival. 48% of people less than 16 years of age survived. and 31% of people ages 16 and up survived. 1st class passengers had a 62% survival rate. 3rd class passengers only had a 25% survival rate.

In the experiment looking at honesty among bankers, researchers found that bankers were more likely to cheat:

When they were reminded that they were bankers

If you were in the Framington Heart Study, a mutual friend would be a person who:

You identified as a friend and who identified you as their friend

The brain's "default network" is highly active when:

You're not focusing on anything specific, just thinking about ordinary life stuff

In which of the following cases would you be the LEAST likely to use the central route while watching the debate:

You're not old enough to vote

pluralistic ignorance

a false impression of what most other people are thinking or feeling, or how they are responding

Dr. Packer described a study in which groups playing a public goods dilemma game either included or did not include a "consistent contributor". What is a consistent contributor?

a person who always gives to the group

In an experiment we discussed, interacting with what kind of person reduced minority group members' performance on a Stroop task?

a subtly prejudice person

Who gives the most by age group:

all relatively close between age groups, although the younger millennial generation is often viewed as more selfish and narcissistic

Prejudice

attitudes toward members of a group

What is the term that describes a state of uncertainty about how to interpret positive or negative feedback due to the possibility that the person giving the feedback is prejudiced?

attributional ambiguity

Stereotypes

beliefs about what members of a group are like

Groups that are stereotyped as low in warmth and low in competence tend to be targets of:

contempt

'The Velvet Glove' is one of Dr. Packer's favorite romance novels.

false

According to Richard Wilkinson's TED talk, inequality is associated with bad outcomes for people at the bottom of the socioeconomic hierarchy, but not for people at the top.

false

Each group of boys in the Robbers Cave Experiment had no interest in competing with the other group until the experimenters created conflict over resources (e.g., with games competing for prizes).

false

The number of people killed by violence in the 20th century was larger than the number killed by disease.

false

When people categorize things into groups, they tend to underestimate how similar things within the same category are to each other.

false

People tend to __________ how much progress American society has made toward economic racial equality over time.

highly overestimate

When singer songwriter Alanis Morrisette sang "I'm broke but I'm happy, I'm poor but I'm kind", she could be said to be:

justifying the system

Let's say the City of Bethlehem fines its citizens $50 every time they get caught littering. When it comes to preventing littering, the city has _________________ over someone who earns $30,000 a year compared to someone who earns $100,000 a year.

more coercive power

Expert power

power resulting from one's specialized information or expertise. When someone in a specific industry has expert knowledge on the subject. An example would be when a dentist tells you to brush your teeth with special toothpaste.

In class we learned that in public goods games, people are more likely to make selfish choices when they:

respond slowly

When a car mechanic says that compared to medical doctors, he and his colleagues have a much harder job because they have to diagnose problems with something that can't speak and can't tell them what's wrong, he is engaging in a form of:

social creativity

diffusion of responsibility

the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

Discrimination

treating members of a group differently from other groups

Canada has a strategic national reserve of maple syrup.

true

Research suggests that feelings of ____________ can cause people to be more attracted to ____________ groups.

uncertainty; extremist