Fat-Soluble Vitamins

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dryness of cornea due to vitamin A deficiency:

corneal xerosis

What converts vitamin K into original form? (anticoagulant drug)

coumadin (warfarin)

Does vitamin D have a TUL? If so, what is the side effect?

cholecalciferol (calcification of organs)

Where is 7-dehydrocholestoral found and what is it made from?

cholesterol

What attaches to an enzyme to enable its function?

coenzyme

What does vitamin K deficiency cause?

diminished bone density & increased fracture risk and heart disease

What is the function of carotenoids?

ensure replacement of old with new healthy cells

Which fat-soluble vitamins are toxic (have a TUL)?

A,D and E

What is a vitamer?

(aka isomer), have some molecular formula but different arrangement

What are the main functions of vitamin D?

1. Blood calcium regulation 2. Gene expression 3. Cell proliferation & growth

Name the types of provitamin A cartenoids and what are they converted into in the body?

Converted into retinal. B carotene, A carotene, B cryptoxantnin

How does vitamin D deficiency affect infants and children versus adults and what are the differences?

Kids- rickets (joint malformation) Adults- osteomalacia (bones weaken)

What delivers vitamin E from the liver to the body cells?

VLDL

Which vitamins are considered as fat-soluble vitamins?

Vitamins A,D,E and K

What is the only vitamer that can meet the vitamin E requirement?

a tocopherol

What is the prothrombin time?

about 13 seconds

Where are fat-soluble vitamins generally stored?

adipose tissue

The mutation of what protein results in a vitamin E deficiency disorder?

alpha tocopherol

What is the function of vitamin E, and how does it perform this function?

antioxidant, protects from "free radical" damage

Which happens when large amounts of carotenoids are ingested?

becomes teratogenic

Small white foamy accumulations of eye secretions due to keratinization of conjunctiva is what type of vitamin A deficiency:

bitots spots

what happens due to cornea rupture that is also an effect of vitamin A deficiency:

blindness

What are the two functions of vitamin K in the body?

blood clotting, bone health

What are the best food sources of cartenoids?

brightly colored fruits and veggies

What is an addition of a CO2 group?

carboxylation reaction

Vitamin A includes a group of three compounds sometimes called _____ also referred to as ____

carotenoids, retinoids

Why are mucus producing cells without vitamin A a problem?

causes tissues to be hard and dry

What is the process where cells change in structure and function?

cell differentiation

What are sources of menaquinone

few animal products (fish oil)

What are functions to carboxylate glutamic acids found in certain proteins required for blood clotting?

gamma glutamyl carboxylase

What does a deficiency of vitamin E cause?

hemolytic anemia --> ruptured cell membranes

Does vitamin E have a TUL and if so what is the side effect?

hemorrhage (bleeding)

What is cholecalciferol and where is it found?

high source of vitamin D, few animal foods

What is used as an indicator of vitamin D status?

if cholecalciferol is activated

How does vitamin K function in bone health/ mineralization?

its needed for carboxylation of glutamic acids that are found in bone; enhances mineralization

How do natural versus synthetic vitamin E supplements compare?

less biologically active

Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins requires the presence of what macronutrient?

lipids (fat)

What are the best sources of vitamin E?

most plant foods, leafy greens

Impaired visual cycle due to vitamin A deficiency:

night blindness

What does the failure to reform rhodopsin cause?

night blindness

Which type of cartenoids has no vitamin A activity in the body? Give 3 specific examples:

nonprovitamin Ex. lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin

What are the two forms of vitamin K?

phylloquinone, menaquinone

What are sources of phylloquinone?

plant (leafy green)

What are the two categories of cartenoids?

povitamin, non provitamin

What vitamin A function is associated with cell differentiation?

retinoic acid

Which form of vitamin A has a TUL and what is the side effect?

retinoids, can cause birth defects if taken during pregnancy

The three retinoids are:

retinol, retinal, retinoic acid

In which foods and in what form is preformed vitamin A found in food?

select animal foods Ex. fish, liver, egg yolk, whole milk

What is ergocalciferol?

source of vitamin D; shitake mushrooms

What happens to mucus producing cells if they do not have vitamin A?

start producing keratin A

Birth defects during pregnancy are known as:

teratogenic

Why are newborn infants given a vitamin K injection?

to stop intra cranial bleeding, GI bleeding

What are the two groups of compounds considered as vitamin E?

tocopherols, tocotrienols

What is more likely to happen if you over consume fat-soluble vitamins versus water soluble vitamins?

toxicity can result

What are the two roles for eyesight?

visual cycle & epithelial cell maintenance

List the four vitamin A functions:

visual cycle, gene expression, cell differentiation, epithelial cell maintenance

How are fat-soluble vitals transported after absorption?

within chlylomicron (in lymphomatic system)

How does vitamin A affect epithelial cell maintenance?

without VA, the cells don't differentiate properly and become cells that make keratin

Extreme eye dryness is what type of vitamin A deficiency:

xerophthalmia


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