Fat-Soluble Vitamins
dryness of cornea due to vitamin A deficiency:
corneal xerosis
What converts vitamin K into original form? (anticoagulant drug)
coumadin (warfarin)
Does vitamin D have a TUL? If so, what is the side effect?
cholecalciferol (calcification of organs)
Where is 7-dehydrocholestoral found and what is it made from?
cholesterol
What attaches to an enzyme to enable its function?
coenzyme
What does vitamin K deficiency cause?
diminished bone density & increased fracture risk and heart disease
What is the function of carotenoids?
ensure replacement of old with new healthy cells
Which fat-soluble vitamins are toxic (have a TUL)?
A,D and E
What is a vitamer?
(aka isomer), have some molecular formula but different arrangement
What are the main functions of vitamin D?
1. Blood calcium regulation 2. Gene expression 3. Cell proliferation & growth
Name the types of provitamin A cartenoids and what are they converted into in the body?
Converted into retinal. B carotene, A carotene, B cryptoxantnin
How does vitamin D deficiency affect infants and children versus adults and what are the differences?
Kids- rickets (joint malformation) Adults- osteomalacia (bones weaken)
What delivers vitamin E from the liver to the body cells?
VLDL
Which vitamins are considered as fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamins A,D,E and K
What is the only vitamer that can meet the vitamin E requirement?
a tocopherol
What is the prothrombin time?
about 13 seconds
Where are fat-soluble vitamins generally stored?
adipose tissue
The mutation of what protein results in a vitamin E deficiency disorder?
alpha tocopherol
What is the function of vitamin E, and how does it perform this function?
antioxidant, protects from "free radical" damage
Which happens when large amounts of carotenoids are ingested?
becomes teratogenic
Small white foamy accumulations of eye secretions due to keratinization of conjunctiva is what type of vitamin A deficiency:
bitots spots
what happens due to cornea rupture that is also an effect of vitamin A deficiency:
blindness
What are the two functions of vitamin K in the body?
blood clotting, bone health
What are the best food sources of cartenoids?
brightly colored fruits and veggies
What is an addition of a CO2 group?
carboxylation reaction
Vitamin A includes a group of three compounds sometimes called _____ also referred to as ____
carotenoids, retinoids
Why are mucus producing cells without vitamin A a problem?
causes tissues to be hard and dry
What is the process where cells change in structure and function?
cell differentiation
What are sources of menaquinone
few animal products (fish oil)
What are functions to carboxylate glutamic acids found in certain proteins required for blood clotting?
gamma glutamyl carboxylase
What does a deficiency of vitamin E cause?
hemolytic anemia --> ruptured cell membranes
Does vitamin E have a TUL and if so what is the side effect?
hemorrhage (bleeding)
What is cholecalciferol and where is it found?
high source of vitamin D, few animal foods
What is used as an indicator of vitamin D status?
if cholecalciferol is activated
How does vitamin K function in bone health/ mineralization?
its needed for carboxylation of glutamic acids that are found in bone; enhances mineralization
How do natural versus synthetic vitamin E supplements compare?
less biologically active
Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins requires the presence of what macronutrient?
lipids (fat)
What are the best sources of vitamin E?
most plant foods, leafy greens
Impaired visual cycle due to vitamin A deficiency:
night blindness
What does the failure to reform rhodopsin cause?
night blindness
Which type of cartenoids has no vitamin A activity in the body? Give 3 specific examples:
nonprovitamin Ex. lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin
What are the two forms of vitamin K?
phylloquinone, menaquinone
What are sources of phylloquinone?
plant (leafy green)
What are the two categories of cartenoids?
povitamin, non provitamin
What vitamin A function is associated with cell differentiation?
retinoic acid
Which form of vitamin A has a TUL and what is the side effect?
retinoids, can cause birth defects if taken during pregnancy
The three retinoids are:
retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
In which foods and in what form is preformed vitamin A found in food?
select animal foods Ex. fish, liver, egg yolk, whole milk
What is ergocalciferol?
source of vitamin D; shitake mushrooms
What happens to mucus producing cells if they do not have vitamin A?
start producing keratin A
Birth defects during pregnancy are known as:
teratogenic
Why are newborn infants given a vitamin K injection?
to stop intra cranial bleeding, GI bleeding
What are the two groups of compounds considered as vitamin E?
tocopherols, tocotrienols
What is more likely to happen if you over consume fat-soluble vitamins versus water soluble vitamins?
toxicity can result
What are the two roles for eyesight?
visual cycle & epithelial cell maintenance
List the four vitamin A functions:
visual cycle, gene expression, cell differentiation, epithelial cell maintenance
How are fat-soluble vitals transported after absorption?
within chlylomicron (in lymphomatic system)
How does vitamin A affect epithelial cell maintenance?
without VA, the cells don't differentiate properly and become cells that make keratin
Extreme eye dryness is what type of vitamin A deficiency:
xerophthalmia