Nutrition 2105 Unit 5
What organ secretes bile?
Gallbladder
_____ influences lipoprotein activity.
Genes
High levels of ____ seem to have a protective effect on the body
HDLs
______ is the largest lipoprotein and is filled with fat & cholesterol that you have just eaten
chylomicron
The largest source of trans fat in america is from _____ ____. Other sources are ____ ____ products (21%), margarine, candies, and anything with preservatives
commercial cakes, animal protein
The roles of triglycerides includes _____ reserve when stored, use of _____ and ____ efficiently, ______, and ____ protection
energy, carbs, protein, insulation, shock
The route bile takes throughout the body is called _______ _____. This means it is reabsorbed and recycled.
enterohepatic circulation
_______ fatty acids cannot be made by the body
essential
Arachidonic acids is a type of an _______ fatty acid and is an omega __
essential, 6
____ metabolizes fat, but fat requires carb and protein for complete breakdown
fasting
Monoglycerides and long-chain fatty acids form ______, are ______, and are reformed into new _______
micelles, absorbed, triglycerides
________ fat is slightly less susceptible to spoilage (oxidize easy)
monounsaturated
Replacing saturated fats and trans fat with _________ fat and ________ fat is the most ______ dietary way strategy in preventing _____ disease.
monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, effective, heart
Sterols have a ______-____ structure
multiple ring
_____ can be a consequence of high-fat, high-kcalorie diets in excess of energy needs.
obesity
______ fat is more resistant to oxidation
saturated
Hydrogenation occurs through chemical modification of ________ fats
unsaturated
Food sources of omega-3s include ________ oils, walnuts and flaxseeds, and fatty fish.
vegetable
Cholesterol is only found in ______ food
animals
Excess inflammation, lipid accumulation, and scar reduce vessel diameter result in _____
atherosclerosis
Excess lecithin that gets metabolized by the gut bacteria produces potentially dangerous compounds that promote______.
atherosclerosis
Excess levels of sterols within the body are associated with increased risk of ______
atherosclerosis
Triglycerides are an ____ ______ reserve when stored.
energy reserve
Your total cholesterol level should be less than _____ mg/dl
200
Triglycerides are lipids with ____ fatty acids attached to a _____.
3, glycerol
HDL cholesterol levels should be greater than or equal to ____-___ mg/dl
45-60
The recommended daily value of fat is ____g of fat based on 30% of a 2000-kcal diet and ___g of saturated fat based on 10% of a 2000-kcal diet
60, 20
The liver produces ___-____ mg of _____ per day.
800, 1500, cholesterol
_____ emulsifies fat
Bile
______ _____ has less effect on blood cholesterol levels than saturated fat and trans fat.
Dietary cholesterol
_______ is made from arachidonic acid and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and are similar to hormones but have different effects on the different cells
Eicosanoids
High levels of ____ are associated with higher risks of heart attacks
LDL
Without ____ _____, endothelial cells cannot pull in LDL and dump the cholesterol
LDL receptors
_____ intestine can't do anything with fake fats
Large
______ transport lipids throughout the body
Lipoproteins
______-_____ fatty acids are found primarily in meats, fish, and vegetables
Long chain
______ and ______ fatty acids are found in dairy products
Medium, short
_____________ fatty acids lack two hydrogen atoms and have one double bond
Monounsaturated
An example of an ______ _ fatty acid is Linolenic acids (_____ oils)
Omega 3, fish
An example of an _____ _ fatty acid is linoleic acid (_____ oils)
Omega 6, vegetable
_____________ fatty acids lack four or more hydrogen atoms and have at least two or more double bonds.
Polyunsaturated
_______ fat in the body raises LDL cholesterol, which increases risk of heart disease
Saturated
______ fat is much worse than _____ fat
Saturated, unsaturated
______ are the starting materials for bile acids, sex hormones, adrenal hormones, and Vitamin D.
Sterols
_____ fatty acids are a consequence of hydrogenation and act like saturated fats in the body.
Trans
_____-fatty acids have the same negative effects as saturated fatty acids
Trans
____ ___ in the diet increase LDL cholesterol and decrease HDL cholesterol
Trans fat
_____ is a type of lipoprotein made in the liver
VLDL
______ tissue readily stores fat
adipose
Cholesterol builds ____ acids.
bile
Cholesterol raises _____ pressure and _____ blood flow.
blood, restricts
Glycerols and short and medium chain fatty acids diffuse and are absorbed directly into the _____
bloodstream
Short and medium fatty acids are easier to ____ ___
break down
Because fake fats can't be broken down, no ____ are absorbed for it
calories
Triglycerides use ______ and ______ efficiently.
carbohydrates and proteins
Fatty acids vary in ______ chain lengths, degree of _____, and number of ____ bonds
carbon, unsaturation, double
Fatty acids chains are made up of a ______ acid end and a _____ end
carboxylic, methyl
Fat needs _____ to break down efficiently
carbs
The liver can convert excess _____ and _____ into fat.
carbs, lipids
Ingredients for fat replacers are derived from ___, ___, or ___
carbs, proteins, fats
The ___ _____ is the location where the most fat in the body can be found
cell membrane
Phospholipids make up ___ ____.
cell membranes
Sterols are structural components of ____ _____
cell membranes
LDL are composed primarily of _______
cholesterol
The more plaque you have surrounding an artery, the more likely ______ will stick
cholesterol
Chylomicrons transports ____ ______ to tissue.
dietary fat
Atherosclerosis causes blood clots. The blood clots then cause the ______ of pieces of plaque, as well as ____ attacks and ____ strokes
dislodgment, heart, brain
The _____ bond is considered the point of _____
double, unsaturation
Because the body makes a lot of cholesterol as it is, ____ and increased intake of ____ can inhibit/slow down the production of cholesterol
drugs, fiber
Phospholipids serve as _____, (aka breaking up fats into molecules)
emulsifiers
_____ coats arteries and prevents them from contracting
glucose
Phospholipids contain _____, _ _____ acids, and a ______ group with a molecule of choline.
glycerol, 2 fatty, phosphate
Most lipids are triglycerides with ____ backbones, and three ___ ____ attached.
glycerol, fatty acids
Plaque development in the vessel walls lead injury of the artery followed by cell migration and cholesterol deposition eventually forming a _____ _____
hard plaque
Atherosclerosis is essentially the ____ of plaque within the arteries
hardening
Dietary fat has an association risks for some types of cancer but it is not as strong as the link to _____ ____
heart disease
_______-_______ lipase inside the adipose cell hydrolyze triglycerides when needed for energy
hormone sensitive
Energy of fats lies with the ____ bonds
hydrogen
Humans do not make unsaturated fats because the lack of ______ bonds
hydrogen
_____ protects against oxidation, which prolongs shelf life and alters texture
hydrogenation
Fats are ______ (water fearing) molecules, where as digestive enzymes are ______ (water loving) molecules
hydrophobic, hydrophillic
Triglycerides provide _____.
insulation
Chylomicrons are made by the ______
intestine
Inefficient breakdown of fat forms _____ bodies
ketone
_____ ____ can be made from fat fragments
ketone bodies
_______ lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides as they pass and directs the parts into the cells to be used for energy or storage
lipoprotein
HDL and LDL are made by the ______
liver
HDL transport cholesterol from the cells (rest of the body) to the
liver
Part of the body where cholesterol can be found
liver
Statin _____ cholesterol by eliminating the enzyme ___-___ _____, blocking cholesterol production.
lowers, HMG-CoA reductase
_______ ______ helps cut fatty acids off triglycerides
pancreatic lipase
Lechitin is a type of ________ made by the liver. However, not all of it makes it to the liver.
phospholipid
Sterols are found in _____ & ____ foods and are synthesized in the _____.
plant, animal, liver
Linolenic acid and linoleic acid are _______ fats
polyunsaturated
______ fat spoils most readily (oxidize easy).
polyunsaturated
_________ fats are better than monounsaturated
polyunsaturated
The omega number refers to the ____ of the first double bond in a fatty acid
position
Omega-3 fatty acids appear to have a ____ effect on the body, including reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke
protective
HDL are composed primarily of _____
protein
______ fatty acids carry the maximum possible number of ____ atoms.
saturated, hydrogen
Triglycerides provide _____ _____ between organs.
shock protection
______ fatty acid chains are softer at room temperature than _____ chains.
short, long
_____ fibers are effective in trapping some bile and excreting it from the body through the large intestine
soluble
Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature because the bonds _____ _____
stick together
Fat replacers trick _____ ____ and make you think you really are consuming fat
taste buds
LDL also transport lipids to the _____
tissues
VLDL transport lipids to the _____ and get smaller and more dense as ______ portions are removed.
tissues, triglycerides
The primary function of phospholipids is to enable the _____ __ ______ across the cell membrane
transport of lipids
The goal of fat digestion is to dismantle _______
triglycerides
VLDL is composed primarily of _____.
triglycerides
The class of nutrients known as lipids includes
triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols
Factors that increase HDL include ___ ____; moderate _____ consumption; physical _______, which is the best way to increase HDL levels
weight control, alcohol, activity
Factors that lower LDL include ____ ____, replace ____ fat with ______ and ____ fat in the diet; include ____ fibers in your diet;
weight control, saturated, polyunsaturated, and monounsaturated, soluble