Nutrition 2105 Unit 5

What organ secretes bile?

Gallbladder

_____ influences lipoprotein activity.

Genes

High levels of ____ seem to have a protective effect on the body

HDLs

______ is the largest lipoprotein and is filled with fat & cholesterol that you have just eaten

chylomicron

The largest source of trans fat in america is from _____ ____. Other sources are ____ ____ products (21%), margarine, candies, and anything with preservatives

commercial cakes, animal protein

The roles of triglycerides includes _____ reserve when stored, use of _____ and ____ efficiently, ______, and ____ protection

energy, carbs, protein, insulation, shock

The route bile takes throughout the body is called _______ _____. This means it is reabsorbed and recycled.

enterohepatic circulation

_______ fatty acids cannot be made by the body

essential

Arachidonic acids is a type of an _______ fatty acid and is an omega __

essential, 6

____ metabolizes fat, but fat requires carb and protein for complete breakdown

fasting

Monoglycerides and long-chain fatty acids form ______, are ______, and are reformed into new _______

micelles, absorbed, triglycerides

________ fat is slightly less susceptible to spoilage (oxidize easy)

monounsaturated

Replacing saturated fats and trans fat with _________ fat and ________ fat is the most ______ dietary way strategy in preventing _____ disease.

monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, effective, heart

Sterols have a ______-____ structure

multiple ring

_____ can be a consequence of high-fat, high-kcalorie diets in excess of energy needs.

obesity

______ fat is more resistant to oxidation

saturated

Hydrogenation occurs through chemical modification of ________ fats

unsaturated

Food sources of omega-3s include ________ oils, walnuts and flaxseeds, and fatty fish.

vegetable

Cholesterol is only found in ______ food

animals

Excess inflammation, lipid accumulation, and scar reduce vessel diameter result in _____

atherosclerosis

Excess lecithin that gets metabolized by the gut bacteria produces potentially dangerous compounds that promote______.

atherosclerosis

Excess levels of sterols within the body are associated with increased risk of ______

atherosclerosis

Triglycerides are an ____ ______ reserve when stored.

energy reserve

Your total cholesterol level should be less than _____ mg/dl

200

Triglycerides are lipids with ____ fatty acids attached to a _____.

3, glycerol

HDL cholesterol levels should be greater than or equal to ____-___ mg/dl

45-60

The recommended daily value of fat is ____g of fat based on 30% of a 2000-kcal diet and ___g of saturated fat based on 10% of a 2000-kcal diet

60, 20

The liver produces ___-____ mg of _____ per day.

800, 1500, cholesterol

_____ emulsifies fat

Bile

______ _____ has less effect on blood cholesterol levels than saturated fat and trans fat.

Dietary cholesterol

_______ is made from arachidonic acid and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and are similar to hormones but have different effects on the different cells

Eicosanoids

High levels of ____ are associated with higher risks of heart attacks

LDL

Without ____ _____, endothelial cells cannot pull in LDL and dump the cholesterol

LDL receptors

_____ intestine can't do anything with fake fats

Large

______ transport lipids throughout the body

Lipoproteins

______-_____ fatty acids are found primarily in meats, fish, and vegetables

Long chain

______ and ______ fatty acids are found in dairy products

Medium, short

_____________ fatty acids lack two hydrogen atoms and have one double bond

Monounsaturated

An example of an ______ _ fatty acid is Linolenic acids (_____ oils)

Omega 3, fish

An example of an _____ _ fatty acid is linoleic acid (_____ oils)

Omega 6, vegetable

_____________ fatty acids lack four or more hydrogen atoms and have at least two or more double bonds.

Polyunsaturated

_______ fat in the body raises LDL cholesterol, which increases risk of heart disease

Saturated

______ fat is much worse than _____ fat

Saturated, unsaturated

______ are the starting materials for bile acids, sex hormones, adrenal hormones, and Vitamin D.

Sterols

_____ fatty acids are a consequence of hydrogenation and act like saturated fats in the body.

Trans

_____-fatty acids have the same negative effects as saturated fatty acids

Trans

____ ___ in the diet increase LDL cholesterol and decrease HDL cholesterol

Trans fat

_____ is a type of lipoprotein made in the liver

VLDL

______ tissue readily stores fat

adipose

Cholesterol builds ____ acids.

bile

Cholesterol raises _____ pressure and _____ blood flow.

blood, restricts

Glycerols and short and medium chain fatty acids diffuse and are absorbed directly into the _____

bloodstream

Short and medium fatty acids are easier to ____ ___

break down

Because fake fats can't be broken down, no ____ are absorbed for it

calories

Triglycerides use ______ and ______ efficiently.

carbohydrates and proteins

Fatty acids vary in ______ chain lengths, degree of _____, and number of ____ bonds

carbon, unsaturation, double

Fatty acids chains are made up of a ______ acid end and a _____ end

carboxylic, methyl

Fat needs _____ to break down efficiently

carbs

The liver can convert excess _____ and _____ into fat.

carbs, lipids

Ingredients for fat replacers are derived from ___, ___, or ___

carbs, proteins, fats

The ___ _____ is the location where the most fat in the body can be found

cell membrane

Phospholipids make up ___ ____.

cell membranes

Sterols are structural components of ____ _____

cell membranes

LDL are composed primarily of _______

cholesterol

The more plaque you have surrounding an artery, the more likely ______ will stick

cholesterol

Chylomicrons transports ____ ______ to tissue.

dietary fat

Atherosclerosis causes blood clots. The blood clots then cause the ______ of pieces of plaque, as well as ____ attacks and ____ strokes

dislodgment, heart, brain

The _____ bond is considered the point of _____

double, unsaturation

Because the body makes a lot of cholesterol as it is, ____ and increased intake of ____ can inhibit/slow down the production of cholesterol

drugs, fiber

Phospholipids serve as _____, (aka breaking up fats into molecules)

emulsifiers

_____ coats arteries and prevents them from contracting

glucose

Phospholipids contain _____, _ _____ acids, and a ______ group with a molecule of choline.

glycerol, 2 fatty, phosphate

Most lipids are triglycerides with ____ backbones, and three ___ ____ attached.

glycerol, fatty acids

Plaque development in the vessel walls lead injury of the artery followed by cell migration and cholesterol deposition eventually forming a _____ _____

hard plaque

Atherosclerosis is essentially the ____ of plaque within the arteries

hardening

Dietary fat has an association risks for some types of cancer but it is not as strong as the link to _____ ____

heart disease

_______-_______ lipase inside the adipose cell hydrolyze triglycerides when needed for energy

hormone sensitive

Energy of fats lies with the ____ bonds

hydrogen

Humans do not make unsaturated fats because the lack of ______ bonds

hydrogen

_____ protects against oxidation, which prolongs shelf life and alters texture

hydrogenation

Fats are ______ (water fearing) molecules, where as digestive enzymes are ______ (water loving) molecules

hydrophobic, hydrophillic

Triglycerides provide _____.

insulation

Chylomicrons are made by the ______

intestine

Inefficient breakdown of fat forms _____ bodies

ketone

_____ ____ can be made from fat fragments

ketone bodies

_______ lipase hydrolyzes triglycerides as they pass and directs the parts into the cells to be used for energy or storage

lipoprotein

HDL and LDL are made by the ______

liver

HDL transport cholesterol from the cells (rest of the body) to the

liver

Part of the body where cholesterol can be found

liver

Statin _____ cholesterol by eliminating the enzyme ___-___ _____, blocking cholesterol production.

lowers, HMG-CoA reductase

_______ ______ helps cut fatty acids off triglycerides

pancreatic lipase

Lechitin is a type of ________ made by the liver. However, not all of it makes it to the liver.

phospholipid

Sterols are found in _____ & ____ foods and are synthesized in the _____.

plant, animal, liver

Linolenic acid and linoleic acid are _______ fats

polyunsaturated

______ fat spoils most readily (oxidize easy).

polyunsaturated

_________ fats are better than monounsaturated

polyunsaturated

The omega number refers to the ____ of the first double bond in a fatty acid

position

Omega-3 fatty acids appear to have a ____ effect on the body, including reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke

protective

HDL are composed primarily of _____

protein

______ fatty acids carry the maximum possible number of ____ atoms.

saturated, hydrogen

Triglycerides provide _____ _____ between organs.

shock protection

______ fatty acid chains are softer at room temperature than _____ chains.

short, long

_____ fibers are effective in trapping some bile and excreting it from the body through the large intestine

soluble

Saturated fatty acids are solid at room temperature because the bonds _____ _____

stick together

Fat replacers trick _____ ____ and make you think you really are consuming fat

taste buds

LDL also transport lipids to the _____

tissues

VLDL transport lipids to the _____ and get smaller and more dense as ______ portions are removed.

tissues, triglycerides

The primary function of phospholipids is to enable the _____ __ ______ across the cell membrane

transport of lipids

The goal of fat digestion is to dismantle _______

triglycerides

VLDL is composed primarily of _____.

triglycerides

The class of nutrients known as lipids includes

triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols

Factors that increase HDL include ___ ____; moderate _____ consumption; physical _______, which is the best way to increase HDL levels

weight control, alcohol, activity

Factors that lower LDL include ____ ____, replace ____ fat with ______ and ____ fat in the diet; include ____ fibers in your diet;

weight control, saturated, polyunsaturated, and monounsaturated, soluble