SPED 3303 Midterm

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in your text as a method of data gathering for an FBA?

target behavior analysis

The independent variable in a single-case research study refers to

the intervention or treatment

Baseline phase in a single case design refers to

the phase before intervention

Which of the following accurately represents the qualifies of an effective learning environment?

Appropriate behaviors exhibited by students are frequently acknowledged.

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

Ms. Dotson tells Edward she is very pleased with how he listened to instructions and did such good work. Afterwards, Edward always carefully listens to Ms. Dotson's instructions while in class.

Devising a research question, operationally defining a target behavior, applying an intervention and collecting relevant data are all examples of how _______________ is used in research

NOT Applied behavior analysis

A statement of directionality refer to:

NOT Both b & c

Applied behavior analysis expanded the work of behavior modification in that

NOT It focused on the development of socially valid behaviors

Public scrutiny and increased federal mandates have fostered the need for greater _____________ by public educators in terms of students learning.

NOT awareness

During the acquisition stage of learning, reinforcement should occur on a(n)

continuous basis

A teacher reinforces a student for answering a question each time he does so either completely or partially. This is an example of

continuous reinforcement

A critical element of school-wide positive behavior supports that must be in place in the even of behaviors posing a threat to the student and or the others is the presence of:

crisis intervention plan

Erik Erikson was a

Psychodynamic Theorist

A discriminative stimulus (SD) is defined as:

an antecedent stimulus that is associated with the availability of reinforcement

The four basic functions associated with behavior include the desire for:

attention

Louis is praised each time he approximates appropriate alternative behavior and ignored when he is engaging in the target behavior. This type of intervention is called:

differential reinforcement

A teacher is assessing the function of a student's behavior by giving him a non-preferred task to complete and allowing him a break each time he displays the target behavior. If the teacher sees an increase in the target behavior under these conditions, then the function of the behavior is likely to be:

escape

This technique involves the student being removed from the area where the behavior of concern occurred and being placed in another less reinforcing location. This is referred to as:

exclusionary time out

This occurs when a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced.

extinction

When a previously reinforced behavior is not longer reinforced and the target behavior escalates to higher rates of behavior, this is referred to as:

extinction burst

Intermittent reinforcement strives to promote

fluency and maintenance of the behavior

Audrey has recently learned how to use the "dollar more" approach to purchase groceries. Although she has reached criterion on this skill in the classroom, her teacher wants to be sure she can use this skill in the community when buying groceries. She will take Audrey into the community to shop to assess her ability to

generalize

____________ are generally broad, encompassing statements that identify the skill area or behavior that one wishes to increase, decrease, or maintain.

goals

The focus of system-wide PBS model should be on:

large scale prevention of challenging behavior

The term "evidence-based practice" originated in the field of

medicine

The four basic functions associated with behavior include the desire for:

none of the above

B.F. Skinner is best known for his work in the area of

operant conditioning

The biomedical model examines the presence of atypical development as stemming from

organic causes

Which of the following is one of the guideline for the effective use of reinforcment?

reinforcement must be contingent upon performance of the desired behavior

Paul, a non-verbal student, would often repeatedly (and loudly) clap his hands on his desk when his work became difficult. Paul's teacher taught him to hold up a card (with the words, "Help me please") written on it when the work became too difficult. What method of teaching an appropriate behavior was used?

? NOT F/P

Task design and Task delivery can influence:

A and C are correct Learner performance The presence or absence of problem behavior

Environmental engineering is an example of:

An antecedent management strategy

The term used to describe events occurring immediately prior to a target behavior is known as:

Antecedent

Lisa's teacher has embedded the basic steps of performing a new skill into her program, and Lisa is now beginning to develop the skill. Lisa is in what stage of learning?

Acquisition

The trend in data points in a single case design can either be

All of the above Ascending Descending Stable

Social validity is a construct used in research and treatment that aims to

All of the above Ensure that research and intervention are directed towards matters that are socially significant for the individual learners involved Promotes attention to meaningful behaviors for the learner Seeks input from the learner, family members, and care-givers on the design of interventions

The disadvantages of using extinction are:

All of the above Increased rates of behavior Development of novel behaviors Aggression resulting from frustration

The determination of a functional relationship in a single-case research design is when we can reliably determine a

All of the above Relationship between intervention and a change in the target behavior Relationship between the independent and dependent variables A cause/effect relationship between treatment and behavior change

Methods for teaching replacement behaviors include:

All of the above Self-management Functional communication training Differential reinforcement

Replacement behaviors should be selected on whether or not they:

All of the above Serve the same function as the target behavior Are efficient Are socially acceptable

Corporal punishment among other things does not:

All of the above Teach positive replacement behaviors Address challenging behavior in a positive proactive manner Help children

One of the most important elements to ensure the quality of positive behavior supports within schools is that:

All of the above Teachers are uniformly trained in PBS Schools enlist schoolwide models of PBS Teacher and staff buy-in are promoted

Scatter-plot analysis is a simple and portable method that provides information concerning the __________ in which a target behavior occurs.

All of the above frequency Time Setting

Setting events can be best described as:

All of the above are correct Events that are distant to the behavior Events that set the stage for the target behavior When paired with specific antecedents serve to trigger behavior

Positive behavior supports views challenging behavior as

All of the above:

Individualized activity schedules are considered to be:

All of the above: Effective instructional tools Excellent for promoting task engagement Effective for managing instructional antecedents

Your text discusses some common methods for assessing antecedents to challenging behavior. Which of the following represents these methods?

All of the above: Structural analysis ABC Recording Scatter-plot analysis

Scatter-plot analysis is an effective method for determining which factors associated with the frequent occurence of target behaviors?

All of the above: Time of day Activity Presence or absence of certain people

The developmental model is limited in its ability to explain

All of the above: atypical development the role of the environment individual differences

Ideally, positive replacement behaviors should:

Both A and B Be efficient in meeting the needs of the student Serve the same function as the target behavior

Least intrusive behavior reduction procedures attempt to:

Both A and B Offer interventions aimed at redirecting the behavior Teach replacement behaviors

Performance problems in learners can be created by:

Both A and B are correct. Unclear expectations Lack of reinforcing cointingencies

Included in the conditions presented during a functional analysis of behavior is/are:

Both A and B are correct: attention play

Performance problems experienced by learners are linked to:

Both B and C A lack of reinforcement Motivation

Skill deficits and performance problems are:

Both B and C are correct Are distinctly different problems Often occur simultaneously

A student who engages in slapping other students is provided with meaningful activities that promote his task engagement. When he is engaged in the appropriate task and not slapping other students, the teacher praises him. This is an example of:

DRI

An individual goes without food for an extended period of time. When he finally has access to food again and eats it, he experiences a heightened sense of fulfilment. Which of the following principles is best illustrated by this scenario?

Establishing operations

Anecdotal recording is an effective method for identifying all of the following, except:

How frequently the learner engages in a behavior

According to your text, what should be the first step in the process of shaping?

Identify the target behavior

DRA is a consequence-based approach aimed at:

Increasing desired behavior through the reinforcement of alternative behavior

Tertiary prevention with the PBIS model is targeted for:

Individual application

Freddie is working on loading the was machine at home with his mother. He successfully puts in the clothes and detergent and closes the lid, but after being told how to turn the dial, his mother has to show him how to do it and reset it for him to try. He still has difficulty and cannot do it correctly, thus prompting his mother to put her hand over his and assist him to reset it correctly. Freddie's mother is using which of the following strategies to help him do the laundry correctly?

Least-to-most prompting

When designing individualized activity schedules for children with autism care must be given to matching these with the students:

Literacy level

Total task presentation is the

None of the above Least widely used method for teaching new skills Most widely used method for teaching new skills Is second to backward chaining for teaching new skills

Self-instruction is one example of a ______________ method.

Self-management

A student who removes the correct number of tokens from the token jar after completing a task is using:

Self-reinforcement

Albert Bandura is best known for

Social Learning

Which of the following is a class of reinforcement as described in your text:

Tangibles

Use of appropriate cues when teaching a task is an example of:

Task delivery

Making tasks relevant to the learner is an example of:

Task design

Functional communication training (FCT) is a method that promotes:

Teaching functionally equivalent communication behavior

Backward chaining has been successfully used as a method for teaching a variety of skills and begins by teaching which part of the task first?

The last step

Which of the following best explains the goal of an FBA?

To better understand the function, setting events and A-B-C of challenging behavior

Which of the following is an environmental condition that is likely to lead to problematic behavior in some children with disabilities?

Too many students in a confined area

Vygotsky believed that children's learning and behavioral development was largely influenced by engaging and participating in activities with other children, he termed his theory

Zone of proximal development

Challenging behavior is almost always an attempt by the individual to:

communicate a basic need

Horner and Colleagues in their 1990 paper advanced the cause of

positive behavior supports

Positive behavior supports qualifies as a _____________ for reducing challenging behaviors

proactive approach

Function of behavior is synonymous with:

purpose of the behavior

Behavior reduction that is attained through the removal or withdrawal of a quantity of reinforcement contingent on a response is referred to as:

response cost

Primary Prevention within the PBS model focuses on:

schoolwide

Philip's teacher gives him a sticker to place on his chart each time he brings in a completed homework assignment. When Philip fills in all the spaces on his chart with stickers, he can trade the chart in for one of the prizes on a list. Which of the following terms best describes this type of system?

token economy

The psychodynamic model believes that

unconscious processes are the determinants of abnormal behavior

Performing a behavior yourself is one of three ways to:

validate a task analysis