Speech Final Exam **** MY LIFE

• What are the guidelines for choosing respectful and unbiased language?

Avoid stereotypes, use gender-neutral references, make appropriate references to ethnic groups, and steer clear of unnecessary references to; ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexuality.

• What are the five parts of a good introduction?

Gains your audience's attention, signals your thesis, shows your thesis, shows the relevance of the topic for your audience, establishes your credibility, and previews your main points.

• How can you lose your credibility (and how can you avoid doing so?

Getting your facts wrong, pronouncing words incorrectly, failing to acknowledge potential conflicts of interest, and stretching to find a connection with the audience.

• What are the strategies for effective participation in a small group?

Prepare for group meetings, treat other members courteously, listen interactively, participate don't dominate, participate authentically, and fulfill your commitments.

What are the three types of member roles in groups?

maintenance-oriented, self-oriented.

• What is the reflective thinking process and what are the steps for using the reflective thinking process?

? 1). Define the problem 2). Analyze the problem 3). Establish criteria for solving the problem 4). Generate possible solutions 5). Select the best solution

• What organizational patterns could be used to organize a fact claim?

? Causal, comparison, and categorical.

• What organizational patterns could be used to organize a value claim?

? Criteria-application and categorical.

• What are the strategies for effective group leadership

? Establish and understand roles. Communication and being productive.

• How can a persuasive speaker ensure that they are using ethical strategies?

? Help your audience make an informed decision, research your facts, note any biases, and attribute your research properly.

• What are the six most common types of special-occasion speeches?

? Introduction, presentation, acceptance, memorialize/eulogy, celebrate, after-dinner.

• What are the specific strategies for each type of special-occasion speech?

? Introduction- be patient, use attention-getters, modulate your volume, and be focused and brief. Presentation- adopt the persona of a presenter, explain the significance and background of the award, connect the recipient's background to the award's criteria, and use appropriate presentation aids. Acceptance- use appropriate volume and articulation, show genuine humility, and remember that less is more. Memorialize/eulogy- focus on celebrating that person's life, use humor judiciously, and don't be afraid to show your emotions. Celebrate- aim for brevity and use humor appropriately. After-dinner- focus on humorous anecdotes and narrative delivery, not jokes, practice your storytelling and narrative delivery, link your speech to the occasion's theme, and adapt your delivery to your audience and the occasion. • Where should the focus be in a special-occasion speech (hint - not on you!)?

• How do you select a leader?

? Leads meetings, addresses procedural needs, models good behavior, facilitates discussion, keeps members on task, helps avoid group think, facilitates decisions, and helps organize the presentation.

• What are the five suggestions for expressing your ideas effectively?

? Repetition, hypothetical examples, personal anecdotes, vivid language, and figurative language.

How can you adequately acknowledge your listeners' reservations?

? Use a two-sided argument.

• What are the five general guidelines for special-occasion speaking?

Appealing to your audience's emotions, matching your delivery to the mood of the occasion, adapting to your audience's expectations, evoking shared views, respecting time constraints.

• How can you connect your message to your listeners' values?

Appeals to them and tailor them to fit the needs.

• What are the elements of credibility?

Competence, trustworthiness, and goodwill.

• What are the guidelines for preparing audiovisual aids?

Consider the forum (location), consider your audience, demographics, prior exposure, make sure your aids support your points, keep your aids simple and clear, and rehearse your presentation aids.

• What are the differences between denotative and connotative meaning?

Denotative- exact, literal dictionary definition. Connotative- an association that comes to mind when people hear or read the word.

o Can you give an example to demonstrate the difference?

Denotative- trounced instead of run, because run could be taken into a different context. Connotative- exploded; helps leave an impression when talking about something major.

• How can your listeners' disposition(s) affect your approach to persuading them?

Depending on how they feel about your topic.

• What are the three types of leaders?

Designated leader- external authority selects this person. Implied leader- someone with preexisting authority or skills particularly well suited to the task at hand though not formally assigned the rule. Emergent leader- one who comes to be recognized as a leader by the group members over time.

• What are the components of nonverbal delivery skills?

Eye contact, gestures, physical movement, proxemics, and personal appearance.

• What are the differences between fact, value, and policy claims?

Fact- seeking to prove that something is true or false. Value- attaches a judgment to your subject and then try to get the audience to agree with your evaluation. Policy- call for action.

• How can you effectively evoke emotion through your speaking?

Fear appeal, helplessness feeling (no power or remedy), effective word choice, relate to values, aspirations, and needs of audience.

How do speakers accomplish each of these parts?

Gain your audience's attention- attention getter, tell a story or anecdote, offer a striking or provocative statement, build suspense, let listeners know you're one of them, use humor, ask a rhetorical question, provide a quotation. Thesis- clearly convey your topic and purpose in delivering the presentation, future preparing your audience members to listen (it should also be specific and include a signpost that makes it clear that your attention-getter is finished and you are now revealing your topic. What's in it for your audience- motivate active listening, clarify why your message is relevant to and important for your listeners (write a short paragraph). Establish credibility- show that you have relevant experience and education that you've thoroughly researched the subject area of your speech. Preview main points- include signposts to help your audience grasp the structure of your speech and avoid the use of and or other connecting words while previewing a single main point.

• What are group dynamics and how do they impact small groups?

Group dynamics- the ways in which members relate to one another and view their functions.

• Name, explain and show how you can avoid each of the logical fallacies.

Hasty Generalization- occurs when a speaker bases a conclusion on limited or unrepresentative examples. Post hoc fallacy- lie in the assumption that just because one event followed another, the first event caused the second. Bandwagon fallacy- assuming that a statement is true or false simply because a large number of people say it is. Personal attack fallacy- persuading an audience to dislike someone by targeting his or her character rather than the relevant issue. Straw person fallacy- if you replace your opponent's real claim with a weaker claim you can most easily rebut. Slippery slope fallacy- if you argue against a policy because you that it will lead to some second policy that is undesirable. False dilemma fallacy- if you claim that there are only two possible choices to address a problem, that one of the choices is wrong or infeasible, and therefore your listeners must embrace the other choice. Appeal to tradition fallacy- if you argue that an idea or policy is good simply because people have accepted or followed it for a long time. Loaded language fallacy- committed when emotionally charged words convey meaning that cannot be supported by the facts presented by the speaker.

• Why is pathos important to public speaking (especially persuasion)?

Help you put a human face on the problem you're addressing.

• What are the types of audiences a speaker may encounter and how does a speaker modify their topic for each type?

Hostile, sympathetic, or neutral.

• What are the different kinds of reasoning that the chapter highlights?

Inductive reasoning- generalizing from facts, instances, or examples, and then making a claim based on that generalization. Example reasoning- presenting specific instances to support a general claim in the hope that they will be sufficient to convince listeners that the claim is reasonable or true. Comparison reasoning- arguing that two instances are similar enough that is true for one is likely to be true for the other. Sign reasoning- arguing that a fact is true because indirect indicators are consistent with that fact. Casual reasoning- arguing that one event has caused the other. o Be able to explain each of them and give an example of its use.

• What is the purpose of a good conclusion?

It helps sum up the message you developed in the body of your speech and leave a memorable impression in your audience members' minds.

• What are the four guidelines for using audiovisual aids during your speech?

Make sure everyone can see and hear your visual aids, maintain eye contact, control audience interaction with your aids, and remember the purpose of your aids.

• What organizational patterns could be used to organize a policy claim?

Monroe's motivated sequence and problem cause solution.

• What are the differences between oral and written language?

Oral language is more adaptive, less formal, and incorporates repetition.

• What are the benefits and drawbacks of the three modes of delivery?

Reading from a manuscript- the listeners will hear exactly what you want them to hear, good when you need to choose words carefully. The disadvantage is the script itself becomes a prop, it can limit eye contact with your audience, speak in monotone. Memorizing from a manuscript- there's no barrier between you and your audience, you can maintain eye contact, allows you to be more natural, you can control your word choice. Disadvantages are that they come across as slick and pre-packaged, may seem stale (said the same way too many times), challenging to memorize. Speaking from an outline- you can glance at your outline if you forget, no barrier between you and your audience, good eye contact, tone becomes more conversational, choose your words flexibly (to adapt to your audience).

• How can you build your credibility?

Share your qualifications to speak on the topic, present strong evidence from reputable sources, highlight common ground with the audience, choose your words carefully, show respect for conflicting opinions, and practice your speech until your delivery is fluent.

• Why is it important to demonstrate how your audience benefits in a persuasive appeal?

Show them that the costs of these actions are low, they most likely are to support your proposal when you show how they will benefit from doing so.

• How can you relate your message to your listeners' needs?

Show them what they are getting out of it. Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

• What are the reasons for using each type of visual aid?

Speaker- demonstrating or acting out an aspect of your speech topic. Assistant- so you don't have to work about yourself being the prop as a complication. Objects- you can show. Visual images- save time and improve clarity to present a simple visual representation rather than trying to describe it. Maps-visual representation of geography and can contains much or as little information as you wish. Photos-helps provide an exact depiction. Diagrams- if you're trying to explain how something works, or describe its parts. Graphs- shows measurements or quantities. Line graphs- shows relationship between two elements. Bar graphs- compare several pieces of information. Pie charts- shows how percentages and proportions relate to one another. Text-based- organize and understand information better. Audio and video- helps demonstrate something that cannot easily be described in words or presented in a still image.

• What are the different venues for delivering group presentations?

Symposium- several or all group members speak to the audience in turn. Panel discussion- members engage in disclosure with one another, observed by the audience; or a presentation by one member representing the group. o What are some considerations that one must be kept in mind for each type of venue?

• What are the ethical issues in persuasive speaking?

The lack of substantiating the harmful consequences you predict with correct and credible evidence. Not selecting language properly.

• What are the types of audiovisual aids?

The speaker, assistants, objects, visual images, maps, photographs, diagrams, graphs (line, bar), pie charts, text based, audio and video.

• Why should speakers use audiovisual aids?

They can make your speech more interesting, simplify a complex topic, and help your audience remember your speech.

• What are the parts included in a good conclusion (in order)?

Transition to your conclusion, summarize your main points, finish with a memorable clincher, tie your clincher to the introduction, end with a striking sentence or phrase, highlight your thesis, conclude with an emotional message,

• What are the four ways you can make your message clear?

Understandable language, concrete words, proper use of words, and concise language.

How can you effectively and properly use evidence in your speeches?

Use logos effectively, supply proof, research from credible sources, identify your sources and their qualifications, give listeners new evidence, provide precise evidence, look for compelling evidence, and characterize your evidence accurately.

• What are the aspects of audience analysis that merit special consideration when choosing audiovisual aids?

Using presentation software (powerpoint), use it to unify a mixed-media presentation, content is king (watch the animations such as whistles and such), don't let the software steal the show, using other technology (DVD, VHS, MP3).

• What are the components of vocal delivery skills?

Volume, tone, delivery, projection, articulation, pronunciation, and pausing.

• Why is it important to choose respectful and unbiased language?

You deliver far more effective presentations. You will erode your credibility and distract your audience if you do

• Why is language and word choice important?

Your word choice defines you as a speaker. Use appropriate and considerate language. Explain technical terms and use helpful presentation aids.

• Define the word:

speaking that praises or blames.

• How can a speaker influence the commitment of an audience?

weaken the audience commitment, convince them to take immediate action.