Speech Final

Post hoc ergo propter hoc

"After this; therefore, because of this"

Argument ad hominem

-(Latin for "to the man" or "to the person"), short for argumentum ad hominem, is an argumentative strategy whereby an argument is rebutted by attacking the character, motive, or other attributes of the person making the argument, or persons associated with the argument, rather than attacking the substance of the argument itself. -Ask your audience to reject an idea because of a flaw in a person associated with an idea

Proposition of value

-(Think Morals when you see value) -Provides an answer to questions like these: What is bad? What is right?

Syllogisms

-An instance of a form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn -Patterns to structure arguments 1.Major premise 2.Minor premise 3.Conclusion

Rhetorical Question

-Question requiring no overt answer or response -Used in speeches

Proposition

-The relationship you wish to establish between accepted facts and your desired conclusions -a statement or assertion that expresses a judgment or opinion.

Logical Fallacy

A flawed reason. It is unethical to offer audience members reasoning marred by fallacies-(a mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound argument)

Spotlighting

A sexist language practice was also used to reinforce the notion that men and no women, set the standard, using words like spokesperson rather than women doctor.

Dialect

A speech pattern characteristic of a group of people from a particular are or of a specific ethnicity

Onomatopoeia

A word or words imitating natural sounds also enhances vividness

Pathos

Ability to develop empathy and passion in others

Antithesis

Adding vividness to a speech achieves its objective by presenting opposites within the same or adjoining sentences.

Speaking from memory

Also known as ORATORY, requires considerable skill and speaking expertise

Soundbite speaking

Also referred to as twitter speak, required in some classes -"What was your reason for creating this product?" you might start your answer, "The reason I created this product was because..."

Immediacy

Amount of space between presenter and receivers, or suggest that instead that a great distance exists between them

Proposition of policy

Asks the audience to support a change in policy and/or to take action to remedy an existing situation or solve a perceived problem.

Slippery Slope

Asserting that one action will set in motion a chain of events

Abstractions

Avoid using words general words like "thing" or "it"

Kinesics

Body language and space and distance to promote the understanding and acceptance of your message

Metaphor

Builds a direct identification by omitting the words like or as. In a metaphor, two things not usually considered alike are compared directly, and their relationship is implied

Common Ground

By reafirming the concerns and interests a speaker and audience share in common

Human Visual Aid

Can be effective if speakers role is well planned and is not allowed to distract audience members, only use at appropriate times

Object Speech

Can cover anything tangible a machine, a building, structure, place, a phenomenon

Refutation Format (Speech)

Debating vs an opponent

Persuasion

Deliberate attempt to change or reinforce attitudes, beliefs, values, and behaviors

Manuscript Reading

Deliver speech word for word, but you need not commit the text to memory

Extemporaneous Speaking

Delivers a speech using only speakers notes as a reminder because the speaker selects the exact words virtually at the moment of their delivery, seems more natural and spontaneous

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Depicted as a pyramid, with our most basic needs at the pyramids base and our most sophisticated needs at the top

Ageist Language

Discriminates on the basis of age U.S. culture tends to disparage the elderly and exalt the youthful. Negative stereotypes such as, "She's an old hag". Fear of growing older

Concrete

Enhance your message with sufficient specificty and detail for audience members to form clear mental pictures, grounding your ideas in specific references rather than vague abstractions.

Racist Language

Expresses prejudice views about a person or persons from another group, based on person ideas of that race. It dehumanizes the members of the group being attacked. Hurtful use of words intended to oppress somone of a different color

Bar Graph

For comparing or contrasting two or more items or a group

Closure

Giving a speech balance is to refer in the conclusion the ideas explored in the introduction

Pictograph

Graphic representation of the subject, simplified version of an infographic

Repetition

Help audience members process new content by reusing the same words

Drawings and maps

Help illistrate key differences, movements, or geograhic information

Graphs

Help speakers communicate statistical information, illustrate trends, and demonstrate patterns

Infographics

Helps speakers relay information in more interesting ways (visualize data)

Figurative Language

Helps your audience picture your meaning, while the sound and rhythm of certain words help them sense your intensity

Pitch

Highness or Lowness of your voice on a tonal scale, it is your voices upward or downward inflection

Initial Credibility

How receivers perceive the speaker before they speak

Terminal Credibility

How the audience perceives you post speech

Understatement

Hyperbole's opposite, drawing attention to an idea by minimizing its importance

Pie Graph

Illustrate percentages of a whole or distribution patterns

False Division

Infers that something is true of the whole, it is also true of one or more of its parts

Simile

Is an indirect comparison of dissimilar things, usually with the words like or as

Red Herring

Lead your audience to consider an irrelevant issue instead of focusing on the main point.

Euphemisms

Make it easier for speakers to handle unpleasant subjects, but often they also make it harder for audiences to develop a clear and accurate perception of what the speaker is saying (ex. Passed away instead of died)

Events and People Speech

Make solid informative speech topics

Political Corrections

Means using words that convey respect for and sensitivity to the needs and interests of different groups.

Triangle of Meaning

Model of the tenuous reationships among words, thoughts, and things.

Emblems

Nonverbal symbols that have a direct verbal translation and widely understood by the members of a culture, may defer by different cultures

Deductive Reasoning

Offer general evidence that leads to a specific conclusion

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Organizational framework that speakers on propositions policy find effective in motivating

Inductive Reasoning

Progress from a series of specific observations to a more general conclusion

Causal Reasoning

Reasoning that unites two or more events to prove that one or more of them caused the other

Alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sounds in nearby words

Restatement

Rephrasing an idea in different words to more fully explain it.

Impromptu Speaking

Requires that you be able to think on your feet. Talking on personal knowledge and personal experience

Line Graph

Show trends over time

Illustrator

Signalling when you're about to hit a main point (such as using fingers)

Informative Speech

Speeches about: -Objects and ideas -Events and people -Processes and procedures

Propositions of fact

Statements asserting that something does or does not exist or is not true

Proposition of Fact

Statements asserting that something does or does not exist or is or is not true

Paralinguistic

Study of messages sent using vocal cues

Toulmin Reasonable Argument Model

Suggests that if you state your claim clearly and qualify it so as not to overgeneralize an issue, support it with reasons, and connect it to the evidence you offer via the warrant, you improve your chances to persuade the audience

Sexist Language

Suggests that two sexes are unequal and that one gender has more status and value and is more capable than the other

Illustrations

Support facts a speaker wants audience members to accept

Ethos

The ability to convince the audience of your competence, good character, and charisma

Logos

The ability to use logical proof to demonstrate the reasonableness of arguments

Volume

The loudness or softness of the voice, its intensity. Aim to speak with enough force that everyone in attendance is able to hear you comfortably, but don't overwhelm them

Glittering generality

The speaker associates an idea with things that the audience values highly

Rate

The speed of which you speak. Most of us speak between 125 and 175 words per minute

Hyperbole

The use of extreme exaggeration for effect.

Proxemics

The use of space and distance in communication can also benefit speakers

Articulation

The way your pronounce individual sounds, Ideally, you speak the sounds of speech sharply and distinctly

Denotative Meaning

The words dictionary definition, precise and objective

Process or Procedure Speech

Third Category of Informative Speeches -Answer a question like, How do you do that?

Charts

To help compress or summarize large amounts of information, by enabling speakers to organize their own thoughts and follow your speeches progress

Jargon and technospeak

Using words that do not make sense to the audience (Specialized Language)

Connotative Meaning

Variable and subjective includes all the feelings and personal associations that a word simulates.

Hasty generalization

When you jump to a conclusion based on little evidence

Pronunciation

Whether the words themselves are said correctly

Reasons approach

Which each reason in support of the position is presented as the main point

False Dichotomy

You require your audience to choose between two options

Reasoning from analogy

compare like things and conclude that because they are comparable in a number of ways, they also are comparable in another, new respect.

Presentation aids

graphics, a photo or a film segment, or maybe dramatic music, it can supllement your words.

Derived Credibility

how the audience perceives you during the speech

Bandwagon appeal

tells the audience that because "everyone is doing it" they should as well

Idea or Concept Speech

typically define and explain it