Spielvogel

European Community

An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993.

Multinational corporation

An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management

Bay of Pigs

An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.

Albert Camus

Another lead writer of the Existentialist movement who wrote "The Stranger" and "The myth of Sisyphus."

John Locke

Argued that people can be molded/improved by their environment (blank slate)

95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on October 31, 1517. Luther's grievances nailed to the church door of Wittenberg, Germany

'Putting out' / 'Domestic system'

subcontracting work - capitalist entrepreneur bought materials and gave them to rural workers to make products

Antoine Lavoisier

system of naming chemical elements; founder of modern chemistry

Klemens von Metternich

the Austrian foreign prime minister who lead the Congress of Vienna

october (november) revolution

the Bolsheviks took control of Petrograd on the night of Nov. 6th and the provisional government collapsed

John Knox

the Calvinist reformer of Scotland

Ignatius Loyola

the Catholic founder of the Society of Jesus

Unification of Italy

the French and Prussians aided in a war against the Austrians to make this event happen, also lead by Count Camillo di Cavour

Nicholas I

the Russian tsar after his brother Alexander I, who became a strict reactionary, strengthening the bureaucracy and the secret police

Social Darwinism

the application of Darwin's principle of organic evolution to the social order, led to the belief that progress comes from the struggle for survival as the fittest advance an the weak decline

volkish thought

the belief that German culture is superior and that the German people have a universal mission to save Western civilization from "inferior races"

Predestination

the belief that God has predetermined those who will be saved or damned

Christian Humanism

the combination of humanist and religious ideas

Which of the following was a major development in British politics before 1914

the continual growth of political democracy

bourgeoisie

middle class in France

Silesia

mostly in Poland, good resources and always fought over

functionalism

movement in modern architecture; based on the idea that buildings should be used and fulfill the purpose for which they were intended

Polygenesis

multiple human origins

Initially, trade unions in the first half of the nineteenth century functioned primarily as

mutual aid societies

Government issuance of bonds and creation of _______.

national debt

Modernism

new artistic and literary styles that emerges in the decades before 1914 as artists rebelled against traditional efforts to portray reality as accurately as possible and writers explored new forms

An issue that brought socialists together in the nineteenth century was

the desire to improve working and living conditions for most workers

Ethnic cleansing

the elimination of an unwanted ethnic group or groups from a society, as by genocide or forced emigration.

Helsinki Agreements

the final act of the Conference on Security and Co-Operation in Europe. 35 states (US, Canada, and all European states except Albania and Andorra) signed the declaration in an attempt to improve Western relations with the communist bloc.

Greek Revolution

the freedom of Greece from Ottoman control due to support of the great powers France, Britain, and Russia

Socialism

the idea of introducing equality into social conditions and that human cooperation was superior to the competition that characterized early industrial capitalism

Zionism

the international movement that called for the establishment of a Jewish state or a refuge for Jews in Palistine

The Romanovs

the longest ruling dynasty of Europe (Russia)

Congress of Vienna

the meeting of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia to restore the old order after Napoleon's defeat and to arrange a final peace settlement

Serfdom

the most burdensome problem in tsarist Russia, a system of the subjugation of millions of peasants to the land and their landlords

Erasmus

the most influential Christian humanist who was a Dutch-born scholar who wrote the "Handbook of the Christian Knight"

. By 1871, the focus of Europeans' lives had become

the national state

'Reason of State'

the principle that a nation should act on the basis of its long-term interests and not merely to further the dynastic interests of its ruling family

Economic imperialism

the process in which banks and corporations from developed nations invest in underdeveloped regions and establish a major presence there in the hope of making high profits; not necessarily the same as colonial expansion in that businesses invest where they can make a profit, which may not be in their own nation's colonies

The upper classes in the late nineteenth century included all of the following except

the professional classes, including lawyers, doctors, an engineers

february (march) revolution

this established the Duma and Provisional Government in Russia after Petrograd women and workers protested

The development of markets after 1870 was best characterized by

urban consumers in Europe who desired a growing number of consumer products

midwifery

used to acquire skills through apprenticeship; males took over

The trade union movement prior to World War I

varied from country to country, but was generally allied with socialist parties

Rembrandt Van Rijn

very great dutch realist, but later pursued his own path which lost his him fame, painted religious scenes too, the one great protestant painter in the 17th cent

Physiocrats

viewed as the founders of modern discipline of economics, rejected mercantilism

Pascal

vision of God; Pensees; Christianity only religion that recognizes people's vulnerability and greatness; famous wager, worthwhile to assume God exists

Johannes Kepler

wanted to discover music of the spheres; three laws of planetary motion; ellipses, areas, a3 = P2

Girondins

wanted to keep the French king alive

propaganda

wartime governments made active use of this to arouse enthusiasm for the War

Louis XVI

weak absolutist French King; gives aristocracy more power, calls Estates-General

Louis XV

weak and lazy absolutist king of France, controlled by ministers and Madame Pompadour

By 1900, most European educational systems

were free and compulsory at least at the primary level

Daughters in European working-class families

were fully expected to work until marriage

Splits between the French working and middle classes

were further widened by the brutal suppression of the Paris Commune in 1871

The middle classes of nineteenth-century Europe

were very concerned with propriety and shared values of hard work and Christian morality

absenteeism

when an employee doesn't show up for work

Tennis Court Oath

when the Third Estate found themselves locked out of the meeting place for the Estates-General they moved to a nearby tennis court and swore they would continue to meet until the had produced a French constitution

Legislative Assembly

where sovereign power was invested

Development and centralization of the modern nation state closely linked with.....

winning wars and maintaining standing armies.

he Marxist revisionist Eduard Bernstein stressed the need for

working through democratic politics to create socialism

Allen Kaprow and "happenings"

works of art rooted in performance. This person created events that were not scripted but chance occurrences. Often included audience participation

One hundred years of solitude

written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez who won the noble prize for literature. Story of the fictional town of Macondo. Gypies introduce villiagers to stuff and they are dumbfounded by "magic"

Catherine de Medici

power broker, queen, and regent of France and mother of Louis XIII

state and science

princes and kings provided patronage for science for prestige and practical reasons

Johannes Gutenberg

printing press

A new development in the age of mass leisure was

professional sports

Descartes

proposed that each step should be sharp and well founded as math proof; deduction

Cereta

prototype feminist

French Revolution (1789)

provided a model of revolution for Europe and was the political movement that inaugurated the rest of the political world

Mary Wollenstonecraft

published and essay called "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" believed that women should learn the same thing as men, but that men's education should be put first

Anabaptists

radicals who believed in the complete separation of church and state and were persecuted

New idea that emerged which meant doing what is best for the long term future of state.

raison d'etat

. The Boulanger Crisis in France had the end result of

rallying French citizens to the cause of the Republic

Amsterdam

rapidly expanding (30,000 to 200,000 in 90 years), financial center/capital of Europe, had lots of ships and the fluyt ships (for large transports), chief port of Dutch East India Company, large production center,

Scientific Revolution on women

reaffirmed traditional ideas

Dutch Realism

realistic portrayal of everyday life, still life, landscapes

Treaty of Paris (1783)

recognized independence of American colonies

Civil Code (Code Napoleon)

recognized the principle of the equality of all citizens before the law

Jacobins

redical deputies who served primarily as discussion groups

Women's movement

refers to a series of campaigns for reforms on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's suffrage, sexual harassment, and sexual violence

Expressionism

refers to art that is a result of the artist's inner or personal vision and flows from feeling.

Directory

relied on the military to maintain it's power

Margaret Cavendish

scientific debates; Philosophy; believed that humans were not the masters of nature

Smith's 3 laws of economics

self interest, competition, supply and demand

Richard Arkwright's 'water frame'

spin yarn using horse or water, much faster, led to looms

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

stated that bishops and priests of the Catholic church would be elected by the people and paid by the state

The "Second Industrial Revolution" saw the advent of what new product

steel

European middle-class families during the late nineteenth century

stressed functional knowledge for their children to prepare them for their future roles

Persian Letters

written by Montesquieu; described a Persian in France writing to another back in the middle east and compared Louis XIV to the Persian ruler; criticized French government

Edmund Burke

wrote "Reflections on the Revolution in France" advocating for conservatism in reaction to the French Revolution

Boccacio

wrote Decameron (book about people's experiences during the plague) 1313-1375

Christopher Marlowe

wrote Doctor Faustus

J.R.R. Tolkien

wrote The Hobbit and The Lord of the Ring

printing press

• spread ideas like Protestant Reformation throughout Europe a machine used for printing

Jan van Eyck

•Master of oil painting •Most famous painting is Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife 1385-1441

Impressionism

1870s to 1920s Named for Claude Monet's painting "Impressionism of Sunrise," developed into sub-movements of Post-Impressionism, and Pointillism, which was made famous by Georges Seurat

The first internal combustion engine burning a mixture of gas and air was produced in

1878.

Nixon and Zedong "Strategic relationship"

2 leaders that put aside their differences in an effort to reduce tension in Asia. Cooperated against the threat of Soviet intervention in Asia.

Dresden

200,000 died in one night. bombed by Allies. purpose: destroy German morale.

Modern Art and Post-Modernism, Including Futurism, Surrealism, Dada, and Pop Art

20th century Artists are strongly influenced by Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, the World Wars, the coming of the Atomic Age, the rise of modern media, and the change in the concept of identity. Art less about sensual pleasure and more about making a statement

How many political units were in Germany during the Renaissance?

300

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII.

William Clinton

42nd president, democrat

Babylonian Captivity

50-year period in which the Israelites were exiled from Judah and held in Babylon when popes, subservient to the French king, took up residence in Avignon, and lasting over forty years

Peter the Great

6'9", wanted to westernize Russia, created a powerful navy (each peasant served 25 years, standing army of 210,000), centralized gov by creating a senate, divided Russia into controlled provinces, created a military ranking system based on merit, exported Iron, gave women more rights, wanted to create a window to the west

The 3 French Giants

Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot

Normandy

A region in northwestern France on the English channel. Long awaited Allied invasion.

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor and Charles I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united

classical authors

Homer, Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero

Petrarch

"Father of Humanism." studied classical Greek and Latin. introduced emotion in "Sonnets to Laura" an Italian poet famous for love lyrics (1304-1374)

Blitz

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939.

Blitzkrieg

"Lightning war." A war conducted with great speed and force, as in Germany's advance at the beginning of WW1.

Lebensraum

"Living space." Hitler's doctrine that a nation's power depends on the amount of land it occupies.

Louis XI

"The Prudent" or "The Spider King," who expanded France substantially of the Valois family and did a lot to centralize power during his reign from 1461-1485.

Bushido

"The way of the warrior"; Japanese word for the Samurai life ; Samurai moral code was based on loyalty, chivalry, martial arts, and honor until the death.

Virtu

"the quality of being a man"

Adam Smith

"wealth of nations" advocated the idea of laissez faire; or government not involving themselves in the economy. Labor = wealth

'Pocket Boroughs'

'Rotten Boroughs' cause of corrupt parliament elections for England

Dante

(1265-1321) Italian poet and Renaissance writer. His greatest work is The Divine Comedy. Inferno

Giotto

(1276-1337) Florentine Painter who led the way in the use of realism.

Massacio

(1401-1428) Holy Trinity

Juan Luis Vives

(1492-1540) - one of the first to urge that the mentally ill be treated humanely

Montesquieu

(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. Greatest figure of the Enlightenment,Ê "I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend your right to say it"Praised English life and their lack of religious intolerance."Crush the infamous thing" -infamous thing is superstition and religious intolerance

William Wordsworth

(1770-1850) Romantic poet, used one of the most important aspects of Romanticism: love of nature.

Osama Bin Laden

(1957-) Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.

Marie Antoinette

(r. 1775-1792) Austrian Habsburg princess married to Louis XVI who as queen of France was his controversial political adviser.. She was executed during the Reign of Terror.

Louis XVI

(r. 1775-1792) King of France whose monarchy was abolished by the creation of the French Republic. He was executed during the Reign of Terror.

Teheran Conference

- Stalin, Churchill, and FDR met to reconcile (we left Soviets out of Italian surrender).

Herbert Marcuse

-faculty member of the time, major champion against the war, against arms research, against commodification of education basically saw the move to make education as marketable asset not true learning but just simply something marketabl

John Stuart Mill

19th century English philosopher, famous for thoughts on outside the box thinking on perception Utilitarianism

Between 1860 and 1913, western European steel production went from

125,000 tons to 32 million tons

Hundred Years War

1337-1453 A conflict in which England and France battled on French soil on and off from 1337 to 1453 a long conflict between England and France over who was the rightful ruler of France.

Italian Renaissance

1350-1550

John Huss

1372-1415 Bohemian scholar who taught that the Bible was the final authority for Christian life

Fillipo Brunelleschi

1377-1446 Il Duomo

The Great Schism

1378, where French and anti-French cardinals two popes, one of whom lived in Rome, the other in Avignon, and lasting over forty years

Lorenzo Ghiberti

1378-1455 bronze doors for the Florentine baptistery

Cosimo de' Medici

1389-1464 Son of Giovanni who used the family fortune to fill the vacuum of power resulting from the lack of a national monarchy Unofficial ruler of the republic

Leon Battista Alberti

1404-1472 studied ancient Roman buildings and used their principles of design to build cathedrals

Marsilio Ficino

1433-1499 Catholic priest and influential philosopher

Sandro Botticelli

1444-1510 classical mythology painter

Lorenzo de' Medici

1449-1492 Cosimo's grandson; not only the republic's ruler but a lavish patron in the arts

Italian and Northern Renaissance

1450-1550

Northern Renaissance

1450-1700

Johann Tetzel

1465-1519 A Dominican friar that drew much attention for selling indulgences near Luther's parish

Laura Cereta

1469-1499 early humanist and early feminist 1488 Epistolae familiars

Niccolo Machiavelli

1469-1527 The Prince

Albrecht Durer

1471-1528 The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse

Raphael

1483-1520 Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Martin Luther

1483-1546 A Roman Catholic priest, Augustinian monk, and theologian at the University of Wittenburg in German Condemned sale of indulgences Believed in the traditional ways of attaining salvation - good works were inadequate

European Community

15 member nations by 2000. Primarily an ecnomic union, 370million people and constituted the worlds largest single trading entity.

Peter Brueghel the Elder

1520-1569 focused on the lives of ordinary people

Mannerism

1520-1600

Montaigne

1533-1592 format of the essay Essays

Baroque

1550-1750 known for over-ornamentation, curved lines, and art that awes the viewer with impressive size and emotional reactions

reign of Elizabeth I

1558-1603 Elizabethan Age

Rembrandt van Rijn

1606-1669 chiaroscuro

Thirty Years War

1618-1648, "last religious war". Ferdinand tried to re-insitute catholicism, defenestration of Prague, Danish king Christian tried to invade lands or Ferdinand, but failed when Wallenstein became the general for Ferdinand, edict of restitution(catholic lands back), Gustavus Adolphus, political issues took precedence= France got involved

Peace of Westphalia

1648, ended 30 years war, but not the Spanish-French conflicts

Bank of England was founded in ____.

1694

Treaty of Karlwitz

1699, Official establishment of an Austrian empire (it gained much more land here, such as Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia, in addition to the land it already had)

Rococo

1710-1790 Typified as similar to baroque but more ornamental and less formal

Peace of Utrecht

1713-Peace treaty that stopped the War of Spanish succession, France is separate from Spain, Austria, Prussia, and most importantly England, gained land (established England as a greater force with much more new-world land)

Neoclassism

1790-1820s Revival of styles and spirit of classical antiquity, reflected the Age of Enlightenment and was initially a reaction against the excesses of the Rococo

Romanticism

1820s-1860s Evolved as a reaction to neoclassicism and the Industrial Revolution

Andrew Jackson

1829-1837 7th President

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.

Neville Chamberlain

1938; gullible British Prime Minister; declared that Britain and France would fight if Hitler attacked Poland.

Battle of Britain

1940. German air forces invaded Britain but the British Royal Air Force drove them out with the help of the new invention radar that let them know where the German planes were.

Wannsee Conference

1942 conference in Germany concerning the plan to murder European Jews.

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war.

"Prague Spring"

1968 invasion of Czech was the crucial event of the Brezhnev era.

Watergate

1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down

Fall of Berlin Wall

1989 - Beginning of the fall of communism and the Soviet Union - symbolized the failure of communism and massive socialism

Immanuel Kant

A German philosopher who is considered the central figure of modern philosophy. Argued that the human mind creates the structure of human experience, that reason is the source of morality, that aesthetics arises from a faculty of disinterested judgment, that space and time are forms of our sensibility, and that the world as it is "in-itself" is unknowable.

Auschwitz

A Nazi concentration camp for Jews in southwestern Poland during World War II.

Lech Walesa

A Polish politician, a former trade union and human rights activist, and also a former electrician. He co-founded Solidarity, the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995.

Fundamentalism

A Protestant Christian movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and opposing religious modernism, which sought to reconcile religion and science. It was especially strong in the Baptist Church and the Church of Christ, first organized in 1906.

David Hume

A Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of radical philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.

Justification by faith

A belief that Jesus brought salvation, not good works

Humanism

A belief that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity 14th and 15th centuries

Encyclopedia

A collaboration of many Enlightenment writers that aimed to gather together knowledge about science, religion, industry, and society.

Secularism

A doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations.

The Great Hunger

A famine in Ireland resulting from a potato blight.

Mysticism

A form of religious belief and practice involving sudden insight and intense experiences of God

Maginot line

A fortification built before World War II to protect France's eastern border.

Taliban

A fundamentalist Muslim movement whose militia took control of much of Afghanistan from early 1995, and in 1996 took Kabul and set up a radical Islamic state. The movement was forcibly removed from power by the US and its allies after the September 11, 2001, attacks

détente

A lessening of tensions between U.S. and Soviet Union. Besides disarming missiles to insure a lasting peace between superpowers, Nixon pressed for trade relations and a limited military budget. The public did not approve.

Dunkirk

A mass flee of British troops of the coast of France, disaster, lost thousands of machines and vehicles.

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Led by Gandhi.

Witchcraft

A mythical, yet sinister and dangerous practice; over 100,000 people were prosecuted on witchcraft charges, which only encouraged fear. Usually had to do with religious conflicts and blame (protestant v. catholics)

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

Entrepreneur

A person who starts up and takes on the risk of a business

Markets

A place for people to buy or sell. An outlet for the industrialists creating manufactured goods.

Glasnost

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.

Détente

A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.

Chartism

A program of political reforms sponsored by British workers in the late 1830s. Chartist demands included universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of the House of Commons.

Agricultural Revolution

A simultaneous series of improvements in agriculture in Great Britain; led to an increase in food production using less labor, therefore (because of supply and demand) food was cheaper. People could now purchase the goods being manufactured in the Industrial Revolution with the money they would normally have spent on food.

What does encomienda mean

A spanish system devised to collect tribute from nativos and to use their labor

Cubism

A style of art in which the subject matter is portrayed by geometric forms, especially cubes

permissive society

A term applied to Western society after World War II to reflect the new sexual freedom and the emergence of a drug culture.

Social Contract

A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.

the Berlin Wall

A wall constructed between East and West Berlin with guards who fired on any who tried to escape from East Berlin to West Berlin. This wall served as a symbol of the conflict between communist and noncommunist powers.

Great Northern War

A war between Sweden and Russia (but also Denmark and Poland) that lasted 20 years, ended in the Peace of Nystadt, and formally recognized that Russia got Estonia, Livonia, and Karelia.

Jackson Pollock

Abstract Expressionism

Charles I

Accepted the petition of right (no tax w/ out parliament's consent), but went back on it, married a catholic, never called parliament, finally did call it but those who pushed for more change after agreements were made were arrested, started civil war, imposed Anglican book of common prayer through archbishop Laud

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought equality.

The UK

Act of Union - Ireland and England combine into the United Kingdom

Emigration

Act of an individual moving out of one region or country to live in another (migrate out).

Terrorism

Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population

In the 1440s, Portuguese profits from exploration were first derived from what source

African slaves

Nikita Khrushchev

Aggressive Soviet leader whose failed gamble of putting missiles in Cuba cost him his job.

1939 non-aggression pact

Agreement between USSR and Germany; shocked world because they thought the communists & Hitler wouldn't get along.

Northern Renaissance people

Albrecht Durer, Hans Holbein the Elder, Hieronymus Bosch, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Jan van Eyck, Johannes Vermeer, Rembrandt van Rijn, Robert Cooper, John Milton, Cornelius Canis, Cervantes, Thomas Moore, William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Christine de Pizan

Big Three

Allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt.

Anglo-German Naval Pact

Allowed Germany to build a navy that would be 35 percent of the size of the British navy, with equality in submarines.

Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique

American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique". described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world.

Frederico Fellini

An Italian director who produced films that sharply criticized social and political injustice.

Mazarin

An Italian who was Louis 14th's advisor, dealt with the Fronde, imposed taxes, died soon after the Fronde

Sudetenland

An area in western Czechoslovakia that was coveted by Hitler.

Dadaism

An artform reacting to the world wars to show the purposelessness of life

Surrealism

An artistic movement that displayed vivid dream worlds and fantastic unreal images

Global Warming

An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

World Trade Organization

An international agency which encourages trade between member nations, administers global trade agreements and resolves disputes when they arise.

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

Skepticism

As scientific knowledge spread more educated men and women questioned religious truths and values Travel books made Europeans more skeptical about Christianity and European culture

Pope John Paul II

Assumed Papacy 1979, Conservative Pope, against strengthening women's position in church, more staunch on birth control

Pearl Harbor

Attack that led to US involvement in the war.

Catholic and conservative leader in...

Austria

Partitions of Poland

Austria, Prussia, and Russia took all of it

Adolf Hitler

Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocaust.

Joseph II

Austrian leader, most Enlightened ruler, abolished serfdom, no capital punishment, laissez-faire, toleration, secularize Church, German official language, taxes for all, no one happy, Mozart and Beethoven

Maria Theresa

Austrian leader; limited serfdom, no torture, education, small pox vaccine, decency policy, Schonbrunn Palace - Vienna

Mesoamerican civilization at the time of European exploration

Aztec

John Calvin

a second generation Protestant reformer who wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion"

To prevent one state from becoming too powerful which often times led to war

Balance

Who shaped European life at the time of the Renaissance by making profitable loans to the people?

Bankers

Critic of how the Spanish treated the Indians

Bartolome de Las Casas

Montcalm & Wolfe

Battle of Quebec - both died

David Cameron

Became British PM in 2010 on the basis of a coalition with Liberal Democrats

the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

Beginning in 1966, it was a massive effort by Zedong and is supporters to eliminate rival elements within the Chinese Communist Party and achieve a "classless society." It also failed.

"Missile gap"

Belief that the Soviet Union had more nuclear weapons than the United States.

Jacques Derrida and deconstruction

Believes that culture is created and can therefore be analyzed in a variety of ways, according to the manner in which people create their own meaning. Hence, there is no fixed truth or universal meaning.

Allied Strategic Bombing

Bombing that was planned as to try and weaken places.

"The Social Contract"

Book Written by Rousseau,ÊTried to harmonize individual liberty with government authorizes It was an agreement between the entire society to be governed by its general will

"The Wealth of Nations"

Book written by Smith, attacked mercantilism, presented his 3 principles of economics

"Vindication of the Rights of Women"

Book written by Wollstonecraft, women should not be subjected to men women should have the same rights in education, economic, and political life

Which of the following statements best applies to Spain and Italy in the late nineteenth century

Both countries remained second-rate European powers, less transformed by the economic and cultural innovations of the age.

Robert Boyle

Boyle's law, PV = k

Grand Alliance

Britain, Soviet Union, USA.

Make laws, taxes, and pass budgets.

British Parliament

A key reason for Germany supplanting England as the industrial leader of Europe was

British entrepreneurs were suspicious of innovations and reluctant to invest in new industries

'Banknotes'

British money - pounds - backed by bank's credit

Wealth of Nations

British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.

Donatello

Bronze David

salons

Brought together writers and artists with aristocrats, government officials, and the wealthy Women, like Therese Geoffrin, hosted these meetings their position changed in society Women, like Therese Geoffrin, hosted these meetings Promoted unwelcome views in the eyes of the royal court

Crystal Palace

Building constructed entirely of glass and iron rods for Britain's Great Exhibition in London in 1851.

Frederick William the Great Elector

Built a strong standing army (40,000 men 50% of state's income) to protect the naturally defenseless Prussia, established general war commissariat, to levy taxes/oversee army, but evolved to control civil gov too, made a deal with the nobles where he would have power over the country, they would have power over their peasants and wouldn't have to pay taxes, enforced serfdom, mercantilist (kinda)

Women's liberation movement

By the late 1960s, women had begun to assert their rights again. In the late 1960s came renewed interest in feminism, or this movement, as it was called.

Which statement best applies to the Germany under chancellor Otto von Bismarck

Coalitions were used by Bismarck to get what he wanted and then he dropped them

Realism people

Camille Corot, Jean-Francois Millet, Honore Daumier, and the Barbizon School of landscape painters. Some works by Edgar Degas and Edouard Manet, Wagner, Franck, Brahms, Bizet, Verdi, Puccini, Honore de Balzac, Charles Dickens, Gustave Flaubert, Guy de Maupassant, Henrik Ibsen, Friedrich Nietzsche, Marcel Proust, Emile Zola

Saint Petersburg

Capital of Russia, Peter's window to the west, built after beating Sweden in the Great Northern war and obtaining land

Reorganized local government with nobles in charge and nobles got special privileges.

Catherine the Great

transubstantiation

Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.

What was an effect of inflation in the 16th and 17th centuries

Caused a decline in the standard of living for wage earners and those on a fixed income.

Northern Renaissance concepts

Centralization of power in nation-states, Reformation, Focus on common people in art, more religious that Italian Renaissance

The Irish parliamentary leader who demand home-rule for Ireland in the 1880s was

Charles Parnell

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams

What areas of the world were least affected by European power and influence

China and Japan

To what empire does this quote apply: "an old, crazy first-rate man of war"

Chinese empire

Pietists

Christians who stressed a personal relationship with jesus

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.

Enlightened rule in Sweden?

Close

magic realism

Combined realistic events with dreamlike or fantastic backgrounds

Law of 14 Frimaire

Committee of Public Safety sought to centralize the administration of France

the Vietcong

Communist guerrilla forces made up mostly of Southern Vietnamese people

Diderot

Condemned Christianity as fanatical and unreasonable As he grew older these condemnations became more vicious Said out of all the religions Christianity was the worst

Commonwealth of Independent States

Confederacy of independent states of the former Soviet Union that have united because of their common economic and administrative needs.

Erich Honecker

East German Communist leader; used the secret police force to rule East Germany with violent repression; his refusal to institute reforms led to a large exodus through Hungary, mass demonstrations, and ultimately the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.

Modern Art and Post-Modernism, Including Futurism, Surrealism, Dada, and Pop Art people

Constantin Brancusi, Georges Braque, Alexander Calder, Marc Chagall, Willem de Kooning, Roy Lichtenstein, Marcel DuChamp, Salvador Dali, Paul Giocometti, Rene Margrite, Henri Matisse, Joan Miro, Aristide Maillol, Henry Moore, Pablo Picasso, Jackson Pollack, Andy Warhol, Bela Bartok, Alban Berg, George Gershwin, Sergei Prokofiev, Richard Strauss, Igor Stravinsky

Catholic Church

Continued to loose its power during the enlightenment jesuits come in to help

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

_______ became more popular than wool and was produced by cheap labour in India and the U.S.

Cotton

Warsaw Pact

Countries in east.

NATO

Countries in west.

Factory Act of 1833

Created factory workday for children between 9-13 to 8 hours a day. Outlawed child labor under 9. Because of this, factory owners built schools for the children.

Cultural Relativism 2

Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture. It was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and later popularized by his students.

Arthur Harris

Led bombing raids to Germany, wartime leader of the British air force's Bomber Command.

Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution

Led by red guards; with goals of establishing a society of peasants & workers in which all were equal.

University of Nanterre

DEFINITION: satellite campus created to accommodate baby boomers who sought higher education as result of democratized education; site of beginning of student protests in 1968

Michelangelo Buonarroti

David Worked in Rome. Painted the Sistine Chapel for Pope Julius II. Sculpted the statue of David. Pieta 1475-1564

Enlightened rule in Great Britain?

Debatable

Stalingrad

Decisive battle. November, 1942 - February, 1943: Russians hold out against Germans. Germans forced to surrender.

James II

Defied test act, catholic leader, overthrown in the glorious revolution after he gave birth to a son

The Industrial Factory

Demanded a new type of discipline from its employees. Factory owners could not afford to let their expensive machinery stand idle. Workers were forced to work regular hours and in shifts to keep the machines producing at a steady pace for maximum output.

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalistic revolutions, most of them unsuccessful, that swept through Europe

Henry Cort

Developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke (made from coal, not the drink or drug). He also developed heavy-duty steam-powered rolling mills, which were capable of spewing out finished iron in every shape and form.

"Encyclopedia"

Diderot's book whose purpose was to "change the general way of thinking" became a weapon for philosophes against the French society People attacked religious superstition and advocated for Religious toleration

Rene Descartes

Discourse on Method; separation of mind and matter; Cartesian dualism; material world is pure mechanism; father of modern rationalism; books on index of forbidden books

God specifically chooses certain people to rule as kings.

Divine right of kings

Miguel de Cervantes

Don Quixote 1547-1616

Walter Ulbricht

Little Stalin who led a totalitarian rule of East Germany along with Erich Honecker

Patriots pushed for democratic reforms in the...

Dutch Republic

Political struggle between the oligarchs who controlled the towns and the house of Orange who controlled the executive branch.

Dutch Republic

Prussian king sent troops in to crush the Patriots who were a threat to the Orange family in the...

Dutch Republic

Patriots vs. Orangists

Dutch Republic - regents wanted to reduce power of Orangists, Patriots divided regents and fought for Democratic reforms - Orangists and regents crushes Patriots and reestablished old system

Desiderius Erasmus

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe The Praise of Folly Handbook of a Christian Knight 1456-1536

Dominated diplomacy because they wanted to expand their dynastic holdings.

Dynastic interest

Trade Unions

Early labor organizations that brought together workers in the same trade, or job, to fight for better wages and working conditions.

The primary motivation for European exploration

Economic, the desire for precious metals and new areas for trade

Relativity Theory

Einstein's theory that hold, among other things, that (1) space and time are not absolute but are relative tot eh observer and interwoven into a four-dimensional space-time continuum and (2) matter is a form of energy

Nicolas Sarkozy

Elected French President in 2007 promised to address the Muslim tensions but failed to do so

Tony Blair

Electted British prime minister in 1997 and architect of "New Labour". Favored low taxes, tightly controlled social spending, and closer ties to Europe.

Coal Mines Act of 1842

Eliminated the employment of boys under ten and women in mines.

by 1914, the nation with the largest number of trade unionists was

England

Thomas More

English humanist who described an ideal society in Utopia

Richard Arkwright

English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once.

Edwin Chadwick

English investigator of mass corruption in regard to English burial practices who recommended that cemeteries be municipalized and that religious rites be simplified and standardized in 1842.

William Shakespeare

English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616) Romeo and Juliet

'Wilkes & Liberty'

English prime minister - during William Pitt the Younger, middle class man in Parliament who wanted enlightened reform but gets kicked out - phrase used by his supporters

William Pitt the Elder

English prime minister - handles foreign issues, 18th century wars (Austrian Succession, Seven Years) - got Canada and India

John Wycliffe

English scholar who argued that the Bible was the final authority for Christian life 1330-1384

Newton

English, not Italian like the rest; Principia; law of gravitation; believed universe was a riddle

Rococo concepts

Enlightened despotism, Enlightenment, Salons, philosophes, encyclopedia

Christian Humanists

Erasmus and Thomas More

Popular culture

Essentially what everyone does and are for the general public, low culture

Kosovo Liberation Army

Ethnic Albanian group that started a campaign against Serbian Rule in Kosovo.

Romanticism people

Eugene Delacroix, John Constable, Joseph Turner, Theodore Gericault, Berloiz, Weber, Chopin, Mendelssohn, Liszt, Schumann, J. Strauss, Jr., Lord Byron, Alexandre Dumas, Victor Hugo, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor, Coleridge, John Keats, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Sir Walter Scott

Marshall Plan

European recovery program - part of containment policy. Intended to rebuild European stability and prosperity.

What did Tokugawa Leysau do

Expelled all missionaries

Romanticism concepts

Expression of emotional nationalism and heroism; glorifies nature, the past, peasants, and nationalistic movements

Modern Art and Post-Modernism, Including Futurism, Surrealism, Dada, and Pop Art concepts

Expressionism Abstractionism Cubism Futurism Surrealism Dadaism Nihilism

Textiles

Fabrics that are woven or knitted; material for clothing

Benito Mussolini

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

Francisco Franco

Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini.

Leyster

Female, paintings were portraits, or scenes from everyday life, prominent female on the scene, accepted into the painting guild of saint haarlem.

First person to circumnavigate the world

Ferdinand Magellan

High Culture and Low Culture

High culture most commonly refers to the set of cultural products, mainly in the arts, held in the highest esteem by a culture. It is the culture of an elite such as the aristocracy or intelligentsia, and is contrasted with the low culture of the less well-educated, barbarians, Philistines, or the masses.

James I

First in the line of Stuarts, used to be king of Scotland, believed in divine right which conflicted with parliament, did't reform church like people wanted because it already supported him

Olivier Messiaen

First recognized serialist, influenced by Indian and Greek music. Serialists composition diminishes the role of intuition and emotion in favor of intellect and mathematical precision.

Realism concepts

Focus on knowledge that can be known, or positivism, Realpolitik, and a turn away from emotion toward fact, and a rejection of industrial progress, Shows the ugliness of life for peasants, Called pornography by critics

Timothy Leary

Former Harvard psychologist who experimented with psychoactive drugs (including LSD) and became a well-known advocate of their use as a way to open and expand the mind.

EEC

Founded for economic reasons, particularly to encourage free trade among member nations. Became driving force behind economic integration in W. Europe.

Unable to make low interest loans for government expenses which worsened their debt and flexibility.

France

War of the Austrian Succession

France and Prussia vs. England and Austria; Frederick invades Silesia and everyone claims Austrian throne, Marshall de Saxe - Battle of Fontenay, Treat of Aix-a-Chapelle

Louis Napoleon's Second Empire was brought to an end by

France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War

Supply and demand

Free market makes business meet the lowest price to meet competition

Huguenots

French Calvinists who came from all layers of society

Neoclassical concepts

French Revolution, Napoleonic Empire, Nationalism emerges

Jacques Chirac

French conservative president elected in 1995; pursued a plan of sending illegal immigrants back to their home countries; an outspoken opponent of the US invasion of Iraq.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

French gives England Canada and Cape Breton Island, English restored Pondichery and Chandemagor - India, Spain gave England Florida

Jean Paul Sartre

French philosopher and existentialist that continued to believe in the Soviet Union during and after WWII.

Rabelais

French satirical author; Gargantua and Pantagruel. 1494-1553

Worldwide Web

Part of the Internet. Used for communication

The Starry Messenger

Galileo revealed himself as proponent of Copernicus's heliocentric; Inquisition

Moral decline

Gambling, drunkenness, etc. Popes weren't being celibate.

Spanish Civil War

General Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government.

Luftwaffe

German Air Force.

Ludwig van Beethoven

German composer of instrumental music (especially symphonic and chamber music)

Rhineland

German troops marched into this area. First act of aggression.

Which of the following national groups had realized nationhood by 1871?

Germans

Germany began to replace Britain as Europe's industrial leader by the early twentieth century due to

Germany's development of new areas of manufacturing including chemicals and heavy electric machinery

Northern Renaissance

Germany, England, Switzerland, France, Belgium, and Holland

Mannerism people

Giorgione, Tintoretto, El Greco, Velazquez, Monteverdi

Perestroika

Gorbachev's policy of "restructuring" which included reducing the direct involvement of the Communist Party leadership in the day to day governing of the nation. It was a decentralization of economic planning and controls

Leonardo Bruni

His book, New Cicero, identified Classical Latin as well as the foundations of civic humanism. 1370-1444

Diplomatic Revolution

Hitler became chancellor. Withdrawal from the German Disarmament Conference and League of Nations.

Divine right

Government was divinely ordained to create organized society which was run by a King (established by God) that was responsible to nobody and controlled sovereign power, aka, the power to make laws, tax, administer justice, control the state's administrative system, and determine foreign policy

The Medici family ruled what?

Grand Duchy of Tuscany (including Florence)

Welfare State

Great Britain. A system in which the government takes responsibility for its citizen's social and economic needs.

Mahatma Gandhi

Great revolutionary who led India to independence from Great Britain through passive resistance and civil disobedience based upon Henry David Thoreau's doctrines.

El Greco

Greek painter who moved to Spain, great at mannerism, conveyed suffering,

Christian Democratic parties

Group of middle class looking for limited reforms - military hardliners continued to dominate military.

Green parties

Groups concerned about the environmental health of the world- they originated from other issues (antinuclear, womens liberation, etc)

Louis the XIV's wars

Had a professional army, invaded Netherlands but was forced back by the triple alliance (swedes, dutch, english), invaded united provinces but was stopped by Spain and was given the French comet as compensation, War of the League of Augsburg hurt France very badly (famine, debt), War of Spanish Succession-argument over Spain's throne, France was denied total power

Silvio Berlusconi

Head of a media empire that became italian Prim Minister in 2008 to protect his own business interests.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Final Solution

Hitler's use of extermination camps and gas chambers.

Hungarian uprising

Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations demanding non-communist parties be legalized; turned into armed rebellion and spread throughout the country.

Natural law idealogy

If Isaac Newton could discover the natural laws regulating nature, they could find the natural laws governing society. Less focus on god.

Two reasons for Locke having better gov or human nature ideas, and 1 reason for Hobbes having better ideas in the same category.

Locke had a better grasp of government since he thought people should be allowed to rebel against the monarch and a better grasp of nature since he believed people had the rights of life, liberty and property in their natural state. Hobbes, however had ideas on an absolute monarch with absolute power, insuring the stability of the country and unquestioning government control.

The Falklands War

In 1982 this brief conflict broke out between Britain and Argentina after the Argentinians invaded a group of British-owned islands off the coast of South America -- Margaret Thatcher's bold response and victory did much to boost her political standing at home

Left enormous debt in France

Louis XIV

French king who was lazy, weak, influenced, by ministers and mistresses, lost empire in 7 Years War, court life at Versailles.

Louis XV

Madame de Pompadour

Louis XV's influential mistress; made decisions in government in foreign policy

In late nineteenth-century Europe, human progress was increasingly identified with

material progress or greater consumption of material goods

Bourgeois

In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions.

Mannerism

In the manner of the ren., except exaggerated and elongated, lots of (negative) emotion

"Consumer Society"

Increase in real wages and jobs themselves provided for more money in middle class families.

What impact did the African slave trade have on violence in Africa

Increased warfare and violence in Africa because of the increasing demand for prisoners who could be sold as slaves

Italian Renaissance concepts

Individualism, humanism, secularism, Perspective, Use of triangles as architecture of art, individual portraiture, landscapes, free-standing human sculptures, nudes

Ruhr Valley

Industrial Valley in Germany found to have HUGE coal deposits.

French king who lacked knowledge and the energy to solve the countries affairs, spoiled wife Marie Antoinette, and was out of touch with the country's problems.

Louis XVI

Marie Antoinette

Louis XVI's wife; Austrian princess

Richelieu

Louis the 13th's advisor, eliminated Huguenot rights, tried to control the nobility by using spies (very effective spies), sent out intendants, but increased debt

European Coal and Steel Community

Part of the Schuman Plan, which stated that economic cooperation between France and W. Germany would be key to prosperity.

Legacy of Locke and Isaac Newton

Intellectuals thought Newtons ideas of reason can be used to unlock the laws of politics, economy and arts Their ideas seemed to offer hope of a new world build on society

"Peace and Love"

International movement, but mainly in U.S.

Steam engine

Invented by James Watt; an engine powered by steam that could pump water from mines 3X as quickly as previous engines

Gulf War

Military action in 1991 in which an international coalition led by the United States drove Iraq from Kuwait, which it had occupied the previous year.

Eurocommunism

Italian Communists in the 1960s were the architects of this - declared that each nation, without deferring to Moscow, must find its own way to new society through parliamentary democracy and national consensus. Weakened ties with Moscow and gave up the idea of dictatorship of the proletariat and tempered its assault on religion.

Baldassare Castiglione

Italian aristocrat who wrote "The Courtier", which became a handbook for how to succeed in society The Courtier 1478-1529

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect Mona Lisa 1452-1519

Pope John XXIII

Italian pope who called Vatican II, which brought the Church into modern times.

_____ remained fragmented into several states which allowed Austria and Spain to have control over much of the area.

Italy

Neoclassicism people

Jacques Louis David, Francisco Goya, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Jean-Antoine Houdon, Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Sergei Prokofiev, Igor Stravinsky, Rossini

2 reasons for the King vs Parliament struggle in the 17th century, one way it was resolved (resolution has to include something about glorious revolution and bill of rights)

James I believed in divine right, and therefore did't work with parliament like the tudors did, which was balanced. Charles I declined to let parliament meet until it was absolutely necessary, but he did't allow them to convene, or essentially function. Resolved by the institution of a new monarch, who followed the bill of rights; ensured parliament had to meet, and that the monarch need parliament's consent on many things.

Nagasaki

Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped (August 9, 1945).

Manchukuo

Japanese puppet state established in Manchuria in 1931.

Kamikaze

Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships.

Alienated the Austrian nobility by freeing the serfs, alienated the church by his attacks on the monastic establishment, serfs were unhappy and unable to comprehend the changes.

Joseph II

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Battle of Midway

June 4, 1942. Turning point in the Pacific. Established US naval supremacy.

Six-Day War

June 5, 1967. War between Israel and Egypt, Syria, and Jordon where Israel defeated the three, capturing territory from each.

Tried reforms but stopped after his chief minister John Frederick Struensee was killed because of aristocratic opposition.

King Christian VI of Denmark

King Henry VIII

King of England who initiated the English reformation after wanting to divorce his wife

Charles VIII

King of France who brought army and occupied Naples 1483-1498

al-Qaeda

Known as "the Base" terrorist organization run by Osam Bin Laden. Responsible for the 9-11 terror attacks in the U.S.

The Enlightenment

Known as the Age of Reason

Charles de Gaulle

Leader of Free French General that resigned in 1946 after re-establishing the free, democratic Fourth Republic. Came back to lead the Fifth Republic in 1959.

Oliver Cromwell

Leader of New Model Army, destroyed both King and parliament, Lord protector, created new parliament and again disbanded it, taxed people lots

Angela Merkel

Leader of the Christian Democrats. Became the first female German Chancellor

Describe the origin/religion of India's Mughal Dynasty

Mongol in origin

consubstantiation

Luther's belief that the bread and wine is not changed but that Christ is present in spirit only

95 Theses

Luther's indictment of the abuses of Johann Tetzel's selling of indulgences

Great Leap Forward

Mao's attempt to achieve a classless society and the final stage of Communism.

One-Dimensional Man

Marcuse's term, & the title of his 1964 masterpiece, for what we become when capitalism manages to substitute our 'real needs' for the carefully manipulated desire for products. We essentially become like puppets in the hands of a cynical advertising industry with no control over our lives or capacity to realise our true potential.

laissez-faire

Means "let people do as they choose" The idea that a state should not interrupt the free play of natural economic forces through regulations

Italian Renaissance people

Michelangelo, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, Brunelleschi, Giotto, Donatello, Titian, Palestrina, Petrarch, Machiavelli

Francois Truffaut

Most popular director of the new wave.

Methodism

Movement begun by John Wesly which revived Christianity

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities.

Equality before the law, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of press, right to assemble, hold property, seek happiness.

Natural rights that all people possessed.

Einsatzgruppen

Nazi strike forces that killed innocent Jews with their infamous "death squads."

English civil war

New model army (puritans, led by Cromwell), captured King Charles, who they negotiated with, but he betrayed them by raising a Scottish army. Destroyed parliament and converted to a rump parliament, composed of the house of commons, sentenced Charles to death by beheading him

Impressionism concepts

New subject matter and a new way of looking at the world, Everyday life of the middle class became an acceptable subject for high art, Painting in the outdoors gives new chance to study the play of light. Identifies with "La Belle Epoque"

Antiballistic Missile Treaty

Nixon used his new relationship with China to pressure Soviets into agreeing to a treaty limiting these [ABMs]

Southern Strategy

Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party

Abstractionism

Non-representational non-objective art

Korean War

North invaded South, 1950. MacArthur launched surprise attack and headed toward China. China intervened when UN troops approached their border. Uneasy truce, 1953.

The Unbearable Lightness of Being

Novel, written by Kundrea(Czech). His characters use love as a way to better life.

Brian Mulroney

Progressive Conservative Prime Minister of Canada from 1984 - 1993. Noted for the establishment of the Free Trade Agreement with the U.S. in 1989, and the subsequent formation of NAFTA.

Slobadan Milosevic

a serb extremist leader who stirred ethnic unrest to help gain control of the former yugoslavia, Extreme Serbian Nationalist who used slanted views of the past to persecute non-serbs in the 1990's

four olds

Old thought, culture, customs and habits were attacked by the Red Guards under Mao's instruction, in hopes to destroy anything that might have disagreed with communism. They were anything that resembled dynastic views.

William Harvey

On the Motion of the Heart and Blood; heart was beginning with same blood of veins and arteries

James Kay-Shuttleworth

One of the most eloquent British reformers of the 1830s. He discovered the cause of cholera and called upon municipal governments to fix it.

Test Act

Only Anglicans could hold civil offices, written in Response to Charles II slightly liking catholics

Why didn't Catholicism take root in China in the 17th and 18th centuries

Opposition by the pope to the practice of ancestor worship

Vienna and the Ottoman Empire

Ottomans attempted to Conquer Vienna in 1687, but the Austrians prevented the seizure of the city, along with the Polish, Bavarians, and Saxons. They were finally pushed out of Europe here

Yasser Arafat

Palestinian statesman who is chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization.

Impressionism people

Paul Cezanne, Mary Cassat, Edgar Degas, Paul Gauguin, Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Auguste Rodin, George Seurat, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Vincent van Gogh, Claude Debussy, Gabriel Faure, Gustav Mahler, Maurice Ravel

mass sports

People did some activites and sports, ew

Guest Workers

People from the former European Colonies that moved to Europe after the fall of the Colonia System in the 1960s.

Samuel Crompton

Perfected and combined the features of the spinning jenny and water frame to produce the Mule. It produced fine and Strong thread.

Baroque people

Peter Paul Rubens, Nicholas Poussin, Johan Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Descartes, Nicolaus Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, Hobbes, Locke, Vesalius, Harvey

Austria, Prussia, and Russia divided up...

Poland

King was elected by the nobles and was forced to accept drastic restrictions on their power including limited revenues, a small bureaucracy, and a standing army of only 20,000 soldiers

Poland

Brezhnev Doctrine

Policy proclaimed in 1968 and declaring that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any Socialist country whenever it determined there was a need

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe 1473-1543

Sejm

Polish diet, landowners dominated the two-chamber assembly, one person could veto a measure, only served to ensure their own individual interests, didn't represent the people as a whole

Lech Walesa and Solidarity

Polish shipyard worker, protests Soviet control - founded Solidarity movement - anti-Communists + Catholics working against Communism

Britain relied on ______ for their armies.

mercenaries

Andy Warhol

Pop art

Who financed successful commercial ventures?

Popes and monarchs

Strategic Defense Initiative

Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.

When Pombal was chief minister he limited the power of the nobility and the Catholic Church but after Pombal left office the Church and nobles regained power.

Portugal

Postmodernism

Post-World War II intellectual movement and cultural attitude focusing on cultural pluralism and release from the confines and ideology of Western high culture.

New World Order

President Bush's vision for world peace centering around the United States taking the lead to ensure that aggression be dealt with by a mutual agreement of the United Nations, NATO, and other countries acting in concert

Harry Truman

President at end of WW2.

Pierre Trudeau

Prime minister of Canada 1968-79 and 1980-84.

revolutionary socialism

a socialist doctrine that violent action was the only way to achieve the goals of socialism

Ten Hours Act of 1847

Prohibited women and children from working more than ten hours a day during the week and eight hours on weekends, which was a great improvement from the 16-hour days that many had been working before then.

Puritans

Protestants in the Anglican church who were inspired by calvinist views to eliminate the organization of the Anglican church and replace it with the organization or the Presbyterian Church

Dependent upon nobility

Prussia

Frederick William nobles gave power to king in return power over peasants, no taxes, military officers.

Prussia

Reforms included the code of laws, less torture, limited speech/press, and religious toleration.

Prussia

Unenlightened: reversed policy allowing commoners to rise in civil service, peasants little freedom.

Prussia

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian Prime Minister who unified Germany and transformed the military

Junkers

Prussian aristocracy and landowners

Frederick II the Great

Prussian leader, enlightened absolutist, limited serfs to strengthen Junkers, decreased noble's punishment, toleration, agricultural reforms, lowered taxes, reformed legal system, education, Voltaire

Frederick William I

Prussian ruler; model citizen, efficient bureaucracy based on merit, very thorough, strong military of Junkers

Simone de Beauvoir

Published The Second Sex, influenced American and European women.

"Persian Letters"

Published by Montesquieu, Two Persians traveling the Europe who gave their impressions,Ê -by doing this he could criticize the catholic church and the French Monarchy

Free peasant anger to restrictions leads to _______.

Pugachev's Rebellion

Berlin Wall

Put up in 1961 after Russians caught US in a lie and shot down a U-2 spy.

"Peace in our time"

Quote from Neville Chamberlain regarding pre-war discussions.

Baroque

Religious revival, classical ideas + spiritual ideas, dramatic, emotional

History in the Enlightenment

Removed god even more anti-religious ideas emerged Criticized religious influences on society

ancient authors

Renaissance humanists mastered Greek, making new works avaliable; desire to discover which thoughts were correct

Truman Doctrine

Resulted from a civil war in Greece. $100 million in economic/military support for Greece and Turkey. US afraid of communist expansion and announced it would support "Free peoples throughout the world."

"Economic miracle"

Resurrection of W. Germany's economy.

Fronde

Revolts organized by French nobles in opposition of taxes to pay for the thirty years war and debt, first one ended with compromise (nobles of the robe fought this one) the second, they (nobles of the sword) began to fight each other and wanted to secure their own positions

Developed Nations

Rich nations that are usually found in the northern hemisphere. Nations that are primarily found in the southern hemisphere. They tend to have an agricultural economy and little technology.

First European nation to engage in diplomacy with China

Russia

Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji

Russian and Turk treaty after Catherine defeats Turks - gained land by Black Sea, protect Orthodox Christians, right to sail in Turkish waters

Catherine II the Great

Russian leader; toleration, vaccines and hospitals, Voltaire, Free Economic Society, foreign affairs, lessened censorship laws, "Instructions", strengthened nobles and weakened serfs, expanded Russia south gets land bordering Black Sea, defeated Turks, Potemkin Villages

Chechnya

Russian province which was a Muslim region that wanted independence. Vladimir Putin bombed the citizens into submission

How was Portugal able to develop an empire in Malacca and Malaysia?

Ruthless and murderous attacks on Arab settlers in the region

Rousseau

Said that man is born free but everywhere he is in chains, people are corrupted by society. Said all men should be treated equal pro-democracy and pro-education

Tenets of Lutheranism

Salvation by faith alone, the Bible is the ultimate authority, the grace of God brings absolutism, baptism and communion are the only valid sacraments, consubstantiation rather than transubstantiation, the clergy is not superior to the laity, the church should be subordinate to the state

War in Kosovo

Serbia tried to take control over Kosovo. In 1990 the KLA was formed and attacked Serbian officials. In 1999, NATO started bombing Serbia to stop the violence.

Bayle

Skeptic who attacked superstition and religious intolerance

Disease that wiped out Aztecs and Incas

Smallpox

Causes of the Reformation

Social changes, printing press, economic conditions like indulgences, church leaders were corrupt.

Battle of Kursk

Soviet Union, July 5-12, 1943. Greatest tank battle of all time. Demonstrated evolution of the technology throughout the war.

Berlin blockade

Soviets blocked western access to Berlin. Resulted in Berlin airlift.

Jesuits were banished and the Catholic Church was brought under control but the landed aristocracy continued to exercise substantial power.

Spain

The religious motive for exploration was strongest in what countries

Spain and Portugal

. By 1900, which of the following nations was the least advanced industrially

Spain.

Three reasons why the Thirty year's war represented a turning point in European History

Split up Germany into it's respective and numerous city states that were independent of the Holy Roman emperor and free to practice their own religion. Holy Roman Emperor became a figure head, and lost any real power over then-Germany. France emerged as a world power as Spain's power decreased. Two-thirds of the population in Germany died, allowing for economic decline in most of Germany.

What did the Italian City-States help do?

Spread ideas from different cultures -Arab and Asian

János Kádár

Stalinist leader known as the "Butcher of Budapest" who overthrew Imre Nagy in the Hungarian Revolution and resumed a Communist rule

House of Orange

Stateholders in most of the united provinces, , began with William, wanted to become monarchs but were opposed by the states general, eventually gained control as a monarch (William II), but soon lost it

Apartheid

Strict separation of races in Africa.

the Red Guards

Students and young factory workers responded to Mao's call by organizing this group. The Red Guards held mass rallies to support Mao. They traveled around China attacking government officials and others who did not fully support the chairman.

Implemented freedom of religion, speech, and press, new code of justice that eliminated the use of torture, laissez-faire reforms: reduced tariffs, ended tolls, and encouraged trade/ agriculture, the King was killed by nobles who tried to reinstall their power with limited results.

Sweden

Ingmar Bergman

Swedish film director who used heavy symbolism and explored the psychology of the characters (born 1918).

Ferdinand de Saussure and structuralism

Swiss linguist whose ideas on structure in language laid the foundation for much of the approach to and progress of the linguistic sciences in the 20th century.

Sputnik I

Symbol of Soviet technological prowess.

1. Protect natural rights 2. Foster arts, sciences, and education. 3. Must rule fairly, not arbitrarily.

Tasks of enlightened monarchs

PLO

Terrorist group, Palestine Liberation Organization.

Jesuits

The Catholic Society of Jesus, founded by Loyola, focused on humanism and missions

Who was a great patron of the arts?

The Church

Who controlled more capital than the Italian bankers and all other Europeans combined?

The Fuggers

Persian Gulf War

War between US and Iraq. First major test of U.S. Soviet relations after the Cold War.

Nazi New Order

The Nazi plan for their conquered territories. It included the extermination of Jews and other inferiors, ruthless exploitation of resources, German colonization in the East, and the use of the Poles, Russians, and Ukrainians for slave labour.

Describe the Treaty of Tordesillas

The New World between Spain and Portugal

Baroque concepts

The Scientific Revolution and Divine Right Absolutism, Emergence of classical ballet and theater, English civil war

François Mitterrand

The Socialist leader who was the longest serving president of France. Rather than focusing on radical economic policies, he focused on social reform programs and reducing unemployment.

The Bible was printed in what language?

The Vernacular

Gin Lane

William Hogarth's painting; gin-hard times, beer-happy, good times; people not fit to handle the stress of the Industrial Revolution

The Glorious Revolution

William of Orange/Mary to become rulers, raised an army but no bloodshed, not over if there was a leader but who was the leader,

Rome-Berlin Axis

The alliance between Italy and Germany (Mussolini and Hitler).

Maastricht Treaty

The basis for the formation of the European Union, which set financial and cultural standards for potential member states and defined criteria for membership in the monetary union.

The best example of Spanish expansion in the New World

The conquest of the Aztec Empire by Cortes

What was an effect of the opening of the Potosi mines

The cost of precious metals important into Europe quadrupled

Economic liberalism

The economic philosophy that government intervention in and regulation of the economy should be minimal

the domino theory

The fear that if one country falls to communism, then the rest are sure to fall like a row of dominoes.

Konrad Adenauer

The first chancellor of West Germany; he was able to establish a stable democratic government.

Cell phones

Wireless technology in the 1990's that caused a boom in the use of these items

"Permissive society"

The first significant crack in the rigid code of manners and morals of the nineteenth century.

Describe the economy of Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries

The joint stock company enabled the raising of spectacular sums of capitals for the world trading ventures

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

The mission to help Asians escape western colonial rule.

the birth control pill

The most popular form of birth control for single women of child-bearing age is

The Stuarts

With the death of Elizabeth and therefore the tudor Dynasty, they became the ruling family,

Which of the following statements best applies to Austria-Hungary before World War I?

The nationality problem remained unresolved

monogenesis

The notion that the human species descended from a single monogamous union, whose descendant traveled throughout the world and became four distinguishable races (white, black, American, Hindu)

Appeasement

The policy of 1930's European nations of accepting Hitler's annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia in the belief that meeting his demands would assure peace and stability.

Cultural Relativism

The position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect

the Reagan Revolution and "supply-side economics"

The presidency of Ronald Reagan during 1981-1989 marked the first time since President Herbert Hoover's administration that a Republican president made an effort to implement genuinely conservative policies. President Reagan's successful rejection of liberal economic philosophies led to a major resurgence of conservatism in the United States, and his two terms in office are sometimes known by this term.

Globalization

The process by which peoples and nations have become more interdependent.

Destalinization

The process of discrediting and eliminating the political policies, methods, and personal image of Joseph Stalin.

Poor Law Commission

The reformed House of Commons passed a new Poor Law that had been prepared by followers of Bentham. This measure established a Poor Law Commission that set out to make poverty the most undesirable of all social situations.

Unification of Germany

The result of the fall of the Berlin Wall

Stalinization

The spread of Stalin's policies. 5 year plans, industrialization, collectivization, one party dictatorships and repression. Dissatisfaction later led to revolts.

Nihilism

The total rejection of religious or moral beliefs Belief in nothing

Luddites

These were the angry old cottage industry workers who lost their jobs and costumers to machines and as a result, they began to destroy the machines

Industrial entrepreneurs

These were the people who constructed the factories, purchased the machines, and figured out where the markets were.

Why was mainland Southeast Asia able to resist European domination better than the Spice Islands

They were more cohesive politically with strong monarchies.

Spinning Jenny

This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time.

Grunge Music

This type of music is a subgenre of alternative rock that emerged during the mid-1980's and popularized in 1990's in Washington

Pietism

This was a movement within Lutheranism that revived Protestantism that called for an emotional relationship, allowed for the priesthood of all believers, and the Christian rebirth in everyday affairs

George Stephenson's Rocket

This was the name for the steam-powered locomotive created by George Stephenson that pulled carriages along iron rails. The railroad did not have to follow the course of a river. This meant that tracks could go places that rivers did not, allowing factory owners and merchants to ship goods swiftly and cheaply over land.

The "father" of tourism in England was

Thomas Cook

Rococo people

Thomas Gainsborough, Jean-Honore Fragonard, Antoine Watteau, Etienne Maurice Falconet, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Joseph Hadyn, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Denis Diderot, Edmund Burke, Goethe, Montesquieu, Adam Smith, Voltaire

Factory Regulations

Time-work discipline that would accustom employees to working regular, unvarying hours during which they performed a set number of tasks over and over again, as efficiently as possible. Minute and detailed. Adult workers were fined for minor infractions. Drunkenness was viewed as particularly offensive because it set a bad example for younger workers and also courted disaster amid dangerous machinery.

Second Vietnam War

War waged between the communist North Vietnam and non-communist South Vietnam. Other countries such as US, China, and Soviet Union were involved directly and indirectly. We were in Vietnam to defend Vietnam, fight for democracy (in Vietnam and all around world to see we kept our promise), Domino theory, fear that China could take over Vietnam; 1965-; We had a draft with a classification system--weren't in draft if you were a full time student, sole-supporter, sole surviving son, in essential industry, in the defense industry; army was made of kids who weren't in college; system was changed in 1967 to a lottery system; refusal to go to war resulted in 5 year jail term; conduct of war=guerilla, hit and run; at home was a draft resistance, students debated merits of war, ppl turned in their draft cards, protest marches escalated 1965-1968

Anarchist movements were most successful in

less industrialized and less democratic countries where ordinary people could see no hope of peaceful political change

Claus von Stauffenberg

Tried to kill Hitler by planting a bomb in Hitler's East Prussian headquarters but the attempt fails.

CENTO

Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, GB, US.

What did the Medici family compromise of?

Two popes, many cardinals, and two queens

Superpowers

US, Britain, USSR. Disagreements over E. Europe.

SEATO

US, GB, France, Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand.

Betty Friedan

United States feminist who founded a national organization for women (born in 1921).

Alexander Hamilton

United States statesman and leader of the Federalists

Explorer who made the first sea voyage from Europe directly to India

Vasco da Gama

Italian City-States

Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, Naples.

deism

Voltaire's idea of a religious outlook built on Newton's world-machine Believed god had no role in the world and only created natural laws to govern it. He created the universe and then left man to govern it.

Samuel Beckett

Waiting for Godot

the Prague Spring

Was a time in Czechoslovakia when reform was allowed briefly. Press censorship was eased and political groups could meet freely. Because of this, people got too brave and began to talk about the US and then led to invasion of tanks by the Soviet Union, ending the freedoms.

How successful was Portugal in dominating the Southeast Asian trade

Was never totally successful because Portugal lacked the resources to overcome local resistance

Capital

Wealth owned by a person or organization available for the investment of a company.

Cuban Missile Crisis.

When US found Soviet missiles aimed at US in Cuba.

Willy Brandt and Ostpolitik

When this man comes to power as the chancellor of Germany, he undertakes a new policy towards the East and Moscow called Ostpolitik, in which West Germany will reach out towards East Germany and towards Moscow to lessen tensions and to increase contact

Thomas Hobbes

lived during war, humans are selfish, solitary, brutish, need a social contract and absolute leader with the power to crush any rebellion

the space race

With the launch of the Russian satellite Sputnik the American people began viewing the Sputnik launch as an American loss which sparked a new fervor in American space Technologies, they were scared of what the soviets were capable of . America also experienced a 'loss' putting a human in space, that was also taken by the Russians. America was however the first nation to land a person on a celestial body other that earth

Slaves in Brazil and the Caribbean did what work

Worked on sugar plantations

E.F. Schumacher's Small is Beautiful

Written by a British economist, was a fundamental critique of the dangers of the new science and technology.

The Prince

Written by machiavelli, described that power is more important, "better to be feared than loved"

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence

James Cook

Wrote travels, discovered islands and published the book Travels on their life. This brought cultural realism to Europe

uncertainty principle

a principle in quantum mechanics, posited by Heisenberg, that holds that one cannot determine the path of an electron because they very act of observing the electron would affect its location

lusitania

a British passenger ship that boarded around 100 Americans, of which Germany had sunk in May 7, 1915 which made America involved in the world

Martin Luther

a German monk who was a critic of the Roman Catholic Church

black hand

a Serbian terrorist organization dedicated to the creation of a pan-Slavic kingdom

Joint-stock investment banks

a bank created by selling shares of stock to investors. Such banks potentially have access to much more capital than do private banks owned by one or a few individuals.

Grace Hopper and COBOL

a career navy officer who was important in the development of the early computer. she was instrumental in inventing ______ which was a computer language that enabled computers to respond to words as well as numbers.

Jimmy Carter and stagflation

a combination of high inflation and high unemployment that President Carter dealt with; this economic downturn was blamed on increasing oil prices. in 1980 this pres had to face high inflation, a decline in weekly earnings which led to a decline in american living standards, and a hostage crisis. He was not reelected.

The chief cause of rising European populations between 1850 and 1880 was

a declining mortality rate

communist party

a different name for the Bolshevik party

The Second Industrial Revolution experienced

a drop in agricultural prices

marijuana

a drug, often smoked, whose effects include euphoria, impairment of judgment and concentration and occasionally hallucinations; rarely reported as addictive

bolsheviks

a faction of the Marxist social democrats under the leadership of Vladimir Ulianov

leon trotsky

a fervid revolutionary who was chairman of the Petrograd soviet

political democracy

a form of government characterized by universal suffrage and mass political parties

papal bull

a formal decree by a pope sealed with a round leaden seal Luther burned one of these publically in 1520

Council of Trent

a group of cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, theologians who met intermittently in three major sessions

Napoleon III

a leader of Europe from 1852 to 1870 who taught his contemporaries how authoritarian governments could use liberal and nationalistic forces to bolster their own power

Index of Forbidden Books

a list of books that Catholics were not allowed to read, created by Cardinal Caraffa

Institutes of the Christian Religion

a masterful synthesis of Protestant thought that secured John Calvin's reputation as a Protestant leader

Austro-Hungarian Empire

a merged empire of two countries after one was defeated by Prussia lead by Francis Joseph

New Economic Policy

a modified version of the capitalist system introduced in the Soviet Union by Lenin in 1921 to revive the economy after the ravages of the civil war and war on communism

Book of Common Prayer

a new prayer book that Parliament instituted the right of clergy to marry, images to be eliminated, and the creation of a revised Protestant liturgy

Conservatism

a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes

Ulrich Zwingli

a priest who made evangelical reforms and abolished papal Christianity

Totalitarian State

a state characterized by government control over all aspects of economic, social, political, cultural, and intellectual life, the subordination of individual to the state, and insistence that the masses be actively involved in the regime;s goals

Authoritarian state

a state that has a dictatorial government and some other trappings of a totalitarian state, but does not demand that the masses be actively involved in the regime's goals as totalitarian states do

general strike

a strike by all or most workers in an economy; espoused by George Sorel s the heroic action that could be used to inspire the workers to destroy capitalist society

In late nineteenth-century Europe, increased competition for foreign markets and the growing importance of domestic demand for economic development led to

a strong reaction against free trade and imposition of steep protective tariffs by most nations

Realism

a style of painting and literature dealing with ordinary characters from actual life, very different than Romanticism

Reforms in urban living included all of the following except

a successful effort to clean up all polluted rivers and lakes

Bishop Jacques Bossuet

a theorist of divine-right monarchies, argued that God established Kings, and were responsible to nobody except God.

all quiet on the western front

a war novel written by Erich Remarque in 1929 vividly describing the senseless slaughter and suffering endured by soldiers on the Western Front

Psychoanalysis

analytical tool developed by Sigmund Freud that allowed exploration of the unconscious

Vesalius

anatomy and medicine; On Fabric of Human Body; corrected that blood came from heart, but believed that there was two bloods in veins and arteries

"Reign of Terror"

anyone opposed to the radical activities of the sans-culottes was beheaded by the guillotine

Enlightened Absolutism

absolute monarchy with leaders following ideas from the Enlightenment; usually allowed religious toleration, freedom of speech/press, and right to have property

dadaism

absurdist art movement of the interwar years

What did the printing press help lead to?

advent of the Reformation

cahiers de doleances

advocated a constitutional government

The Bill of Rights

affirmed parliament's power, stopped divine right of Kings in England, ran England became a really powerful authority

Concordat

agreement between the Catholic church and Napleon that made the church no longer an enemy of the French government

"Renaissance Man"

all-around gentleman, as comfortable with the pen or the brush as with the sword - a lover, poet, painter, conversationalist

Russian Serfdom

an abundance of land and shortage of peasants made it look very appealing to bind peasants to land owned by nobles

peace and love

an alternative to war, hippies, yadi yadi yadda

Post-Impressionism

an art movement that retains the Impressionist emphasis on light and color but revolutionizes it even further by paying more attention to structure and form

permanent revolution

an atmosphere of constant revolutionary fervor favored by Mao Zedong to enable China to overcome the past and achieve the final stage of communism

abstract painting

an attempt by artists to use forms or designs that have little connection with visual reality

cynicism

an attitude or quality of belief that all people are motivated by selfishness

fascism

an ideology or movement that exalts the nation above the individual and calls for a centralized government with a dictatorial leader, economic and social regimentation and forcible suppression of opposition; in particular, the ideology of Mussolini's Fascist regime in Italy

Christian humanism

an intellectual movement that combined the interests of the Italian Renaissance with the sources of early Christianity

Storming of the Bastille

an uprising where the Bastille, a prison and also the symbol of triumph over depotism, was demolished

querelles des femmes

arguments about women; anatomy of sexual differencers proved inferiority of women

Unemployed used the _____ to escape poverty.

army

In Italy there was a market economy in ....

art

Impressionism

art movement that originated in France in the 1870's; artists attempted to paint their impression of the changing effects of light on objects in nature

Surrealism

artistic movement that sought reality beyond the material world and explored the unconscious; works often portrayed fantasies, dreams, and nightmares

Cubism

artistic style that used geometric designs as visual stimuli in an effort to recreate reality in the viewer's mind

Maria Winkelmann

astronomy; difficulties with Berlin Academy

Continental System

attempt by Napoleon to prevent British goods from reaching the European continent in order to weaken Britain economically

Segur Law

attempt to limit the sale of military officerships to fourth-generation nobles in France

Thomas à Kempis

author of "The Imitation of Christ" who stressed the need to follow Jesus' teachings

Edmund Spenser

author of Faerie Queene in Elizabethan era, one of the greatest moral epics in any language

Olympe de Gouges

author of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen who insisted that women should have the same rights as men

The policy pursued by Russia's Alexander III and Nicholas II after the assassination of Alexander II was a policy of

autocracy

For Elizabeth Poole Sanford, women should

avoid being self-sufficient.

nationalism

cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols

Squadristi

bands of fascists who attacked Socialists in the early 1920's in Italy

Science of Man

belief that Newton's scientific methods could be used to discover the natural laws underlying human life

All of the following were used to limit family size in the late nineteenth century except

birth control pills

tabula rasa

blank slate

French and Indian War

boundary disputes in North America, Battle of Qubec, Wolfe and Montcalm, ended by Treaty of Paris (1793)

Crimean War

broke up long-standing European power relationships and destroyed the Concert of Europe

Isabella d'Este

court at Mantua

Orthodox Church

created some chaos in Russia with its schism,

schlieffen plan

called for a minimal troop deployment against Russia while most of the German army would rapidly invade western France by way of neutral Belgium

Marshall McLuhan and the "global village"

came up with the term. describes the way that new communication technology override barriers of space and time, joining together people from around the world.

Francis Bacon

carefully organized experiments and observations; control and domination of nature; empiricism; induction

reading revolution

caused by the ability to read

Bank of England

central bank of the UK, can issue banknotes and loans

Employment opportunities for women during the Second Industrial Revolution

changed in quality and quantity with the expansion of the service sector.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

charter of basic liberties that was influenced by the Enlightenment and the American Declaration of Independence

Karl Marx

co-author of the publication "The Communist Manifesto" who advocated socialism and believed a classless society was beneficial

Tycho Brahe

compiled a bunch of detailed observations; granted Uraniborg Castle

Bernini

completed st. Peter's basilica, area in front of it too, mother teresa sculpture

Einstein on the Beach

composed by Phillip Glass, demonstrated minimalist music could be adapted to full-scale opera.

National Assembly

composed of the Third Estate whose goal was to draw up a new constitution for France

Society for Revolutionary Republican Women

composed of working class women in France who vowed "to rush to the defense of the Fatherland"

scientific journals

concept of cooperation

Mountain

condemned Louis XIV of France to death

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

controller of general finances for Louis 14th, mercantilist, tried to increase exports by expanding quantity and improving quality of goods, brought foreigners to France, Louis still depleted the money

Calonne

controller-general of finances in France who proposed a complete revamping of the fiscal and administravtie system of the state

High culture

cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite

Lebensraum

living space. The doctrine adopted by Hitler, that a nation's power depends on the amount of land it occupies; thus a nation must expand to be strong

Giovanni de' Medici

d. 1429 Merchant and banker of Florence; founder of the dynasty

Availability of _______ increased the government's ability to fund wars and other government projects.

low interest loans

Boris Yelstin

democratically elected Russian leader that brought the Cold War to an end

hermeticism and Scientific Revolution

desire to control and dominate the natural world because humans had some divinity

Edict of Fontainebleau

destroyed the edict of Nantes and religious rights of non-catholics, caused around 200,000 Huguenots to leave the country, which weakened France and Strengthened Protestant States

Standing armies

developed by gustavus adolphus, permanent army, used infantry salvos, pike charges, and calvary charges

Gustavus Adolphus

developed standing armies of conscripts, King of Sweden (Lutheran), killed in battle in Germany in Swedish phase of 30 years war

National Convention

did not go any farther than agreeing to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic

'Balance of Power'

distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong

Bosnian War

example of how US gets involved in war, but not on the side of the authoritarian government. An example of "military humanism", change from previous foreign intervention, as Bosnian Serbs tried to ethnically cleanse their territory by putting Muslims into concentration camps and having mass executions.

Futurism

early 20th century Italian art movement that emphasized the machine as art

Vladimir Putin

elected president of Russia in 2000, launched reforms aimed at boosting growth and budget revenues and keeping Russia on a strong economic track.

What type of new energy source powered the second industrial revolution

electricity

Napoleon

emperor of France who ended the French Revolution with his coup d'etat

Romanticism

emphasis on heart and sentiment

Treaty of Aix-a-Chapelle

ended WAS, Austria gets everything back except Silesia, Maria Theresa is leader, Silesia to Prussia

Maria Merian

entomologist; drew well; Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam

Levellers

equality amongst gender and social classes, looked down on, not considered the norm back then

Law of the General Maximum

established price controls on goods delared of first neccessity

world machine

everything was governed by the 3 laws

nepotism

favoritism to relatives

Great Fear

fear of invasion by foreign troops throughout France

Puritans on science

felt it was important to reform and renew; used science as instrument

Waterloo

final defeat of Napoleon

Galileo Galelei

first European to use telescope; contradicted that universe was perfect substance

Seven Years War

first global war; Prussian and Austrian tensions, Diplomatic Revolution, alliance of Russia and Prussia vs. Austria, Prussia almost lost but Russia left along with France and Britain. Treaty of Hubertusburg - Prussia kept Silesia, return to status quo

Robert Walpole

first prime minister of England for Hanovarians; uses patronage, peaceful foreign policy

protestant reformers

first to attack new ideas

League of Armed Neutrality

formed by Russia to protect neutral ships from British attack

punk rock and hip-hop

forms of music often characterized by an economic crisis.

Galen

four bodily humors of blood, yellow bile, phlegm, and black bile; warm moist, warm dry, cold moist, cold dry

Assembly of Notables

gathering of French nobles, prelates, and magistrates who refused to compromise when it came to the financial situation of France

The English Reform Bill of 1884

gave English agricultural workers the right to vote

Nationalism

loyalty to a state or community that has common institutions, traditions, languages, customs

Octavia Hill's housing venture was designed to

give the poor an environment they could use to improve themselves

The Hohenzollerns

got land in Germany, turned it into brandenburg Prussia

Industrialization in Japan was the result of

government planning and initiative

Queen Elizabeth

half sister of Queen Mary, the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn who ascended the throne of England and lead the Protestant nations of Europe

The Book of the Courtier

handbook about manners, skills, learning, and virtues that a member of the court should have Baldassare Castiglione

Cesare Beccaria

he objected to harsh practices such as torture, that were common in his day. He was also opposed to trials being held in secret, as well as to corrupt judges and capital punishment. his ideas about rights and punishment influenced reform movements throughout Europe

A rise in female prostitution in European cities during the later nineteenth century can best be attributed to

heavy migration to cities by country women and their increasingly desperate struggle for urban economic survival

Copernicus

heliocentric model; was conservative because did not reject heavenly spheres in circular motion

prefects

hired by Napolean and were responsible for supervising all aspects of local government in France

King Louis the XIV

his reign was 1643-1715, "greatest seventeenth century monarch", created Versailles, called the Sun King, absolute power

Versailles

home of the King, symbol of power, home of nobility, a place where Louis could distract nobles from the royal council with his court, where they could be pre-occupied and kept out of politics, allowed him more power

Charles V did what?

honored a political debt to Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony, by refusing to outlaw Luther without a hearing

Ayatollah Khomeini and American hostages

hostage crisis during president carter's term; 53 american hostages were taken by this man; Carter was unable to negotiate the release of these prisoners and it led to the belief that he was a weak president

Anti-Semitism

hostility toward or discrimination against jews

Separation of powers

ideas of checks and balances. This provided security for a state and freedom for it's people

War was less...

ideological and less violent.

Between 1850 and 1910, European population

increased from 270 million to 460 million

Florentine Academy

informal gathering of influential Florentine humanists devoted to the revival of the works of Plato and Neoplatonists

Philosophes

intellectuals who came from nobility middle class and sometimes even lower class They wanted to change the world, not just discuss it

Paracelsus

macrocosm-microcosm; like cures like

technological innovations

many were still accomplished out of universities by practical

Serialism

is a compositional procedure in which an order of succession is set for specific values:pitch, loudness, and rhythm

Declaration of Pillnitz

issued by Frederick II of Prussia and Leopold II of Austira and invited other European monarchs to put the king of France back into power

The driving force behind immigration to the cities was

job opportunities

infanticide

killing infants

Louis XII

king of France from 1610 to 1643 who relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu (1601-1643) Tried to claim Milan and was driven out by a temporary alliance of Italian city-states 1498-1515

enclosures

landowners have to enclose land, encourages large sale, market agriculture, small farmers migrate to urban areas

Collective farms

large farms created in the Soviet Union by Stalin by combining many small holdings into one large farm worked by the peasants under government supervision

Realism

late 1850s to 1870s An attempt to depict life as it really is, as a reaction to the sentimentalism of Romanticism, showing the grittier side of life with a focus on the "common man"

Unification of Germany

lead by Otto von Bismarck of Prussia, this country was able to be brought together but remained under Prussia

Margaret Thatcher

leader of conservatives in Great Britain who came to power. Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation. Formed Thatcherism, in which her economic policy was termed, and improved the British economic situation. She dominated British politics in 1980s, and her government tried to replace local property taxes with a flat-rate tax payable by every adult. Her popularity fell, and resigned.

vladimir lenin

leader of the Bolsheviks

Robespierre

leader of the Committee of Public Safety who intiated the Reign of Terror

Denis Diderot

leading philosopher who created a large set of books to which many leading scholars of Europe contributed articles and essays; called it the Encyclopedia

Robert Clive

led British in the Great War for Empire, won because of persistence

Committee of Public Safety

led France after the king was beheaded

Paris Commune

led by Danton this group sought revenge on those who aided the king

Emelyn Pugachev

led peasant rebellion in Russia after Charter of Nobility (Catherine) but he died and rebellion ended, no change

The Fall of Constantinople did what

left the Italians without any means to trade with the Arabs

why were rich attracted to science

new ways to exploit resources; knowing science could distinguish you from lower classes

Officers were...

nobles.

John Locke

not for a democracy, humans had the rights to life, liberty and property, people should form a gov, have the right to rebel

Chernobyl

nuclear power plant in Russia that had an explosion in 1986 & released radioactive materials into the air

Intendants

officials sent by Richelieu to execute the orders of the central gov.

militarism

one of the causes of WW1: the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests

anticlericalism

opposition to the church's involvement in politics; especially in the liberal nation states of the late century

anticlericalism

opposition to the power of the clergy, especially in political affairs

sans-culottes

ordinary patriots without fine clothes

Pogroms

organized massacres of Jews

Pauper apprentices

orpahands apprenticed to factory owners as cheap source of labor; basically slavery

Common Sense

pamphlet written by Thomas Paine who argued that is was ridiculous for "a continent to be perpetually governed by an island"

Decline in supply of gold and silver in the 17th century resulted in the need for_______.

paper money

indulgences

pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment

censorship

part of the DORA, allowing public officials to do this in newspapers and even to suspend newpaper publication

Under the chancellorship of Bismarck, Germany

passed social welfare legislation to woo workers away from the Social Democrats

The largest segment of European society in the nineteenth century was composed of

peasant landholders, unskilled day laborers, and domestic servants.

Liberalism

people should be as free from restraint as possible

Thermidorean Reaction

period after the Reign of Terror where the Revolution began to slow down

Renaissance

period of artistic, cultural, and intellectual revival "rebirth"

equivalence

policy in which there was roughly equal power on each side(us and ussr)

Although several motives drove European states to develop systems of mass public education for their citizens, the chief reason for which they did this was

political, to produce more informed voters in expanding electorates and to heighten patriotism

Pope Leo X

pope who sold indulgences from 1515-1517; excommunicated Martin Luther

New Imperialism

the revival of imperialism after 1880 in which European nations established colonies throughout much of Asia and Africa

"peace, land, and bread"

the slogan of the Bolsheviks

Absolutism

the sovereign power and ultimate authority rested in the hand of the King, who claimed to rule by divine right

transformism

the theory that societies evolve gradually

Green-house effect

the trapping of heat by carbon dioxide and other gasses in the air

Alexander II

the tsar of Russia who attempted many reforms and attempted to end serfdom until his assassination in 1881 by radicals

nicholas ii and alexandra

the tsar of russia and his wife, an aristocratic ruler who relied on army and bureaucracy to prop up his regime

Propaganda

the use of images, film, etc to manipulate entire populations into following a political party or idea

Video games

these are electronic games

Antiwar protests and Kent State

these protests started over the US war in Vietnam. Many students protested at universities. At this university, 4 student protestors were killed in 1970 by the Ohio national guard

Revolutions of 1830

this created a new monarchy in France, made Belgium an independent state, and increased the number of male voters in Britain

civil war

this occurred due to great opposition from the Bolsheviks and Communists, leading to attacks from different armies and lead to the Communists retaining control of Russia

gallipoli

this place is southwest of Constantinople, where the Allies attempted to open a Balkan front by landing forces here but had to withdraw

league of nations

this was established when allied powers gathered together in Versailles and Wilson's idea to create this to prevent future wars

Suffragists

those who advocate the extension of the right to vote (suffrage), especially to women

When not able to find work in the factories, many working class European women

took jobs as clerks, shop assistants, and nurses.

Mannerism concepts

transition between the end of the Renaissance and the beginning of the Baroque Era, Art of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, focuses on new ideas and how to express them

John Law's 'bubble'

tried to create national bank and currency for France, people went overboard and the stock soared, bubble burst, and they went bankrupt

Spinoza

unwilling to accept Descartes; humans are part of God and nature and universal order