Spielvogel
European Community
An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993.
Multinational corporation
An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management
Bay of Pigs
An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.
Albert Camus
Another lead writer of the Existentialist movement who wrote "The Stranger" and "The myth of Sisyphus."
John Locke
Argued that people can be molded/improved by their environment (blank slate)
95 Theses
Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on October 31, 1517. Luther's grievances nailed to the church door of Wittenberg, Germany
'Putting out' / 'Domestic system'
subcontracting work - capitalist entrepreneur bought materials and gave them to rural workers to make products
Antoine Lavoisier
system of naming chemical elements; founder of modern chemistry
Klemens von Metternich
the Austrian foreign prime minister who lead the Congress of Vienna
october (november) revolution
the Bolsheviks took control of Petrograd on the night of Nov. 6th and the provisional government collapsed
John Knox
the Calvinist reformer of Scotland
Ignatius Loyola
the Catholic founder of the Society of Jesus
Unification of Italy
the French and Prussians aided in a war against the Austrians to make this event happen, also lead by Count Camillo di Cavour
Nicholas I
the Russian tsar after his brother Alexander I, who became a strict reactionary, strengthening the bureaucracy and the secret police
Social Darwinism
the application of Darwin's principle of organic evolution to the social order, led to the belief that progress comes from the struggle for survival as the fittest advance an the weak decline
volkish thought
the belief that German culture is superior and that the German people have a universal mission to save Western civilization from "inferior races"
Predestination
the belief that God has predetermined those who will be saved or damned
Christian Humanism
the combination of humanist and religious ideas
Which of the following was a major development in British politics before 1914
the continual growth of political democracy
bourgeoisie
middle class in France
Silesia
mostly in Poland, good resources and always fought over
functionalism
movement in modern architecture; based on the idea that buildings should be used and fulfill the purpose for which they were intended
Polygenesis
multiple human origins
Initially, trade unions in the first half of the nineteenth century functioned primarily as
mutual aid societies
Government issuance of bonds and creation of _______.
national debt
Modernism
new artistic and literary styles that emerges in the decades before 1914 as artists rebelled against traditional efforts to portray reality as accurately as possible and writers explored new forms
An issue that brought socialists together in the nineteenth century was
the desire to improve working and living conditions for most workers
Ethnic cleansing
the elimination of an unwanted ethnic group or groups from a society, as by genocide or forced emigration.
Helsinki Agreements
the final act of the Conference on Security and Co-Operation in Europe. 35 states (US, Canada, and all European states except Albania and Andorra) signed the declaration in an attempt to improve Western relations with the communist bloc.
Greek Revolution
the freedom of Greece from Ottoman control due to support of the great powers France, Britain, and Russia
Socialism
the idea of introducing equality into social conditions and that human cooperation was superior to the competition that characterized early industrial capitalism
Zionism
the international movement that called for the establishment of a Jewish state or a refuge for Jews in Palistine
The Romanovs
the longest ruling dynasty of Europe (Russia)
Congress of Vienna
the meeting of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia to restore the old order after Napoleon's defeat and to arrange a final peace settlement
Serfdom
the most burdensome problem in tsarist Russia, a system of the subjugation of millions of peasants to the land and their landlords
Erasmus
the most influential Christian humanist who was a Dutch-born scholar who wrote the "Handbook of the Christian Knight"
. By 1871, the focus of Europeans' lives had become
the national state
'Reason of State'
the principle that a nation should act on the basis of its long-term interests and not merely to further the dynastic interests of its ruling family
Economic imperialism
the process in which banks and corporations from developed nations invest in underdeveloped regions and establish a major presence there in the hope of making high profits; not necessarily the same as colonial expansion in that businesses invest where they can make a profit, which may not be in their own nation's colonies
The upper classes in the late nineteenth century included all of the following except
the professional classes, including lawyers, doctors, an engineers
february (march) revolution
this established the Duma and Provisional Government in Russia after Petrograd women and workers protested
The development of markets after 1870 was best characterized by
urban consumers in Europe who desired a growing number of consumer products
midwifery
used to acquire skills through apprenticeship; males took over
The trade union movement prior to World War I
varied from country to country, but was generally allied with socialist parties
Rembrandt Van Rijn
very great dutch realist, but later pursued his own path which lost his him fame, painted religious scenes too, the one great protestant painter in the 17th cent
Physiocrats
viewed as the founders of modern discipline of economics, rejected mercantilism
Pascal
vision of God; Pensees; Christianity only religion that recognizes people's vulnerability and greatness; famous wager, worthwhile to assume God exists
Johannes Kepler
wanted to discover music of the spheres; three laws of planetary motion; ellipses, areas, a3 = P2
Girondins
wanted to keep the French king alive
propaganda
wartime governments made active use of this to arouse enthusiasm for the War
Louis XVI
weak absolutist French King; gives aristocracy more power, calls Estates-General
Louis XV
weak and lazy absolutist king of France, controlled by ministers and Madame Pompadour
By 1900, most European educational systems
were free and compulsory at least at the primary level
Daughters in European working-class families
were fully expected to work until marriage
Splits between the French working and middle classes
were further widened by the brutal suppression of the Paris Commune in 1871
The middle classes of nineteenth-century Europe
were very concerned with propriety and shared values of hard work and Christian morality
absenteeism
when an employee doesn't show up for work
Tennis Court Oath
when the Third Estate found themselves locked out of the meeting place for the Estates-General they moved to a nearby tennis court and swore they would continue to meet until the had produced a French constitution
Legislative Assembly
where sovereign power was invested
Development and centralization of the modern nation state closely linked with.....
winning wars and maintaining standing armies.
he Marxist revisionist Eduard Bernstein stressed the need for
working through democratic politics to create socialism
Allen Kaprow and "happenings"
works of art rooted in performance. This person created events that were not scripted but chance occurrences. Often included audience participation
One hundred years of solitude
written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez who won the noble prize for literature. Story of the fictional town of Macondo. Gypies introduce villiagers to stuff and they are dumbfounded by "magic"
Catherine de Medici
power broker, queen, and regent of France and mother of Louis XIII
state and science
princes and kings provided patronage for science for prestige and practical reasons
Johannes Gutenberg
printing press
A new development in the age of mass leisure was
professional sports
Descartes
proposed that each step should be sharp and well founded as math proof; deduction
Cereta
prototype feminist
French Revolution (1789)
provided a model of revolution for Europe and was the political movement that inaugurated the rest of the political world
Mary Wollenstonecraft
published and essay called "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" believed that women should learn the same thing as men, but that men's education should be put first
Anabaptists
radicals who believed in the complete separation of church and state and were persecuted
New idea that emerged which meant doing what is best for the long term future of state.
raison d'etat
. The Boulanger Crisis in France had the end result of
rallying French citizens to the cause of the Republic
Amsterdam
rapidly expanding (30,000 to 200,000 in 90 years), financial center/capital of Europe, had lots of ships and the fluyt ships (for large transports), chief port of Dutch East India Company, large production center,
Scientific Revolution on women
reaffirmed traditional ideas
Dutch Realism
realistic portrayal of everyday life, still life, landscapes
Treaty of Paris (1783)
recognized independence of American colonies
Civil Code (Code Napoleon)
recognized the principle of the equality of all citizens before the law
Jacobins
redical deputies who served primarily as discussion groups
Women's movement
refers to a series of campaigns for reforms on issues such as reproductive rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, women's suffrage, sexual harassment, and sexual violence
Expressionism
refers to art that is a result of the artist's inner or personal vision and flows from feeling.
Directory
relied on the military to maintain it's power
Margaret Cavendish
scientific debates; Philosophy; believed that humans were not the masters of nature
Smith's 3 laws of economics
self interest, competition, supply and demand
Richard Arkwright's 'water frame'
spin yarn using horse or water, much faster, led to looms
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
stated that bishops and priests of the Catholic church would be elected by the people and paid by the state
The "Second Industrial Revolution" saw the advent of what new product
steel
European middle-class families during the late nineteenth century
stressed functional knowledge for their children to prepare them for their future roles
Persian Letters
written by Montesquieu; described a Persian in France writing to another back in the middle east and compared Louis XIV to the Persian ruler; criticized French government
Edmund Burke
wrote "Reflections on the Revolution in France" advocating for conservatism in reaction to the French Revolution
Boccacio
wrote Decameron (book about people's experiences during the plague) 1313-1375
Christopher Marlowe
wrote Doctor Faustus
J.R.R. Tolkien
wrote The Hobbit and The Lord of the Ring
printing press
• spread ideas like Protestant Reformation throughout Europe a machine used for printing
Jan van Eyck
•Master of oil painting •Most famous painting is Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife 1385-1441
Impressionism
1870s to 1920s Named for Claude Monet's painting "Impressionism of Sunrise," developed into sub-movements of Post-Impressionism, and Pointillism, which was made famous by Georges Seurat
The first internal combustion engine burning a mixture of gas and air was produced in
1878.
Nixon and Zedong "Strategic relationship"
2 leaders that put aside their differences in an effort to reduce tension in Asia. Cooperated against the threat of Soviet intervention in Asia.
Dresden
200,000 died in one night. bombed by Allies. purpose: destroy German morale.
Modern Art and Post-Modernism, Including Futurism, Surrealism, Dada, and Pop Art
20th century Artists are strongly influenced by Sigmund Freud, Albert Einstein, the World Wars, the coming of the Atomic Age, the rise of modern media, and the change in the concept of identity. Art less about sensual pleasure and more about making a statement
How many political units were in Germany during the Renaissance?
300
Franklin D. Roosevelt
32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII.
William Clinton
42nd president, democrat
Babylonian Captivity
50-year period in which the Israelites were exiled from Judah and held in Babylon when popes, subservient to the French king, took up residence in Avignon, and lasting over forty years
Peter the Great
6'9", wanted to westernize Russia, created a powerful navy (each peasant served 25 years, standing army of 210,000), centralized gov by creating a senate, divided Russia into controlled provinces, created a military ranking system based on merit, exported Iron, gave women more rights, wanted to create a window to the west
The 3 French Giants
Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot
Normandy
A region in northwestern France on the English channel. Long awaited Allied invasion.
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor and Charles I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united
classical authors
Homer, Plato, Aristotle, and Cicero
Petrarch
"Father of Humanism." studied classical Greek and Latin. introduced emotion in "Sonnets to Laura" an Italian poet famous for love lyrics (1304-1374)
Blitz
"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939.
Blitzkrieg
"Lightning war." A war conducted with great speed and force, as in Germany's advance at the beginning of WW1.
Lebensraum
"Living space." Hitler's doctrine that a nation's power depends on the amount of land it occupies.
Louis XI
"The Prudent" or "The Spider King," who expanded France substantially of the Valois family and did a lot to centralize power during his reign from 1461-1485.
Bushido
"The way of the warrior"; Japanese word for the Samurai life ; Samurai moral code was based on loyalty, chivalry, martial arts, and honor until the death.
Virtu
"the quality of being a man"
Adam Smith
"wealth of nations" advocated the idea of laissez faire; or government not involving themselves in the economy. Labor = wealth
'Pocket Boroughs'
'Rotten Boroughs' cause of corrupt parliament elections for England
Dante
(1265-1321) Italian poet and Renaissance writer. His greatest work is The Divine Comedy. Inferno
Giotto
(1276-1337) Florentine Painter who led the way in the use of realism.
Massacio
(1401-1428) Holy Trinity
Juan Luis Vives
(1492-1540) - one of the first to urge that the mentally ill be treated humanely
Montesquieu
(1689-1755) wrote 'Spirit of the Laws', said that no single set of political laws was applicable to all - depended on relationship and variables, supported division of government
Voltaire
(1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church. Greatest figure of the Enlightenment,Ê "I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend your right to say it"Praised English life and their lack of religious intolerance."Crush the infamous thing" -infamous thing is superstition and religious intolerance
William Wordsworth
(1770-1850) Romantic poet, used one of the most important aspects of Romanticism: love of nature.
Osama Bin Laden
(1957-) Founder of al Qaeda, the terrorist network responsible for the attacks of September 11, 2001, and other attacks.
Marie Antoinette
(r. 1775-1792) Austrian Habsburg princess married to Louis XVI who as queen of France was his controversial political adviser.. She was executed during the Reign of Terror.
Louis XVI
(r. 1775-1792) King of France whose monarchy was abolished by the creation of the French Republic. He was executed during the Reign of Terror.
Teheran Conference
- Stalin, Churchill, and FDR met to reconcile (we left Soviets out of Italian surrender).
Herbert Marcuse
-faculty member of the time, major champion against the war, against arms research, against commodification of education basically saw the move to make education as marketable asset not true learning but just simply something marketabl
John Stuart Mill
19th century English philosopher, famous for thoughts on outside the box thinking on perception Utilitarianism
Between 1860 and 1913, western European steel production went from
125,000 tons to 32 million tons
Hundred Years War
1337-1453 A conflict in which England and France battled on French soil on and off from 1337 to 1453 a long conflict between England and France over who was the rightful ruler of France.
Italian Renaissance
1350-1550
John Huss
1372-1415 Bohemian scholar who taught that the Bible was the final authority for Christian life
Fillipo Brunelleschi
1377-1446 Il Duomo
The Great Schism
1378, where French and anti-French cardinals two popes, one of whom lived in Rome, the other in Avignon, and lasting over forty years
Lorenzo Ghiberti
1378-1455 bronze doors for the Florentine baptistery
Cosimo de' Medici
1389-1464 Son of Giovanni who used the family fortune to fill the vacuum of power resulting from the lack of a national monarchy Unofficial ruler of the republic
Leon Battista Alberti
1404-1472 studied ancient Roman buildings and used their principles of design to build cathedrals
Marsilio Ficino
1433-1499 Catholic priest and influential philosopher
Sandro Botticelli
1444-1510 classical mythology painter
Lorenzo de' Medici
1449-1492 Cosimo's grandson; not only the republic's ruler but a lavish patron in the arts
Italian and Northern Renaissance
1450-1550
Northern Renaissance
1450-1700
Johann Tetzel
1465-1519 A Dominican friar that drew much attention for selling indulgences near Luther's parish
Laura Cereta
1469-1499 early humanist and early feminist 1488 Epistolae familiars
Niccolo Machiavelli
1469-1527 The Prince
Albrecht Durer
1471-1528 The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
Raphael
1483-1520 Italian Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.
Martin Luther
1483-1546 A Roman Catholic priest, Augustinian monk, and theologian at the University of Wittenburg in German Condemned sale of indulgences Believed in the traditional ways of attaining salvation - good works were inadequate
European Community
15 member nations by 2000. Primarily an ecnomic union, 370million people and constituted the worlds largest single trading entity.
Peter Brueghel the Elder
1520-1569 focused on the lives of ordinary people
Mannerism
1520-1600
Montaigne
1533-1592 format of the essay Essays
Baroque
1550-1750 known for over-ornamentation, curved lines, and art that awes the viewer with impressive size and emotional reactions
reign of Elizabeth I
1558-1603 Elizabethan Age
Rembrandt van Rijn
1606-1669 chiaroscuro
Thirty Years War
1618-1648, "last religious war". Ferdinand tried to re-insitute catholicism, defenestration of Prague, Danish king Christian tried to invade lands or Ferdinand, but failed when Wallenstein became the general for Ferdinand, edict of restitution(catholic lands back), Gustavus Adolphus, political issues took precedence= France got involved
Peace of Westphalia
1648, ended 30 years war, but not the Spanish-French conflicts
Bank of England was founded in ____.
1694
Treaty of Karlwitz
1699, Official establishment of an Austrian empire (it gained much more land here, such as Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia, in addition to the land it already had)
Rococo
1710-1790 Typified as similar to baroque but more ornamental and less formal
Peace of Utrecht
1713-Peace treaty that stopped the War of Spanish succession, France is separate from Spain, Austria, Prussia, and most importantly England, gained land (established England as a greater force with much more new-world land)
Neoclassism
1790-1820s Revival of styles and spirit of classical antiquity, reflected the Age of Enlightenment and was initially a reaction against the excesses of the Rococo
Romanticism
1820s-1860s Evolved as a reaction to neoclassicism and the Industrial Revolution
Andrew Jackson
1829-1837 7th President
Munich Conference
1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further.
Neville Chamberlain
1938; gullible British Prime Minister; declared that Britain and France would fight if Hitler attacked Poland.
Battle of Britain
1940. German air forces invaded Britain but the British Royal Air Force drove them out with the help of the new invention radar that let them know where the German planes were.
Wannsee Conference
1942 conference in Germany concerning the plan to murder European Jews.
Yalta Conference
1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war.
"Prague Spring"
1968 invasion of Czech was the crucial event of the Brezhnev era.
Watergate
1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down
Fall of Berlin Wall
1989 - Beginning of the fall of communism and the Soviet Union - symbolized the failure of communism and massive socialism
Immanuel Kant
A German philosopher who is considered the central figure of modern philosophy. Argued that the human mind creates the structure of human experience, that reason is the source of morality, that aesthetics arises from a faculty of disinterested judgment, that space and time are forms of our sensibility, and that the world as it is "in-itself" is unknowable.
Auschwitz
A Nazi concentration camp for Jews in southwestern Poland during World War II.
Lech Walesa
A Polish politician, a former trade union and human rights activist, and also a former electrician. He co-founded Solidarity, the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995.
Fundamentalism
A Protestant Christian movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and opposing religious modernism, which sought to reconcile religion and science. It was especially strong in the Baptist Church and the Church of Christ, first organized in 1906.
David Hume
A Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of radical philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.
Justification by faith
A belief that Jesus brought salvation, not good works
Humanism
A belief that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity 14th and 15th centuries
Encyclopedia
A collaboration of many Enlightenment writers that aimed to gather together knowledge about science, religion, industry, and society.
Secularism
A doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations.
The Great Hunger
A famine in Ireland resulting from a potato blight.
Mysticism
A form of religious belief and practice involving sudden insight and intense experiences of God
Maginot line
A fortification built before World War II to protect France's eastern border.
Taliban
A fundamentalist Muslim movement whose militia took control of much of Afghanistan from early 1995, and in 1996 took Kabul and set up a radical Islamic state. The movement was forcibly removed from power by the US and its allies after the September 11, 2001, attacks
détente
A lessening of tensions between U.S. and Soviet Union. Besides disarming missiles to insure a lasting peace between superpowers, Nixon pressed for trade relations and a limited military budget. The public did not approve.
Dunkirk
A mass flee of British troops of the coast of France, disaster, lost thousands of machines and vehicles.
Holocaust
A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.
Indian National Congress
A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Led by Gandhi.
Witchcraft
A mythical, yet sinister and dangerous practice; over 100,000 people were prosecuted on witchcraft charges, which only encouraged fear. Usually had to do with religious conflicts and blame (protestant v. catholics)
Winston Churchill
A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.
Entrepreneur
A person who starts up and takes on the risk of a business
Markets
A place for people to buy or sell. An outlet for the industrialists creating manufactured goods.
Glasnost
A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry.
Détente
A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon.
Chartism
A program of political reforms sponsored by British workers in the late 1830s. Chartist demands included universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of the House of Commons.
Agricultural Revolution
A simultaneous series of improvements in agriculture in Great Britain; led to an increase in food production using less labor, therefore (because of supply and demand) food was cheaper. People could now purchase the goods being manufactured in the Industrial Revolution with the money they would normally have spent on food.
What does encomienda mean
A spanish system devised to collect tribute from nativos and to use their labor
Cubism
A style of art in which the subject matter is portrayed by geometric forms, especially cubes
permissive society
A term applied to Western society after World War II to reflect the new sexual freedom and the emergence of a drug culture.
Social Contract
A voluntary agreement among individuals to secure their rights and welfare by creating a government and abiding by its rules.
the Berlin Wall
A wall constructed between East and West Berlin with guards who fired on any who tried to escape from East Berlin to West Berlin. This wall served as a symbol of the conflict between communist and noncommunist powers.
Great Northern War
A war between Sweden and Russia (but also Denmark and Poland) that lasted 20 years, ended in the Peace of Nystadt, and formally recognized that Russia got Estonia, Livonia, and Karelia.
Jackson Pollock
Abstract Expressionism
Charles I
Accepted the petition of right (no tax w/ out parliament's consent), but went back on it, married a catholic, never called parliament, finally did call it but those who pushed for more change after agreements were made were arrested, started civil war, imposed Anglican book of common prayer through archbishop Laud
African National Congress
An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought equality.
The UK
Act of Union - Ireland and England combine into the United Kingdom
Emigration
Act of an individual moving out of one region or country to live in another (migrate out).
Terrorism
Acts of violence designed to promote a specific ideology or agenda by creating panic among an enemy population
In the 1440s, Portuguese profits from exploration were first derived from what source
African slaves
Nikita Khrushchev
Aggressive Soviet leader whose failed gamble of putting missiles in Cuba cost him his job.
1939 non-aggression pact
Agreement between USSR and Germany; shocked world because they thought the communists & Hitler wouldn't get along.
Northern Renaissance people
Albrecht Durer, Hans Holbein the Elder, Hieronymus Bosch, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Jan van Eyck, Johannes Vermeer, Rembrandt van Rijn, Robert Cooper, John Milton, Cornelius Canis, Cervantes, Thomas Moore, William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, Christine de Pizan
Big Three
Allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt.
Anglo-German Naval Pact
Allowed Germany to build a navy that would be 35 percent of the size of the British navy, with equality in submarines.
Betty Friedan and The Feminine Mystique
American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique". described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities
Containment
American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world.
Frederico Fellini
An Italian director who produced films that sharply criticized social and political injustice.
Mazarin
An Italian who was Louis 14th's advisor, dealt with the Fronde, imposed taxes, died soon after the Fronde
Sudetenland
An area in western Czechoslovakia that was coveted by Hitler.
Dadaism
An artform reacting to the world wars to show the purposelessness of life
Surrealism
An artistic movement that displayed vivid dream worlds and fantastic unreal images
Global Warming
An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)
World Trade Organization
An international agency which encourages trade between member nations, administers global trade agreements and resolves disputes when they arise.
European Union
An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.
Skepticism
As scientific knowledge spread more educated men and women questioned religious truths and values Travel books made Europeans more skeptical about Christianity and European culture
Pope John Paul II
Assumed Papacy 1979, Conservative Pope, against strengthening women's position in church, more staunch on birth control
Pearl Harbor
Attack that led to US involvement in the war.
Catholic and conservative leader in...
Austria
Partitions of Poland
Austria, Prussia, and Russia took all of it
Adolf Hitler
Austrian born Dictator of Germany, implement Fascism and caused WWII and Holocaust.
Joseph II
Austrian leader, most Enlightened ruler, abolished serfdom, no capital punishment, laissez-faire, toleration, secularize Church, German official language, taxes for all, no one happy, Mozart and Beethoven
Maria Theresa
Austrian leader; limited serfdom, no torture, education, small pox vaccine, decency policy, Schonbrunn Palace - Vienna
Mesoamerican civilization at the time of European exploration
Aztec
John Calvin
a second generation Protestant reformer who wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion"
To prevent one state from becoming too powerful which often times led to war
Balance
Who shaped European life at the time of the Renaissance by making profitable loans to the people?
Bankers
Critic of how the Spanish treated the Indians
Bartolome de Las Casas
Montcalm & Wolfe
Battle of Quebec - both died
David Cameron
Became British PM in 2010 on the basis of a coalition with Liberal Democrats
the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
Beginning in 1966, it was a massive effort by Zedong and is supporters to eliminate rival elements within the Chinese Communist Party and achieve a "classless society." It also failed.
"Missile gap"
Belief that the Soviet Union had more nuclear weapons than the United States.
Jacques Derrida and deconstruction
Believes that culture is created and can therefore be analyzed in a variety of ways, according to the manner in which people create their own meaning. Hence, there is no fixed truth or universal meaning.
Allied Strategic Bombing
Bombing that was planned as to try and weaken places.
"The Social Contract"
Book Written by Rousseau,ÊTried to harmonize individual liberty with government authorizes It was an agreement between the entire society to be governed by its general will
"The Wealth of Nations"
Book written by Smith, attacked mercantilism, presented his 3 principles of economics
"Vindication of the Rights of Women"
Book written by Wollstonecraft, women should not be subjected to men women should have the same rights in education, economic, and political life
Which of the following statements best applies to Spain and Italy in the late nineteenth century
Both countries remained second-rate European powers, less transformed by the economic and cultural innovations of the age.
Robert Boyle
Boyle's law, PV = k
Grand Alliance
Britain, Soviet Union, USA.
Make laws, taxes, and pass budgets.
British Parliament
A key reason for Germany supplanting England as the industrial leader of Europe was
British entrepreneurs were suspicious of innovations and reluctant to invest in new industries
'Banknotes'
British money - pounds - backed by bank's credit
Wealth of Nations
British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.
Donatello
Bronze David
salons
Brought together writers and artists with aristocrats, government officials, and the wealthy Women, like Therese Geoffrin, hosted these meetings their position changed in society Women, like Therese Geoffrin, hosted these meetings Promoted unwelcome views in the eyes of the royal court
Crystal Palace
Building constructed entirely of glass and iron rods for Britain's Great Exhibition in London in 1851.
Frederick William the Great Elector
Built a strong standing army (40,000 men 50% of state's income) to protect the naturally defenseless Prussia, established general war commissariat, to levy taxes/oversee army, but evolved to control civil gov too, made a deal with the nobles where he would have power over the country, they would have power over their peasants and wouldn't have to pay taxes, enforced serfdom, mercantilist (kinda)
Women's liberation movement
By the late 1960s, women had begun to assert their rights again. In the late 1960s came renewed interest in feminism, or this movement, as it was called.
Which statement best applies to the Germany under chancellor Otto von Bismarck
Coalitions were used by Bismarck to get what he wanted and then he dropped them
Realism people
Camille Corot, Jean-Francois Millet, Honore Daumier, and the Barbizon School of landscape painters. Some works by Edgar Degas and Edouard Manet, Wagner, Franck, Brahms, Bizet, Verdi, Puccini, Honore de Balzac, Charles Dickens, Gustave Flaubert, Guy de Maupassant, Henrik Ibsen, Friedrich Nietzsche, Marcel Proust, Emile Zola
Saint Petersburg
Capital of Russia, Peter's window to the west, built after beating Sweden in the Great Northern war and obtaining land
Reorganized local government with nobles in charge and nobles got special privileges.
Catherine the Great
transubstantiation
Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.
What was an effect of inflation in the 16th and 17th centuries
Caused a decline in the standard of living for wage earners and those on a fixed income.
Northern Renaissance concepts
Centralization of power in nation-states, Reformation, Focus on common people in art, more religious that Italian Renaissance
The Irish parliamentary leader who demand home-rule for Ireland in the 1880s was
Charles Parnell
John Marshall
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court appointed by John Adams
What areas of the world were least affected by European power and influence
China and Japan
To what empire does this quote apply: "an old, crazy first-rate man of war"
Chinese empire
Pietists
Christians who stressed a personal relationship with jesus
Hiroshima
City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.
Enlightened rule in Sweden?
Close
magic realism
Combined realistic events with dreamlike or fantastic backgrounds
Law of 14 Frimaire
Committee of Public Safety sought to centralize the administration of France
the Vietcong
Communist guerrilla forces made up mostly of Southern Vietnamese people
Diderot
Condemned Christianity as fanatical and unreasonable As he grew older these condemnations became more vicious Said out of all the religions Christianity was the worst
Commonwealth of Independent States
Confederacy of independent states of the former Soviet Union that have united because of their common economic and administrative needs.
Erich Honecker
East German Communist leader; used the secret police force to rule East Germany with violent repression; his refusal to institute reforms led to a large exodus through Hungary, mass demonstrations, and ultimately the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.
Modern Art and Post-Modernism, Including Futurism, Surrealism, Dada, and Pop Art people
Constantin Brancusi, Georges Braque, Alexander Calder, Marc Chagall, Willem de Kooning, Roy Lichtenstein, Marcel DuChamp, Salvador Dali, Paul Giocometti, Rene Margrite, Henri Matisse, Joan Miro, Aristide Maillol, Henry Moore, Pablo Picasso, Jackson Pollack, Andy Warhol, Bela Bartok, Alban Berg, George Gershwin, Sergei Prokofiev, Richard Strauss, Igor Stravinsky
Catholic Church
Continued to loose its power during the enlightenment jesuits come in to help
Mao Zedong
Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.
_______ became more popular than wool and was produced by cheap labour in India and the U.S.
Cotton
Warsaw Pact
Countries in east.
NATO
Countries in west.
Factory Act of 1833
Created factory workday for children between 9-13 to 8 hours a day. Outlawed child labor under 9. Because of this, factory owners built schools for the children.
Cultural Relativism 2
Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture. It was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and later popularized by his students.
Arthur Harris
Led bombing raids to Germany, wartime leader of the British air force's Bomber Command.
Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution
Led by red guards; with goals of establishing a society of peasants & workers in which all were equal.
University of Nanterre
DEFINITION: satellite campus created to accommodate baby boomers who sought higher education as result of democratized education; site of beginning of student protests in 1968
Michelangelo Buonarroti
David Worked in Rome. Painted the Sistine Chapel for Pope Julius II. Sculpted the statue of David. Pieta 1475-1564
Enlightened rule in Great Britain?
Debatable
Stalingrad
Decisive battle. November, 1942 - February, 1943: Russians hold out against Germans. Germans forced to surrender.
James II
Defied test act, catholic leader, overthrown in the glorious revolution after he gave birth to a son
The Industrial Factory
Demanded a new type of discipline from its employees. Factory owners could not afford to let their expensive machinery stand idle. Workers were forced to work regular hours and in shifts to keep the machines producing at a steady pace for maximum output.
Revolutions of 1848
Democratic and nationalistic revolutions, most of them unsuccessful, that swept through Europe
Henry Cort
Developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke (made from coal, not the drink or drug). He also developed heavy-duty steam-powered rolling mills, which were capable of spewing out finished iron in every shape and form.
"Encyclopedia"
Diderot's book whose purpose was to "change the general way of thinking" became a weapon for philosophes against the French society People attacked religious superstition and advocated for Religious toleration
Rene Descartes
Discourse on Method; separation of mind and matter; Cartesian dualism; material world is pure mechanism; father of modern rationalism; books on index of forbidden books
God specifically chooses certain people to rule as kings.
Divine right of kings
Miguel de Cervantes
Don Quixote 1547-1616
Walter Ulbricht
Little Stalin who led a totalitarian rule of East Germany along with Erich Honecker
Patriots pushed for democratic reforms in the...
Dutch Republic
Political struggle between the oligarchs who controlled the towns and the house of Orange who controlled the executive branch.
Dutch Republic
Prussian king sent troops in to crush the Patriots who were a threat to the Orange family in the...
Dutch Republic
Patriots vs. Orangists
Dutch Republic - regents wanted to reduce power of Orangists, Patriots divided regents and fought for Democratic reforms - Orangists and regents crushes Patriots and reestablished old system
Desiderius Erasmus
Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe The Praise of Folly Handbook of a Christian Knight 1456-1536
Dominated diplomacy because they wanted to expand their dynastic holdings.
Dynastic interest
Trade Unions
Early labor organizations that brought together workers in the same trade, or job, to fight for better wages and working conditions.
The primary motivation for European exploration
Economic, the desire for precious metals and new areas for trade
Relativity Theory
Einstein's theory that hold, among other things, that (1) space and time are not absolute but are relative tot eh observer and interwoven into a four-dimensional space-time continuum and (2) matter is a form of energy
Nicolas Sarkozy
Elected French President in 2007 promised to address the Muslim tensions but failed to do so
Tony Blair
Electted British prime minister in 1997 and architect of "New Labour". Favored low taxes, tightly controlled social spending, and closer ties to Europe.
Coal Mines Act of 1842
Eliminated the employment of boys under ten and women in mines.
by 1914, the nation with the largest number of trade unionists was
England
Thomas More
English humanist who described an ideal society in Utopia
Richard Arkwright
English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once.
Edwin Chadwick
English investigator of mass corruption in regard to English burial practices who recommended that cemeteries be municipalized and that religious rites be simplified and standardized in 1842.
William Shakespeare
English poet and dramatist considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616) Romeo and Juliet
'Wilkes & Liberty'
English prime minister - during William Pitt the Younger, middle class man in Parliament who wanted enlightened reform but gets kicked out - phrase used by his supporters
William Pitt the Elder
English prime minister - handles foreign issues, 18th century wars (Austrian Succession, Seven Years) - got Canada and India
John Wycliffe
English scholar who argued that the Bible was the final authority for Christian life 1330-1384
Newton
English, not Italian like the rest; Principia; law of gravitation; believed universe was a riddle
Rococo concepts
Enlightened despotism, Enlightenment, Salons, philosophes, encyclopedia
Christian Humanists
Erasmus and Thomas More
Popular culture
Essentially what everyone does and are for the general public, low culture
Kosovo Liberation Army
Ethnic Albanian group that started a campaign against Serbian Rule in Kosovo.
Romanticism people
Eugene Delacroix, John Constable, Joseph Turner, Theodore Gericault, Berloiz, Weber, Chopin, Mendelssohn, Liszt, Schumann, J. Strauss, Jr., Lord Byron, Alexandre Dumas, Victor Hugo, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor, Coleridge, John Keats, Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Sir Walter Scott
Marshall Plan
European recovery program - part of containment policy. Intended to rebuild European stability and prosperity.
What did Tokugawa Leysau do
Expelled all missionaries
Romanticism concepts
Expression of emotional nationalism and heroism; glorifies nature, the past, peasants, and nationalistic movements
Modern Art and Post-Modernism, Including Futurism, Surrealism, Dada, and Pop Art concepts
Expressionism Abstractionism Cubism Futurism Surrealism Dadaism Nihilism
Textiles
Fabrics that are woven or knitted; material for clothing
Benito Mussolini
Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.
Francisco Franco
Fascist leader of the Spanish revolution, helped by Hitler and Mussolini.
Leyster
Female, paintings were portraits, or scenes from everyday life, prominent female on the scene, accepted into the painting guild of saint haarlem.
First person to circumnavigate the world
Ferdinand Magellan
High Culture and Low Culture
High culture most commonly refers to the set of cultural products, mainly in the arts, held in the highest esteem by a culture. It is the culture of an elite such as the aristocracy or intelligentsia, and is contrasted with the low culture of the less well-educated, barbarians, Philistines, or the masses.
James I
First in the line of Stuarts, used to be king of Scotland, believed in divine right which conflicted with parliament, did't reform church like people wanted because it already supported him
Olivier Messiaen
First recognized serialist, influenced by Indian and Greek music. Serialists composition diminishes the role of intuition and emotion in favor of intellect and mathematical precision.
Realism concepts
Focus on knowledge that can be known, or positivism, Realpolitik, and a turn away from emotion toward fact, and a rejection of industrial progress, Shows the ugliness of life for peasants, Called pornography by critics
Timothy Leary
Former Harvard psychologist who experimented with psychoactive drugs (including LSD) and became a well-known advocate of their use as a way to open and expand the mind.
EEC
Founded for economic reasons, particularly to encourage free trade among member nations. Became driving force behind economic integration in W. Europe.
Unable to make low interest loans for government expenses which worsened their debt and flexibility.
France
War of the Austrian Succession
France and Prussia vs. England and Austria; Frederick invades Silesia and everyone claims Austrian throne, Marshall de Saxe - Battle of Fontenay, Treat of Aix-a-Chapelle
Louis Napoleon's Second Empire was brought to an end by
France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War
Supply and demand
Free market makes business meet the lowest price to meet competition
Huguenots
French Calvinists who came from all layers of society
Neoclassical concepts
French Revolution, Napoleonic Empire, Nationalism emerges
Jacques Chirac
French conservative president elected in 1995; pursued a plan of sending illegal immigrants back to their home countries; an outspoken opponent of the US invasion of Iraq.
Treaty of Paris (1763)
French gives England Canada and Cape Breton Island, English restored Pondichery and Chandemagor - India, Spain gave England Florida
Jean Paul Sartre
French philosopher and existentialist that continued to believe in the Soviet Union during and after WWII.
Rabelais
French satirical author; Gargantua and Pantagruel. 1494-1553
Worldwide Web
Part of the Internet. Used for communication
The Starry Messenger
Galileo revealed himself as proponent of Copernicus's heliocentric; Inquisition
Moral decline
Gambling, drunkenness, etc. Popes weren't being celibate.
Spanish Civil War
General Franco succeeded in overthrowing the republican government.
Luftwaffe
German Air Force.
Ludwig van Beethoven
German composer of instrumental music (especially symphonic and chamber music)
Rhineland
German troops marched into this area. First act of aggression.
Which of the following national groups had realized nationhood by 1871?
Germans
Germany began to replace Britain as Europe's industrial leader by the early twentieth century due to
Germany's development of new areas of manufacturing including chemicals and heavy electric machinery
Northern Renaissance
Germany, England, Switzerland, France, Belgium, and Holland
Mannerism people
Giorgione, Tintoretto, El Greco, Velazquez, Monteverdi
Perestroika
Gorbachev's policy of "restructuring" which included reducing the direct involvement of the Communist Party leadership in the day to day governing of the nation. It was a decentralization of economic planning and controls
Leonardo Bruni
His book, New Cicero, identified Classical Latin as well as the foundations of civic humanism. 1370-1444
Diplomatic Revolution
Hitler became chancellor. Withdrawal from the German Disarmament Conference and League of Nations.
Divine right
Government was divinely ordained to create organized society which was run by a King (established by God) that was responsible to nobody and controlled sovereign power, aka, the power to make laws, tax, administer justice, control the state's administrative system, and determine foreign policy
The Medici family ruled what?
Grand Duchy of Tuscany (including Florence)
Welfare State
Great Britain. A system in which the government takes responsibility for its citizen's social and economic needs.
Mahatma Gandhi
Great revolutionary who led India to independence from Great Britain through passive resistance and civil disobedience based upon Henry David Thoreau's doctrines.
El Greco
Greek painter who moved to Spain, great at mannerism, conveyed suffering,
Christian Democratic parties
Group of middle class looking for limited reforms - military hardliners continued to dominate military.
Green parties
Groups concerned about the environmental health of the world- they originated from other issues (antinuclear, womens liberation, etc)
Louis the XIV's wars
Had a professional army, invaded Netherlands but was forced back by the triple alliance (swedes, dutch, english), invaded united provinces but was stopped by Spain and was given the French comet as compensation, War of the League of Augsburg hurt France very badly (famine, debt), War of Spanish Succession-argument over Spain's throne, France was denied total power
Silvio Berlusconi
Head of a media empire that became italian Prim Minister in 2008 to protect his own business interests.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.
Final Solution
Hitler's use of extermination camps and gas chambers.
Hungarian uprising
Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations demanding non-communist parties be legalized; turned into armed rebellion and spread throughout the country.
Natural law idealogy
If Isaac Newton could discover the natural laws regulating nature, they could find the natural laws governing society. Less focus on god.
Two reasons for Locke having better gov or human nature ideas, and 1 reason for Hobbes having better ideas in the same category.
Locke had a better grasp of government since he thought people should be allowed to rebel against the monarch and a better grasp of nature since he believed people had the rights of life, liberty and property in their natural state. Hobbes, however had ideas on an absolute monarch with absolute power, insuring the stability of the country and unquestioning government control.
The Falklands War
In 1982 this brief conflict broke out between Britain and Argentina after the Argentinians invaded a group of British-owned islands off the coast of South America -- Margaret Thatcher's bold response and victory did much to boost her political standing at home
Left enormous debt in France
Louis XIV
French king who was lazy, weak, influenced, by ministers and mistresses, lost empire in 7 Years War, court life at Versailles.
Louis XV
Madame de Pompadour
Louis XV's influential mistress; made decisions in government in foreign policy
In late nineteenth-century Europe, human progress was increasingly identified with
material progress or greater consumption of material goods
Bourgeois
In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions.
Mannerism
In the manner of the ren., except exaggerated and elongated, lots of (negative) emotion
"Consumer Society"
Increase in real wages and jobs themselves provided for more money in middle class families.
What impact did the African slave trade have on violence in Africa
Increased warfare and violence in Africa because of the increasing demand for prisoners who could be sold as slaves
Italian Renaissance concepts
Individualism, humanism, secularism, Perspective, Use of triangles as architecture of art, individual portraiture, landscapes, free-standing human sculptures, nudes
Ruhr Valley
Industrial Valley in Germany found to have HUGE coal deposits.
French king who lacked knowledge and the energy to solve the countries affairs, spoiled wife Marie Antoinette, and was out of touch with the country's problems.
Louis XVI
Marie Antoinette
Louis XVI's wife; Austrian princess
Richelieu
Louis the 13th's advisor, eliminated Huguenot rights, tried to control the nobility by using spies (very effective spies), sent out intendants, but increased debt
European Coal and Steel Community
Part of the Schuman Plan, which stated that economic cooperation between France and W. Germany would be key to prosperity.
Legacy of Locke and Isaac Newton
Intellectuals thought Newtons ideas of reason can be used to unlock the laws of politics, economy and arts Their ideas seemed to offer hope of a new world build on society
"Peace and Love"
International movement, but mainly in U.S.
Steam engine
Invented by James Watt; an engine powered by steam that could pump water from mines 3X as quickly as previous engines
Gulf War
Military action in 1991 in which an international coalition led by the United States drove Iraq from Kuwait, which it had occupied the previous year.
Eurocommunism
Italian Communists in the 1960s were the architects of this - declared that each nation, without deferring to Moscow, must find its own way to new society through parliamentary democracy and national consensus. Weakened ties with Moscow and gave up the idea of dictatorship of the proletariat and tempered its assault on religion.
Baldassare Castiglione
Italian aristocrat who wrote "The Courtier", which became a handbook for how to succeed in society The Courtier 1478-1529
Leonardo da Vinci
Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect Mona Lisa 1452-1519
Pope John XXIII
Italian pope who called Vatican II, which brought the Church into modern times.
_____ remained fragmented into several states which allowed Austria and Spain to have control over much of the area.
Italy
Neoclassicism people
Jacques Louis David, Francisco Goya, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Jean-Antoine Houdon, Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Schubert, Sergei Prokofiev, Igor Stravinsky, Rossini
2 reasons for the King vs Parliament struggle in the 17th century, one way it was resolved (resolution has to include something about glorious revolution and bill of rights)
James I believed in divine right, and therefore did't work with parliament like the tudors did, which was balanced. Charles I declined to let parliament meet until it was absolutely necessary, but he did't allow them to convene, or essentially function. Resolved by the institution of a new monarch, who followed the bill of rights; ensured parliament had to meet, and that the monarch need parliament's consent on many things.
Nagasaki
Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped (August 9, 1945).
Manchukuo
Japanese puppet state established in Manchuria in 1931.
Kamikaze
Japanese suicide pilots who loaded their planes with explosives and crashed them into American ships.
Alienated the Austrian nobility by freeing the serfs, alienated the church by his attacks on the monastic establishment, serfs were unhappy and unable to comprehend the changes.
Joseph II
Potsdam Conference
July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.
Battle of Midway
June 4, 1942. Turning point in the Pacific. Established US naval supremacy.
Six-Day War
June 5, 1967. War between Israel and Egypt, Syria, and Jordon where Israel defeated the three, capturing territory from each.
Tried reforms but stopped after his chief minister John Frederick Struensee was killed because of aristocratic opposition.
King Christian VI of Denmark
King Henry VIII
King of England who initiated the English reformation after wanting to divorce his wife
Charles VIII
King of France who brought army and occupied Naples 1483-1498
al-Qaeda
Known as "the Base" terrorist organization run by Osam Bin Laden. Responsible for the 9-11 terror attacks in the U.S.
The Enlightenment
Known as the Age of Reason
Charles de Gaulle
Leader of Free French General that resigned in 1946 after re-establishing the free, democratic Fourth Republic. Came back to lead the Fifth Republic in 1959.
Oliver Cromwell
Leader of New Model Army, destroyed both King and parliament, Lord protector, created new parliament and again disbanded it, taxed people lots
Angela Merkel
Leader of the Christian Democrats. Became the first female German Chancellor
Describe the origin/religion of India's Mughal Dynasty
Mongol in origin
consubstantiation
Luther's belief that the bread and wine is not changed but that Christ is present in spirit only
95 Theses
Luther's indictment of the abuses of Johann Tetzel's selling of indulgences
Great Leap Forward
Mao's attempt to achieve a classless society and the final stage of Communism.
One-Dimensional Man
Marcuse's term, & the title of his 1964 masterpiece, for what we become when capitalism manages to substitute our 'real needs' for the carefully manipulated desire for products. We essentially become like puppets in the hands of a cynical advertising industry with no control over our lives or capacity to realise our true potential.
laissez-faire
Means "let people do as they choose" The idea that a state should not interrupt the free play of natural economic forces through regulations
Italian Renaissance people
Michelangelo, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Botticelli, Brunelleschi, Giotto, Donatello, Titian, Palestrina, Petrarch, Machiavelli
Francois Truffaut
Most popular director of the new wave.
Methodism
Movement begun by John Wesly which revived Christianity
Urbanization
Movement of people from rural areas to cities.
Equality before the law, freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom of press, right to assemble, hold property, seek happiness.
Natural rights that all people possessed.
Einsatzgruppen
Nazi strike forces that killed innocent Jews with their infamous "death squads."
English civil war
New model army (puritans, led by Cromwell), captured King Charles, who they negotiated with, but he betrayed them by raising a Scottish army. Destroyed parliament and converted to a rump parliament, composed of the house of commons, sentenced Charles to death by beheading him
Impressionism concepts
New subject matter and a new way of looking at the world, Everyday life of the middle class became an acceptable subject for high art, Painting in the outdoors gives new chance to study the play of light. Identifies with "La Belle Epoque"
Antiballistic Missile Treaty
Nixon used his new relationship with China to pressure Soviets into agreeing to a treaty limiting these [ABMs]
Southern Strategy
Nixon's plan to persuade conservative southern white voters away from the Democratic party
Abstractionism
Non-representational non-objective art
Korean War
North invaded South, 1950. MacArthur launched surprise attack and headed toward China. China intervened when UN troops approached their border. Uneasy truce, 1953.
The Unbearable Lightness of Being
Novel, written by Kundrea(Czech). His characters use love as a way to better life.
Brian Mulroney
Progressive Conservative Prime Minister of Canada from 1984 - 1993. Noted for the establishment of the Free Trade Agreement with the U.S. in 1989, and the subsequent formation of NAFTA.
Slobadan Milosevic
a serb extremist leader who stirred ethnic unrest to help gain control of the former yugoslavia, Extreme Serbian Nationalist who used slanted views of the past to persecute non-serbs in the 1990's
four olds
Old thought, culture, customs and habits were attacked by the Red Guards under Mao's instruction, in hopes to destroy anything that might have disagreed with communism. They were anything that resembled dynastic views.
William Harvey
On the Motion of the Heart and Blood; heart was beginning with same blood of veins and arteries
James Kay-Shuttleworth
One of the most eloquent British reformers of the 1830s. He discovered the cause of cholera and called upon municipal governments to fix it.
Test Act
Only Anglicans could hold civil offices, written in Response to Charles II slightly liking catholics
Why didn't Catholicism take root in China in the 17th and 18th centuries
Opposition by the pope to the practice of ancestor worship
Vienna and the Ottoman Empire
Ottomans attempted to Conquer Vienna in 1687, but the Austrians prevented the seizure of the city, along with the Polish, Bavarians, and Saxons. They were finally pushed out of Europe here
Yasser Arafat
Palestinian statesman who is chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization.
Impressionism people
Paul Cezanne, Mary Cassat, Edgar Degas, Paul Gauguin, Edouard Manet, Claude Monet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Auguste Rodin, George Seurat, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Vincent van Gogh, Claude Debussy, Gabriel Faure, Gustav Mahler, Maurice Ravel
mass sports
People did some activites and sports, ew
Guest Workers
People from the former European Colonies that moved to Europe after the fall of the Colonia System in the 1960s.
Samuel Crompton
Perfected and combined the features of the spinning jenny and water frame to produce the Mule. It produced fine and Strong thread.
Baroque people
Peter Paul Rubens, Nicholas Poussin, Johan Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Descartes, Nicolaus Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton, Hobbes, Locke, Vesalius, Harvey
Austria, Prussia, and Russia divided up...
Poland
King was elected by the nobles and was forced to accept drastic restrictions on their power including limited revenues, a small bureaucracy, and a standing army of only 20,000 soldiers
Poland
Brezhnev Doctrine
Policy proclaimed in 1968 and declaring that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any Socialist country whenever it determined there was a need
Nicolaus Copernicus
Polish astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe 1473-1543
Sejm
Polish diet, landowners dominated the two-chamber assembly, one person could veto a measure, only served to ensure their own individual interests, didn't represent the people as a whole
Lech Walesa and Solidarity
Polish shipyard worker, protests Soviet control - founded Solidarity movement - anti-Communists + Catholics working against Communism
Britain relied on ______ for their armies.
mercenaries
Andy Warhol
Pop art
Who financed successful commercial ventures?
Popes and monarchs
Strategic Defense Initiative
Popularly known as "Star Wars," President Reagan's SDI proposed the construction of an elaborate computer-controlled, anti-missile defense system capable of destroying enemy missiles in outer spaced. Critics claimed that SDI could never be perfected.
When Pombal was chief minister he limited the power of the nobility and the Catholic Church but after Pombal left office the Church and nobles regained power.
Portugal
Postmodernism
Post-World War II intellectual movement and cultural attitude focusing on cultural pluralism and release from the confines and ideology of Western high culture.
New World Order
President Bush's vision for world peace centering around the United States taking the lead to ensure that aggression be dealt with by a mutual agreement of the United Nations, NATO, and other countries acting in concert
Harry Truman
President at end of WW2.
Pierre Trudeau
Prime minister of Canada 1968-79 and 1980-84.
revolutionary socialism
a socialist doctrine that violent action was the only way to achieve the goals of socialism
Ten Hours Act of 1847
Prohibited women and children from working more than ten hours a day during the week and eight hours on weekends, which was a great improvement from the 16-hour days that many had been working before then.
Puritans
Protestants in the Anglican church who were inspired by calvinist views to eliminate the organization of the Anglican church and replace it with the organization or the Presbyterian Church
Dependent upon nobility
Prussia
Frederick William nobles gave power to king in return power over peasants, no taxes, military officers.
Prussia
Reforms included the code of laws, less torture, limited speech/press, and religious toleration.
Prussia
Unenlightened: reversed policy allowing commoners to rise in civil service, peasants little freedom.
Prussia
Otto von Bismarck
Prussian Prime Minister who unified Germany and transformed the military
Junkers
Prussian aristocracy and landowners
Frederick II the Great
Prussian leader, enlightened absolutist, limited serfs to strengthen Junkers, decreased noble's punishment, toleration, agricultural reforms, lowered taxes, reformed legal system, education, Voltaire
Frederick William I
Prussian ruler; model citizen, efficient bureaucracy based on merit, very thorough, strong military of Junkers
Simone de Beauvoir
Published The Second Sex, influenced American and European women.
"Persian Letters"
Published by Montesquieu, Two Persians traveling the Europe who gave their impressions,Ê -by doing this he could criticize the catholic church and the French Monarchy
Free peasant anger to restrictions leads to _______.
Pugachev's Rebellion
Berlin Wall
Put up in 1961 after Russians caught US in a lie and shot down a U-2 spy.
"Peace in our time"
Quote from Neville Chamberlain regarding pre-war discussions.
Baroque
Religious revival, classical ideas + spiritual ideas, dramatic, emotional
History in the Enlightenment
Removed god even more anti-religious ideas emerged Criticized religious influences on society
ancient authors
Renaissance humanists mastered Greek, making new works avaliable; desire to discover which thoughts were correct
Truman Doctrine
Resulted from a civil war in Greece. $100 million in economic/military support for Greece and Turkey. US afraid of communist expansion and announced it would support "Free peoples throughout the world."
"Economic miracle"
Resurrection of W. Germany's economy.
Fronde
Revolts organized by French nobles in opposition of taxes to pay for the thirty years war and debt, first one ended with compromise (nobles of the robe fought this one) the second, they (nobles of the sword) began to fight each other and wanted to secure their own positions
Developed Nations
Rich nations that are usually found in the northern hemisphere. Nations that are primarily found in the southern hemisphere. They tend to have an agricultural economy and little technology.
First European nation to engage in diplomacy with China
Russia
Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji
Russian and Turk treaty after Catherine defeats Turks - gained land by Black Sea, protect Orthodox Christians, right to sail in Turkish waters
Catherine II the Great
Russian leader; toleration, vaccines and hospitals, Voltaire, Free Economic Society, foreign affairs, lessened censorship laws, "Instructions", strengthened nobles and weakened serfs, expanded Russia south gets land bordering Black Sea, defeated Turks, Potemkin Villages
Chechnya
Russian province which was a Muslim region that wanted independence. Vladimir Putin bombed the citizens into submission
How was Portugal able to develop an empire in Malacca and Malaysia?
Ruthless and murderous attacks on Arab settlers in the region
Rousseau
Said that man is born free but everywhere he is in chains, people are corrupted by society. Said all men should be treated equal pro-democracy and pro-education
Tenets of Lutheranism
Salvation by faith alone, the Bible is the ultimate authority, the grace of God brings absolutism, baptism and communion are the only valid sacraments, consubstantiation rather than transubstantiation, the clergy is not superior to the laity, the church should be subordinate to the state
War in Kosovo
Serbia tried to take control over Kosovo. In 1990 the KLA was formed and attacked Serbian officials. In 1999, NATO started bombing Serbia to stop the violence.
Bayle
Skeptic who attacked superstition and religious intolerance
Disease that wiped out Aztecs and Incas
Smallpox
Causes of the Reformation
Social changes, printing press, economic conditions like indulgences, church leaders were corrupt.
Battle of Kursk
Soviet Union, July 5-12, 1943. Greatest tank battle of all time. Demonstrated evolution of the technology throughout the war.
Berlin blockade
Soviets blocked western access to Berlin. Resulted in Berlin airlift.
Jesuits were banished and the Catholic Church was brought under control but the landed aristocracy continued to exercise substantial power.
Spain
The religious motive for exploration was strongest in what countries
Spain and Portugal
. By 1900, which of the following nations was the least advanced industrially
Spain.
Three reasons why the Thirty year's war represented a turning point in European History
Split up Germany into it's respective and numerous city states that were independent of the Holy Roman emperor and free to practice their own religion. Holy Roman Emperor became a figure head, and lost any real power over then-Germany. France emerged as a world power as Spain's power decreased. Two-thirds of the population in Germany died, allowing for economic decline in most of Germany.
What did the Italian City-States help do?
Spread ideas from different cultures -Arab and Asian
János Kádár
Stalinist leader known as the "Butcher of Budapest" who overthrew Imre Nagy in the Hungarian Revolution and resumed a Communist rule
House of Orange
Stateholders in most of the united provinces, , began with William, wanted to become monarchs but were opposed by the states general, eventually gained control as a monarch (William II), but soon lost it
Apartheid
Strict separation of races in Africa.
the Red Guards
Students and young factory workers responded to Mao's call by organizing this group. The Red Guards held mass rallies to support Mao. They traveled around China attacking government officials and others who did not fully support the chairman.
Implemented freedom of religion, speech, and press, new code of justice that eliminated the use of torture, laissez-faire reforms: reduced tariffs, ended tolls, and encouraged trade/ agriculture, the King was killed by nobles who tried to reinstall their power with limited results.
Sweden
Ingmar Bergman
Swedish film director who used heavy symbolism and explored the psychology of the characters (born 1918).
Ferdinand de Saussure and structuralism
Swiss linguist whose ideas on structure in language laid the foundation for much of the approach to and progress of the linguistic sciences in the 20th century.
Sputnik I
Symbol of Soviet technological prowess.
1. Protect natural rights 2. Foster arts, sciences, and education. 3. Must rule fairly, not arbitrarily.
Tasks of enlightened monarchs
PLO
Terrorist group, Palestine Liberation Organization.
Jesuits
The Catholic Society of Jesus, founded by Loyola, focused on humanism and missions
Who was a great patron of the arts?
The Church
Who controlled more capital than the Italian bankers and all other Europeans combined?
The Fuggers
Persian Gulf War
War between US and Iraq. First major test of U.S. Soviet relations after the Cold War.
Nazi New Order
The Nazi plan for their conquered territories. It included the extermination of Jews and other inferiors, ruthless exploitation of resources, German colonization in the East, and the use of the Poles, Russians, and Ukrainians for slave labour.
Describe the Treaty of Tordesillas
The New World between Spain and Portugal
Baroque concepts
The Scientific Revolution and Divine Right Absolutism, Emergence of classical ballet and theater, English civil war
François Mitterrand
The Socialist leader who was the longest serving president of France. Rather than focusing on radical economic policies, he focused on social reform programs and reducing unemployment.
The Bible was printed in what language?
The Vernacular
Gin Lane
William Hogarth's painting; gin-hard times, beer-happy, good times; people not fit to handle the stress of the Industrial Revolution
The Glorious Revolution
William of Orange/Mary to become rulers, raised an army but no bloodshed, not over if there was a leader but who was the leader,
Rome-Berlin Axis
The alliance between Italy and Germany (Mussolini and Hitler).
Maastricht Treaty
The basis for the formation of the European Union, which set financial and cultural standards for potential member states and defined criteria for membership in the monetary union.
The best example of Spanish expansion in the New World
The conquest of the Aztec Empire by Cortes
What was an effect of the opening of the Potosi mines
The cost of precious metals important into Europe quadrupled
Economic liberalism
The economic philosophy that government intervention in and regulation of the economy should be minimal
the domino theory
The fear that if one country falls to communism, then the rest are sure to fall like a row of dominoes.
Konrad Adenauer
The first chancellor of West Germany; he was able to establish a stable democratic government.
Cell phones
Wireless technology in the 1990's that caused a boom in the use of these items
"Permissive society"
The first significant crack in the rigid code of manners and morals of the nineteenth century.
Describe the economy of Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries
The joint stock company enabled the raising of spectacular sums of capitals for the world trading ventures
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
The mission to help Asians escape western colonial rule.
the birth control pill
The most popular form of birth control for single women of child-bearing age is
The Stuarts
With the death of Elizabeth and therefore the tudor Dynasty, they became the ruling family,
Which of the following statements best applies to Austria-Hungary before World War I?
The nationality problem remained unresolved
monogenesis
The notion that the human species descended from a single monogamous union, whose descendant traveled throughout the world and became four distinguishable races (white, black, American, Hindu)
Appeasement
The policy of 1930's European nations of accepting Hitler's annexation of Austria and Czechoslovakia in the belief that meeting his demands would assure peace and stability.
Cultural Relativism
The position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect
the Reagan Revolution and "supply-side economics"
The presidency of Ronald Reagan during 1981-1989 marked the first time since President Herbert Hoover's administration that a Republican president made an effort to implement genuinely conservative policies. President Reagan's successful rejection of liberal economic philosophies led to a major resurgence of conservatism in the United States, and his two terms in office are sometimes known by this term.
Globalization
The process by which peoples and nations have become more interdependent.
Destalinization
The process of discrediting and eliminating the political policies, methods, and personal image of Joseph Stalin.
Poor Law Commission
The reformed House of Commons passed a new Poor Law that had been prepared by followers of Bentham. This measure established a Poor Law Commission that set out to make poverty the most undesirable of all social situations.
Unification of Germany
The result of the fall of the Berlin Wall
Stalinization
The spread of Stalin's policies. 5 year plans, industrialization, collectivization, one party dictatorships and repression. Dissatisfaction later led to revolts.
Nihilism
The total rejection of religious or moral beliefs Belief in nothing
Luddites
These were the angry old cottage industry workers who lost their jobs and costumers to machines and as a result, they began to destroy the machines
Industrial entrepreneurs
These were the people who constructed the factories, purchased the machines, and figured out where the markets were.
Why was mainland Southeast Asia able to resist European domination better than the Spice Islands
They were more cohesive politically with strong monarchies.
Spinning Jenny
This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production. Like the spinning wheel, it may be operated by a treadle or by hand. But, unlike the spinning wheel, it can spin more than one yarn at a time. The idea for multiple-yarn spinning was conceived about 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver. In 1770, he patented a machine that could spin 16 yarns at a time.
Grunge Music
This type of music is a subgenre of alternative rock that emerged during the mid-1980's and popularized in 1990's in Washington
Pietism
This was a movement within Lutheranism that revived Protestantism that called for an emotional relationship, allowed for the priesthood of all believers, and the Christian rebirth in everyday affairs
George Stephenson's Rocket
This was the name for the steam-powered locomotive created by George Stephenson that pulled carriages along iron rails. The railroad did not have to follow the course of a river. This meant that tracks could go places that rivers did not, allowing factory owners and merchants to ship goods swiftly and cheaply over land.
The "father" of tourism in England was
Thomas Cook
Rococo people
Thomas Gainsborough, Jean-Honore Fragonard, Antoine Watteau, Etienne Maurice Falconet, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Joseph Hadyn, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Denis Diderot, Edmund Burke, Goethe, Montesquieu, Adam Smith, Voltaire
Factory Regulations
Time-work discipline that would accustom employees to working regular, unvarying hours during which they performed a set number of tasks over and over again, as efficiently as possible. Minute and detailed. Adult workers were fined for minor infractions. Drunkenness was viewed as particularly offensive because it set a bad example for younger workers and also courted disaster amid dangerous machinery.
Second Vietnam War
War waged between the communist North Vietnam and non-communist South Vietnam. Other countries such as US, China, and Soviet Union were involved directly and indirectly. We were in Vietnam to defend Vietnam, fight for democracy (in Vietnam and all around world to see we kept our promise), Domino theory, fear that China could take over Vietnam; 1965-; We had a draft with a classification system--weren't in draft if you were a full time student, sole-supporter, sole surviving son, in essential industry, in the defense industry; army was made of kids who weren't in college; system was changed in 1967 to a lottery system; refusal to go to war resulted in 5 year jail term; conduct of war=guerilla, hit and run; at home was a draft resistance, students debated merits of war, ppl turned in their draft cards, protest marches escalated 1965-1968
Anarchist movements were most successful in
less industrialized and less democratic countries where ordinary people could see no hope of peaceful political change
Claus von Stauffenberg
Tried to kill Hitler by planting a bomb in Hitler's East Prussian headquarters but the attempt fails.
CENTO
Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, GB, US.
What did the Medici family compromise of?
Two popes, many cardinals, and two queens
Superpowers
US, Britain, USSR. Disagreements over E. Europe.
SEATO
US, GB, France, Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines, Australia, New Zealand.
Betty Friedan
United States feminist who founded a national organization for women (born in 1921).
Alexander Hamilton
United States statesman and leader of the Federalists
Explorer who made the first sea voyage from Europe directly to India
Vasco da Gama
Italian City-States
Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, Naples.
deism
Voltaire's idea of a religious outlook built on Newton's world-machine Believed god had no role in the world and only created natural laws to govern it. He created the universe and then left man to govern it.
Samuel Beckett
Waiting for Godot
the Prague Spring
Was a time in Czechoslovakia when reform was allowed briefly. Press censorship was eased and political groups could meet freely. Because of this, people got too brave and began to talk about the US and then led to invasion of tanks by the Soviet Union, ending the freedoms.
How successful was Portugal in dominating the Southeast Asian trade
Was never totally successful because Portugal lacked the resources to overcome local resistance
Capital
Wealth owned by a person or organization available for the investment of a company.
Cuban Missile Crisis.
When US found Soviet missiles aimed at US in Cuba.
Willy Brandt and Ostpolitik
When this man comes to power as the chancellor of Germany, he undertakes a new policy towards the East and Moscow called Ostpolitik, in which West Germany will reach out towards East Germany and towards Moscow to lessen tensions and to increase contact
Thomas Hobbes
lived during war, humans are selfish, solitary, brutish, need a social contract and absolute leader with the power to crush any rebellion
the space race
With the launch of the Russian satellite Sputnik the American people began viewing the Sputnik launch as an American loss which sparked a new fervor in American space Technologies, they were scared of what the soviets were capable of . America also experienced a 'loss' putting a human in space, that was also taken by the Russians. America was however the first nation to land a person on a celestial body other that earth
Slaves in Brazil and the Caribbean did what work
Worked on sugar plantations
E.F. Schumacher's Small is Beautiful
Written by a British economist, was a fundamental critique of the dangers of the new science and technology.
The Prince
Written by machiavelli, described that power is more important, "better to be feared than loved"
Thomas Jefferson
Wrote the Declaration of Independence
James Cook
Wrote travels, discovered islands and published the book Travels on their life. This brought cultural realism to Europe
uncertainty principle
a principle in quantum mechanics, posited by Heisenberg, that holds that one cannot determine the path of an electron because they very act of observing the electron would affect its location
lusitania
a British passenger ship that boarded around 100 Americans, of which Germany had sunk in May 7, 1915 which made America involved in the world
Martin Luther
a German monk who was a critic of the Roman Catholic Church
black hand
a Serbian terrorist organization dedicated to the creation of a pan-Slavic kingdom
Joint-stock investment banks
a bank created by selling shares of stock to investors. Such banks potentially have access to much more capital than do private banks owned by one or a few individuals.
Grace Hopper and COBOL
a career navy officer who was important in the development of the early computer. she was instrumental in inventing ______ which was a computer language that enabled computers to respond to words as well as numbers.
Jimmy Carter and stagflation
a combination of high inflation and high unemployment that President Carter dealt with; this economic downturn was blamed on increasing oil prices. in 1980 this pres had to face high inflation, a decline in weekly earnings which led to a decline in american living standards, and a hostage crisis. He was not reelected.
The chief cause of rising European populations between 1850 and 1880 was
a declining mortality rate
communist party
a different name for the Bolshevik party
The Second Industrial Revolution experienced
a drop in agricultural prices
marijuana
a drug, often smoked, whose effects include euphoria, impairment of judgment and concentration and occasionally hallucinations; rarely reported as addictive
bolsheviks
a faction of the Marxist social democrats under the leadership of Vladimir Ulianov
leon trotsky
a fervid revolutionary who was chairman of the Petrograd soviet
political democracy
a form of government characterized by universal suffrage and mass political parties
papal bull
a formal decree by a pope sealed with a round leaden seal Luther burned one of these publically in 1520
Council of Trent
a group of cardinals, archbishops, bishops, abbots, theologians who met intermittently in three major sessions
Napoleon III
a leader of Europe from 1852 to 1870 who taught his contemporaries how authoritarian governments could use liberal and nationalistic forces to bolster their own power
Index of Forbidden Books
a list of books that Catholics were not allowed to read, created by Cardinal Caraffa
Institutes of the Christian Religion
a masterful synthesis of Protestant thought that secured John Calvin's reputation as a Protestant leader
Austro-Hungarian Empire
a merged empire of two countries after one was defeated by Prussia lead by Francis Joseph
New Economic Policy
a modified version of the capitalist system introduced in the Soviet Union by Lenin in 1921 to revive the economy after the ravages of the civil war and war on communism
Book of Common Prayer
a new prayer book that Parliament instituted the right of clergy to marry, images to be eliminated, and the creation of a revised Protestant liturgy
Conservatism
a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes
Ulrich Zwingli
a priest who made evangelical reforms and abolished papal Christianity
Totalitarian State
a state characterized by government control over all aspects of economic, social, political, cultural, and intellectual life, the subordination of individual to the state, and insistence that the masses be actively involved in the regime;s goals
Authoritarian state
a state that has a dictatorial government and some other trappings of a totalitarian state, but does not demand that the masses be actively involved in the regime's goals as totalitarian states do
general strike
a strike by all or most workers in an economy; espoused by George Sorel s the heroic action that could be used to inspire the workers to destroy capitalist society
In late nineteenth-century Europe, increased competition for foreign markets and the growing importance of domestic demand for economic development led to
a strong reaction against free trade and imposition of steep protective tariffs by most nations
Realism
a style of painting and literature dealing with ordinary characters from actual life, very different than Romanticism
Reforms in urban living included all of the following except
a successful effort to clean up all polluted rivers and lakes
Bishop Jacques Bossuet
a theorist of divine-right monarchies, argued that God established Kings, and were responsible to nobody except God.
all quiet on the western front
a war novel written by Erich Remarque in 1929 vividly describing the senseless slaughter and suffering endured by soldiers on the Western Front
Psychoanalysis
analytical tool developed by Sigmund Freud that allowed exploration of the unconscious
Vesalius
anatomy and medicine; On Fabric of Human Body; corrected that blood came from heart, but believed that there was two bloods in veins and arteries
"Reign of Terror"
anyone opposed to the radical activities of the sans-culottes was beheaded by the guillotine
Enlightened Absolutism
absolute monarchy with leaders following ideas from the Enlightenment; usually allowed religious toleration, freedom of speech/press, and right to have property
dadaism
absurdist art movement of the interwar years
What did the printing press help lead to?
advent of the Reformation
cahiers de doleances
advocated a constitutional government
The Bill of Rights
affirmed parliament's power, stopped divine right of Kings in England, ran England became a really powerful authority
Concordat
agreement between the Catholic church and Napleon that made the church no longer an enemy of the French government
"Renaissance Man"
all-around gentleman, as comfortable with the pen or the brush as with the sword - a lover, poet, painter, conversationalist
Russian Serfdom
an abundance of land and shortage of peasants made it look very appealing to bind peasants to land owned by nobles
peace and love
an alternative to war, hippies, yadi yadi yadda
Post-Impressionism
an art movement that retains the Impressionist emphasis on light and color but revolutionizes it even further by paying more attention to structure and form
permanent revolution
an atmosphere of constant revolutionary fervor favored by Mao Zedong to enable China to overcome the past and achieve the final stage of communism
abstract painting
an attempt by artists to use forms or designs that have little connection with visual reality
cynicism
an attitude or quality of belief that all people are motivated by selfishness
fascism
an ideology or movement that exalts the nation above the individual and calls for a centralized government with a dictatorial leader, economic and social regimentation and forcible suppression of opposition; in particular, the ideology of Mussolini's Fascist regime in Italy
Christian humanism
an intellectual movement that combined the interests of the Italian Renaissance with the sources of early Christianity
Storming of the Bastille
an uprising where the Bastille, a prison and also the symbol of triumph over depotism, was demolished
querelles des femmes
arguments about women; anatomy of sexual differencers proved inferiority of women
Unemployed used the _____ to escape poverty.
army
In Italy there was a market economy in ....
art
Impressionism
art movement that originated in France in the 1870's; artists attempted to paint their impression of the changing effects of light on objects in nature
Surrealism
artistic movement that sought reality beyond the material world and explored the unconscious; works often portrayed fantasies, dreams, and nightmares
Cubism
artistic style that used geometric designs as visual stimuli in an effort to recreate reality in the viewer's mind
Maria Winkelmann
astronomy; difficulties with Berlin Academy
Continental System
attempt by Napoleon to prevent British goods from reaching the European continent in order to weaken Britain economically
Segur Law
attempt to limit the sale of military officerships to fourth-generation nobles in France
Thomas à Kempis
author of "The Imitation of Christ" who stressed the need to follow Jesus' teachings
Edmund Spenser
author of Faerie Queene in Elizabethan era, one of the greatest moral epics in any language
Olympe de Gouges
author of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen who insisted that women should have the same rights as men
The policy pursued by Russia's Alexander III and Nicholas II after the assassination of Alexander II was a policy of
autocracy
For Elizabeth Poole Sanford, women should
avoid being self-sufficient.
nationalism
cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols
Squadristi
bands of fascists who attacked Socialists in the early 1920's in Italy
Science of Man
belief that Newton's scientific methods could be used to discover the natural laws underlying human life
All of the following were used to limit family size in the late nineteenth century except
birth control pills
tabula rasa
blank slate
French and Indian War
boundary disputes in North America, Battle of Qubec, Wolfe and Montcalm, ended by Treaty of Paris (1793)
Crimean War
broke up long-standing European power relationships and destroyed the Concert of Europe
Isabella d'Este
court at Mantua
Orthodox Church
created some chaos in Russia with its schism,
schlieffen plan
called for a minimal troop deployment against Russia while most of the German army would rapidly invade western France by way of neutral Belgium
Marshall McLuhan and the "global village"
came up with the term. describes the way that new communication technology override barriers of space and time, joining together people from around the world.
Francis Bacon
carefully organized experiments and observations; control and domination of nature; empiricism; induction
reading revolution
caused by the ability to read
Bank of England
central bank of the UK, can issue banknotes and loans
Employment opportunities for women during the Second Industrial Revolution
changed in quality and quantity with the expansion of the service sector.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
charter of basic liberties that was influenced by the Enlightenment and the American Declaration of Independence
Karl Marx
co-author of the publication "The Communist Manifesto" who advocated socialism and believed a classless society was beneficial
Tycho Brahe
compiled a bunch of detailed observations; granted Uraniborg Castle
Bernini
completed st. Peter's basilica, area in front of it too, mother teresa sculpture
Einstein on the Beach
composed by Phillip Glass, demonstrated minimalist music could be adapted to full-scale opera.
National Assembly
composed of the Third Estate whose goal was to draw up a new constitution for France
Society for Revolutionary Republican Women
composed of working class women in France who vowed "to rush to the defense of the Fatherland"
scientific journals
concept of cooperation
Mountain
condemned Louis XIV of France to death
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
controller of general finances for Louis 14th, mercantilist, tried to increase exports by expanding quantity and improving quality of goods, brought foreigners to France, Louis still depleted the money
Calonne
controller-general of finances in France who proposed a complete revamping of the fiscal and administravtie system of the state
High culture
cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite
Lebensraum
living space. The doctrine adopted by Hitler, that a nation's power depends on the amount of land it occupies; thus a nation must expand to be strong
Giovanni de' Medici
d. 1429 Merchant and banker of Florence; founder of the dynasty
Availability of _______ increased the government's ability to fund wars and other government projects.
low interest loans
Boris Yelstin
democratically elected Russian leader that brought the Cold War to an end
hermeticism and Scientific Revolution
desire to control and dominate the natural world because humans had some divinity
Edict of Fontainebleau
destroyed the edict of Nantes and religious rights of non-catholics, caused around 200,000 Huguenots to leave the country, which weakened France and Strengthened Protestant States
Standing armies
developed by gustavus adolphus, permanent army, used infantry salvos, pike charges, and calvary charges
Gustavus Adolphus
developed standing armies of conscripts, King of Sweden (Lutheran), killed in battle in Germany in Swedish phase of 30 years war
National Convention
did not go any farther than agreeing to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic
'Balance of Power'
distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong
Bosnian War
example of how US gets involved in war, but not on the side of the authoritarian government. An example of "military humanism", change from previous foreign intervention, as Bosnian Serbs tried to ethnically cleanse their territory by putting Muslims into concentration camps and having mass executions.
Futurism
early 20th century Italian art movement that emphasized the machine as art
Vladimir Putin
elected president of Russia in 2000, launched reforms aimed at boosting growth and budget revenues and keeping Russia on a strong economic track.
What type of new energy source powered the second industrial revolution
electricity
Napoleon
emperor of France who ended the French Revolution with his coup d'etat
Romanticism
emphasis on heart and sentiment
Treaty of Aix-a-Chapelle
ended WAS, Austria gets everything back except Silesia, Maria Theresa is leader, Silesia to Prussia
Maria Merian
entomologist; drew well; Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam
Levellers
equality amongst gender and social classes, looked down on, not considered the norm back then
Law of the General Maximum
established price controls on goods delared of first neccessity
world machine
everything was governed by the 3 laws
nepotism
favoritism to relatives
Great Fear
fear of invasion by foreign troops throughout France
Puritans on science
felt it was important to reform and renew; used science as instrument
Waterloo
final defeat of Napoleon
Galileo Galelei
first European to use telescope; contradicted that universe was perfect substance
Seven Years War
first global war; Prussian and Austrian tensions, Diplomatic Revolution, alliance of Russia and Prussia vs. Austria, Prussia almost lost but Russia left along with France and Britain. Treaty of Hubertusburg - Prussia kept Silesia, return to status quo
Robert Walpole
first prime minister of England for Hanovarians; uses patronage, peaceful foreign policy
protestant reformers
first to attack new ideas
League of Armed Neutrality
formed by Russia to protect neutral ships from British attack
punk rock and hip-hop
forms of music often characterized by an economic crisis.
Galen
four bodily humors of blood, yellow bile, phlegm, and black bile; warm moist, warm dry, cold moist, cold dry
Assembly of Notables
gathering of French nobles, prelates, and magistrates who refused to compromise when it came to the financial situation of France
The English Reform Bill of 1884
gave English agricultural workers the right to vote
Nationalism
loyalty to a state or community that has common institutions, traditions, languages, customs
Octavia Hill's housing venture was designed to
give the poor an environment they could use to improve themselves
The Hohenzollerns
got land in Germany, turned it into brandenburg Prussia
Industrialization in Japan was the result of
government planning and initiative
Queen Elizabeth
half sister of Queen Mary, the daughter of King Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn who ascended the throne of England and lead the Protestant nations of Europe
The Book of the Courtier
handbook about manners, skills, learning, and virtues that a member of the court should have Baldassare Castiglione
Cesare Beccaria
he objected to harsh practices such as torture, that were common in his day. He was also opposed to trials being held in secret, as well as to corrupt judges and capital punishment. his ideas about rights and punishment influenced reform movements throughout Europe
A rise in female prostitution in European cities during the later nineteenth century can best be attributed to
heavy migration to cities by country women and their increasingly desperate struggle for urban economic survival
Copernicus
heliocentric model; was conservative because did not reject heavenly spheres in circular motion
prefects
hired by Napolean and were responsible for supervising all aspects of local government in France
King Louis the XIV
his reign was 1643-1715, "greatest seventeenth century monarch", created Versailles, called the Sun King, absolute power
Versailles
home of the King, symbol of power, home of nobility, a place where Louis could distract nobles from the royal council with his court, where they could be pre-occupied and kept out of politics, allowed him more power
Charles V did what?
honored a political debt to Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony, by refusing to outlaw Luther without a hearing
Ayatollah Khomeini and American hostages
hostage crisis during president carter's term; 53 american hostages were taken by this man; Carter was unable to negotiate the release of these prisoners and it led to the belief that he was a weak president
Anti-Semitism
hostility toward or discrimination against jews
Separation of powers
ideas of checks and balances. This provided security for a state and freedom for it's people
War was less...
ideological and less violent.
Between 1850 and 1910, European population
increased from 270 million to 460 million
Florentine Academy
informal gathering of influential Florentine humanists devoted to the revival of the works of Plato and Neoplatonists
Philosophes
intellectuals who came from nobility middle class and sometimes even lower class They wanted to change the world, not just discuss it
Paracelsus
macrocosm-microcosm; like cures like
technological innovations
many were still accomplished out of universities by practical
Serialism
is a compositional procedure in which an order of succession is set for specific values:pitch, loudness, and rhythm
Declaration of Pillnitz
issued by Frederick II of Prussia and Leopold II of Austira and invited other European monarchs to put the king of France back into power
The driving force behind immigration to the cities was
job opportunities
infanticide
killing infants
Louis XII
king of France from 1610 to 1643 who relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu (1601-1643) Tried to claim Milan and was driven out by a temporary alliance of Italian city-states 1498-1515
enclosures
landowners have to enclose land, encourages large sale, market agriculture, small farmers migrate to urban areas
Collective farms
large farms created in the Soviet Union by Stalin by combining many small holdings into one large farm worked by the peasants under government supervision
Realism
late 1850s to 1870s An attempt to depict life as it really is, as a reaction to the sentimentalism of Romanticism, showing the grittier side of life with a focus on the "common man"
Unification of Germany
lead by Otto von Bismarck of Prussia, this country was able to be brought together but remained under Prussia
Margaret Thatcher
leader of conservatives in Great Britain who came to power. Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation. Formed Thatcherism, in which her economic policy was termed, and improved the British economic situation. She dominated British politics in 1980s, and her government tried to replace local property taxes with a flat-rate tax payable by every adult. Her popularity fell, and resigned.
vladimir lenin
leader of the Bolsheviks
Robespierre
leader of the Committee of Public Safety who intiated the Reign of Terror
Denis Diderot
leading philosopher who created a large set of books to which many leading scholars of Europe contributed articles and essays; called it the Encyclopedia
Robert Clive
led British in the Great War for Empire, won because of persistence
Committee of Public Safety
led France after the king was beheaded
Paris Commune
led by Danton this group sought revenge on those who aided the king
Emelyn Pugachev
led peasant rebellion in Russia after Charter of Nobility (Catherine) but he died and rebellion ended, no change
The Fall of Constantinople did what
left the Italians without any means to trade with the Arabs
why were rich attracted to science
new ways to exploit resources; knowing science could distinguish you from lower classes
Officers were...
nobles.
John Locke
not for a democracy, humans had the rights to life, liberty and property, people should form a gov, have the right to rebel
Chernobyl
nuclear power plant in Russia that had an explosion in 1986 & released radioactive materials into the air
Intendants
officials sent by Richelieu to execute the orders of the central gov.
militarism
one of the causes of WW1: the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests
anticlericalism
opposition to the church's involvement in politics; especially in the liberal nation states of the late century
anticlericalism
opposition to the power of the clergy, especially in political affairs
sans-culottes
ordinary patriots without fine clothes
Pogroms
organized massacres of Jews
Pauper apprentices
orpahands apprenticed to factory owners as cheap source of labor; basically slavery
Common Sense
pamphlet written by Thomas Paine who argued that is was ridiculous for "a continent to be perpetually governed by an island"
Decline in supply of gold and silver in the 17th century resulted in the need for_______.
paper money
indulgences
pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment
censorship
part of the DORA, allowing public officials to do this in newspapers and even to suspend newpaper publication
Under the chancellorship of Bismarck, Germany
passed social welfare legislation to woo workers away from the Social Democrats
The largest segment of European society in the nineteenth century was composed of
peasant landholders, unskilled day laborers, and domestic servants.
Liberalism
people should be as free from restraint as possible
Thermidorean Reaction
period after the Reign of Terror where the Revolution began to slow down
Renaissance
period of artistic, cultural, and intellectual revival "rebirth"
equivalence
policy in which there was roughly equal power on each side(us and ussr)
Although several motives drove European states to develop systems of mass public education for their citizens, the chief reason for which they did this was
political, to produce more informed voters in expanding electorates and to heighten patriotism
Pope Leo X
pope who sold indulgences from 1515-1517; excommunicated Martin Luther
New Imperialism
the revival of imperialism after 1880 in which European nations established colonies throughout much of Asia and Africa
"peace, land, and bread"
the slogan of the Bolsheviks
Absolutism
the sovereign power and ultimate authority rested in the hand of the King, who claimed to rule by divine right
transformism
the theory that societies evolve gradually
Green-house effect
the trapping of heat by carbon dioxide and other gasses in the air
Alexander II
the tsar of Russia who attempted many reforms and attempted to end serfdom until his assassination in 1881 by radicals
nicholas ii and alexandra
the tsar of russia and his wife, an aristocratic ruler who relied on army and bureaucracy to prop up his regime
Propaganda
the use of images, film, etc to manipulate entire populations into following a political party or idea
Video games
these are electronic games
Antiwar protests and Kent State
these protests started over the US war in Vietnam. Many students protested at universities. At this university, 4 student protestors were killed in 1970 by the Ohio national guard
Revolutions of 1830
this created a new monarchy in France, made Belgium an independent state, and increased the number of male voters in Britain
civil war
this occurred due to great opposition from the Bolsheviks and Communists, leading to attacks from different armies and lead to the Communists retaining control of Russia
gallipoli
this place is southwest of Constantinople, where the Allies attempted to open a Balkan front by landing forces here but had to withdraw
league of nations
this was established when allied powers gathered together in Versailles and Wilson's idea to create this to prevent future wars
Suffragists
those who advocate the extension of the right to vote (suffrage), especially to women
When not able to find work in the factories, many working class European women
took jobs as clerks, shop assistants, and nurses.
Mannerism concepts
transition between the end of the Renaissance and the beginning of the Baroque Era, Art of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation, focuses on new ideas and how to express them
John Law's 'bubble'
tried to create national bank and currency for France, people went overboard and the stock soared, bubble burst, and they went bankrupt
Spinoza
unwilling to accept Descartes; humans are part of God and nature and universal order