Spinal Anatomy 1- Midterm 1- O'brian - LCCW

What are the 6 spinal ranges of motion and the axis around which each movement rotates?

*X axis: Flexion (+) Extension (-) *Y axis: Right rotation (-) Left Rotation (+) *Z axis: Right lateral side bending (+), Left lateral side bending (-)

What is another name for C2? Name 2 anatomical characteristics that make it unique from the other typical vertebrae. What is another name for the dens?

-Epistropheus. -Dens, No uncinate processes. (1st palpateable SP). -Odontoid Process

What is the name of the articular surface found on the inside surface of the anterior arch of atlas, just posterior to the anterior tubercle? With what does it articulate?

-Fovea dentalis. AKA Articular facet for the Dens -Anterior aspect of the dens

What structures form the posterior joints between 2 adjacent vertebrae? What are these joints called? What kind of cartilage lines these joint surfaces?

-Superior and Inferior Articular Processes. -Zygapophyseal Joint. -Hyaline. (Synovial Joint)

What structures make up the Joints of Luschka? What is another name for these joints? In what part of the spine are these joints located? What movement do these joints limit?

-Uncinate processes and Semilunar facets. -Uncovertebral joints or Joints of Von Lushska -C2/3- C6/7 -Limit lateral flexion and help prevent lateral disc protrusion.

Name three structures that make up the vertebral arch.

2 Pedicles 2 Laminae 1 SP 2 TP 4 articular processes

What is a Functional Spinal Unit (FSU)?

2 articulated adjacent vertebrae and associated ligaments and neural structures. Forms 3 joints; 2 Zygapophyseal (Synovial joints) and 1 Interbody joint- created by the vertebral bodies and the disc between them- is a fibrocartilaginous joint.

How many moveable vertebrae are in the adult human spine?

24

How many pairs of spinal nerves are in the human spine?

31

How many pairs of foramina are on the anterior surface of the sacrum?

4

How many total costal facet surfaces are located on T10?

4

How are the zygapophysial joints of the cervical spine oriented?

45 degrees to the transverse plane. Allows rotation/ flexion & extension.

How many fused segments form the sacrum? The coccyx? Approximately when do they fuse?

5 fused segments of Sacrum. 3-5 segments of the coccyx. They fuse at age 25.

How are the zygapophysial joints of the thoracic spine oriented? What spinal movement does this orientation primarily allow? What movement does this orientation primarily resist?

60-75* to horizontal plane. Allows for rotation with minimal flexion, extension & lateral flexion.

Name the 3 parts of the Intervertebral disc.

Annulus Fibrosus Nucleus Pulposus Cartilaginous Endplates

AKA Ventral

Anterior

A coronal plane of the human body will divide into what?

Anterior and Posterior

An abnormal lateral curvature (or scoliosis) is viewed on which x-ray view?

Anterior posterior

The superior and inferior articular processes of the typical cervical vertebrae and the inferior articular processes of C2 collectively create what functional unit?

Articular Pillars

What is another name for C1? Name 2 anatomical characteristics that make it unique from the typical cervical vertebrae.

Atlas. No body, no pedicles, no laminae. Anterior and Posterior arches with anterior and posterior tubercles.

What is the articular surface on the lateral aspect of the sacrum called? With what does it articulate?

Auricular surface > articulates with auricular surface of os coxa

Which vertebrae have a "transverse bar"? What is an AKA for this bar?

C3-C7 Intertubercular Lamella or Costotransverse lamella

What is the Vertebral Prominens? Name 2 anatomical differences between C7 and T1.

C7. T1 has a pair of full costal facets on the superior lateral body(Rib 1 does not articulate w/C7) & has no transverse foramin.

. What kind of bone makes the up the inner vertebral body?

Cancellous /Spongy bone

Which curve becomes apparent as an infant begins to lift their head?

Cervical

The intervertebral foramina of the cervical spine are viewed on what x-ray view?

Cervical oblique views- Taken @ approx. 45 degrees.

Describe the differences between the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebral bodies.

Cervical: Rectangular, bifid spinous processes, raised lips on superior endplate called Uncinate Processes, Depressions on lateral masses called Semilunar facets Thoracic: Heart shape & inferior superior costal- demi costal facets. T3 is the smallest and 1st heart shaped body. T1 & T2 is more rectangular. Lumbar: Kidney or bean shape, L5 has Large pedicles. "Shock absorbing" of trunk loads.

What kind of bone makes the up the outer shell of the vertebral body?

Compact/ Cortical bone

Describe the horizontal plane

Divides the body into Superior and Inferior

What kind of cartilage is the annulus fibrosus made of?

Fibrocartilage

What is the name of the large hole found in the occiput? What goes through it?

Foramen Magnum. Medulla Oblongata

What is another name for the coronal plane?

Frontal plane

What is unique about T10, T11 and T12?

Full costal facets on vertebral bodies

What kind of cartilage is the cartilaginous Endplates made of?

Hyaline cartilage

What kind of cartilage is the Nucleus Pulposus made of?

Hyaline cartilage/ loose collagen fibers - Also made up of fibrocartilage

AKA Caudal

Inferior

With what structures does C2 articulate superiorly? What is the primary movement of this articulation?

Inferior Articular surfaces and fovea Dentalis & transverse ligament. Allows right and left rotation (Y)

Name 3 costotransverse ligaments

Interosseus ligament Superior costotransverse ligament Lateral costotransverse ligment

What is the name of the foramina that the superior and inferior vertebral notches form?

Intervertebral Foramen (IVF)

Name 2 costocorporeal ligaments. .

Intra-articular ligament, Radiate Ligament

Describe the unique orientation of the zygapophysial joints of the lumbar spine. What spinal movement does this orientation primarily allow? What spinal movement does this orientation primarily resist?

J shape. Allow flexion and extension (x) and lateral flexion (z) but limit rotation (y)

Name 2 unique things about the 5th lumbar vertebra.

Large pedicles & transverse processes, wedge shape, wide body, small spinous process, lamina are short and thick.

The primary and secondary curvatures are viewed on which x-ray view?

Lateral View

The mid-sagittal plane will divide the body into what?

Left and right

Which curve develops as the child begins to walk?

Lumbar

Name 2 anatomical differences between a typical lumbar vertebra and a typical thoracic vertebra.

Lumbar have mamillary processes and accessory processes articular facets create J shape to resist y axis rotation

Name all of the crests found on the sacrum.

Median, intermediate, & lateral.

What is the AKA for vertebral arch

Neural Canal

With what structures does C1 articulate superiorly? What is the primary movement of this articulation?

Occipital condyles. Atlant-Occipital Articulation. Flexion & extension (25*)- head nodding

What is the pars interarticularis? What is a fracture of the pars called? The pars is viewed best on what x-ray view?

Part of the lumbar lamina between the superior and inferior articular processes. Fracture= spondylolysis (stress due to repetitive or sudden extension loading of lumbar). Lateral Lumbar/ oblique x-ray

The superior and inferior vertebral notches are created by what boney structure?

Pedicles

AKA for Dorsal

Posterior

Which spinal nerves exit the posterior sacral foramina?

Posterior rami of S1-S4

What articulates with the transverse costal facet of a thoracic vertebra?

Rib tubercle

Name 3 anatomical features of a typical rib. Name the true, false and floating ribs.

Short & flat, lies almost entirely in horizontal plane, head has only 1 facet (articulate w/ full costal facet) True=1-7 False=8-10 Floating= 11&12

What runs through the superior and inferior vertebral notches

Spinal nerves, spinal branches of segmental arteries, intervertebral veins, and all surrounded by adipose tissue.

What is spondylolysis? Spondylolisthesis? Lumbarization? Sacralization?

Spondylolysis= fracture Spondylolisthesis= anterior slippage (lateral x ray) Sacralization=When L5 wants to be part of the sacrum Lumarization=when portion of sacrum did not fuse and looks like L6

On what portion of the occiput is the external occipital protuberance found?

Squamous portion

AKA for Cranial

Superior

With what does the superior articular facets of the sacrum articulate? With what does the sacral base articulate.

Superior articular facets of L5. The base articulates with the vertebral body of L5

Name 3 anatomical characteristics of a typical thoracic vertebra.

Superior articular processes face posteriorly & convex(60-75* on Horizontal plane) full/demi costal facets inferior & superior, Club shaped transverse process

Which thoracic vertebra is the last to have both transverse and vertebral body costal facets?

T10

Which atypical vertebrae has 3 tubercles instead of a typical transverse process?

T12

. How many costal demifacets are there are on T4? How many costal facets are located on the 12th thoracic vertebra? How many pairs of costal facets are located on the 1st thoracic vertebra?

T4=4. T12=2. T1=3

. The rib head of Rib #6 attaches to which vertebral bodies? Name the typical costovertebral articulations?

T5 & T6. Costocentral articulation (rib head to vertebral body), costotransverse articulation (tubercle of rib to transverse process)

What are the fused rudimentary discs on the sacrum called?

The linea Transverasrii

What is the sacral hiatus? The sacral cornua? The coccygeal cornua?

The opening for the spinal cord at the inferior, posterior aspect of the sacrum. Cornua= the would be tubercle of S5. 2 little bumps that frame the hiatus Coccygeal= Little bumbs near the base on the posterior aspect

What structures form the anterior joint between 2 adjacent vertebrae? What is this joint called?

The vertebral bodies and the disc between them. Interbody Joint

What is the name of the foramen on the transverse process of the typical cervical vertebrae? What runs through these foramina?

Transverse foramen AKA Foramen Transversarium. Vertebral artery, the interconnected venous plexus and sympathetic nerve fibers.

Name the ligament that attaches to the small tubercles on the medial aspect of the lateral masses of C1 and the posterior aspect of the dens. What are these small tubercles called? What is the primary function of this important ligament?

Transverse ligament. Caliculus atlantis. Keeps the dens in place

What is the AKA for the horizontal plane?

Transverse plane

Collectively, the adjacent vertebral foramina make up what space? What passes through this space?

Vertebral canal. Spinal cord.

Right lateral flexion of the trunk can be considered rotation about (angular displacement) which axis?

Z

What best describes the spinal ligaments? a. attaches bone to bone b. resists spinal movement under compression c. has no proprioceptive innervation d. is highly vascular

a. attaches bone to bone

All of the following are functions of the uncovertebral joints, except: a. they transmit the vertebral artery up the cervical spine b. they function as a gliding mechanism in flexion and extension c. they limit lateral flexion d. they help prevents lateral disc herniation

a. they transmit the vertebral artery up the cervical spine

The atlanto-axial articulation

allows for 50% of the y-axis (vertical axis) rotation of the cervical spine

The basilar process of the occiput lies _______to the foramen magnum.

anterior

The zygapophysial joints in the cervical spine are oriented:

at approximately 45 degrees to the horizontal plane

Which of the following is a characteristic of the mid-thoracic spinous processes? a. Ends in a clubbed-shape b. Imbricating c. Semilunar d. Bifid

b. Imbricating

The linea transversaria a. are vertical striations on typical vertebral bodies b. are fused rudimentary intervertebral discs found in the sacrum c. are paired foramina on the anterior side of the sacrum d. are articular tubercles on either side of the sacral hiatus

b. are fused rudimentary intervertebral discs found in the sacrum

The transverse processes in the thoracic spine a. are thin and blade-like b. are thick and club-like c. have transverse foramina d. have anterior and posterior tubercles

b. are thick and club-like

The cartilaginous endplate: a. covers the facets of the articular processes b. covers the superior and inferior bony endplates of the vertebral bodies c. covers the full costal facets of the typical thoracic vertebrae d. covers the smooth articular surface of the rib tubercle.

b. covers the superior and inferior bony endplates of the vertebral bodies

The term "convex" means: a. situated or appearing on or affecting the same side of the body b. having a surface or boundary that curves or bulges outward, as the exterior of a sphere. c. situated or appearing on or affecting the opposite side of the body d. having a surface or boundary that is hollowed or rounded inward like the inside of a bowl.

b. having a surface or boundary that curves or bulges outward, as the exterior of a sphere.

The intermediate sacral crest is a. composed of 4 sacral tubercles b. the homologue of the articular processes c. located on the anterior side of the sacrum d. is also known as the sacral ala

b. the homologue of the articular processes

Which of the following is considered a primary curve? a. cervical b. thoracic c. lumbar

b. thoracic

In what plane are the facet joints of the thoracic spine primarily oriented?

coronal

The sacral fossae a. articulate with the auricular surfaces of the sacrum b. are "ear shaped" surfaces on the lateral aspect of the sacrum c. are large "wing shaped" surfaces lateral to the sacral base d. are depressions lateral to the lateral sacral crests

d. are depressions lateral to the lateral sacral crests

Which of the following anatomical features is unique to the cervical spine? a. vertebral notch b. accessory process c. pars interarticularis d. transverse foramina

d. transverse foramina

What is the aka for the odontoid process?

dens

What are the characteristics of a secondary spinal curve?

developed after birth

The primary function of the transverse ligament is to:

hold the dens to the anterior arch of atlas

What is the name of the bar which connects the anterior and posterior tubercles of the cervical transverse process?

intertubercular lamella

Which vertebral structures form the superior and inferior borders of the IVF?

pedicles

The elbow is __________ to the wrist and __________ to the shoulder

proximal, distal

The small protuberances of the S5 sacral segment on either side of sacral hiatus are called:

sacral cornua

The term "contralateral" means:

situated or appearing on or affecting the opposite side of the body

On the posterior sacrum, the median sacral crest (and tubercles) is the rudimentary homologue of what vertebral structure?

spinous processes

This ligament attaches the neck of the rib to the transverse process of one level above.

superior costotranverse ligament

The rib head of Rib #11 articulates with:

the vertebral body of T11

What is an AKA for the term "anterior"?

ventral