Sport Pscyh Exam 2

Reactive Behaviors

Responses to a specific player behavior, as when a coach instructs after an error.

Behaviours to Reward

Reward successful apporoximations (Shaping) Reward performance (not only ouctome) Reward effort - can decrease fear of failure Reward emotional and social skills

Which of the following is NOT a stage in Martens's model of competition?

Social Comparison

Attribution Theory - Locus of Causality

Success driven by internal and extrenal views. Internal: Eg, put heaps of effort in the last 50m External: The other competitors sucked

Team Cohesion

Tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in pursuit of objectives /goals 1. Task Cohesion - work together to achieve common goals 2.Social Cohesion- Interpersonal attraction

e.

The Leadership Scale for Sports identifies which coaching behaviors? a. social support b. democratic behavior c. administrative behavior d. a and b e. a and c

The definition of leadership usually seen in the literature is

The behavioral process of influencing individuals and groups toward set goals

Autocratic-Consultative Style

The coach obtains the necessary information from relevant players and then comes to a decision.

Experiment

The investigator manipulates variables while observing them, then examines how changes in one or more variables affect changes in others

One athlete looks forward to competition while another dreads the upcoming event. This is an example of

The subjective competitive situation

Cognitive Affecting Processing System(CAPS)

an individuals personality interacts with the environment to determine the behavioral response performance. Helps explain paradox

study

an investigator observes or assesses factors without changing the environment in any way

psychophysiological orientation

believe that the best way to study behavior during sport and exercise is to examine the physiological processes of the brain and their influences on physical activity - examples: heart rate, brain wave activity, muscle action potentials, biofeedback - examining the effects of physical activity on brain functioning

Leadership

influencing others to reach a goal

peripheral scanning

instead of seeing objects peripherally while focusing on a central task, the athlete repeatedly scans peripheral objects and then quickly returns to the central task

Sport Psych Accreditation Cons

issue is premature and naive accreditation is expensive for a University Use of term "psychologist" may be resisted of denied

Storytelling in leadership: 3 rules

reflect, represent truth, lead those

Organismic integration theory

subcomponent of SDT that describes the extent to which behaviour is motivated for different extrinsic reasons that represent varying degrees of internalization

Sport oriented interactional approaches to leadership

the Cognitive mediational model of leadership and Categories of coaching behavior from the coachin g behavior assessment system

When there is a communication breakdown, most people believe that the problem resides with

the other person

If a rookie tried to take charge and exert leadership in critical games despite the fact that there was a veteran leader on the team, this would be considered a violation of a. group norms b. group cohesion c. group solidarity d. group identity

*a. group norms

Role clarity is a multidimensional concept including all of the following except a. evaluation of performance b. behavioral responsibilities c. perceived locus of causality d. consequences of not fulfilling responsibilities e. scope of responsibilities

*c. perceived locus of causality

25. Arousal Regulation25 Which of the following levels of effort produced the fastest running times of 400-meter runners? a. 110% b. 100% c. 75% d. 95%

*d. 95%

12. Psychological Skills12 Sport psychology topics that form the basis for PST programs include which of the following? a. confidence building b. imagery c. group cohesion d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

Which of the following can help reduce the occurrence of social loafing? a. increasing identifiability b. breaking down the team into smaller units c. increasing the arousal level of the athletes d. a and b

*d. a and b

Leader qualities

-effective leaders have integrity, flexibility, loyalty, confidence, accountability, patience -mobilize and focus physical mental and emotional energy resources of themselves and of team members toward the team objectives

teaching role within sports psychology

1) Many sports and exercise psychology specialists teach college courses like applied sport psychology

trait approach to leadership

1) Possess leadership traits which are relatively stable personality dispositions like intelligence, assertiveness, independence, and self-confidence.

Components of hostile aggression

1. Intent to harm 2. Goal to harm 3. Anger Ex: Injuring opponent because they fouled player play before

Successful leaders use both "_______" (concern for people) and "______ _____" (concern productivity)

1. consideration 2. initiating structures

Undifferentiated concept of ability

An inability to (or even chooses) differentiate btw ability and effort

mastery climate

Athletes receive positive reinforcement from the coach for: - Hard work and improvement. - Demonstrating cooperation. - Believing that every athlete's contribution is important

Imagery + Performace

Can see success A good motivator Manage arousal level Refocus Learn/correct skills Prepare for Comps Evaluate performance Comeback from injury

Smith and Smoll's studies on coaching behaviors and Little League coaches found that

Coaches can change their behaviors to become more positive

Which of the following are guidelines for implementing behavior programs

Consequences should be stated clearly, target behaviors must be defined in observable terms, behaviors should not be recorded

The two major categories of behavior found using the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire are

Consideration and Initiating Structure

Situational-Centered View

Contends that motivation level is determined primarily by situation.

Compared to engaged and committed swimmers, what can be said about dropouts?

Engaged swimmers started training camps and dry land training at an earlier age.

Psychological Explanations for the effects of exercise on psychological well being

Enhanced feelings of control Feeling of competency and self efficacy Positive social interactions Improved self-concept and self esteem Opportunities for fun and enjoyment

Characteristics of a Runner's High

Few distractions, cool clam weather, long distances (6+ miles) Comfortable pace, may be due to a chemical change in the brain

Regardless of age, athletes preferred coaches who

Gave positive feedback and gave technical instruction

Social loafing

Individuals with in a group or team putting forth less than 100% due to motivation losses

What is Debilitative Anxiety?

Level of anxiety hurts performance (no control)

Optimal Attentional Field

Moderate arousal

In the pendulum example of the Indiana basketball team, which of the following is (are) a stage of group development?

Orientation; differentiation and conflict; resolution and cohesion

iceberg profile

POMS test where vigor is the only mood state for which elite athletes score well above the population mean causing the profile to resemble an iceberg when charted on a graph

What physical outcome expectancies and expectation effects can influence behaviour?

Pain and physical discomfort Pleasant and unpleasant sensory experiences

Backward chaining (as used by O'Brien and Simek in their golf study) refers to

Pairing the last step in a series of movements with the next-to-last step all the way through the movement until the second step is paired with the first step

What are the antecedents of self-efficacy? From strongest to weakest?

Performance accomplishments Vicarious experience (modeling) Verbal persuasion Physiological states

autonomy support

an interpersonal style associated w/ the provision of choices and options

short term memory

working memory, or the center of activity in the information processing system

Task or Mastery-based climate

An emphasis on mastery learning, effort, individual improvement, and cooperating tend to evoke a task involvement

Which of the following is NOT an essential characteristic of leadership development in sport? a. strong relationship with parents b. enriched tactical knowledge c. development of high skill d. strong work ethic e. good rapport with people

*a. strong relationship with parents

Leadership

Behavioral process of influencing individuals and groups toward set goals or shared vision

What are the 3 difference approaches to understanding motivation as applied to behavioural change?

Behavioural, cognitive, and cognitive-behavioural approach

6. Psychological Skills 6 From a psychological perspective, the ultimate goal of psychological skills training is a. self-efficacy b. self-regulation c. self-esteem d. mental preparation e. self-concept

*b. self-regulation

Two Prominent Categories Leaders Fall Into:

Consideration and Initiating Structure

proactive coping strategies

potential stressors are anticipated in advance and matching coping strategies are preselected

Life Cycle

Groups develop similar to life cycle of individuals; as the groups develops it prepares to break-up (birth, growth, death)

Multidimensional Anxiety Theory

Predicts that cognitive state anxiety (worry) is negatively related to performance.

needs assessment

a review by coaching staff of the team as a whole as well as individuals, relative to areas of needed improvement

4 components of effective leadership

a leaders qaulities, situational factors, leadership styles, and a followers qualities

Core/Stable Aspect of Personality

Allows us to function effectively in society

Self-presentation

Also known as impression management 1) Impression motivation 2) Impression construction

Sport Psych Professional Organizations

American College of Sports Med(1954) International Society of Sports Psych(1965) North American Society for the Psychology of Sport & Physical Activity(1967) European Federation of Sport Psych(1969) Canadian Society for the Psychomotor Learning and Sport Psych(1977) Sport Psychology Academy(1977) Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology(1985) Division 47 of the American Psychological Association(1986) International Society for Sports Psychiatry(1991)

Agreeableness

Amiability, altruism, modesty

2 Main Functions of Self Talk

Cognitive Component Motivational Component

High ECP / High PSP

Mixed perfectionism

What is the Inverted U-Hypothesis?

Moderate amounts of arousal are best for peak performance.

Sport Psychology

is the study of the effect of psychological and emotional factors on sport and exercise performance and the effect of sport and exercise involvement on psychological and emotional factors

Exercise produces small increases in total sleep time, although...

it has no effect on how long it takes to fall asleep

Exercise programs conducted over long periods allow

moderate gains in cognitive functioning

introspection

one of the methods in gaining practical knowledge through experience - examining the thoughts or feelings - example: reflecting on a season before it starts to determine how a coach may want to coach their team

teaching role

one of the roles of contemporary sport psychologists that involves university courses and psychological developmental courses

self talk

overt or covert personal dialogue in which the athlete interprets feelings, perceptions, convictions, and gives him/herself instructions and reinforcements

theory of planned behaviour (TPB)

personal and social influencing intention to engage in a behaviour

What is hardiness?

personality disposition that involves: -sense of personal control -involvement, commitment, and purpose in daily life -flexibility to adapt to unexpected changes by perceiving them as challenges or opportunities for further growth

humanistic theory

personality theory that believes human organisms possess an innate drive or tendency to enhance itself to realize capacities and to act to become better and more self fulfilled person----->self actualization. open to experiences

Trait Theory

personality theory that believes that traits are stable enduring consistent across a variety of situations

Chronic effects of exercise

physical fitness= positively associated with mental health and well-being -Exercise- decrease in stress emotions such as state anxiety

relaxation response

physiological changes that reverse the effect of the sympathetic nervous system

attribute

positive or negative evaluations of engaging in a behaviour

What are some examples of cues?

posters, slogans, placing exercise equipment in visible locations

theory

a set of interrelated facts presenting a systematic view of some phenomenon in order to describe, explain, and predict its future occurrences

goal setting

a theory of motivation that effectively energizes athletes to become more productive and effetive through using goals

research role

one of the roles of contemporary sport psychologists that involves advancing knowledge in the field and sharing multidisciplinary studies with colleagues in the same field

means control

the benefits that memebrs can derive by being associated with a group e.g. playing for a hgihyl ranked college football team may increase an athletes recognition and value in the draft.

selective attention

the capability to attend to one stimulus to the exclusion of others

autonomy

the feeling that one has choice and is in control of ones behaviour

primary appraisal

the first state of appraisal in the stress process, in which the individual determines personal importance of the outcome.

dynamic hypothesis

the hypothesis that athletes coping responses are dynamic and changing from situation to situation

Self-acceptance

the need to have positive self-regard. Feeling good about who you are and accepting strengths and weakness'

self-concordance model

the process of goal striving and its effect on well-being within the broad conceptual framework of self-determination theory(SDT)

thought stopping

the process of replacing a negative though with a success-oriented, positive thought

Action

stage of change in which individuals have begun exercising in past 6 months

38. Psychological Skills38 Experts compared to non-experts a. anticipated opponents' intentions quicker b. had shorter "quiet eye" periods c. are equal in terms of visual function and visual acuity d. a and c e. a and b

*a. anticipated opponents' intentions quicker

using imagery

practicing techniques and plays, pre-performance prep, motivation, confidence, emotional control

perceptual cognitive skill

skills such as response time, increased accuracy, improved decision making

Vealey's Multidimensional Model of Sport confidence

sport confidence is conceptualized as being more dispositional or state-like across a continuum of time

Maintenance

stage of change in which individuals exercise and have done so for more than 6 months

coping strategies

ways of alleviating the debilitating effects of the stress response

What are the personal factors related to rehabilitation adherence?

• Self-motivation • Pain tolerance • Tough-mindedness • Mastery goal orientation Ex: Athlete is motivated to play the game again

Developing mental toughness

• Starts with right attitude & state of mind •Program your mind for success •Reutilize your behaviors •Poise & composure •Take control of negative self-talk •Look at failure as a stepping stone for success •Be a difference maker

4. Burnout 4 According to Morgan's research, which of the following is true? a. The heavier the training stimulus, the greater the mood disturbance. b. The heavier the training stimulus, the less the mood disturbance. c. The amount of training is not related to mood disturbance. d. Athletes experiencing overtraining display an inverted-U profile.

*a. The heavier the training stimulus, the greater the mood disturbance.

Which of the following is (are) true regarding antecedents of coaches' expectations and values? a. There are cross-cultural variations in coaching behaviors. b. Division I athletes thought their coaches were more supportive than Division III athletes. c. Coaches high in extrinsic motivation tend to be more autonomous in their decision making. d. a and c e. a and b

*a. There are cross-cultural variations in coaching behaviors.

16. Concentration16 An example of Nideffer's broad-external type of attentional focus is a. a basketball point guard's rapidly assessing the positioning of the defense while on a fast break b. a coach's analyzing the game plan prior to the start of the competition c. a baseball pitcher's focusing on the catcher's mitt just before beginning his pitch d. a wrestler's practicing mental imagery on the bus ride to a meet e. a basketball player's sighting the rim while on the free-throw line

*a. a basketball point guard's rapidly assessing the positioning of the defense while on a fast break

26. Injuries26 Research by Perna and colleagues using cognitive-behavioral stress management on rowers found a. a decrease in days lost due to injury over the season b. fewer rowers got injured throughout the season c. there was no effect on days lost due to injury over the season d. injury actually increased in rowers across the season

*a. a decrease in days lost due to injury over the season

13. Concentration13 Top athletes seem to be able to do just the right thing at just the right time. From an attentional perspective, research has shown that this is mostly due to their ability to a. analyze situations more quickly and use more anticipatory cues b. use a narrow-external focus c. use a broad-external focus d. use a narrow-internal focus e. analyze situations by using imagery and positive self-talk

*a. analyze situations more quickly and use more anticipatory cues

Nonverbal communication in sport is important, as shown by the finding that a. athletes displayed more confidence when their opponents wore general sportswear b. athletes displayed more confidence when their opponents wore sport-specific sportswear c. athletes displayed less anxiety when they perceived their opponents as short d. athletes displayed less anxiety when they perceived their opponents as tall

*a. athletes displayed more confidence when their opponents wore general sportswear

Smith and Smoll's studies on coaching behaviors and Little League coaches found that a. coaches can change their behaviors to become more positive b. coaches can't control their positive behaviors c. coaches can't control their negative behaviors d. coaches have high self-esteem e. coaches with higher self-confidence exhibit more negative behaviors than those with lower self-confidence

*a. coaches can change their behaviors to become more positive

A study (Amorose & Horn, 2000) showed that changes in intrinsic motivation occurred primarily because of a. coaching behaviors b. scholarships c. gender d. athlete's ability e. athlete's experience

*a. coaching behaviors

10. Arousal Regulation10 Effective breathing occurs from the a. diaphragm b. central chest c. upper chest d. throat

*a. diaphragm

Having members of an exercise class all wear special T-shirts with special logos is a way of enhancing group a. distinctiveness b. similarity c. proximity d. attractiveness

*a. distinctiveness

One effective method for establishing positive group norms is to a. enlist the formal and informal leaders of a team to set positive examples b. dictate exactly what norms are expected from each athlete without any exceptions c. eliminate decision-making opportunities for all team members d. a and b

*a. enlist the formal and informal leaders of a team to set positive examples

The number of athletes holding scholarships and the eligibility requirements are examples of which antecedent of cohesion? a. environmental factors b. team factors c. organizational factors d. leadership factors e. personal factors

*a. environmental factors

Recent research by Gano-Overway and colleagues on caring and underserved youth participating in a summer camp found that with increased caring from the coaches and counselors, underserved youth a. exhibited a decrease in anti-social behavior b. had higher self-esteem c. had lower state anxiety d. a and c e. a and b

*a. exhibited a decrease in anti-social behavior

7. Arousal Regulation 7 The premise of stress inoculation training is to a. expose the person to increasing amounts of stress, thereby enhancing the person's immunity to stress b. teach both somatic and cognitive anxiety skills c. teach people that stress is predominantly in their minds d. teach people to appraise stressful situations

*a. expose the person to increasing amounts of stress, thereby enhancing the person's immunity to stress

Research by psychologists such as Edward Deci has shown that a. extrinsic rewards undermine intrinsic motivation b. extrinsic rewards do not undermine intrinsic motivation c. intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are additive d. a and c

*a. extrinsic rewards undermine intrinsic motivation

According to results obtained in studies using the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire, successful leaders tend to score a. high on both consideration and initiating structure b. high on initiating structure and low on consideration c. high on consideration and low on initiating structure d. low on both initiating structure and consideration

*a. high on both consideration and initiating structure

A study on reducing inappropriate tennis behaviors using behavior modification techniques revealed that a. inappropriate behaviors were significantly reduced for all five players b. three of the five players had a reduction in their inappropriate behaviors c. two players had increases in inappropriate behaviors d. there was no effect based on the behavior modification intervention

*a. inappropriate behaviors were significantly reduced for all five players

27. Burnout27 The motivational map of burned-out youth tennis players that Gould and colleagues developed underscores the importance of _____________ in determining burnout. a. individual differences b. training methods c. goal orientations d. group interactions e. social support

*a. individual differences

39. Concentration38 Most theories investigating the role of attention in performance have used what type of approach? a. information-processing b. attentional control c. conscious control process d. attentional-arousal e. limited-capacity

*a. information-processing

13. Adherence13 Reasons for attrition from exercise programs can be classified as a. internal and controllable b. external and controllable c. internal and uncontrollable d. external and uncontrollable

*a. internal and controllable

10. Concentration10 Future-oriented thinking (attending to events in the future) a. is common among younger athletes b. involves seeing a past mistake while focusing on the present c. often takes the form of "what about me" statements d. a and c

*a. is common among younger athletes

36. Concentration35 A response to either good or bad performances that causes a personal, ego-involved reaction during competition is known as a. judgmental thinking b. nonjudgmental thinking c. ego thought d. paralysis by analysis

*a. judgmental thinking

14. Imagery14 Internal imagery (as compared to external imagery) makes it easier for an athlete to experience which of the following senses? a. kinesthetic b. auditory c. visual d. olfactory

*a. kinesthetic

43. Concentration42 The risk of trying to maintain concentration throughout a competition is a. losing concentration due to fatigue b. too many thoughts c. attentional selectivity d. past-oriented thinking e. future-oriented thinking

*a. losing concentration due to fatigue

21. Concentration21 From an attentional perspective, overlearning of skills a. makes the skills more automatic, thus requiring less attention b. allows for attentional selectivity c. produces higher amounts of internal attentional control d. allows for higher amounts of external attentional control

*a. makes the skills more automatic, thus requiring less attention

Which of the following was (were) found to be a barrier(s) to cohesion? a. members struggling for power b. little turnover in group membership c. similar personalities among group members d. a and b e. b and c

*a. members struggling for power

A level of performance, pattern of behavior, or belief that is formally or informally established as appropriate by a group is called a a. norm b. sanction c. role d. team climate e. standard

*a. norm

10. Development10 Research has indicated that participants in youth sport differ from dropouts in what psychological attribute? a. perceived competence b. trait anxiety c. self-esteem d. independence e. self-motivation

*a. perceived competence

15. Adherence15 Which of the following will have a positive effect on adherence to a new exercise program? a. previous participation in supervised exercise programs b. participation in intercollegiate sports c. class size d. b and c e. a and b

*a. previous participation in supervised exercise programs

23. Imagery23 In terms of the timing of imagery, it is best to image in a. real time b. slow motion c. fast motion d. a combination of slow and fast motion

*a. real time

Fiedler's research has identified which two types of leadership styles? a. relationship-oriented and task-oriented b. situation-oriented and task-oriented c. task-oriented and initiating structure-oriented d. relationship-oriented and situation-oriented

*a. relationship-oriented and task-oriented

20. Adherence20 Studies on social support as a strategy to help adherence have indicated that a. social support, compared to a lack of it in control groups, produces increases in adherence b. social support does not increase adherence c. social support works only with support from spouses and family d. social support works only with support from close friends

*a. social support, compared to a lack of it in control groups, produces increases in adherence

Behavioral coaching, behavior modification, and contingency management have in common the goal of a. structuring practices through the systematic use of reinforcement b. changing practices monthly to increase learning c. changing practices daily to increase performance d. a and c e. a and b

*a. structuring practices through the systematic use of reinforcement

The common thread among the definitions of cohesion is that cohesion is made up of what two basic dimensions? a. task and social cohesion b. task and organizational cohesion c. social and organizational cohesion d. psychological and organizational cohesion e. psychological and social cohesion

*a. task and social cohesion

19. Concentration19 Using a trigger word to stop negative self-statements is called a. thought stopping b. attentional narrowing c. external attentional focus d. peripheral narrowing e. tunnel vision

*a. thought stopping

13. Goal Setting13 The phrase "out of sight, out of mind" is a reminder to a. write your goals down and place them where they can be easily seen b. write your goals down and put them secretly away, only to be reread at the end of the season c. use visualization when you set your performance goals d. sign a behavioral contract with your coach or parents, which should be placed in a drawer (or some safe place) and reevaluated once a year e. constantly use self-talk while competing to refresh your memory of your goal

*a. write your goals down and place them where they can be easily seen

38. Unhealthy Behaviors38 The rate of steroid use in high schools has increased from 1 in 27 in 1999 to what in 2003? a. 1 in 10 b. 1 in 16 c. 1 in 20 d. 1 in 7 e. 1 in 22

*b. 1 in 16

According to Martens, which of the following statements is (are) true? a. Team-sport athletes prefer more relationship-oriented leaders than do individual-sport athletes. b. As group size increases, an autocratic leadership style becomes more effective. c. When little time is available, a relationship-oriented leader is more effective. d. a and b e. b and c

*b. As group size increases, an autocratic leadership style becomes more effective.

9. Unhealthy Behaviors 9 Which of the following is (are) true? a. About 25% of high school athletes take performance-enhancing drugs. b. Close to 50% of elite athletes report steroid use. c. Athletes report that approximately 80% of their teammates are using steroids. d. a and b e. b and c

*b. Close to 50% of elite athletes report steroid use.

29. Imagery29 Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. According to Mahoney and Avener's study, gymnasts who qualified for the 1976 Olympic team tended to use external imagery. b. External imagery refers to viewing yourself from the perspective of an external observer. c. External imagery produces significantly better performance than internal imagery. d. a and b e. b and c

*b. External imagery refers to viewing yourself from the perspective of an external observer.

17. Concentration17 Which of the following best represents William James' classic description of attention? a. It involves the ability to pay attention to several things at once. b. It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others. c. It involves components of both width and direction. d. It involves the components of both internality and stability.

*b. It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others.

9. Adherence 9 In terms of environmental factors affecting adherence, which of the following is (are) FALSE? a. People exercising in groups display higher adherence than people exercising alone. b. People in walking programs have lower adherence than people in running programs. c. People who perceive their exercise leader as knowledgeable and likable exhibit higher levels of adherence. d. a and b e. b and c

*b. People in walking programs have lower adherence than people in running programs.

Which of the following results from Smith and Smoll's studies on coaching behaviors is (are) true? a. Two-thirds of the behaviors exhibited by coaches were negative. b. Players for coaches who displayed high levels of general technical instruction evaluated their teammates and sport more positively. c. There was generally a high relationship between players' perceptions of coaches' behaviors and the actual coaching behaviors. d. a and b e. b and c

*b. Players for coaches who displayed high levels of general technical instruction evaluated their teammates and sport more positively.

According to research on leadership behavior in youth sports by Smith and colleagues, which of the following is (are) true? a. Little League players playing for coaches who attended a workshop designed to facilitate positive coach-athlete interaction had a higher dropout rate than a comparable control group. b. Players with high self-esteem were not as affected by coaches' supportiveness and instructiveness as players with low self-esteem. c. Players with low self-esteem were not as affected by coaches' supportiveness and instructiveness as players with high self-esteem. d. a and b e. a and c

*b. Players with high self-esteem were not as affected by coaches' supportiveness and instructiveness as players with low self-esteem.

Which of the following is (are) a principle(s) for the effective use of external rewards? a. Rewards should not be contingent on behavior. b. The best types of external rewards are creative, novel, and simple. c. External rewards should be used regularly. d. a and b e. a and c

*b. The best types of external rewards are creative, novel, and simple.

3. Unhealthy Behaviors 3 Substance abuse and eating disorders in athletes should be treated by a. an educational sport psychologist b. a clinical sport psychologist c. a social worker d. an educational counseling psychologist

*b. a clinical sport psychologist

The results of a study by Ingham and colleagues (1974) using rope pulling, in which confederates were thought to be pulling on the rope but in fact were not, indicated that differences between actual and potential performances were due to a. a decrease in coordination b. a decrease in motivation c. a decrease in both coordination and motivation d. a decrease in neither coordination nor motivation e. an increase in both coordination and motivation

*b. a decrease in motivation

Team climate can be defined as a. the coach's portrayal of what is to be expected from each player b. a representation of how an individual perceives the interrelationships among the team members c. a representation of how the team is collectively seen by others, especially in the media d. a level of performance, pattern of behavior, or belief that is formally or informally established as appropriate by a group

*b. a representation of how an individual perceives the interrelationships among the team members

29. Unhealthy Behaviors29 Which of the following is the most common recreational drug? a. marijuana b. alcohol c. tobacco d. cocaine e. amphetamines

*b. alcohol

3. Injuries 3 In a study by Smith, Smoll, and Ptacek examining the relationship between life stress, social support, coping skills, and injury, the researchers found that a. athletes with high levels of life stress had the highest injury rates b. athletes with high levels of life stress and low levels of social support and coping exhibited the highest injury rates c. athletes with low levels of social support, high levels of life stress, and high coping skills exhibited the highest injury rates d. athletes with high levels of life stress and high levels of social support exhibited the highest injury rates e. there was no relationship between life stress, social support, coping skills, and injury rates

*b. athletes with high levels of life stress and low levels of social support and coping exhibited the highest injury rates

17. Well-Being17 Some new research on the relationship between exercise and psychological well-being among HIV-1 populations showed that a. anaerobic exercise produced the most positive psychological benefits b. both aerobic and weight-training exercise produced positive psychological benefits c. aerobic exercise had no effect on psychological well-being d. a and c e. a and b

*b. both aerobic and weight-training exercise produced positive psychological benefits

4. Adherence 4 The two major categories of processes used by individuals for behavior change are a. cognitive and physiological b. cognitive and behavioral c. social and physiological d. behavioral and social e. cognitive and social

*b. cognitive and behavioral

29. Adherence29 The setting producing the best adherence is a. worksite b. community c. hospital based d. home e. fitness club

*b. community

41. Concentration40 Research has indicated that paying attention to step-by-step instructions is most helpful a. for elite performers b. for new learners c. for closed skills d. for open skills e. continuous skills

*b. for new learners

28. Burnout28 The factor that youth tennis players note most often regarding their reasons for burnout is a. physiological b. psychological c. social d. biomechanical e. motoric

*b. psychological

A smile or pat on the back is known as what type of reinforcer? a. material b. social c. activity d. tangible e. esoteric

*b. social

Competitiveness of athletes appears to be enhanced when a. watched by coaches b. social comparison is high c. performing fine-motor tasks d. performing strength tasks e. performing endurance tasks

*b. social comparison is high

According to McAuley's and Tammen's study on intrinsic motivation and subjective versus objective outcomes, a. winning or losing is the most important determinant of intrinsic motivation b. subjective perceptions of performance are the most important determinants of intrinsic motivation c. objective outcome is the best predictor of intrinsic motivation d. a and b e. b and c

*b. subjective perceptions of performance are the most important determinants of intrinsic motivation

According to the results of Komaki and Barnett's study of a Pop Warner football team, a. the team won more games after the intervention period b. the team performed three plays more effectively after the intervention c. there was no significant difference in performance after the intervention d. the team exhibited higher levels of enjoyment after the intervention

*b. the team performed three plays more effectively after the intervention

"Great leaders are born, not made." This statement is an example of which approach to leadership? a. situational b. trait c. behavioral d. situational-behavioral e. trait-behavioral

*b. trait

10. Well-Being10 Which of the following is (are) true? a. Aerobic exercise is associated with less consistent reductions in state anxiety than anaerobic exercise is. b. The anxiety reduction after exercise occurs only during intensity exercise. *c. Activities such as weightlifting and yoga have been found to be associated with positive psychological well-being. d. a and c e. a and b

*c. Activities such as weightlifting and yoga have been found to be associated with positive psychological well-being.

In relation to the subjective competitive situation (stage 2), which of the following is (are) true? a. Males score lower than females on win orientation. b. Females score lower than males on goal orientation. c. Athletes score higher than nonathletes in competitive orientation. d. b and c e. a and b

*c. Athletes score higher than nonathletes in competitive orientation.

Which of the following would you NOT suggest for communicating with empathy? a. Do not attack the character of the person. b. Be sensitive to the feelings of the other person. c. Make sure the other person understands your point of view. d. a and c e. b and c

*c. Make sure the other person understands your point of view.

Which of the following is NOT a principle of energy management developed by Loehr? a. Growth ceases when energy investment ceases. b. Use positive rituals to manage energy. c. Never push beyond the comfort zone. d. Balance energy investments with energy deposits. e. Energy is highly contagious.

*c. Never push beyond the comfort zone.

22. Well-Being22 Which of the following is (are) true regarding the relationship between exercise and self-esteem? a. Positive changes have been found only with individuals initially lower in self-esteem. b. Positive changes in self-esteem through exercise last only one to two months. c. Positive changes in self-esteem related to exercise have been found in normal populations. d. a and b e. b and c

*c. Positive changes in self-esteem related to exercise have been found in normal populations.

Which of the following is (are) NOT true of reinforcement? a. If a consequence of doing something is positive, we try to repeat this behavior in the future. b. If a consequence of doing something is negative, we tend not to try to repeat this behavior in the future. c. The consequences of behavior are not as important as one's personality. d. a and b e. a and c

*c. The consequences of behavior are not as important as one's personality.

21. Goal Setting21 Which of the following is (are) true regarding goal-setting practices of high school and collegiate coaches? a. The most important part of goal commitment is goal specificity. b. Coaches were consistent in writing down their goals. c. The only disadvantage noted was setting goals unrealistically high. d. a and b e. a and c

*c. The only disadvantage noted was setting goals unrealistically high.

22. Goal Setting22 "Chip a bucket of golf balls onto a practice green three days a week" is an example of a. a goal that is much too general to be effective b. a performance goal that is both specific and realistic c. a strategy for attaining the goal of "lower my handicap by three strokes" d. an inflexible strategy for attaining a goal because it leaves no room for possible interruptions in your schedule e. a and d

*c. a strategy for attaining the goal of "lower my handicap by three strokes"

20. Injuries20 Which of the following is NOT one of the procedures used in the rehabilitation process? a. educating individuals relative to the injury and recovery process b. fostering social support c. being overly optimistic d. building rapport with the injured individual e. preparing the individual to cope with setbacks

*c. being overly optimistic

Cohesion positively influences adherence in which of the following situations? a. smaller university classes (smaller leader-participant ratios) b. larger fitness centers (higher leader-participant ratios) c. both smaller and larger leader-participant ratios d. neither smaller or larger leader-participant ratios

*c. both smaller and larger leader-participant ratios

19. Psychological Skills19 PST takes what type of approach to mental training? a. clinical b. counseling c. educational d. philosophical e. pragmatic

*c. educational

Which of the following is NOT a type of competitive orientation measured by the Sport Orientation Questionnaire? a. competitive orientation b. goal orientation c. fear-of-failure orientation d. win orientation

*c. fear-of-failure orientation

11. Development11 A good way to enhance young athletes' perceptions of their abilities is to have them a. focus on winning b. focus on comparing their performance to that of other athletes c. focus on improving their own performance d. a and b

*c. focus on improving their own performance

Which of the following is (are) NOT a feedback trap? a. telling performers what not to do b. undermining automatic processes c. giving too little feedback d. giving too much feedback e. a and d

*c. giving too little feedback

47. Adherence47 Irregular exercisers, compared to regular exercisers, place more significance on a. goals that are more difficult b. goals that are too easy c. goals that are interfering d. goals that are specific e. goals that are general

*c. goals that are interfering

Which of the following is NOT a construct identified in the Group Environment Questionnaire? a. group integration-task b. group integration-social c. group attraction-environmental d. individual attraction to group-task e. individual attraction to group-social

*c. group attraction-environmental

Which of the following is (are) NOT a finding regarding passion and sport? a. obsessive passion is related to negative emotions b. harmonious passion is related to high quality coach-athlete relationships c. harmonious passion predicts rigid persistence to ill-advised activities (e.g., gambling) d. a and c e. b and c

*c. harmonious passion predicts rigid persistence to ill-advised activities (e.g., gambling)

According to Carron and Dennis, the most important personal factor regarding the development of social and task cohesion is a. socioeconomic status b. gender c. individual satisfaction d. age e. race

*c. individual satisfaction

According to the latest definition provided by Carron, Brawley, and Widmeyer, cohesion is seen to be a. unidimensional b. static c. instrumental d. a and c e. a and b

*c. instrumental

2. Injuries 2 Which of the following has research shown to be predictive of athletic injury? a. personality b. self-esteem c. life stress d. independence e. self-concept

*c. life stress

23. Unhealthy Behaviors23 If we look at high school and college athletes' use of steroids, certain gender differences appear. For instance, a. females use steroids twice as often as males b. males use steroids 10 times as often as females c. males use steroids 3 to 5 times as often as females d. females use steroids twice as often as males but only in individual sports e. females use steroids twice as often as males but only in team sports

*c. males use steroids 3 to 5 times as often as females

According to Fiedler's contingency model, a relationship-oriented leader would be most effective under which type of situation? a. favorable b. unfavorable c. moderately favorable d. either favorable or unfavorable e. either favorable or moderately favorable

*c. moderately favorable

49. Adherence49 A recent study by Netz et al. (2008) focusing on age and gender differences in adherence found a. males gave more internal reasons (e.g., lack of self-discipline) for not exercising than females b. young adults gave more reasons for not exercising than older adults c. older adults had more internal barriers to not exercising than younger adults d. a and c e. b an c

*c. older adults had more internal barriers to not exercising than younger adults

Which of the following is NOT an antecedent to cohesion according to Carron's model? a. environmental factors b. team factors c. organizational factors d. leadership factors e. personal factors

*c. organizational factors

Having athletes eat together or live together is an example of which factor that is important in developing an effective team climate? a. social support b. distinctiveness c. proximity d. fairness e. similarity

*c. proximity

The study using interviews of elite gymnastics coaches (Cote, Salmela, & Russell) showed that expert coaches did not exhibit which of the following behaviors? a. gave technical instruction regarding gymnastics progressions b. provided a supportive environment through positive feedback c. pushed gymnasts by constantly issuing threats and yelling d. stressed conditioning to ensure physical readiness e. provided opportunities for simulating the mental and technical demands of the competition

*c. pushed gymnasts by constantly issuing threats and yelling

Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of sport teams? a. a collective sense of identity b. structured modes of communication c. specific leadership styles d. norms e. distinctive roles

*c. specific leadership styles

18. Development18 According to recent research on early specialization and participation in competitive sport, elite athletes a. start to specialize in one sport by age 5 b. start to specialize in one sport by age 8 c. start out playing many sports at an early age d. start out specializing in one sport by age 10

*c. start out playing many sports at an early age

3. Self-Confidence 3 Sport self-confidence is currently viewed as a. a trait variable b. a state variable c. statelike or traitlike depending on the situation d. an affective variable e. a cognitive variable

*c. statelike or traitlike

2. Concentration 2 Which of the following is NOT a key element included in most definitions of concentration? a. the ability to focus attention on the relevant cues b. maintaining attentional focus for the duration of the competition c. the ability to narrow attentional focus in all situations d. having the proper attentional focus depending on the situation

*c. the ability to narrow attentional focus in all situations

45. Addictive Behaviors A recent review article (Striegel-Moore & Bulik, 2007) discussing the influence of environmental and genetic factors on the development of eating disorders concluded a. genetic factors are more predictive of eating disorders than environmental factors b. environmental factors were more predictive of eating disorders than genetic factors c. the interaction of genetic and environmental factors needs to be explored d. genetic factors were particularly important until age 7 e. environmental factors were particularly important from ages 8-16

*c. the interaction of genetic and environmental factors needs to be explored

The key ingredient in Steiner's model of productivity is a. the actual amount of productivity a group has b. the amount of potential productivity a group has, independent of the actual productivity c. the losses due to faulty group processes and their impact on actual productivity d. the actual productivity minus the losses due to faulty potential productivity plus the losses due to potential productivity

*c. the losses due to faulty group processes and their impact on actual productivity

31. Concentration31 Why would you want to have a friend wave his arms around you while you are focusing on a basketball? a. to assist you in shifting your attention from the ball to the waving arms b. to help you in your search for irrelevant cues c. to force you to maintain concentration on the ball d. a and c

*c. to force you to maintain concentration on the ball

In their classic study of the coaching (leadership) behaviors of legendary basketball coach John Wooden, Tharp and Gallimore found that his most often-used coaching behavior was a. statements of displeasure b. praise and encouragement c. verbal instructions on what to do and how to do it d. combining instruction with punishment e. modeling the correct behavior

*c. verbal instructions on what to do and how to do it

4. Unhealthy Behaviors 4 What percentage of athletes said they would take a performance-enhancing substance, even if it meant they would die from the side effects, if the substance guaranteed winning every competition for the next five years? a. 10% b. 20% c. 40% d. 60% e. 5%

*d. 60%

Which of the following is NOT an assumption when dealing with a confrontation? a. Process is as important as content. b. Everyone is right from his or her own perspective. c. There are enough resources to meet all needs. d. A confrontation should be viewed as a competition. e. All needs are perceived to be legitimate.

*d. A confrontation should be viewed as a competition.

12. Concentration12 Research investigating differences between experts and novices concludes that these differences are in large part due to experts' ability to a. attend more to advance information to make faster decisions b. predict the flight pattern of a ball c. use "tunnel vision" d. a and b

*d. a and b

15. Development15 Which of the following statements regarding peer relationships is (are) true? a. Female participants, as compared to their male counterparts, identify emotional support as a positive aspect of friendship. b. Children who have more positive relationships with peers in physical activity reported more positive feelings toward physical activity. c. Intimacy (close personal bonds), as a positive aspect of peer friendships, was seen as less important with increasing age. d. a and b

*d. a and b

16. Goal Setting16 A formal assessment of an athlete's current ability or needs is a. part of the instructor's or leader's preparation stage of implementing a goal-setting program b. great for identifying what areas you think the athlete needs to improve c. part of the education and acquisition stage of implementing a goal-setting program d. a and b

*d. a and b

16. Injuries16 A variety of studies investigated the effects of psychological training on adherence to injury rehabilitation protocols. Which of the following psychological factors was (were) found to be related to rehabilitation adherence? a. self-motivation b. positive self-talk c. attentional control d. a and b

*d. a and b

20. Self-Confidence20 Recent research has identified nine sources of sport self-confidence. These fit into which of the following categories? a. climate (environment) b. self-regulation c. arousal d. a and b e. b and c

*d. a and b

22. Unhealthy Behaviors22 Which of the following is (are) a symptom(s) of a person who is negatively addicted to exercise? a. decreased tolerance to the amount of exercise performed b. exercise is given increased priority over other activities c. relief or withdrawal of symptoms by continuing to exercise d. a and b

*d. a and b

23. Arousal Regulation23 According to the study by Eubank and Collins, individuals perceiving their anxiety as facilitative (as opposed to debilitative) use more a. emotion-focused coping b. problem-focused coping c. imagery d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

26. Concentration26 According to Nideffer, effective attenders indicate that they can a. deal well with a multitude of stimuli from both external and internal sources b. effectively switch their attention from broad to narrow focus when necessary c. attend to many stimuli (both internally and externally) while often becoming overloaded with too much information d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

3. Adherence 3 Which of the following statements is (are) TRUE? a. Ten to fifteen percent of all adults participate in vigorous and frequent physical activity. b. Fifty percent of adults are sedentary. c. Seventy-five percent of adults participate in exercise on a weekly basis. d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

30. Arousal Regulation30 An athlete who is underactivated commonly experiences which of the following? a. heavy feeling in the legs b. mind wandering c. feelings of anxiety d. a and b e. b and c

*d. a and b

33. Unhealthy Behaviors33 Which of the following is (are) a psychological reason(s) for athletes to use drugs? a. build confidence b. reduce anxiety c. increase extroversion d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

34. Development34 Which of the following is (are) a common myth(s) regarding children in sport? a. athlete talent can be accurately predicted at a young age b. stages of athletic development can be skipped c. early sport specialization is not needed for later success d. a and b e. b and c

*d. a and b

4. Injuries 4 Which of the following is (are) a potential explanation(s) for the relationship between stress and injury? a. Stress disrupts an athlete's attention by causing a decline in peripheral vision. b. Stress causes muscle tension, which disrupts coordination. c. Stress causes loss in confidence, which changes movement patterns. d. a and b

*d. a and b

46. Adherence46 In order to facilitate adherence to mental training, it is suggested that a. mental skills be integrated into existing routines b. enjoyment of mental training be emphasized c. the perceived costs (e.g., time) of mental training be increased d. a and b e. e. and c

*d. a and b

48. Unhealthy Behaviors47 A study by Donahue et al. (2006) on motivation and sportspersonship found a. intrinsic motivation was associated with higher levels of sportspersonship b. extrinsic motivation was associated with lower levels of sportspersonship c. there was no relationship between sportspersonship and motivation d. a and b

*d. a and b

5. Injuries 5 Which type(s) of attitudes have consultants identified as being related to injury? a. Act tough and always give 110%. b. If you are injured, you are worthless. c. Pressure is a privilege. d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

According to Weinberg's study on intrinsic motivation in a competitive setting, a. success produces higher levels of intrinsic motivation than does failure b. males exhibit higher levels of intrinsic motivation after success than after failure c. females exhibit higher levels of intrinsic motivation after failure than after success d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

In his study of the effects of a 14-week program of cooperative games, Orlick found that a. kids exposed to cooperative games engaged in three times as much cooperative behavior during free play as did kids in the control group b. games played by the control group tended to emphasize individualistic concerns c. kids exposed to cooperative games had higher self-esteem at the end of the program than kids in the control group d. a and b

*d. a and b

Individuals higher on mindfulness as opposed to those lower on mindfulness score higher on which dimension(s) of flow? a. skills-challenge balance b. merging of action and awareness c. confidence d. a and b

*d. a and b

Research has indicated that social support can have a positive impact on which of the following? a. recovery from injury b. coping with stress c. team performance d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

Sullivan devised seven communication exercises to promote more effective communication. Athletes said they would try to practice which communication skills? a. not interrupt others when they are speaking b. confront issues right away c. give opinions less often to people with whom they feel intimidated d. a and b

*d. a and b

The Leadership Scale for Sports identifies which coaching behaviors? a. social support b. democratic behavior c. administrative behavior d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

The study by Lepper and Greene investigating the effects of external rewards on intrinsic motivation of children found that a. the type of reward was important regarding its effects on intrinsic motivation b. the expected reward condition had the lowest levels of intrinsic motivation (compared to no reward and unexpected rewards) c. the expected reward condition had the highest levels of intrinsic motivation (compared to no reward and unexpected rewards) d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

Which of the following can facilitate team transition when an athlete disengages from a team? a. clarifying role differentiations b. increasing an individual's awareness of disengagement c. formalizing the group's goals d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. A continuous reinforcement is best in the early stages of learning. b. An intermittent schedule of reinforcement is best once the skill is well learned. c. Behaviors reinforced on a continuous schedule persist longer than those reinforced on an intermittent schedule. d. a and b

*d. a and b

Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. The amount of positive feedback is less important than receiving some type of positive feedback. b. Getting positive feedback produces higher levels of intrinsic motivation than getting no feedback. c. Athletes receiving more positive feedback have higher levels of intrinsic motivation than athletes receiving less positive feedback. d. a and b e. b and c

*d. a and b

Which of the following tips can build team cohesion? a. Develop pride within subunits. b. Avoid excessive turnover. c. Encourage participation in social cliques. d. a and b

*d. a and b

Which teacher and coach category(ies) of behavior can enhance communication? a. clarity b. confirmation c. assertiveness d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

13. Unhealthy Behaviors13 According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), which of the following is (are) characteristic of anorexia nervosa? a. refusal to maintain minimal body weight (15% below normal) b. intense fear of weight loss c. disturbed body image d. a and c e. b and c

*d. a and c

28. Unhealthy Behaviors28 When discussing the effects of anabolic steroids with athletes, coaches should a. discuss the health risks involved in taking anabolic steroids b. deemphasize the performance gains of anabolic steroids c. inform the athletes of the policy of the organization in cases of drug use d. a and c

*d. a and c

42. Adherence42 To prevent a relapse in physical activity, it is suggested that a person a. use positive self-talk and imagery strategies b. replace "wants" with "shoulds" c. expect and plan for lapses d. a and c e. a and b

*d. a and c

42. Concentration41 Which of the following is (are) a principle(s) of effective concentration? a. A focused state of mind requires intentional mental effort. b. Athletes can consciously focus on more than one thought at a time. c. During peak performance there is no difference between an athlete's thoughts and actions. d. a and c e. b and c

*d. a and c

5. Concentration 5 The narrowing and internal focus associated with choking can result in a. impaired timing b. increased coordination c. poor judgment and decision making d. a and c e. a and b

*d. a and c

In a recent study comparing coaches and peer leaders, coaches tended to exhibit more a. autocratic behaviors b. social support behaviors c. training and instruction behaviors d. a and c e. a and b

*d. a and c

In setting up a team goal-setting program, which of the following guidelines should be followed? a. Involve all team members in establishing goals. b. Set very difficult goals. c. Reward progress toward team goals. d. a and c e. a and b

*d. a and c

Which of the following is (are) characteristic of cooperative games? a. They require little equipment or money. b. They emphasize increased participation by the best players. c. Players learn from mistakes rather than hide from them. d. a and c e. a and b

*d. a and c

1. Injuries Based on research by Petitpas and Danish, which of the following is (are) a psychological reaction(s) associated with injury? a. identity loss b. lack of confidence c. fear and anxiety d. all of the above e. a and c

*d. all of the above

25. Injuries25 Research by Perna and colleagues has shown that high levels of stress can affect the physiology of injury recovery by a. causing a disturbance in sleep b. interfering with the removal of damaged tissue c. interfering with the body's healing process d. all of the above e. a and c

*d. all of the above

7. Injuries 7 Which of the following is (are) a typical reaction(s) to injury? a. Injury is viewed as a disaster. b. Injury is viewed as a way to get a break from tedious practice. c. Injury is viewed as a socially acceptable reason for not playing. d. all of the above e. a and c

*d. all of the above

According to Christian Buys, there are several negative aspects of group formation. These negative aspects include a. conformity b. social loafing c. deindividuation d. all of the above e. a and b

*d. all of the above

In a study by Spink and Carron on building cohesiveness in a fitness class, which of the following strategies was (were) employed? a. distinctiveness b. group norms c. individual sacrifices d. all of the above e. a and b

*d. all of the above

In the study (Newin, Bloom, & Loughead, 2008) assessing the effectiveness of a team-building program, it was found that coaches a. felt their own communication skills were enhanced b. believed that athletes improved on a variety of life skills c. felt that the athletes bonded during the activity d. all of the above e. b and c

*d. all of the above

Tkachuk, Leslie-Toogood, and Martin suggested a number of ways to select behaviors to be changed and how to monitor behaviors. These included a. athlete self-monitoring b. behavioral checklists c. videotape of practice and competition d. all of the above e. a and c

*d. all of the above

Which of the following is (are) part of the norming stage? a. role acceptance b. increase in cooperation and solidarity c. conflict resolution d. all of the above e. a and c

*d. all of the above

1. Self-Confidence Which of the following statements regarding self-efficacy is (are) true? a. Efficacy affects behavior change but behavior change does not affect efficacy. b. Efficacy changes are related to changes in exercise adherence. c. Exercise behavior can influence feelings of efficacy. d. b and c e. a and c

*d. b and c

24. Burnout24 According to Murphy's study of training loads and mood states among Olympic judo athletes, a. increased conditioning training produced increases in negative mood states b. increased sport-specific training produced increases in negative mood states c. increased conditioning training did not result in increases in negative mood state d. b and c e. a and b

*d. b and c

24. Well-Being24 A negative addiction to exercise can result in a. increased sexual functioning b. strains on interpersonal relationships c. decrease in work productivity d. b and c e. a and c

*d. b and c

41. Adherence41 Exercise adherence has been difficult in part because of exercise prescriptions that a. are too flexible in intensity, frequency, and duration b. are overly restrictive (do not enhance motivation) c. are based solely on fitness data (not psychological readiness to exercise) d. b and c e. a and c

*d. b and c

After taking Sullivan's communication training, athletes had the following reactions to the workshop: a. I see myself the same as others see me. b. It helps to know the goals of my teammates. c. It is scary to open up, but this makes things easier. d. b and c

*d. b and c

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are now seen as varying along a continuum. Aspects of intrinsic motivation include which of these? a. compatability b. accomplishment c. stimulation d. b and c e. a and b

*d. b and c

Which of the following is NOT a type of social support? a. emotional-challenge support b. task-appreciation support c. reality-confirmation support d. communication support e. task-challenge support

*d. communication support

According to Fiedler's contingency model, a task-oriented leader would be most effective in which type of situation? a. favorable b. unfavorable c. moderately favorable d. either favorable or unfavorable e. either favorable or moderately favorable

*d. either favorable or unfavorable

14. Injuries14 According to Cupal and Brewer's (2001) study on effects of imagery and relaxation on recovery from injury, relaxation plus imagery versus a control or placebo control condition produced a. less reinjury anxiety b. greater knee strength c. no change in pain d. a and c e. a and b

*e. a and b

21. Adherence21 Which of the following is (are) recommended for school and community programs promoting physical activity in young people? a. Include parents in physical activity instruction. b. Implement a health education curriculum about healthy lifestyles. c. Eliminate extracurricular activities since they distract from the school's physical education instruction. d. a and c e. a and b

*e. a and b

38. Concentration37 Which of the following is (are) a major process(es) involved in explaining the attention-performance relationship? a. attentional selectivity b. attentional capacity c. attentional reciprocity d. a and c e. a and b

*e. a and b

7. Burnout 7 Morgan's research on athletes' training stress and mood states has shown that a. positive mental health is associated with high performance levels b. mood state disturbance is associated with decreases in performance c. as training loads increase, mood states improve d. a and c e. a and b

*e. a and b

According to Coakley, which of the following is (are) characteristic of unstructured youth sport? a. Personal involvement in the action is maximized. b. It provides opportunities to reaffirm friendships. c. Teams are relatively uneven. d. a and c e. a and b

*e. a and b

In a more recent follow-up study on coach John Wooden (Gallimore & Tharp, 2004), they concluded a. specific planning was critical to administering the heavy information load b. Wooden considered instruction via information a positive approach to coaching c. starters received more praise than reserves d. a and c e. a and b

*e. a and b

The principles of reinforcement are complex because a. different people react differently to the same reinforcement b. people are unable to repeat the desired behavior c. they apply to males but not females d. a and c e. a and b

*e. a and b

13. Well-Being13 Various research studies have indicated that regular physical activity is associated with a. positive mental health b. frequent symptoms of anxiety and depression c. reduced probability of hypertension and coronary heart disease d. a and b e. a and c

*e. a and c

20. Unhealthy Behaviors20 Which of the following is (are) a characteristic(s) of compulsive gamblers? a. boastfulness b. pessimism c. extreme competitiveness d. a and b e. a and c

*e. a and c

Which of the following is (are) true? a. Pendular theories emphasize shifts in interpersonal relationships during the growth of groups. b. The book A Season on the Brink is an example of a life cycle model. c. Life cycle models emphasize the birth and death of groups. d. a and b e. a and c

*e. a and c

Which of the following statements about building cohesion is (are) true? a. Set goals that are only moderately difficult to accomplish to keep up spirit. b. Keep meetings to a minimum to avoid complaints. c. Encourage team identity. d. a and b e. a and c

*e. a and c

Which of the following statements is (are) FALSE? a. Boys play competitive games more frequently than girls. b. Boys' games are less aggressive and involve less risk taking than girls' games. c. Girls play games in predominantly male groups more often than boys play games in predominantly female groups. d. a and b e. a and c

*e. a and c

What happened to the two U.S. sailing teams that competed and cooperated with each other while training for the Olympics? a. Only one team went to the Olympics and earned a medal there. b. Both teams went to the Olympics but neither won a medal. c. They finished in first and fourth place at the Olympic Trials. d. The second-place team members were disappointed but had gained new confidence in their ability to compete at a world-class level. e. a and d

*e. a and d

12. Adherence12 Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. Knowing the health benefits of physical activity enhances adherence. b. Feelings of enjoyment enhance adherence. c. Expecting health benefits from exercise enhances adherence. d. a and b e. b and c

*e. b and c

18. Concentration18 Entirely focusing on body mechanics and movements a. usually helps perform a skill during competition b. may be inappropriate once a skill becomes automatic c. may be detrimental to performance because the mind gets in the way of the body d. a and b e. b and c

*e. b and c

30. Development30 Based on the research on peer friendships, what implication(s) can you draw for practice? a. Coaches should use an autocratic coaching style. b. Teamwork and group goals should be emphasized. c. Time should be provided for children to be with their friends. d. a and b e. b and c

*e. b and c

According to Johnson and Johnson, appropriate competition has the following characteristics a. it is involuntary b. everyone must have a reasonable chance to win c. the rules must be clear and fair d. a and b e. b and c

*e. b and c

According to Mariah Burton Nelson, an opponent should be viewed a. as someone to beat b. as someone to help us perform better c. as someone to learn from d. a and c e. b and c

*e. b and c

Which of the following are TRUE? a. Olympic swimmers look to coaches for technical skills before social competence skills. b. Communication patterns differ between more versus less successful tennis doubles teams. c. Nonverbal behavior and clothing worn by athletes influence the ratings others give them regarding their performance. d. a and b e. b and c

*e. b and c

Which of the following is (are) true? a. Elite athletes are high on both win and goal orientations. b. Research by Weinberg and colleagues has indicated that the most important goal for athletes is to improve performance. c. Elite athletes are high on win orientation and low on goal orientation. d. a and b e. b and c

*e. b and c

Formal roles, in contrast to informal roles, are a set of behaviors that are required or expected of persons in a group and a. evolve based on interpersonal interactions among group members b. include such roles as "the enforcer" and "the go-between" for coach-athlete communications c. are dictated by the nature and structure of an organization d. include such roles as team captain, coach, and athletic trainer e. c and d

*e. c and d

5. Adherence 5 In a large worksite promotion study by Marcus and colleagues, most participants were classified in which stage of the transtheoretical model? a. action b. action and reaction c. preparation d. precontemplation e. contemplation

*e. contemplation

12. Well-Being12 Which of the following conditions is generally not related to positive changes in mood? a. closed and predictable activities b. enjoyment c. rhythmic and repetitive movements d. abdominal breathing e. interpersonal competition

*e. interpersonal competition

In Asch's experiment of line-comparison judgments, approximately _____ of the subjects conformed to the group norm. a. all b. none c. half d. one quarter e. one third

*e. one third

Which of the following is (are) NOT part of effective leadership? a. leadership style b. situational factors c. athlete characteristics d. leader qualities e. position power

*e. position power

Which of the following is NOT a barrier to effective communication? a. the belief that silence is safer b. embarrassment c. the tendency to tell people what they want to hear d. inconsistency between actions and words e. using active listening skills

*e. using active listening skills

highlights of this era in sports psychology 1978-00

- 1979- journal of sport psychology now called sport and exercise psych established - 1980- USA Olympic developed sport pscyh advisory board - 1984- USA TV coverage of Olympic games emphasized sports psych - 1985- USA Olympic committee hires first full time sport psychologist - 1988- the USA Olympic team accompanied by an officially recognized sport psychologist for the first time

catharsis effect

- A release (purging) of pent-up emotion and frustration. - An important component of instinct theory. - Rejected by social learning theory (e.g. aggression leads to more aggression, not less).

characteristics of task and ego goal orientation

- Adaptive Motivational Patterns - Athletes engage in challenging tasks that allow them to demonstrate persistence and sustained effort. - Maladaptive motivational patterns - Athletes do not want to engage in a challenging task if they believe they can't be successful.

Examining Cognitive Strategies and Success

- Adopt phenomenological approach and examine mental strategies, skills, behaviors used in competition and relation to success. - One of first studies in 1977 by Mahoney and Avener; olympic medalists internalize strategies so react automatically to adversity.

Situation Approach

- Behavior determined by situation/environ. - Draws from soc. learning theory: observational learning (modeling) and soc. reinforcement (feedback).

Sympathetic Alarm Response

- Caused by massive SNS body stimulation. - Fight or flight response. - Stress response. - SNS stimulates the adrenal medullae (norepinephrine). - Adrenal medullae releases epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood stream

Fluctuations before and during competition

- Check 30 mins before - May be constant or fluctuate during the game

time-to-event nature of precompetitive anxiety

- Cognitive Anxiety - Starts high and remains high as event approaches. Fluctuates throughout the contest as probability of success changes. - Somatic Anxiety - Starts low but increases rapidly as event approaches. Dissipates rapidly once event begins

factors that improve effectiveness of hypnosis

- Competence of the professional therapist. - Quality of the therapist-athlete relationship. - Therapist must know and understand the athlete. - Athlete must practice the instructions that were given during hypnosis. - Limitations of hypnosis acknowledged.

Measuring personality

- Distinguish between style of behaving (traits) and situation's effects on behavior (states). - Trait Sport Confidence Inventory (p. 35) How you generally/typically feel - State Sport Confidence Inventory (p. 36) How you feel "right now" in a certain moment/situation

What can coaches do to prevent burnout?

- Do not overtrain - Positive attitude with athletes - Build relationships with athletes - Have team goals - Must have enjoyment/fun

Negative Self Talk

- Does not enhance performance or create positive emotions - Creates anxiety - Foosters self doubt - Negative self talk will occur! Focus on positives.

Definition of group cohesion (Carron Brawlye and widmeyer '98)

- Dynamic process reflected in the tendency for groups to stick together and remain united in pursuit of instrumental objectives and or for the satisfaction of members affective needs - Underscores cohesion as • Multidimensional consisting of many factors related to why groups stick together • Dynamic of how group cohesion can change over time • Instrumental via groups created for a purpose • Affective via members soc interactions production of feelings amongst group members

electrophysiological indicators of arousal

- Electrocortical activity in the CNS (EEG). - Biochemical indicators in the blood. - Heart rate and respiration rate. - Muscle tension (EMG) - Blood pressure. - Palmar sweating. - Galvanic Skin Response

Stress process

- Environmental Situation - Appraisal of Environmental Situation - The Stress Response Stress Response occurs if Coping Skills perceived to be inadequate

Psychological symptoms of burnout

- Increased mood disturbances - Increased perception of exhaustion - Decreased self-esteem - Negative social interaction - Negative reaction to chronic stress

perfectionism

- Normal or adaptive perfectionism - possessed by highly motivated athletes - Neurotic perfectionism - destructive personality characteristic predictive of high cognitive anxiety, low self-esteem, guilt, and shame

Sport-Specific Measures

- Predict behavior in sport settings better than do gen personality tests. - Measures precompetitive anxiety better than gen anxiety test. - Tests include 1) the Sport Competition Anxiety Test: Measures competitive trait anxiety 2) the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2: Measures precompetitive state anxiety. 3) the Trait-State Confidence Inventory: Measures sport confidence - EX: Tennis test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (p. 37)

signal detection theory

- Predicts an inverted-U relationship between arousal and performance in detecting a signal. - At a low level of arousal the organism is insensitive to signals from environment. - At a high level of arousal the organism is overly responsive to signals from the environment

Self-handicapping and effect on performance

- Preplanned proactive use of effort reduction and performance excuses in order to protect self-esteem from potential negative feedback within social evaluation setting - Negative performance effect Ex: Fake hurting oneself when losing in a game

the scientific method

- Process of learning about the world via a systematic, ctrled, empirical and critical filtering of knowledge acquired through experience. - When science is applied to psych goals include describing, explaining, predicting and allowing for behavior ctrl • Example dr. jenn Jackson wants to study how edu affects kids self esteem. She does this by defining self esteem and movement edu and from there determines what age groups and children she wants to study and then goes on to expl why she expects movement edu and self esteem to be related such as the kids wouls get recognition and praise for learning new skills. In the end Dr Jones research is really about prediction and ctrl: she wants to show that using movement edu in similar cond consistently affects kids self esteem in the same way and to test such things science has evolved gen research guidelines

k) Dorothy harris

- Professor Penn State advanced the cause of women and sport psychology - Helped establish the PSU grad program in sport psych - Her accomplishments included: • Being the first American and first woman member of the international soc of sport psych • First woman to be awarded the Fulbright fellowship in sport psych • First woman pres of the USA soc of sport psych and phys activity

hypnosis

- Psychologists agree that it is a condition of heightened acceptance of suggestions, or a condition of "hyper-suggestibility." - Psychologists do not agree, however, on the notion that it is a condition of an "altered state of consciousness."

Psychodynamic Approach

- Sigmund Freud/Neo-Freudians like Carl Jung and Erik Erikson - Char'd by 2 themes: 1) Places emphasis on unconscious determinants of behavior like id: instinctive drives, and how these conflict w/ superficial aspects of personality like superego (moral conscience) and ego (conscious personality). 2) Focus on understanding person as a whole rather than identifying isolated traits or dispositions. - Complex; views personality as dynamic set of processes that are constantly changing and are often in conflict w/ one ano/t. - Special emph on how adult personality is shaped by resolution of conflicts b/w unconscious forces and values and conscience of the superego in childhood - Impact clinical field of psych/little effect on sport psych - Swedish sport psych Erwin Apitzsch (1995) urge N. Ams pay attention to approach; athletes react t their anxiety w/ unconscious defense mechanisms like maladaptive repression (freezing during play), use psychotherapy to help. - Strean and Strean (1998) discuss how psychodynamic concepts can be used to explain athlete behavior. - Gaskin, Andersen, and Morris (2009, 2010)- approach used to understand deep/unconscious issues (poor self img). - Conroy and Benjamin (2001): use of structural analysis method of social behavior to measure psychodynamic constructs through case studies; important b/c many don't use this approach b/c it's hard to test. - Weakness of approach: focus on internal determinants of behavior and little on soc. environ. - Understand key concepts ->understand feelings, thoughts, behaviors. - KEY CONTRIBUTION: Not all behaviors under conscious control and it may be better to focus on unconscious determinants of behavior.

studies v. experiements

- Studies • Involve investiogators obserbation or assessment of factors without changing the environment in any way • Example: studies comparing the effectiveness of goal setting, imagery and self talk in improving athletic performance may use qritten questionaires given to samples of H.S. cross country runners just before a race. Researchers could compare techniques used by fastest 20 runners with those used by slowest 20 runners & researchers wouldn't be chanign or manipulating any factors but instead observe if faster runners reported using paritucular mental skills (e.g. imagery) but researchers wouldn't know whether goal setting, imagery and self talk caused runners to go faster or if running faster stirred runners to go faster or if running faster stirred runners to set more goals. - Major difference btw experiences and studies • Determining causal relationships is the main advantage conducting expereimenets has over conduction of studies While Experiements • In an experiement investigators manipulate variables along with observing them and then examine how changes in 1 variable affect changes in other variables

negative hypnosis suggestions

- The purpose of self-hypnosis is to increase the athlete's acceptance of a positive suggestion. - Positive suggestions can facilitate the desired result, but negative suggestions almost always elicit an undesirable result. - Negative suggestions are usually unintentional

a) Systematic approach

- The scientific method dictates this approach to study a question which involvs standardizing cond (e.g. one may assess kids self esteem under identical cond with a carefully designed measure)

various issues the field of sports psych fought with from around 1978-00

- defining training stands for those in the area- - Development of ethical stand -- Establishing licensure -- Development of full time positions for the increasing #s of ppl entering the field.

After being injured, what types of cognitive appraisal does an athlete exhibit?

- goal adjustment - rate of perceived recovery - perceptions of self-worth - self-confidence - beliefs and attributions - sense of loss - appraisal of coping skills

social cohesion

- reflects the eg that members of teams like each other and enjoy anothers company - tends to be equated with interpersonal attraction (e.g. in an exervise class a common goal could be enhanced fitness and it has been shown that adherence to the exercise program increases as the groups social cohesion does)

critical element of the scientific method

- scientific method is this b/c it involves rigorous evaualtion by researchers and other scientists - when analysis of ideas is critical along with work helps to ensure reliable conclusions

Personality is...

- the sum of chars. that make a person unique. - the study of this helps us work w/ students, athletes, patients, exercisers.

theory

- ultimate goal of a scientist - set of interrelated facts which present a systematic view of a phenomenon in order to describe, expl and predict its future occurences. - Allows scientists to organize and expl large nos of facts in patterns which help others understand them or theories that turn to practice

Intrinsic motivation

-autocratic (controlling) coaching styles associated with lower levels of intrinsic motivation and perceived competence -coaching style affects intrinsic motivation and competence and influences athletes' motivation and persistence

Cohesion

-coaches high in training and instruction, social support, low in autocratic behaviors have teams with greater cohesion -exercise leaders exhibiting more task-related behaviors and providing task-specific reinforcement were associated with more cohesive exercise groups

Exercise and people with HIV, cancer, MS, and Parkinson's Disease

-exercise appears to be one therapeutic modality capable of enhancing components of subjective well being in patients with HIV

Leaders in sport-reactive and spontaneous behaviors

-facilitating positive coaching behaviors (frequent use of reinforcement and mistake-contingent encouragement)= ensures greater enjoyment, higher self-esteem and lower dropout rates in young athletes - CBAS (Coaching behavior assessment system)

How does the self-determination theory related to exercise adherence?

-individuals that display autonomy in their exercise behavior and have a strong social support system exhibit stronger motivation and exercise adherence

Multi-dimensional Model of Sport Leadership

-leadership effectiveness can vary depending on the characteristics of the athletes and constraints of the situation -optimal performance and satisfaction are achieved when a leader's required (situation dictates) preferred (preferences for), and actual behaviors (actually exhibited) are consistent

Guidelines for exercise cont.

-make exercise practical and functional (bicycling to work) -encourage exercise as an adjunct to other forms of therapy (a multimodal therapeutic approach is more effective than the use of a single intervention) -include variety of activities, enhance adherence to exercise regimen -exer. therapy should only be done by qualified professionals -no exact criteria has been established

Age and maturing

-older more athletically mature prefer coachers who are more autocratic and more socially supportive -preferences for training and instruction behaviors decrease from early to senior high school but increase again at the university level

C) Essential for both eudcaitonal sports psychologists & clinical sports psychologists

1) Both clinical and educational sport and exercise psychologist specialists need to have a thorugh knowledge of psychology and exercise and sports science 2) The AASP began certified consultant program:a To qualify for this certification as a sport and exercise consultant ppl need to have advanced training in psychology and sprt sciences b) This requirement designed to protect the public from unqualified ppl professing to e sport and exercise psychologists

Cognitive behaviorial orientation

1) Emphasizes an athlete or exercisers cognitions or thoughts and behaviors believing thought to be central in determining behavior 2) Sports psychologists using this orientation may develop self-report measures to assess self-confidence, anxiety, goal orientations, imaqgery and intrinsic motivation. 3) Psychologistws then see how these assessments are linked to dhanges in athletes or exercisers behavior a) Example: groups of junior tennis leaders who became burned ourt or not burned out were surveyed using battery of psychological assessments. In comparison with non burned out tennis burned out tennis players were found to be less motivated & more withdrawn as well as more perfectionist personality tendencies and used diff coping strategies for stress (linking the tennis players thoughts & behaviors via examining the athletes burned out statuses) 4) The cognitive ehavioral orientation to sport and exercise psych assumes that ehavior is determined via both environmental and cognitive factors with thoughts and interpretations playing an especially important role.

C) Multidimensional model of sport leadership

1) Interactional model developed especially for sports or physical activities 2) Posits that leader effectiveness in sports varies depending the chatacteristics of athletes and the constraints of the situation 3) Chelladurai: atheltes satisfaction and performance dependent on 3 types of leader behavior a) Required - Many situations were the organizational syst itself dictates behaviors and ppl expected to conform to the established norms (e.g. PE teachers expected to behave in certain ways in front of their students, fellow teachers and parents) b) Actual - Behaviors leaders exhibit like initiating structure or being considerate - Chelladurai- leadership characteristics of personality, ability and experience directly affect these behaviors - Believed to be indirectly affected by group preferences and dictation of the situation. - E.g. professional soccer/hockey team will usually have a game winning goal and its coach would likely adopt task oriented behaviors c) Preferred - Group members have preferences for specific leader behaviors - Personality variables including age, gender, and experience influence mmebers preference for coaching and guidance, social support and feedback (e.g. adults in rehab post surhery for anterior cruciate ligamnets (knee constructon) tend to expect to have more input into program planning than young adults. Additionally situational characteristics can also affect memebrs preferences. 4) leadership in the pursuit of excellence (i.e. transformationa leadership)

task demands

1) Interactive sports a) Req team members to work together and coordinate their actions b) Example: soccer players need to constantly pass the ball to each other, maintain certain positions, coordinate offensive attacks, and devise defensive strategies to stop opponents from socring 2) Coactive sports a) Require a minimum if any team interaction and coordination to achieve their goals b) Example: bowling team players have little to do with each other 3) Sports that are both coactive and interactive a) Baseball, batting and catching a flyball coactive while making a double day or hitting the cutoff player (i.e. an outfield throwing to an infielder who in turn throws the ball to homeplate would be interactive) 4) Team building skills a) Mostly in interactive sports which require stronger lvl of team cohesiveness, like ensuring role clarity and acceptance, establishing team performance goals and improvement of athlete-athlete and athlete-coach communication. b) Coactive sports however, means gewer natural or inevitable opporutnities fror the development of group cohesion resulting in team building interventions having possible greater impacts on team cohesion and performance in such a context.

professional practice knowledge

1) Refers to knowledge from experience a) Example: someone may spend a lot of time helping exercisers, athletes, and PE students enhance their performance and well being while simutaneosuly picking up a good deal of practical understanding or info b) Knowledge in this field comes from many sources and ways of knowing including: - The scientific method - Systematic observation - Single case study - Shared public experiences - Introspection (examination of ones thoughts and feelings) - Intuition (immediate apprehension of knowledge lacking a conscious rational process c) Example: John Rodgers is the coach for the Hebrew Academy Yeshiva Highschool Lions volleyball team and he develops his coaching skills in diff ways before the season he uses introspection on how he wants to coach this yr, during team tryouts he does a systematic observation of the new players as they serve, hit and scrimmage. Additionally while coaching he may conduct case studies, share public experience, and often use intuiton. B 2) Guided trial and error learning regardless of if you work in PT, coach, teach are an exercise leader or certified athletic trainer you use knowledge to develop strategies and evualate their effectiveness. a) With experience exercisers and sport science proffessionals become more proficient and more knowledgeable in practical ways 3) Has major strengths and limitations 4) Tends to be more holistic than derived from scientific knowledge and reflects the complex interplay of psychological, physical, technical , strategic and soc factors 5) Unlike science professional practice knowledge usually absorbs novel or innovative practices and coaches, teachers, exercise leaders and trainers enjoy using new techniques. 6) Plus b/c practical theories don't have to wait to be scientifically verified so they can be used immediately. 7) On the downside, professional practice produces fewer and less precise expl than science can 8) More affected by bias than science and less objective 9) Tends to be less reliable and definitive than scientifically based knowledge 10) Teachers tend to know which methods work but don't know why they do which can be problematic if the teachers want to use this method in new situations or revise it to help particular students

4 stages of Smith's Cognitive-Affective Model of Stress & Burnout (Provide example of what each stage looks like)

1) Situation • Athlete is confronted with demands that are beyond his/her ability to address - Stress • Pressure to win • Excessive practice and training time • Low return on time investment 2) Cognitive Appraisal • Athlete evaluates the demands being placed upon himself/herself • Perceived threat - why some experience burnout/stress and others do not • Perceived overload - practice times, pressure, body can't handle this • Lack of control - increases the risk of burnout • Feelings of helplessness • Lack of meaning 3) Physiological Response • Perceived threat results in physiological response: - Anxiety/Tension - Depression - Insomnia - Fatigue - Susceptibility to illness 4) Coping and Task Behaviors • Athlete responds to threat • Decreased performance • Interpersonal difficulties • Withdrawal from activity

Consulting role

1) Some sports psychologists do consulting work with individual athletes or athletic teams to help them develop psychological skills to enhance their competitive performance and training 2) Olympic committees and some major universities often employ full time sports psychology consultants 3) Many sports teams and athletes use consultants pt time for psychological skills training 4) Many sports psychology consultants work with coaches through clinics and workshops 5) Some work in the fitness industry via designing exercise programs to max participation and promote psychological and physical well being 6) Some consultants work as adjuncts to support sports medicine or PT clininics and psychological services to injured athletes

Integration of scientific and professional practice knowledge

1) Taking an active approach to sport & exercise psych a) Required to actively develop knowledge to use sport and exercise psych in the field b) Necessary for practioners to blend scientific of sport and exercise psych with professional practice knowledge reading about sports psych or being involved in a sports related profession like coaching is simply not enough c) Important to integrate scientific knowledge with ones professional experiences and temper them with ones own insights and intuiton d) Taking an active approach means an application of scientific principles to ones practice environment and necessary for one to relate to ones own life whether they be athlete, exerciser or PE student or all 3 2) Recognizing sport and exercise psych as an Art a) Social science b) Humans involved in sports and exercise think and manipulate their environment making behavior more dffficult but ntot impossible to predict 3) Coach doc councilman leg olumpic swim coach and key proponent of scientific approach to coaching summed up the need to consider individuality when he idnivated thay coaches coach by using gen principles, the sience of coaching and the art of coaching, the art of coaching enters as ppl recognize when and inw ha situations to idnvidiaulize gen pricniples 4) Theis same scie3nce to practice guiding principle holds true in sport and exercise psychology and interestingly some investigators have vegun to study contextual intelligence or the ability of ppl to understand and read the contexts which they work and its development which has implications for better understanding how we learn the art of professional practice. 5) In conclusion- the science of coaching focuses on the use of general pricinples, the srt of coaching recognizes when and how to individualize these gen principles

What are the two components for describing the Individualized Zone of Optimal Functioning?

1. Individualized-Inverted U (everyone gets their own somatic anxiety) 2. Range of optimal somatic anxiety

3 major types of communication

1. Interpersonal communication 2. Non-verbal communication 3. Intrapersonal communication

3 major types of communication

1. Interpersonal communication- which involves at least two people and a meaningful exchange. The sender intends to affect the response of a particular person or persons. 2. Non- verbal communication - (non-verbal cues) clothing can influence, gestures, pre match non verbal behaviors (affects behavior) 3. Intrapersonal communication - (self talk) is the communication we have with ourselves, we talk a lot to our selves, and this inner dialogue is important, it helps shape how we perform (affects behavior)

Five Dimensions of LSS

1. Training 2. Democratic Behavior 3. Autocratic Behavior 4. Social Support 5. Positive Feedback

How to Enhance Mood via Exercise

1. Use rhythmic abdominal breathing + rhythmic and repetitive exercise movements= encourages introspective or creating thinking or both 2. Avoid interpersonal competition 3. Make it a closed predictable activity (self-paced) 4) Exercise 20-30 minutes in duration, moderate intensity, 2-3 times per week 5) make it enjoyable= likely to increase positive affect= adherence

What are functions of leaders?

1. ensuring that the group meets its goals and objectives 2. ensuring that group needs are satisfied

strategies used to enhance cohesion

A) Exercise settings 1) Team members/members of a exercise class proven to be more like to stay with their team/program if their team/group as good group cohesion 2) Exercisers with higher feelings of cohesion proven to attend class more regularly snd more punctual than exercisers with low cohesion B) Distinctiveness C) Individual positions D) Group norms E) Indiivudal sacrifices F) Interaction and communication G) Sports settings 1) Veach and May's 2005 model (MAPS) to help guide the building of various sports teams a) Mission - Helps guide team members towards higher team oriented goals - The philosophy driving these skills which mb focused on performance improvement, winning, moral evelopment, intrinsic motivation or enjoyment b) Assessment - Identifying team strengths and areas of improvement which can be helpful to coaches in their development of resources, changes and processes which will improve the teams potential to achieve their goals c) Plan - Action plans for each team member and as a group which can improve effort and commitment with a clear consensus consisting of concrete behaviors, targeted actions and specific timelines d) Systematic evaluation - Periodic review of a rd map seeing how the implementation of plans and goals can be reached along with provided times for reflection, review and revision

behavioral approach to leadership

A) Leadership behavior in nonsport settings 1) Leader behavior description questionnaireused to determine ppl in the workforces leadership skills and was developed by Ohio State U 2) Found leaders fall into 2 categories a) Consideration - Refers to friendship, mutual trust, respect and warmth btw leaders and their subordinates b) Initiating structure - Refers to behaviors like setting up rules and regulations, channels of communication, procedural methods, and well defined patterns of organization to achieve goals and objectives. B) Leadership behavior in sport settings 1) Involves focusing on specific behaviors in these types of situations 2) E.g. for,er ucla basketball coch john wooden won unprecedented 10/12 national collegiate athletic athletic association basketball championships and his secret to this discovered to e 10 categories of behavior exhibited by wooden mostly giving instructions 3) Some other lessons to learn from wooden on how to coach an amazing team: a) Exquisite and diligent planning lying behind a heavy info load, economy of talk and practice organization. b) Wooden considered providing instruction via info as a pos coaching approach c) Reserves received more praise than starters d) 7 laws of learning according to wooden=explanation, demonstration, imitation, repetition, repetition, repetition and repetititon e) Being an exemplemary role model

I) Specializing in sport psychology

A) Sports psychologists pursue various careers from conducting research to teaching and consulting. In a research role...... 1) Primary function of participants in any scholarly field is the advancement of knowledge within the field through research a lot of times done in a university • Example: may study what motivates kids to be involved in youth sports programs 2) Today sports and exercise psychologists are members of multidisciplinary research temas which study problems such as the psychology of athletic injuries 2) Today sports and exercise psychologists are members of multidisciplinary research teams which study problems such as the psychology of athletic injuries.

guidelines for building team cohesion

A) The role of coaches & leaders 1) As effective communicators - Necc to create environments where everyone is comfortable expressing their thoughts and feelings. - Open lns of communication which can alleviate many possible problems 2) Individual roles in relation to team success a) Individual roles need to be clearly outlined to team members b) - E.g. a volleyball spiker upset ovr a setters poor passes mb asked to set during practice allowing him to see how hard it is to set the ball in the just right spot 3) Development of pride within subunits a) E.g. track & field 4) Setting challenging group goals 5) Encouraging group identity a) E.g. ordering ream jackets, scheduling social functions but these shouldn't get in the way of of the development of a subunit identity 6) Avoid formation of soc cliques Why? 7) Avoidance of excessive turnover a) Decreases cohesion and makes it difficult for memers to establish close rapport b) When players leave (e.g. graduate from h.s. or college etc.) veteran players should be ssked to help intergrate new players onto the team and can share team expectations in a warm, sincere, open manner which makes the new players feel at ease with their new team and teammates. 8) Conduction of periodic team meetings 9) Enhancement of team efficacy 10) Knowing the team climate 11) enhancement of personal disclosure

sport and exercise psychology worldwide

A) Thrives worldwide with sports psych specialists working in ovr 70 diff countries most of whom live in N. America and Euro and large increases in activity have also occurred in Latin America, Asia and Africa in the past decade B) In Russia and Germany: Sports psych began working at the same time as coelman Griffith began his work at U Ill. 1) Example: pioneering work of Russian sport psychologist avksenty puni recently been disseminated ot English speaking audiences and provides fascinating glimpses of individuals 50 yr career and his theorizing on psych prep for athleric competition focusing on realistic goals, uncompromising effort, optimal emotional arousal, high tolerance for sistractions and stress and self reg has been groundbreaking and way ahead of the work done in N.America at the time. C) International soc of sport psych (ISSP) established in 1965 to promote and disseminate info about sport psych worldwide a) ISSP has sponsored 12 world congresses of sport psych focusing on topics including human performance, personality , motor learning, wellness and exercise & coaching psych that have been instrumental in promoting awareness of and interest in the field & since 1970 has sponsored the international journal of sport psych. c) Ferrucccio Sntonelli the first president of the ISSP were a lot of international dev of sport psych comes from he ws also the ed of ISSP

II) conceptual model of cohesion based on the 1998 defintion of cohesion

A) environmental factors 1) most gen and remote 2) refers to normative forces which hold groups together 3) present when e.g. players under contract to the management, athletes hold scholarships etc. 4) factors that hold groups together like age or prox. (e.g. having group members in close proximity to each other with chances for interaction and communication can foster group development) B) personal factors 1) refers to the individual characteristic of group members 2) situational factors tend to be fairly constant apply to all teams within given leagues but a great deal variation occurs in personal factors a) these personal factors fall into three categories (acc. To carron and hausenblas '98) - demographic attributes (e.g. members similariy or gender) - cogntions and motives (e.g. attribution for responsibility anxiety) - behavior (e.g. adherence or soc loafing) b) according to carron and dennis '01 most important factor associated with the development of task and social cohesion on sports teams=individual satisfaction (e.g. widmeyer and Williams '91- found that memebrs satisfaction best predictor of social and task cohesion in golf. c) Similarity - Demographic attribute - Factor often cited as correlate of cohesiveness - Can be in attitudes, aspirations, ommitments or expectatiosn despite their being diff in SES background and ability - Expected for acthletes to be similar in goalexpectations, codes of conduct for games or competitions and expectations aout indiivudal behavior C) Leadership factors 1) Includes leadership style and behaviors that professionals exhibit and the relationships they establish with there groups 2) Research: indicates that the role of leaders vital to team cohesion specifically in regars to haing clear, consistent, unambiguous communication from coaches and captains in regards to team goals, tasks, and team memebrs roles which signifigantly influence cohesion 3) Perceptions of compatibility btw leaders and group members as seen via coaches in their athletes relationships (commitment, closeness, complementarity) important to enhance feelings of cohesion D) Team factors 1) Refers to group task characteristics (individual v. team sports) 2) Group productivity norms 3) Desie for group success 4) Group roles 5) Group position 6) Team stability 7) Example: Carron '82 argued teams that stay together for longer have a strong desire gro group success and tend to exhibit high lvls of group cohesion 8) Shared experiences like series of successes or failures important in the development and maintenance of cohesion bc they allow oto counter threat of an opposing team 9) Collective of efficacy

Achievement Motivation

Achievement Motivation refers to a person's efforts to master a task, achieve excellence, overcome obstacles, perform better than others, and take pride in exercising talent (Murray,1938) It is a person's orientation to strive for task success, persist in the face of failure, and experience pride in accomplishments (Gill,2000)

Quality of Life

An individuals perception of their position in life in the context of their culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards, + concerns

Strategies for reducing aggression in sport

Athlete: - Role playing - Anger management training - Severely penalized or punished for acts of aggression to reinforce that it is not allowed - Reward for those that do not show aggressive behavior Coaches: - Fined for encouraging or allowing aggressive behavior - Encouraged to attend seminars on aggressive behaviors Fans: - Potential troublemakers should be closely supervised - Limited sale and distribution of alcohol - Promotion of family-friendly environments Severe punishment for aggressive behavior

what types of questions do sports psychologists ask?

By: - a) Understanding the effects of psychological factors on physical or motor performance. For example: how does anxiety affect a basketball accuracy when shooting free-throws? b) Understanding the effects of physical activity participation on ones psychological development, health and well being • Example: do young athletes learn to overly aggressive from pariticpating in youth sports? c) Sport and exercise psychologists look to understand and help many ppl from elite athletes to childrens, the physically and mentallyd usabled, senior citizens and average pariticpants to help them achieve max pariticipation, peak performance, personal satisfaction and development via pariticpation

Storming

Characterized by resistance to the leader, resistance to control by the group, and interpersonal conflict.

consequences of leadership

Chelladurai- when coaches lead in astyle matching group members preferences resulting in optimal performance and saitsfaction and consists of several guidelines including satisfaction, cohesion, performance and intrinsic motivation

Interactional View

Contends that motivation results neither solely from participant factors, nor solely from situational factors, but rather, the best way to understand motivation is to examine how these two sets of factors interact.

Personal standards perfectionism

High personal performance standards High self oriented achievement striving Associated with adaptive functioning

Which of the following statements about cohesion is (are) true?

Higher normative expectations are associated with higher levels of cohesion and More sacrifices are made by players when cohesion is high.

What was the difference between the behavior of the home and visiting teams as a result of Varca (1980)?

Home team → functional assertive behavior • Superior performance in skills due to audience support Visiting team → dysfunctional assertive behavior • Inhibited performance due to audience support

Bandura's Theory of Self Efficacy (GEQ)

If an athlete has the requisite skills and motivation, then self-efficacy is the major determinant of performance - self-efficacy alone is not sufficient to succeed - athlete must also want to succeed & have the ability to succeed. Those who believe in themselves will tend to persevere, esp under adverse conditions - Self-efficacy affects an athlete's choice of activity, level of effort, and persistence. Those with high self-efficacy, more likely to set challenging goals

Investment Model of Burnout

Imbalance between costs and benefits associated with athletic participation Enjoyment vs. Entrapment - Enjoyment... Benefits outweigh cost - Entrapment... No enjoyment

False consensus effect

Individuals with a tendency for violence to believe that other fans share their interests for fighting and would willing join them in causing an altercation

Active listening:

Involves attending to main and supporting ideas, acknowledging and responding, giving appropriate feedback, and paying attention to the speaker's total communication. Active listening also involves nonverbal communication, such as making direct eye contact and nodding to confirm that you understand the speaker. In essence, the listener shows concern for the content and the intent of the message and for the feeling of the sender.

Hersey-Blanchard Model on situational leadership

Leadership Styles According to Hersey and Blanchard, there are four main leadership styles: • Telling (S1) - Leaders tell their people exactly what to do, and how to do it. • Selling (S2) - Leaders still provide information and direction, but there's more communication with followers. Leaders "sell" their message to get the team on board. • Participating (S3) - Leaders focus more on the relationship and less on direction. The leader works with the team, and shares decision-making responsibilities. • Delegating (S4) - Leaders pass most of the responsibility onto the follower or group. The leaders still monitor progress, but they're less involved in decisions. As you can see, styles S1 and S2 are focused on getting the task done. Styles S3 and S4 are more concerned with developing team members' abilities to work independently.

Ectomorph

Linearity Tenseness Introversion Artistic Intellectual

What is trait anxiety?

Long lasting, chronic predisposition, a component of personality.

The Effectiveness of a Leader's Style is Dependent on:

Matching their style to the situation

MAPS

Mission Action & Assessment Planning Systematic evaluation

Which of the following statements are true regarding flow?

Most athletes feel flow is a controllable state, athletes can learn to get into a flow state, flow is related to improvements in psychological states

Dorothy Harris

Mother of Applied Sport Psychology

Evaluation concerns perfectionism

Negative social evaluation Excessive self criticism Associated with poor outcomes and maladjustment

Low PSP, Low ECP

Non-perfectionism Associated with poor outcomes and malajustment

Measuring Motivational Climate

Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire(PMCSQ) Perception of Motivational Climate Scale(PMCS) Motivational Climate Scale for Youth Sports

Task and affiliation motivation are examples of which antecedent of cohesion?

Personal Factors

Mental toughness

Personal characteristics that allow individuals to cope with stress and anxiety while remaining focused on competition demands Requires continued practice of psychological skills

According to Coakley, which of the following is (are) characteristic of unstructured youth sport?

Personal involvement in the action is maximized; It provides opportunities to reaffirm friendships; Teams are relatively even.

Which of the following results from Smith and Smoll's studies on coaching behaviors is (are) true?

Players for coaches who displayed high levels of general technical instruction evaluated their teammates and sport more positively

Fiedler's research has identified which two types of leadership styles?

Relationship Oriented and Task Oriented

Endomorph

Roundness Affection Sociability Relaxation

Self-attention and effect on performance

Self awareness effect that can plague home teams during important home games Pressing - Disruption of automatic execution of skill - Negative performance effect Ex: Team knowing that they have to win the game to advance in playoffs or win championship

Cognitive Evaluation Theory

Subtheory to the integrated theory of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Controlling Aspect Informational Aspect

Psychological Skills Training

Systematic & consistent practice of mental or psychological skills to enhance performance increase enjoyment or achieve greater self- satisfaction •Cognitive •Concentration •Determination •Self taught

Teaching

Teaching university courses in either psychology or exercise and sport science.

What factors increase poor sport behavior in youth sports?

Teammates' poor sport behavior.

Period 2

The Development of Laboratories and Psychological Testing (1921-1938) - Coleman Griffith helped initiate one of the first coaching schools in America - psychologists began to test athletes and assessing things such as reaction times, concentration, personality, and aggression

What percentage of communication time is spent listening? a. 20% b. 40% c. 10% d. 70% e. 25%

*b. 40%

In the study about watching tennis players in between points, what percentage of the time did subjects pick the winner of the match? a. 10% b. 75% c. 35% d. 55% e. 25%

*b. 75%

In a recent study on the relationship between holding scholarships and levels of intrinsic motivation in collegiate athletes, Amorose, Horn, and Miller found that a. males in team sports exhibited higher levels of intrinsic motivation in general than females in team sports b. athletes on scholarship had lower levels of intrinsic motivation in general than athletes not on scholarship c. male athletes exhibited higher levels of intrinsic motivation than female athletes d. a and b e. b and c

*b. athletes on scholarship had lower levels of intrinsic motivation in general than athletes not on scholarship

The team sports of basketball and football are examples of which of the following classification of games? a. competitive means-competitive ends b. cooperative means-competitive ends c. individual means-individual ends d. cooperative means-cooperative ends e. cooperative means-individual ends

*b. cooperative means-competitive ends

Which of the following is (are) NOT among the principles of punishment? a. Punish the behavior, not the person. b. Do not use physical activity as a punishment. c. Impose punishment in a personal way. d. a and c e. b and c

*c. Impose punishment in a personal way.

4. Development 4 Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. Sport participation builds character. b. Sport participation builds leadership skills. c. The benefits of sport participation depend on the quality of the adult leadership. d. a and b

*c. The benefits of sport participation depend on the quality of the adult leadership.

12. Unhealthy Behaviors12 The most prevalent form of eating problems is a. anorexia b. bulimia c. disordered eating d. anorexbulimia e. secondary anorexia

*c. disordered eating

According to successful professional football coach Bill Parcells, which of the following is NOT a quality of successful leadership? a. flexibility b. candor c. trust d. patience e. loyalty

*c. trust

16. Well-Being16 Exercise is related to increased quality of life as measured by a. increased feelings of enjoyment b. decreased feelings of stress c. decreased levels of self-confidence d. a and b

*d. a and b

Which of the following is NOT a dimension of flow? a. balance of skill and challenge b. clear goals c. merging of action and awareness d. high levels of arousal e. loss of self-consciousness

*d. high levels of arousal

Which of the following would you suggest for expressing anger in a positive manner? a. Take a time-out before speaking. b. Try to identify your exact feelings by name. c. Try to attack the person's character to make your point. d. a and c e. a and b

*e. a and b

What type of relationship exists between cohesion and performance in interactive sports?

+

5) Be knowledgeable about mental strategies

- Facilitates learning/performance of phys skill.

Physiological symptoms of burnout

- Increased heart rate - Increased blood pressure - Increased muscle soreness - Sleep loss - Increased illness - Decreased body weight

Situation-Specific Measures

- Predict behavior more reliably b/c consider both personality and situation (interactional approach).

Focusing on Personality Research

- Stem from methodological, statistical, and interpretive probs. - 2 "camps" 1) Credulous- personality closely related to athletic success. 2) Skeptical- personalty NOT related to athletic success.

4 components of effective leadership

-leader qualities -leadership styles -situational factors -follower's qualities

Situational factors

-team or individual sport -interactive or coactive -team size -available time -traditional leadership style

A) Clinical sport psychologists in the sports psych field

1)Have extensive training in psychology to help them detect and treat individuals with emotional disorders (e.g. suicidal tendencies) 2) Are licensed by state boards to treat those with emotional disorders 3) Have received additional training in sport and exercise psychology and sport sciences 4) Needed b/c just as in the normal pop athletes and exercisers can develop severe emotional disorders and req special treatment 5) Eating and substance abuse disorders are 2 areas which clinical sport psychologists can often help sports and exercise participants

2 factors needed in defining aggression

1. Behavior must be aimed at another human being with the goal of inflicting physical harm 2. There must be a reasonable expectation that the attempt to inflict bodily harm will be successful

Maslow's Hieracy of Needs

1. Biological and Physiological core: - Basic life needs. Water, food etc 2. Safety Needs - Protection, security 3. Belongness and Loving - Family, affection and relationships 4. Esteem Needs - Achievement, status, responsiblity 5. Self-Actualisation - personal growth and fulfilment

3 Phases of PST

1. Educational Phase 2. Acuisition Phase 3. Practice Phase

Cognitive Component

Assist in skill development Skill Execution Improve Performance Planning and Executing strategy

Psychophysiological Orientation

Examines underlying psychophysiological processes of the brain in terms of primary causes of behavior ex: Biofeedback to trained marksmen

Pierre De Coubertin

French educator and President of IOC from 1896-1925

Cyclical Theory

Has an assumption that as the group develops, it psychologically prepares for its own breakup. Ex: Exercise Groups

According to results obtained in studies using the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire, successful leaders tend to score

High on both consideration and initiating structure

relationship between arousal and performance

Inverted-U Theory - Cue Utilization Theory - Signal Detection Theory - Information Processing Theory Drive Theory

Trait (Personality)

Is a typical style of behaviour

Mental toughness (5 qualities)

Mental toughness - having the natural or developed psychological edge that enables you to: Be more consistent & better than opponents in remaining.... 1. Determined 2.Focused 3. Confident 4. Resilient 5. In control under pressure

Interactionist approach

Most preferred approach by psychologists today (approach)

Perfectionism

Multidimensional personality disposition or trait that influences thought, emotion, and behaviour . Characterized by High performance standards Overly critical self-evaluation

Social facilitation

Presence of an audience of one or more spectators can facilitate performance

Reducing Anxiety and Depression with Exercise

Regular exercise is associated with reductions in anxiety + depression

Factors Influencing Team Cohesiveness

Social support, proximity, distinctiveness, fairness, and similarity.

False

T or F People choose physical activities and remain in these activities based on their personality

What is a result of anxiety?

Unpleasant emotions.

Task Cohesion

Work together to achieve common goals

signal detection theory

a theory of perception that predicts that increased decision errors will occur when an individual is either insensitive or supersensitive to a physical stimulus

Jung's Theory of Personality

an individuals personality is based on two personality attitudes(introversion/extroversion) and 4 functions or mental processes(Thinking/Feeling/Sensing/Intuition). 16 possible personality types

Characteristics of Self Talk

brief and phonetically simple logically associated with the skill compatible with the sequential timing of the task to be performed

interdependent

leaning on another player

Psychodynamic Theory

personality theory that emphasises on in-depth examination of the whole person and unconscious motives

Situational expectancies Generalized expectancies Reinforcement value

Three factors influence behaviour.

Factors Increasing the Prevalence of Social Loafing

When an individual's output cannot be independently evaluated, the task is perceived to be low in meaningfulness, the individual's personal involvement in the task is low, a comparison against group standards is not possible, other individuals contributing to the collective effort are strangers, the individual's teammates are seen as high in ability, and individuals perceive that their contribution to the outcome is redundant.

coping conceptual framework

a two dimensional coping framework for considering coping style and strategy

Psychophysiological orientation

a) Believes that the best way to study behavior during sports and exercise is by examining the physiological processes of the brain and their influences on physical activity. b) These psychologists tend to assess heart rate, brain wave activity and muscle action potentials, determining relationships btw these psychophysiological measures and sport and exercise behavior • Example: when biofeedback techniques are used to train elite marksmen to fire btw heartbeats to improve accuracy. - Psychophysiological sport and exercise psychologists study behavior via its underlying psychophysiological processes which occur in the brain

5) The multidisciplinary science and practice in sport and exercise psychology focused era 1978-2000

a) During this time huge growth in sports psych worldwide b) Sport psych field becomes more accepted and respected by the public c) Interest in applied issues characterized this period along with the growth and development of exercise psych as a speciality area for researchers and practioners d) Sport and exercise psych becomes separated from other psychologically trlted exercise and sport science specilizations of motor learning and ctrl and motor development e) More and better research conducted during this period and this research was in turn met with increased respect and acceptance in related fields such as psych f) Alternative forms of qualitative and interpretive research emerged and became more well accepted as this period drew to a close f) Alternative forms of qualitative and interpretive research emerged and became more well accepted as this period drew to a close h) Students and professors with backgrounds in gen pych entered this field in greater numbers i) Training in this field took a multidisciplinary perspective as students took more counseling and psych related course work i) Training in this field took a multidisciplinary perspective as students took more counseling and psych related course work

4) Establishment of academic sport psychology (1966-77)

a) Mid 1960s- PE became an academic discipline now known as kinesiology or exercise and sport science and sport psych became a separate component within this discipline distinct from motor learning. b) Motor learning specialists focused on how ppl aquire motor skills (not necc sports skills) and on conditions of practice, feedback and timing i) Contrast: sports psychologists studied how psychological factors like anxiety, self esteem and personality influence sport and motor skill performance an dhow participation in sport and PE influences psychological development like personality and aggression j) Applied sport psychology consultants began working with athletes and teams bruce Ogilvie of san jose state u bein gone of the first to do this and often called the father of usa applied sports psych. Concurrent with the increased interest in the field the first sport psych socieites establ in the usa

Early yrs of sports psychology (1893-1920)

a) USA sport psychology began in the 1890s b) Normal triplett psychologists form Indiana U wanted to understand why cyclists sometimes rode faster when they raced in groups or pairs than riding solo c) Verified that his initial observations were correct when he studied cycling racing record d) Conducted an exepriemenet where young kids were to reel in fishing lns as fast as they could and found that kids reeled in more ln when they worked with other kids e) Triplets experiement allowed him to make more reliable predictions of when bike racers would have better performances

mobilizing effort

by-product of effective goal setting that suggests increased effort

Exercise as an Adjunct to Therapy

despite psychological benefits of exercise, it should not be used in all cases of depression, stress, or other emotional disorders

learning strategies

effective goal setting encourages development of new ways to accomplish things

the social facilitation theory

ex. Of a theory which post norman trippletts first reelwinding experiement with children psychologists began to study how the presence of audiences affect performance but the results were inconsistent b/c sometimes ppl performed better in front of an audience and others they performed worse. • Zajonc saw a pattern in this seemingly random results and formulated a theory after noticing that when ppl performed simple takss that they knew well an audience pos influenced their performance but when ppl performed unfamiliar or complex tasks audiences harmed their performance. • In this theory zajonc contended that audeinces created arousal in performers, which hurt performance on difficult tasks that have not been learned or learned well and helped them perform well learned tasks. • Zajoncs theory increased our understanding of how audiences influence performance at many lvls (stduetns and porfessionals) and many sport and exercise situations he consolidated many seemingly random occurences into 1 theory basic for performers, coaches and teachers to remember and apply them for various circumstances.

After taking Sullivan's communication training, athletes had the following reactions to the workshop:

it helps to know the goals of my teammates and it is scary to open up, but this makes things easier

Clinical Sport Psychologists

licensed psychologists; trained to work with people with severe emotional disorders; trained to work with athletes with problems such as eating disorders and substance abuse

Chronic effects

long term effects

Anaerobic exercise (strength training)

mood-enhancing effects are evident

Situation-specific trait tests

predicts behavior more accurately than do general trait measures

Exercise-

related to participants' self-concept, self-esteem, and self-efficacy

The Leadership Scale for Sports identifies which coaching behaviors?

social support; democratic; autocratic

social-psychological orientation

sport and exercise psychologists assume that behavior is determined by complex interaction between the environment and the personal makeup of the athlete or exerciser - examples: leader's style and strategies will be examined for group cohesion and influence on sport participation - examining the effects of the social environment on a person

persistence

sustained effort over a long period of time; a by product of effective goal setting

What does a manager do?

takes care of such things as scheduling, budgeting, and organizing

attentional flexibility

the ability of athletes to shift their attention quickly and effectively from one location to another

What is cognitive state anxiety?

the degree to which one worries or has negative thoughts.

amotivation

the least self determined form of motivation the absence of motivation will not even bother with sports

processing capacity

the limited amount of space people have available for the processing of information

cognitive anxiety

the mental component of anxiety, caused by such things as fear of negative social evaluation, fear of failure and loss of self esteem

generalizability of coping skills

the notion that coping skills learned in the sporting environment can transfer to nonsport real life situations

process goal paradox

the notion that process goals are considered desirable, while at the same time acknowledging that conscious processing may disrupt the smooth execution of a well-learned motor skill

stress process

the process by which a potential stressful event elicits a stress response following an unfavorable appraisal of coping resources.

cue utilization

the process of narrowing attention to gate out environmental cues

attention control training

the process of teaching athletes how to narrow and widen their attentional focus and to control their thoughts

Results out of Germany say what?

there is a chemical change (endorphins) in the brain related to the runner's high

how does aerobic conditioning compare to stress inoculation

they both can reduce state anxiety

norming

third stage of team formation according to the linear perspective. Hostility in this stage replaced by solidariy and cooperatio, conflicts resolved and a sense of unity formed. Instead of watching for ones own well being athletes work toegether to reach common goals and instead of competitng for status or recognition they strive for economy of effort and task effectiverness

performance goals

type of goal in which an end product that will be achieved by the athlete independently of other performers and of outcome

social loafing

when idnividuals within a geroup or team put forth less than 100% effort due to loss of motivation. It is increased under th econditions of indiviudals output not being able to be independently evaluated, the task being perceived as low on meaningfulness, an individuals personal involvement in the task being low, a comparison against group standards being impossible, indivudals contributing to the coeffective efforts are strangers, individual teammamtes or coworkers seen as high in abilitym individuals perceiving their contributions to the outcome as redundant and individuals competitng against what they believe to be weaker opponents. It can be reduced by emphasizing the importance of individual pride and unqieu contributions, increasing the identifiability of individual perdformance, determinign specific situation whcih loafing may occur (e.g. via taping games and watching that), conducting individual meetings to discuss loafing, assigning players to other positions and dividing teams into smaller units.

How does structure of the game impact violence?

• Point differential • Outcome of participation • League standings • Periods of play

Assertiveness

• Use of legitimate physical or verbal force to achieve a purpose • Within the spirit of agreed-upon rules • No intent to harm • Harm is incidental to the game o **Typically what coaches mean when they say, "Be aggressive" • Ex: o Diving for a loose ball during a basketball game - Physical force is used to move one's body toward the ball - Diving for a loose ball is not against the rules - The intent is to gain possession of the ball, not to harm someone else - A player may get hurt, but not on purpose

(Difference) Association vs. Dissociation within Concentration

•Associative attentional strategy: monitoring bodily functions and feelings, such as heart rate, breathing, muscle tension. (Quiet atmosphere) •Dissociative attentional strategy: not monitor bodily functions; distraction & tuning out. (MP3)

How Exercise Enhances Psychological Well-Being

Physiological and Psychological Explanations

Arousal

Physiological state of alertness associated with the thought or anticipation of a stressful event.

How does exercise benefit people with Parkinson's?

Pilates and vigorous activities (boxing) improves symptoms

How does exercise affect diseases such as HIV, MS, and Cancer

improves quality of life

Team

is any group of people who must interact with each other to accomplish shared objectives

Compared to non-school sponsored youth sport programs, school sport programs generally have the advantage of what?

o Dedicated facilities o Qualified coaches

the pendular perspective

emphasizes the shift which ocucrs in intepersonal relationships during the growth and development of groups. Assumes that groups dont move progressively through stages in a linear fashion from the moment they form.

Objective test

Standardized - individual has choice (test)

Acute effects

short term effects

What is working memory

short-term memory involved in the attentional control, regulation, and active maintenance of a limited amount of information with relevance to the task at hand

Evidence Psychology

sound application must be based on good science.

What is somatic state anxiety?

the moment-to-moment changes in perceived physiological activation.

Self-efficacy

•The perception of one's ability to perform a task successfully •It is a situation specific form of self confidence

18. Injuries18 In interviews with fast- and slow-healing athletes, Ievleva and Orlick found that fast healers used more a. goal setting b. positive self-talk c. relaxation d. a and b

*d. a and b

To enhance constructive confrontations, you should a. describe your feelings b. describe your thoughts about the event that concerns you c. describe what you think the other person is feeling d. a and c e. a and b

*e. a and b

Task and affiliation motivation are examples of which antecedent of cohesion? a. environmental factors b. team factors c. organizational factors d. leadership factors e. personal factors

*e. personal factors

Which type of exercise leader was associated with cohesive exercise groups? a. democratic b. task-oriented c. relationship-oriented d. laissez-faire e. interactional

*a. democratic

41. Unhealthy Behaviors41 In a 2003 survey, what percentage of male and female athletes, respectively, bet on sports? a. 10% and 30% b. 35% and 10% c. 20% and 25% d. 5% and 10% e. 50% and 20%

*b. 35% and 10%

Which of the following things should you do during a confrontation? a. Stop communicating. b. Communicate the problem. c. Rely on nonverbal cues to communicate. d. a and c e. a and b

*b. Communicate the problem.

The most effective type of feedback for retention of a skill is a. continuous b. intermittent c. positive d. negative

*b. intermittent

20. Burnout20 Which of the following suggestions did burned-out youth tennis players give to parents to help prevent burnout in the future? a. Get more involved with your tennis-playing children. b. Do not push your child at all. c. Involve your child in decision making. d. a and b e. b and c

*c. Involve your child in decision making.

35. Self-Confidence34 The key psychological variable regarding psychological momentum is a. anxiety b. motivation c. confidence d. attentional focus e. perfectionism

*c. confidence

Behavioural approach

An approach to understanding motivated behaviour that focuses on conditioning, or environment

How do athlete and sport difference impact violence?

Greater aggression in a sport leads to greater dating violence, sexual assault, and off-field aggression

panicking

athlete reverts to instinct and quits thinking logically

Current clinical opinion

exercise has beneficial emotional effects across ages and sexes

preperation

exercising some -less that 3x per week

Norms

is a level of performance, pattern of behavior, or belief

Master experience

past performance success and failure for similar behaviours influence self-efficacy

Ego

reality principle

22. Adherence22 The number one barrier to physical activity is a. lack of energy b. lack of motivation c. injury or illness d. lack of time e. lack of facilities

*d. lack of time

Which of the following sports requires the highest level of task cohesion?

Basketball and Ice Hockey

Trait Anxiety

Behavioral disposition to view circumstances that are objectively not dangerous as threatening and then respond with disproportionate state anxiety.

Guideline 1

Both situations and traits motivate people

45. Concentration44 Skilled performers should focus on a. internal factors b. external factors c. body mechanics d. intrinsic cues e. mental representations of the skill

*b. external factors

3 main factors in the definition of burnout

1) emotional/physical exhaustion 2) reduced sense of accomplishment 3) sport evaluation

Guideline 3

Change the environment to enhance motivation.

The Science of Coaching, Teaching, or Leadership

Focuses on using general scientific principles

How does arousal vary?

On a continuos scale that ranges from deep sleep to hyped up.

Role acceptance depends on

autonomy; feedback and role recognition; role significance

distress

bad stress

Exercise and Changes in Cognitive Functioning

....

Science of Sport and Exercise Psychology

A process, or method, of learning about the world through the systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical filtering of knowledge acquired through experience

norms

social rules guiding members as to what to and what not to do

A sociogram is

An illustration of affiliation and attraction among team members

When coaches obtain the necessary information from relevant players and then come to a decision, what type of decision style are they using?

Autocratic-Consultative

Steiner's Model

Implies that a team's actual productivity does not match their potential productivity

Hypothalamus

In the brain.

Self-Confidence

It is the belief that you can successfully perform a desired behaviour. It is exact opposite of stress. Belief in ones ability to succeed.

"The Dancing Guy"

It just takes one follower or leader of followers to make the lone nut a leader

Big 5 Model of Personality Components

Neuroticism Extroversion Openness to experience Agreeableness Conscientiousness

Who created the achievement goal theory

Nicholls in 1989

id

Pleasure principle

Eustress

Positive or good stress.

Projected test

Subjective open-ended question (test)

What are the 2 types of motivational climates?

Task or Mastery-based climate Ego or performance-based climate

Personal Factors

The individual characteristics of group members.

Cohesion

The total field of forces which act on members to remain in the group

What of Self Talk

The use of cue words, phrases and sentences. The use of task instruction is usually specific as opposed to general in nature

Objective A

Understand the effects of psychological factors on physical or motor performance.

controlled processing

beginning with phase of learning when an athlete attends to details of execution

What are the 3 psychological needs?

competence autonomy relatedness

Effects appear to occur more in which older adults?

females than males

Diotr Antonovich Roudik

founded 1st Sport psych lab in ussr

Jim Loehr's model of leadership

fully engaged leader

eustress

good stress

Prior to becoming a youth sport head coach, most youth sport head coaches had what?

o Coaching experience o Playing experience in the sport

What type of relationship exists between cohesion and performance in co-active sports?

positive

Regular exercise increases what?

self-esteem

Four central themes of leadership (according to Jim Loehr's model)

spiritual, mental, emotional, physical

Task Cohesion

the degree to ethic group members work together to achieve common goals and objectives

Causes of career termination

• Age • Deselection - Not getting chosen for a team • Injury • Free choice

What are the 5 Anxiety Theories?

1. Drive Theory 2. Inverted-U Hypothesis 3. IZOF 4. Catastrophe Model 5. Reversal Theory

Tuckman's Four Stages of Linear Team Development

1. Forming 2. Storming 3. Norming 4. Performing

Two Most Important Characteristics of Group Forming

1. Group Roles 1. Group Norms

3. Burnout 3 According to the latest research on overtraining, if the source of the stressor is psychological, then the recovery strategy should focus on a. nutrition b. thought management strategies c. active rest d. rest e. hydration

*b. thought management strategies

18. Adherence18 Exercise can be beneficial in which of the following ways? a. weight control b. building self-esteem c. reducing the risk of hypertension d. all of the above e. a and c

*d. all of the above

34. Well-Being34 The effect of exercise on cancer indicates a. exercise can cause breast cancer to disappear b. exercise can be beneficial for breast cancer patients c. exercise can be beneficial to non-breast cancer patients d. a and b e. b and c

*e. b and c

What are the "three selves"?

1) Authentic Persona 2) Ideal Persona 3) Tactical Persona

4 main factors of home advantage

1) Familiarity • Hoosiers measuring the "Massive Gym" 2) Travel 3) Territoriality • Rudy- Coach says "No one comes into our house and pushes us around" 4) Crowd support • Waterboy- "You can do it!"

What are the two components to describing Drive Theory?

1. Linear Relationship 2. Positive Correlation.

3 different theories of team development

1.Linear perspective 2.Life Cycle 3.Pendular perspective

What is arousal?

A blend of physiological and psychological activity in a person.

Arousal

A blend of psychological and psychological activation, varying in intensity along a continuum

Autonomous Behavior Consequences

Affect Behavior outcomes Improved cognition

Potential negative side effects of punishment include its

Arousing a fear of failure, acting as a reinforcer, and hindering the learning of skills

Exercise and Self-Development

Development of the self

Linear Theory

Groups develop in stages or in a linear fashion

In the field experiments conducted by Sherif and Sherif, the only thing that worked to bring the campers back together was..

Superordinate Goals

motor schema

controls the development and execution of a smooth skilled action or motor program

team cohesion

how well the team gels

Anxiety reduction after exercise

occurs in all types of participants

Larger effects of Anxiety

periods of up to 30 minutes -> moderate intensity levels

What are some of the physiological effects of arousal?

+ HR +BP +Respiration Rate +EMG, EEG +Level of adrenaline in blood +Galvanic Skin response

attentional control theory

- Learn to gate out irrelevant information - Learn to control arousal and emotions

Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28

- Smith, Schutz, Smoll, Ptacek (1995) -Psychological skills and 7 sub-scales 1) Coping w/ adversity 2) Peaking under pressure 3) Goal Setting and mental prep 4) Concentration 5) Freedom from worry 6) Confidence and achievement motivation 7) Coachability

developmental stages: differentiating

- Undifferentiated Goal Perspective (effort, ability and outcome are same). - Beginning to Differentiate. - Greater Ability to Differentiate. - Differentiated Goal Perspective (effort, ability and outcome are different).

6) Take an Intraindividual approach

-Critical point: How they are feeling relative to how usually feel

Reduction of Anxiety- Acute (short amount of time)

....

State anxiety returns to pre-exercise anxiety levels within 24 hours (and maybe as quickly as 4 hours)

....

3 types of social support

1) Support groups 2) Coaching 3) Continuing a job with the organization

Cattell's Trait personality theory

16 different personality trait dichotomies

Group norms

2 or more people who interact and exert mutual influence on each other, oftentimes share a similar goal "Groups have a common bond "share fate"

Introductory Stage

A brief overview of the benefits of group cohesion is conveyed, emphasizing the relationship between cohesion and exercise adherence (exercise group) and perceptions of cohesion and enhanced team dynamics (sport teams).

Most coaches approach reinforcement and punishment by

A combination of positive reinforcement and punishment

Characteristics of Competitive Climate

Athlete perceives that: -Poor performance is punished -High ability athletes get the attention -Competition amongst athletes is encouraged

True

Athletes are often more competitive than non-athletes

Integrity

Clarify roles and do not falsely advertise.

Interactional Approach

Coaches and other leaders can alter their styles and behaviors to match the demands of a situation.

Cooperative reward structures are more effective in which of the following situations?

During work on tasks that are complex and involve problem solving.

How do rivalry, familiarity, and frequency impact violence?

Familiarity increases aggression

Coleman Robert Griffith

Father of sport psychology

Which of the following is NOT a type of competitive orientation measured by the Sport Orientation Questionnaire?

Fear-of-Failure Orientation

Somatic State Anxiety

Focuses on perceived physiological arousal.

Mood

Generally defined as a state of emotional or affective arousal of varying impermanent duration

Triple Code Model of Imagery

Image-cognitive template, somatic (body/physical) response, meaning

Sport and Exercise Psychology

Is the scientific study of people and their behaviors in sport and exercise activities and the practical application of that knowledge.

Coactive Sport

Require much less, if any, team interaction and coordination for the achievement of goals.

What is the difference maker between Facilitative and Debilitative Anxiety?

The perception of control --> 1. Coping ability 2. Goal Attainment.

What two personality concepts share a relationship?

Type A Behavior and Self-concept.

4 W's of Self Talk

Where When What Why

Direction of Effort

Whether an individual seeks out, approaches, or is attracted to a situation.

playing in the zone

a nondescriptive term that refers to extraordinary performance of an athlete

6) Contemp sport and exercise psych (2001-2012)

a) Sports psychology becomes and continues to be a vibrant and exciting field with a brihg tfuture but ome serious issues need to still be addressed

decrease in state anxiety and relaxation last longer due to

consistent exercise

Personality

is all the consistent ways in which the behavior of one person differs from that of others, especially in social situations

somatic anxiety

the physical component of anxiety that reflects the perception of such physiological responses as increased heart rate, respiration and muscular tension

Nonverbal behaviors that communicate interest and attention include which of the following? a. maintaining eye contact b. maintaining a closed posture c. standing no more than 6 feet from the person d. a and b e. a and c

*a. maintaining eye contact

35. Psychological Skills35 A recent study found that coaches particularly use the mental skills of a. self-talk and imagery b. self-talk and anxiety management c. imagery and anxiety management d. routines and imagery e. routines and self-talk

*a. self-talk and imagery

follower's qualities

-experience -gender -ability -age, experience, maturity, -nationality -personality

Profile of mood states

Assesses six transient, distinct mood states

Cognitive State Anxiety

Focus on worries and negative thoughts.

Intensity of Effort

How much effort an individual puts forth in a situation.

Trait

Is a typical style of behavior

Attentional Field Too Broad

Low arousal.

Which of the following would you suggest for expressing anger in a positive manner?

Try to attack the person's character to make your point

Guideline 5

Use behavior modification to change undesirable participation motives.

capacity model

a model of attention based on limited information processing space

direction of attention

an athletes attentional focus, categorized as internal or external

According to the multidimensional model of sport leadership, performance and satisfaction are a function of the degree of congruence among a. three types of leader behavior b. motivation of the leader c. leadership style d. situational characteristics e. member characteristics

*a. three types of leader behavior

37. Adherence37 According to charting attendance and participation approaches, charts can be important in a. maintaining interest b. keeping people constantly informed c. enhancing the effects of social facilitation d. all of the above e. a and b

*d. all of the above

What is anxiety result FROM

Environmental demands interpreted as threatening.

Goal contents theory

subcomponent of SDT that was created to answer the questions of what people strive to attain

Which of the following is (are) a method(s) for increasing intrinsic motivation? a. Vary the content and sequence of practice drills. b. Give rewards that are not contingent on performance. c. Set easy performance goals. d. a and b e. a and c

*a. Vary the content and sequence of practice drills.

What is the key component of IZOF?

Everyone has their own optimal range.

Task (Mastery) Goal Orientation

Improving relative to one's own past performances.

Adherence

People who feel more involved in a group are more likely to: -Come to class -Show up on time -Less likely to drop out

Preparation

Stage in which individuals have taken small steps toward becoming more physically active

What happens to the Reversal theory as environmental changes shift?

The interpretations of arousal shift too.

The dimensions of the Multidimensional Sport Cohesion Instrument include

attraction to the group; unity of purpose; quality of teamwork

Conformity

the more cohesive the group is, the greater the conformity

adaptive motivational patterns

- Generally exhibited by task goal oriented athletes. - Can be exhibited by ego goal oriented athlete as long as they have a high perception of personal ability

Paradox of Perfectionism

- Perfectionism most widely studied personality char. in sport ex psych - Self-oriented perfectionism, socially prescribed perfectionism, and other-oriented perfectionism - Measured in 4 dimensions: personal stds., concern over mistakes, perceived parental/coach pressure. - Maladaptive perfectionism linked to excess exercise, poor performance, burnout. - Adaptive Perfectionism (no focus on mistakes/others eval) linked w/ better learning/performance, and more adaptive goals.

15. Arousal Regulation15 Which of the following is (are) NOT a tenet(s) of progressive relaxation? a. Tension and relaxation can occur simultaneously. b. A decrease in muscle tension will lead to a decrease in mental tension. c. Progressively contract and relax the major muscle groups in the body. d. a and b e. b and c

*a. Tension and relaxation can occur simultaneously.

19. Self-Confidence19 Collective efficacy refers to a. each individual's perception of the efficacy of the team as a whole b. the aggregate of each individual's own self-efficacy c. the coach's view of the efficacy of the team as a whole d. the belief that the team can win the championship

*a. each individual's perception of the efficacy of the team as a whole

33. Burnout33 According to Silva's model of burnout, the key component to producing burnout is a. the potential negative stress of too much training b. increased pressure to win c. lack of feelings of personal accomplishment d. increased isolation e. decreased perceptions of control

*a. the potential negative stress of too much training

Which of the following is NOT an element of communication? a. a decision to send a message b. paraphrasing the message c. receivers receiving and interpreting the message d. internal response of receiver to the message e. encoding the message

*b. paraphrasing the message

19. Injuries19 Which of the following characteristics was (were) identified by athletic trainers as a way to distinguish between athletes who coped most and least successfully with injury? a. willingness to listen to the trainer b. maintaining a positive attitude about injury c. low life stress d. a and b

*d. a and b

22. Burnout22 Which of the following is (are) a helpful treatment(s) for burnout? a. Take relaxation breaks. b. Keep a positive outlook. c. Keep working out but with a friend. d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

22. Injuries22 Which of the following is (are) a psychological skill(s) employed during the rehabilitation process? a. goal setting b. self-talk c. simulation d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

Role acceptance depends on a. autonomy b. feedback and role recognition c. team norms d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

Which of the following is (are) a main reason(s) that communication is often problematic? a. Individuals perceive faulty communication to be someone else's problem. b. Individuals feel that they are the problem regarding faulty communication. c. Individuals prefer two-way communication. d. a and c

*d. a and c

Which of the following is (are) a suggestion(s) for enhancing peer relationships in sport? a. enable athletes to engage in shared decision-making b. generate competitive goals c. select peer leaders on other criteria (e.g., leadership skills) than athletic ability d. a and c

*d. a and c

4. Self-Confidence 4 The probable reason that approximately a dozen runners broke the 4-minute barrier within one year after Roger Bannister originally did was their a. enhanced training procedures b. improved equipment c. faster tracks d. expectations that it could be done e. superior coaching

*d. expectations that it could be done

Individuals holding stronger beliefs about the cohesiveness of exercise classes are a. more likely to attend more classes b. more likely to drop out c. more resistant to group disruption d. a and b e. a and c

*e. a and c

Self-Concept/Self-Esteem

- Exercise has positive relationship w/ self concept. - Sonstroem (1984) changes in self concept assoc. w/ perception improved fitness vs. actual changes in phys fitness. - Martin, Waldron, McCabe, and Yun (2009)- girls in Girls on the Run had good changes in global self-esteem, and in appearance, peer, physical and running self-concepts.

Precompetitive state anxiety

- Fear of Performance Failure - Fear of Negative Social Evaluation - Fear of Physical Harm - Situation Ambiguity - Disruption of Well-learned Routine

Cognitvie Evaluation Theory

1. Informational Aspects of Rewards: Eg, getting "most valuable player" award will inhance intrinsic motivation. 2. If the reward is seen as being driven by the athlete then intrinsic motivation will increase.

Intrapersonal communication is communication with

yourself

Guideline 2

People have multiple motives for involvement.

9 Sources of Self-Confidence

1. Mastery (conventional or unconventional techniques) 2.Demonstration of ability 3.Physical & Mental Preparation 4.Social Support 5.Coaches Leadership 6.Vicarious Experience 7.Physical Self Presentation 8.Environmental Comfort 9.Situational Favorableness

What are the 3 components for describing the Inverted-U Hypothesis?

1. Non-linear 2. Highest levels of performance = moderate arousal 3. Lowest levels of performance = exceptionally low and exceptionally high arousal.

5 stages of Self-Regulation

1. Problem Identification 2. Commitment (to change) 3. Execution •Primary stage (self-evaluate, self monitor, self reinforce) 4. Environmental management •Being able to manage the social physical environment 5.Generalization: •Sustaining efforts overtime & extending behaviors to new conditions

Leadership

he process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal

proximity in a teams development

how teams through not just physical proximity alone but also through development of a team concept and close contact with teammates promotes interaction which in turn can hasten a groups development (e.g. locker rooms)

empirical

based on observation - objective evidence must support beliefs, and this evidence must be open to outside evaluation

self-regulation

behaviour is self-directed and is initiated, monitored, and evaluated by the individual in a way that is consistent with accomplishing personal goals

enculturation

being born and raised in a particular group or culture

What does cardiovascular fitness benefit?

beneficial effects on the cognitive functioning of older adults -these effects largest for those tasks involving executive control (planning scheduling, working memory, task coordination)

stress

the nonspecific response of the body to any demand placed upon it

relatedness

Feeling meaninful connections with others and environments such as exercise

Pituitary

In the blood.

The "sandwich approach" consists of which of the following elements? a. a positive statement b. future-oriented instructions c. mistake-contingent general encouragement d. a and b

*d. a and b

The Group Environment Questionnaire was developed to distinguish between a. individual and group concerns b. task and social concerns c. normative and role relations d. a and b e. b and c

*d. a and b

Which of the following is NOT a stage in Martens' model of competition? a. objective competitive situation b. subjective competitive situation c. response d. social comparison e. consequences

*d. social comparison

31. Development31 According to Coakley (2006), parents are becoming overly involved in their child's sport because a. parents are wealthier b. parents have more time on their hands c. their child's success makes it more likely they will receive a college scholarship *d. their child's success reflects their worth as a parent e. parents have easier access to gamers and practices

*d. their child's success reflects their worth as a parent

10. Injuries10 Which of the following factors influence(s) the stress response, which in turn influences the probability of injury? a. coping resources b. personality c. ability level d. a and c e. a and b

*e. a and b

Coping resources that mediate the stress response

- Coping behavior - Social support - Emotional support (listener) - Informational support (advice) - Tangible support (materialistic) - Stress management - Attentional strategies (changing perspectives) - Mediation

Athletes and Non-athletes

- No specific def'n of athlete/ personality profile to distinguish athletes and non-athletes. - No personality profile that distinguished athletes and non-athletes till categorized by sport (team/individual)

Which of the following statements about cohesion is (are) true? a. Higher normative expectations are associated with higher levels of cohesion. b. More sacrifices are made by players when cohesion is high. c. Higher cohesion is related to a more autocratic decision-making style. d. a and b e. b and c

*d. a and b

prescribed leaders

1) Leaders and cosaches appointed by an authority figure (e.g. in health clubs oweners choose managers)

Norm

A level of performance, pattern of behavior, or belief.

Antecedents of Leadership

Age & maturing -gender -nationality -type of sport -psychological characteristics

Who developed the self-efficacy theory?

Bandura

After being injured, what behavioral responses does an athlete exhibit?

- adherence to rehabilitation - psychological skills training - use of social support - risk-taking behavior - effort and intensity - Malingering - faking injury - fear of returning - skill level lower, excuse of injury - behavioral coping

situational factors in sports setting

- environmental temperature. - Perception of victim's intent. - Fear of retaliation. - Structure of the game. - Rivalry, familiarity, and frequency of play

empirical element of the scientific method

- i.e. the scientific method is based on observation - objective evidence needs to support beliefs and this evidence needs to be open outside of evaluation and observation

Conscientiousness

Constraint, achievement striving, self-discipline

What is Somatic anxiety?

Perception of arousal (our awareness of changes).

task cohesion

- reflects degree that mmebers of groups work together to achieve common goals (e.g. in sports winning championships which partially depend on a teams coordinate effort or teamwork)

realistic goal

a goal that is realistic in the sense that the athlete believes that it can be attained

Coacting

doing your own thing; swimming

Scientifically derived knowledge

done through the scientific method

Situational approach (leadership)

effective leadership is much more dependent on characteristics of the situation than on traits and behaviors of the leaders in those situations

clinical sports psychology

has extensive training in psychology as they treat athletes and exercisers who have severe emotional disorders

Even low-intensity exercise

improved affect

self thought

self talk statements that are not actually spoken but are mentally framed as thoughts

Nationality

-cultural background may influence leadership performance

Treatment for severe depression ***

-requires professional treatment including medication, psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, or a combination of these - exercise as an adjunct

3 precursors of burnout

1) Overtraining - Training beyond a level that is ideal for maximum benefit 2) Overreaching - Short-term overtraining; training overload 3) Staleness - Initial failure of the body to adapt to training

Which of the following is (are) NOT a principle of communication when setting up team meetings? a. Everyone will have a chance to speak. b. People should say at least one positive thing about everybody. c. What is discussed in the meeting is open to others outside the meeting. d. a and c e. b and c

*c. What is discussed in the meeting is open to others outside the meeting.

28. Concentration28 Just before shooting, elite pistol shooters display a. increased galvanic skin responses b. cardiac acceleration c. cardiac deceleration d. acceleration of the autonomic nervous system e. reduced blood pressure

*c. cardiac deceleration

35. Well-Being35 Recent research on depression and extracurricular organized sport activities has found that a. females in extracurricular sport activities exhibited less depression than those not involved in extracurricular sport activities b. there was no difference in depression for young athletes who participated or had not participated in extracurricular sport activities c. males participating in extracurricular sport activities exhibited less depression than those not participating in extracurricular sport activities d. a and c

*c. males participating in extracurricular sport activities exhibited less depression than those not participating in extracurricular sport activities

10. Psychological Skills10 The PST knowledge base has come from what sources? a. research on elite athletes b. athlete-coach experiences c. research on youth sport d. a and b

*d. a and b

Competition and cooperation require similar attributes as noted by Charles Garfield. These include a. a strong preparation ethic b. a love of challenge and change c. a clear winner and loser d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

In the pendulum example of the Indiana basketball team, which of the following is (are) a stage(s) of group development? a. orientation b. differentiation and conflict c. information and knowledge d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

In the study of a team of swimmers by McKenzie and Rushall, a. an attendance board was used to track attendance at swim practice b. the swimmers showed a significant increase in attendance after the intervention c. the swimmers won more races after the intervention d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

Results of a behavioral program involving junior high school basketball players indicated that a. free-throw shooting in practice increased significantly b. criticism among players decreased dramatically c. there was no difference in field-goal percentage during practice d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

Social factors affecting intrinsic motivations include a. success and failure b. focus of competition c. anxiety level d. a and b

*d. a and b

17. Self-Confidence17 If you want to avoid breaking down an individual's self-confidence, a. don't criticize people for inconsequential errors b. don't criticize the behavior; criticize the person c. don't use sarcasm to motivate people d. a and c

*d. a and c

Which of the following is (are) a guideline(s) put forth based on 25 years of Smith and Smoll's research? a. Maintain clear expectations. b. Reinforce effort as much as results. c. Give encouragement and corrective instructional feedback immediately after a mistake. d. all of the above e. a and c

*d. all of the above

18. Goal Setting18 It is important to _____ throughout the entire goal-setting process. a. provide feedback b. provide support c. provide encouragement d. reevaluate goals e. all of the above

*e. all of the above

38. Adherence38 Which of the following is NOT an approach used in enhancing exercise adherence? a. social support b. decision making c. behavior modification d. goal setting e. association

*e. association

6. Development 6 Which of the following is the number one reason that young athletes give for participating in school and other youth sports? a. to make new friends b. to improve skills c. to get exercise d. to stay in shape e. to have fun

*e. to have fun

Amotivation

Absence of motivation

Who founded the SCT?

Bandura in 1997

Theories that Predict Inverted U

Easterbrooks Cue utilization Signal Detection Theory Information Processing Theory

Social Goal Orientation

Judging competence in terms of affiliation with the group and recognition of being liked by others.

Universalistic Model

all sport psychologist are trained in cultural sensitivity

Empowerment Model of Burnout

• Coakley • Burnout is social problem caused by an overly controlling and constraining social structure • Desire for alternate identity

3 Approaches to understanding leadership - Behavioral Approach

2. The Behavioral Approach - What are the universal behaviors (not traits) of effective leaders? 3 styles: Autocratic= leader makes decisions without consulting group Democratic= involves group in decision making Laissez - Faire = let people do as they please

information processing theory

- Predicts an inverted-U relationship between arousal and performance. - At low levels of arousal the information processing system is inert and unresponsive. - At high levels of arousal the information processing system is overloaded and susceptibale to errors

Catharsis effect

Release of pent-up aggression (ahhhhh feeling) Ex: striking an opposing player

list some physiological explanations of why exercise may work?

1. increase cerebral blood flow 2. increase Neurotransmitter levels 3. Delivery and consumption of oxygen 4. Reduce muscle tension 5. Structural Changes in brain

list some psychological explanations for why exercise works

1. increase feeling of control 2. increase competency and self efficacy 3. positive social interaction 4. fun and enjoyment

5 stages of communication process

1.Decision to send a message about something 2.Encoding of the message by the sender 3.Channel through which the message is transmitted to receiver 4.Decoding of the message by the receiver 5.Internal response by the receiver to the message

goal-setting paradox

while almost everyone has had experience at goal setting, most are only moderately effective in achieving through using goals

Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. There is a positive relationship between both task and social cohesion and performance. b. There is a positive relationship between only social cohesion and performance. c. There is no relationship between task cohesion and performance. d. There is a negative relationship between task cohesion and performance. e. a and b

*a. There is a positive relationship between both task and social cohesion and performance.

Which of the following statements best represents the relationship between cohesion and performance? a. This relationship is circular. b. Cohesion has a stronger effect on performance than performance has on cohesion. c. Cohesion has no effect on performance. d. Cohesion is negatively related to performance.

*a. This relationship is circular.

6. Concentration 6 According to the text, "choking" should be defined as a. a bad performance at a critical time of competition b. a process that leads to impaired performance c. making a mistake that costs you or your team a victory d. making a mistake that is emotionally important to an athlete

*b. a process that leads to impaired performance

Receiving a reward that provides feedback concerning an athlete's sense of competence is an example of a. the controlling aspect of reward b. the informational aspect of reward c. the behavioral aspect of reward d. the intuitive aspect of reward

*b. the informational aspect of reward

5. Development 5 Dropout rates for youth sport participants have been estimated to be about what percentage each year? a. 10% b. 20% c. 35% d. 45% e. 5%

*c. 35%

Which of the following is (are) FALSE concerning findings from studies of the consequences of leadership behaviors? a. High frequencies of social support are related to poor team performance. b. High frequencies of social support and democratic decision making are associated with high satisfaction among athletes. c. High levels of cohesion are related to autocratic coaching behaviors. d. b and c

*c. High levels of cohesion are related to autocratic coaching behaviors.

3. Development 3 Sport participation for youth peaks at what age? a. 9 years old b. 14 years old c. 17 years old d. 12 years old e. 10 years old

*d. 12 years old

19. Burnout19 Which of the following suggestions did burned-out youth tennis players give other players to help prevent burnout in the future? a. Try to make it fun. b. Balance tennis with other aspects of your life. c. Don't take much time off because you will lose motivation. d. a and b

*d. a and b

A sociogram can measure a. friendship choices within the group b. the presence or absence of cliques in groups c. group integration-task d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

A team's actual performance usually falls short of its potential productivity because of a. faulty group processes b. motivation losses and coordination losses c. coaching style d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

Feedback can provide instructional information about a. the players' important psychological traits and states b. the levels of proficiency to be achieved c. the performers' current level of proficiency in the desired skills d. b and c e. a and c

*d. b and c

One way athletes interpret whether they are being treated fairly is based on a. the amount of time reserved for social activities and special privileges b. the coach's manner in communicating her views to the athletes c. the degree of compatibility between the coach's and athlete's skill assessments of the athlete d. b and c e. a and c

*d. b and c

Recent research on empathy in coaches and athletes found a. coaches were more capable than athletes in inferring feelings of closeness b. coaches of individual sport teams were more accurate in predicting athlete feelings about the relationship than team sport coaches c. coaches' empathy was improved with more exposure to each athlete d. b and c e. a and c

*d. b and c

9. Arousal Regulation 9 Using an electronic monitoring device that can detect and amplify internal responses not ordinarily available to us is known as a. systematic desensitization b. classical conditioning c. biological mapping d. biofeedback e. biological conditioning

*d. biofeedback

23. Concentration23 In preparing for a major competition, many elite athletes structure training to put themselves under the same sort of pressure encountered during the actual competition. This is an example of a. mental rehearsal b. precompetitive routines c. precompetitive plans d. simulation training e. cognitive-behavioral interventions

*d. simulation training

27. Adherence27 Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding the determinants of exercise adherence? a. Higher income is associated with more active lifestyles. b. College-educated individuals have lower participation rates in exercise than those individuals with only a high school education. c. High self-efficacy is associated with higher levels of physical activity. d. a and b e. a and c

*e. a and c

36. Unhealthy Behaviors36 Which of the following personality traits is (are) related to eating disorders in athletes? a. submissiveness b. shyness c. conformity d. a and b e. a and c

*e. a and c

4. Well-Being 4 Which of the following statements was (were) a conclusion(s) derived from the National Institute of Mental Health workshop on physical activity and mental health? a. Physical fitness is positively associated with mental health. b. Males benefit more from exercise than females. c. Long-term exercise is usually associated with reductions in traits such as neuroticism and anxiety. d. a and b e. a and c

*e. a and c

7. Psychological Skills 7 Results of a study focusing on successful versus unsuccessful athletes showed that more successful athletes are characterized by a. higher self-confidence b. higher anxiety c. more task-oriented thoughts d. a and b e. a and c

*e. a and c

From an athlete's perspective, to help build team cohesion you should a. give teammates positive reinforcement b. avoid conflicts to keep issues from escalating c. be responsible for yourself d. a and b e. a and c

*e. a and c

Ryan's studies on the relationship between scholarships and intrinsic motivation revealed that a. football players on scholarship exhibited higher levels of intrinsic motivation than football players not on scholarship b. wrestlers on scholarship exhibited higher levels of intrinsic motivation than wrestlers not on scholarship c. female athletes on scholarship exhibited higher levels of intrinsic motivation than female athletes not on scholarship d. a and b e. b and c

*e. b and c

3) Do not use psychological tests for team selection

- Not accurate enough to be predictive./Consider in conjunction w/ physical measures, coach evals, and lvl of play. - 3 measures when using psych tests for athlete-selection 1) Test: Valid and reliable 2) User must know personality chars key for success in this sport, and lvld of chars. needed. 3) User must know how much athletes can compensate in some chars for lack of o/t's.

ego goal orientation, all bad?

- Numerous studies have demonstrated that a high level of ego goal orientation can be good. - Because the two constructs are independent, the best combination of goal orientation may be to be high in both task and ego goal orientation. - Perceived low ability in combination with a high ego goal orientation leads to maladaptive motivational patterns

Which of the following is NOT one of the principles underlying the team-building model developed by Carron and colleagues? a. role clarity and acceptance b. autocratic leadership style c. distinctiveness and togetherness d. group goals e. conformity to group norms

*b. autocratic leadership style

44. Adherence44 According to the ecological model, the key aspect of these models is a. the social environment b. the physical environment c. one's emotional environment d. one's mental outlook on the environment

*b. the physical environment

4 parts of concentration

1.Selective attention focus on relevant cues 2.Maintaining attentional focus over time 3.Awareness of situation 4.Shifting attentional focus when necessary

factors associated with cohesion

A) Team satisfaction 1) Highly similar with the exception of cohesion being about groups and satisfaction about indiivudal construct 2) 2 models used to expl the relationship amongst cohesion, satisfaction and performance: a) Hypthesis: a circular relation with teqm cohesion leading to performance success leads to feelings of satisfaction which often strengthen and reinforce team cohesion. • More direct enhancement of performance b) Hypothesis: a circular relationship with performance success leading to higher cohesion which in turn leads to greater satisfaction B) Conformity 1) Research: the more cohesive a group the more influence the group has on its individual members Example: in a highly cohesive group members mb pressured about their clothes or practice habits 2) Highly cohesive groups tend to demonstrate greater conformity to a groups norm for productivity than less cohesive groups a) Example: the best performance occuess when a groups norm for producitivity anf group cohesiveness is highest while poorer performance occurs when a groups norms are low and group cohesion high C) Adherence 1) Individuals in exercise groups that feel more cohesive tend to: a) Attend more classes b) Arrive on time to classes c) Less likely to drop pout d) More resistant to group disruptions e) Experience pos affect related to exercise f) Have stronger efficacy beliefs related to exercise g) The pos relationship btw cohesionand adherence also tends to remain constant regardless of exercise leader participant ratio - Example: cohesion positively influences adherence in larger fitness cntrs (large exercise-leader-participant ratio decision style - s) D) Group status 1) Higher an athletes perceptions of task cohesion the less important their placement on rewards and achieving status E) Role clarity and acceptance 1) Circular relationship btw role clarity, acceptance and task cohesion F) Collective efficacy 1) High collective efficacy related to higher lvls of task cohesion and higher task cohesion related to higher cohesion G) Group norms 1) When normative expectations for certain behaviors strong, cohesion also H) Decision style 1) Stronger perceptions of cohesion related to more participative decision style I) Sacrifice 1) Players engage in sactifices to a team to a greater extent when cohesiveness higher J) Self handicapping 1) Ahtheltes engage in more self handicapping behavior or strategies used to protect self esteem externalizing failure and internalizing success when task cohesion viewed as high K) Gender 1) Cohesion more closely associated with enhanced performance for female teams than males L) Skill lvl 1) Relationship btw cohesion and performance occurs cross broad band of athletic skill and experience from highschool to professional sports M) Social loafing 1) Athletes on teams higher in cohesion are not only less likely to think than their teammates may socially loaf but less likely to themselves social loaf N) Attributions for responsibility 1) Successful cohesive teams, team enhancing attributional strategies used like distribution of the credit for success and a shared responsibility for failure O) Competitive state anxiety 1) Athletes that perceive their cognitive or somatic anxiety as facilitative have higher lvls of task cohesion P) Imagery 1) Teams higher in cohesion more likely to use specific imageries including cognitive specific (focus on a specific task or skill 2) motivational general mastery (building confidence) Q) Social support 1) Has been positively related to to athletes perceptions of task cohesion within highschool football teams and college basketball teams R) Stability 1) Refers to the turnover rate for group membership and the length of time group members have been together. 2) Seems logical that teams that remain relatively constant cross certain periods of time more stable, cohesive and successful 3) Carron and hasuenblas ('98)-suggested that team cohesion and stability circularly related or the longer a team has ebeen together the more likely their cohesion will develop and the more cohesive the team will become and the less likely its members will choose to leave. 4) Example: soccer and baseball teams cross 1 season showed teams with fewer lineup changes as more successful than those that constantly changed S) Group goals 1) Members that perceive their team as engaged in group settings for competitions proven to have higher lvls of cohesion 2) The higher lvl of satisfaction with team the higher is their lvl of cohesion 3) Indiivudal group memenrs perceptions of cohesion may change across a season but cohesiveness still related to team satisfaction and group goals throughout a season 4) Guidelines used to institute a goal setting program (widmeyer and ducharme '97): a) Establishment of long term goals that are specific and challenging b) Establishment of clear paths to long term goals throughout the use of short term goals c) Reward team progress toward team goals d) Fostering of collective efficacy concerning team goal attainment

managers

A) Tend to be concerned with planning organizing, scheduling, budgeting, staffing and recruiting

Drive Theory

As an individual's arousal or state anxiety increases, so too does performance.

Rehabilitation rehearsal

Conscious use of mental imagery for the purpose of effective coping with injury rehabilitation (Russell, 2000)

Relationship-Oriented Leaders

Focuses on developing and maintaining good interpersonal relationships.

Openness to experience

Originality, need for variety, curiosity

What is single most important predictor or antecedent of sport commitment?

Sport enjoyment

What is Imagery?

The ability to create and recreate an image in the mind. It is a physiological method. Is usually referred to as 'visualisation'. Should involved as many senses as possible.

19. Imagery19 Which of the following is (are) basic to a successful imagery training program? a. realistic expectations b. relaxed concentration c. image in slow motion d. a and b

*d. a and b

Which of the following is (are) a factor(s) deemed important to achieving flow? a. optimism b. maintaining appropriate focus c. optimal environmental conditions d. b and c e. a and c

*d. b and c

Which of the following is (are) a guideline(s) for sending effective messages? a. Messages should be indirect. b. Messages should separate fact from fiction. c. Verbal and nonverbal messages should be congruent. d. b and c e. a and c

*d. b and c

The idea that a level of performance is established by a group as acceptable has been called a a. sanction for formal role expectations b. problem of role definition c. lack of social support network d. norm for productivity

*d. norm for productivity

22. Concentration22 Developing competitive plans should focus on what type of goals? a. outcome goals b. technical goals c. performance goals d. process goals e. product goals

*d. process goals

Reversal Theory

Contends that the way in which arousal affects performance depends basically on an individual's interpretations of his arousal level.

long term memory

permanent memory

Older adults who are what report greater life satisfaction?

physically active

effort-related model

posits a tigh relationship between effort and attentional style. Specifically, as effort increases the athletes attentional style shifts from dissocative to more associative

Positive Effects of Self Confidence

Produces positive emotions Facilitates concentration Affects goals Increases effort Affects game strategy (playing to win versus playing not to lose) - Defence vs Attack,. Affects psychological momentum

mechanism

the explanation of why a cause and effect event occurs

sport and exercise psychology

the scientific study of people and their behaviors in sport and exercise activities and the practical application of that knowledge

Characteristics of the audience suggested to affect athletic performance

• Size, intimacy, and density • Crowd hostility Happy Gilmore- "Jack ass"

14. Well-Being14 Aerobic exercise refers to physical activity that a. is less than 10 minutes in duration b. does not use oxygen c. increases pulmonary and cardiovascular fitness d. a and c e. b and c

*c. increases pulmonary and cardiovascular fitness

Supportive listening behaviors a. are empathetic b. remain open to new ideas c. focus on future thoughts and feelings d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

The dimensions of the Multidimensional Sport Cohesion Instrument include a. attraction to the group b. unity of purpose c. leader behavior d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

The interactional model(s) of leadership targeted for sport is (are) known as the a. multidimensional model of sport leadership b. cognitive-behavioral model of leadership c. cognitive-mediational model of leadership d. a and c e. a and b

*d. a and c

Performance

-losing teams need more social support from their leaders to sustain motivation

Which of the following is (are) true regarding two-person teams? a. Athletes felt greater responsibility than larger teams did. b. Only task cohesion was important to success. c. Athletes had both team- and individual-oriented attitudes. d. a and c e. and b

*d. a and c

12. Burnout12 According to the new model of overtraining developed by Kentta and Hassmen, overtraining can lead to a. improved performance b. no change in performance c. impaired performance d. all of the above e. b and c

*d. all of the above

13. Imagery13 Which of the following athletes use(s) imagery as part of preparation for competition? a. Dwight Stones b. Jean-Claude Killy c. Jack Nicklaus d. all of the above e. a and c

*d. all of the above

Trait Anxiety

A stable personality component. Part of personality. Stable part of behaviour.

21. Imagery21 An optimal time to use imagery is a. before and after practice b. before and after competition c. during breaks in the action d. all of the above e. a and b

*d. all of the above

30. Injuries30 Imagery has been used in injury rehabilitation in which of the following ways? a. setting of goals b. relaxation c. maintaining a positive attitude d. all of the above e. b and c

*d. all of the above

31. Arousal Regulation31 Which of the following can be useful as an on-site strategy to help reduce tension? a. Smile when the pressure is coming on. b. Slow down. c. Stay focused in the present. d. all of the above e. a and c

*d. all of the above

32. Development32 The professionalization of children's sports can be seen in a. early specialization b. year-round training c. private coaching d. all of the above e. a and c

*d. all of the above

Cognitive-Behaviour approach

Behaviour is learned through experience (Approach)

Nicholl's Goal Perspective Theory

Effort, Ability, Outcome

Nonverbal cues are transmitted via a. the color of the eyes b. posture c. body position d. b and c e. a and c

*d. b and c

19. Goal Setting19 In developing a goal-setting program, it is important for individuals to set a. only performance goals b. performance and process goals c. process and outcome goals d. process, performance, and outcome goals e. performance and outcome goals

*d. process, performance, and outcome goals

Ringelmann effect

Individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases

7. Adherence 7 The key elements in social cognitive theory are that the environment affects behavior and behavior affects the environment. This is known as a. reciprocal control b. reciprocal interception c. self-efficacy d. reciprocal determinism e. perceived behavioral control

*d. reciprocal determinism

29. Burnout29 Gould and colleagues summarized their findings by stating that there are two major "strains" of burnout. These two strains are _________ and _________ in nature. a. social-psychological; cognitive b. sociological; psychological c. psychological; cognitive d. social-psychological; physical e. physical; cognitive

*d. social-psychological; physical

Impression construction

Types of images a person wants to construct for people to see • "Refers to the processes by which people monitor and control how they are perceived by other people."- Leary (1992) Ex:

Cultural Combatability Model

match backgrounds of sport psychologist with client

social facilitation

notion that the presence of an audience of one or more spectators can facilitate performance

Social Factors

success/failure competition/cooperation coaches behavior

Which of the following general guidelines is (are) helpful to follow when facing confrontations?

understand and be tentative

33. Psychological Skills33 According to recent research on mental toughness, which of the following is (are) a way(s) to increase mental toughness? a. Create intense competitive practices simulating game situations. b. Have high expectations of athletes. c. Create a negative mental environment because athletes react positively to threats of punishment. d. a and c e. a and b

*e. a and b

cue utilization theory

- First introduced in chapter on attention. - Predicts an inverted-U relationship between performance and arousal. - Basic premise is that as arousal increases attention narrows. - Narrowing of attention gates out irrelevant and eventually relevant cues

Team building is considered part of which stage of team development? a. forming b. storming c. norming d. performing e. joining

*a. forming

The ratio of positive to negative behaviors recommended to coaches by the Positive Coaching Alliance is a. 3:1 b. 5:1 c. 10:1 d. 2:1 e. 1:1

*b. 5:1

13. Development13 The reasons given most often for participating in youth sport are a. extrinsic in nature b. intrinsic in nature c. equally divided between intrinsic and extrinsic motives d. situational in nature e. personal in nature

*b. intrinsic in nature

19. Adherence19 The theory of planned behavior extends the theory of reasoned action by including the factor of a. perceived ability b. perceived behavioral control c. perceived barriers to exercise d. exercise history e. previous participation in varsity sport

*b. perceived behavioral control

35. Concentration Ironic processes in sport refers to a. ironically performing movement b. the idea that trying not to perform an action can trigger its occurrence accidentally c. doing something an athlete is not trained to do d. performing well even with little experience

*b. the idea that trying not to perform an action can trigger its occurrence accidentally

One athlete looks forward to competition while another dreads the upcoming event. This is an example of a. the objective competitive situation b. the subjective competitive situation c. response d. consequences

*b. the subjective competitive situation

Psychological characteristics

-athletes with internal locus of control show strong preference for training and instruction -athletes external locus of control prefer autocratic behaviors -females high in trait anxiety prefer more positive and social support behaviors

Coaches versus peer leaders

-coaches exhibit mostly training and instruction and autocratic behavior -peer display social support, positive feedback, and democratic behavior =key to effective sport leadership

emergent leaders

1) Leaders which emerge from groups and take charge (e.g. captains and coaches of intramural or club teams) 2) Tend to be more effective than appointed leaders due to the respect and support they have from their team or group members 3) Tend to have special leasdership, skills, tons of experience or high ability in specific sports or exercises.

2 different forms of "esteem" that Maslow defined

1.Need for respect from others 2.Need for self-respect

Characteristics of Mastery Climate

Athlete receives positive reinforcement from the coach for: -Hardwork/Improvement -Demonstrating Cooperation -Believing that every athlete's contribution is important

Models of Self Confidence

Bandura's Theory of Self Efficacy Harters Competence Motivation Theory Vealey's Multidimensional Model of Sport confidence

Zajonc's model of social faciliation

Based upon drive theory. - The mere presence of an audience has the effect of increasing arousal level. - Increased arousal will facilitate the performance of skilled athletes, but cause a performance decrement in less skilled athletes.

Reductions in depression after exercise

DO NOT depend on fitness levels

Goals of Science

Describing, Explaining, Predicting, Controlling

Maladaptive perfectionism

Excessive, unrealistic standards of performance, high doubt, high self-criticism, fear of failure, and high distress (IMPORTANT)

Exercise as an adjunct to therapy

Exercise is a useful adjunct but does not replace therapy Running therapies are popular but not if you're fat!

Inverted-U Hypothesis

Explains the relationship between arousal states and performace. Arousal at both the high and low end occurs in poor performance.

Attribution Theory - Locus of Control

Factor you can control: Her race plan Factors you can't control: Their opponents lack of physical training.

Performance Goals

Focus is on achieving standards. Working towards achieving perrsonal bests. These types of goals are within your own control.

Outcome Goals

Focus is on the competitive result of an event. Achieving victory. These goals also depend on the opposition. Therefore, you may play at your best, but still lose, failing your goal.

State

Momentary feelings and thoughts that change depending on the situation and time

Esteem-enhancement effects of exercise are especially pronounced in what kind of people?

People with low self-esteem

According to Weinberg's study on intrinsic motivation in a competitive setting,

Success produces higher levels of intrinsic motivation than does failure and males exhibit higher levels of intrinsic motivation after success than after failure

False

T or F Personality has no minor exercise association

According to successful professional football coach Bill Parcells, which of the following is NOT a quality of successful leadership?

Trust

Which of the following statements is (are) true?

Varsity athletes are no different from nonathletes in terms of eventual career success outside of competitive sport.

outcome goal

a goal in which the focus is upon the outcome of a sporting event and usually involves some sort of social comparison

behavioral goal

a goal that when achieved is observable and action oriented. You can see the athlete perform the goal behavior

Unstructured Projective Procedures

allow subjects to reveal inner feelings and motives through unstructured tasks (Rorschach(inkblot) test and Thematic Apperception Test(TAT))

emotion

an instantaneous, discrete response to the environment that only lasts seconds, minutes, or hours

Proxemics is the study of how we communicate

by the way we use space

Kinesthetic and visual imagery

control (direction) and vividness (clarity)

Guidelines for Leadership in Pursuit of Excellence

-create compelling vision for ppl to follow -inspirational communication (instilling pride, enhancing morale) -intellectual stimulation (followers understand the big, picture behind what they are doing)

4 outcomes of athlete leadership development through sport

-development of high skill -strong work ethic -good rapport with ppl -enriched tactical knowledge

Why Exercise for Psychological Well-Being

-hectic pace of society= causes stress and increased demands= many ill effects - Exercise positively influences feelings of well-being and decreases anxiety and depression

What is the intrinsic approach to exercise adherence

-immerse self and focusing on the experience -enjoy the process, exercise with purpose and meaning

Physiological Explanations

-increases in cerebral blood flow -changes in brain neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, endorphins, serotonin) -increase in maximum oxygen consumption and delivery of oxygen to cerebral tissue -reductions in muscle tension -structural changes in the brain

What is Leadership?

-process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal

3 main components of the Integrated Sport Injury Model

1) Cognitive appraisal 2) Emotional response 3) Behavioral response

Educational sport psychology specialists

1) Have extensive training in sports and exercise sciences, PE and kinesiology 2) Understand the psychology of human movement specifically as it relates to sport and exercise contexts 3) Often have taken advanced graduate training psych and counseling 4) Not trained to treat individuals with emotional disorders but licensed psychologists 5) Can be thought of as mental coaches that through group and individual sessions educate athletes and exercise about psychological skills and their development 6) Some issues they address include issues related to anxiety management, confidence development and improved communication 7) When encountering athletes with emoitnal disorders they refer them to either licensed clinical psychologists or preferably clinical sports psychologists for treatment

A recent article recommends assuming the perspective of the other person in order to enhance communication. This involves the use of a. role-playing b. assertiveness training c. listening skills d. a and c e. d and c

*a. role-playing

Which of the following is seen as the most extrinsically motivated behavior? a. introjected regulation b. external regulation c. identified regulation d. integrated regulation e. internal regulation

*b. external regulation

2. Unhealthy Behaviors 2 The two most abused substances in the United States are a. stimulants and anabolic steroids b. marijuana and alcohol c. alcohol and tobacco d. beta-blockers and stimulants e. anabolic steroids and beta-blockers

*c. alcohol and tobacco

Potential Productivity

A team's possible best performance, given each player's ability, knowledge, and skill (both mental and physical) as well as the demands of the task.

Aware listening

Be aware that people react differently to the way you communicate. 1. Be flexible - different situations require different strategies, not all are the same 2. Be alert for barriers and breakdowns in communication, Barriers involve noise, such as other people talking while you are talking.

Social-Psychological Orientation

Behavior is determined by a complex interaction of the social environment and the personal makeup of the athlete or exerciser ex: how a leaders style and strategies foster group cohesion

Pendular perspective

Groups do not move in a linear fashion, shifts may occur in interpersonal relationships

How do exercise programs contribute to a person's quality of life?

Influence affect, perceived stress, physical health, and life satisfaction

2) Be an informed consumer

Know how/when to use personality tests, understand ethics and guidelines for personality testing.

According to the developmental model of sport participation, what are the stages of sport development that youth sport athletes should pass through?

Sampling, specialization, investment

Interactionist approach

Situations/environment and personal factors reciprocally influence behaviour (approach)

SCAT

Sport Competition Anxiety Test

Contemplation

Stage in which individuals iare considering exercising in the next 6 months

Consulting

Working with athletes of all ages and abilities in the fitness industry and in medicine and physical therapy.

Self-esteem

Your sense of personal worth •Affects everything •Much broader than self-confidence •Sum of all your perceptions of yourself oWhat you accomplish oInteraction with other oBody perceptions

2) Know your limitations

- Need special training in psych assessment to be qualified to interpret results of personality tests.

Exercise and Mood Changes

....

4 categories of career termination distress

1) Psychopathology - Experiencing psychological disorder 1.Depression 2. Anxiety 2) Substance abuse 3) Occupational problems 4) Family/social problems

Motivational Component

Developing self confidence Focusing Attention Controlling Arousal Maintaining Effort Creating/Changing Mood

Harmonious passion

Engage as part of identity and personal enjoyment. (Ex. Maintain a balance)

Team building is considered part of which stage of team development?

Forming

Preferred Leader Behavior

Group members have preferences for specific leader behaviors.

Anxiety

High arousal states that produce feelings of discomfort or concern

Task (mastery) Goal Orientation

Improving relative to one's own past performances

Sociogram

Is a tool to measure social cohesion. It discloses affiliation and attraction among group members, Attraction / Rejection

True

Risk-taking, sensation seeking declines with age

How does perception of the victim's intent impact violence?

Rough opponent = increased aggression

What is a runners high? What is runnings impact on the brain?

Runners high is a very positive psychological state with feelings of well-being, Euphoria, relaxation, and effortlessness. Running produces endorphins (naturally occurring opiates)

Leadership Traits

Stable personality dispositions, such as intelligence, assertiveness, independence, and self-confidence. Good leaders will be good leaders no matter the situation because they have these specific traits.

precompetitive state anxiety

competitive state anxiety that occurs prior to or in anticipation of competition

collective sense of identity

" we"-ness and opposed to "I"-ness

How does Self Talk work?

- Thoughts directly affect feelings and ultimately actions. THOUGHTS -> FEELINGS -> BEHAVIOUR - Interpreation of an event is what determines the response. -

How does previous injury mediate the stress response?

- Worry of recurrence - Not fully recovered

Development of Goal Orientation

2-6 years old-Task Orientation 7-11 years old-Ego Orientation 12 years and older-Varies

2 of 3 Phases of PST

2. Acquisition Phrase - Formal sessions that focus on strategies & technique

According to the Multidimensional Model of Sport Leadership, performance and satisfaction are a function of the degree of congruence among

3 types of leadership behavior

Team climate can be defined as

A representation of how an individual perceives the interrelationships among the team members

Positive effects of exercise seen across who?

All age groups, health status, race, socioeconomic status, and sexes

Dynamic/Changing Aspect of Personality

Allows us to learn

measurement of imagery

Aspects of Imagery Measured: - Controllability - Preferred Style - Imagery Use - Imagery Vividness

Michael Jordan spoke about everyone on the team coming together (cohesion) when they "stepped between the lines." This belief in one another is known as

Collective Efficacy

Outcome/Competitive Goal Orientation

Comparing performance with and defeating others.

What is the major focus of the achievement goal theory?

Competence

Which of the following is (are) true?

Competitors cause cooperators to compete.

In Kelley and Stahelski's study using the prisoner's dilemma game, they found that

Competitors drew cooperators into competition

Behaviour - Ego

Concept of self , controls conscious experiences and interaction with the environment

Period 6

Contemporary Sport and Exercise Psychology (2001-Present) - today, is a vibrant and exciting field

Who founded the SDT?

Deci & Ryan

Democratic vs Autocratic

Democratic: Everyone is involved in decision making Autocratic: Coach is the decision maker and stresses authority

Interactional Approach

Determined bt bothe the person and the situational factors, as well by their interaction

Trait Approach

Determined by relatively stable traits that are fundamental units of personality. These traits predispose one to act in a certain way, regardless of the situation.

Situation Approach

Determined largley by the situation or environment

Race issues in Sport Psych

Diversity & Inclusiveness White Privilege Race Thinking/Racist Thinking Cultural Competence

Cooperative reward structures are more effective in which of the following situations?

During work on tasks that are complex and that involve problem solving

What is the purpose of Relxation?

Eliminate negative thoughts resulting from over arousal. Also decreses muscle tension and decrease heart rate.

Pendular Theory

Emphasizes the shifts that occur in interpersonal relationships during the growth and development of groups.

In setting up a team goal-setting program, which of the following guidelines should be followed?

Involve all team members in establishing goals; Set specific and challenging goals; Reward progress toward team goals.

Personality

Is the characteristics or blend of characteristics that make a person unique.

Motivation

Is the direction and intensity of effort

Sport competitive anxiety test

Measures trait anxiety 10 statements scored on a 3-point scale (test)

A level of performance, pattern of behavior, or belief that is formally or informally established as appropriate by a group is called a

Norm

Which of the following is (are) true?

Pendular models emphasize shifts in interpersonal relationships during growth of groups and Life cycle models emphasize the birth and death of groups.

How do self-evaluations of outcome expectancies and expectation influence behaviour?

People adopt personal standards and either seek self-satisfaction or avoid negative self-reactions

Psychological Need Satisfaction

Perceptions of competence perceptions of autonomy(self determination) relatedness

effects of self-presentation

Positive performance effect. - Social facilitation. - Audience enhances performance. Negative performance effect. - Self-attention - Self-handicapping

maladaptive motivational pattern

Primarily exhibited by an ego goal oriented individual who has a low perception of his or her own ability

5 ways of studying personality in sport and exercise are...

Psychodynamic, trait, situation, interactional, and phenomenological approaches

3 levels of personality

Psychological core, typical responses, role-related behavior

3 Approaches to Sport and Exercise Psychology

Psychophysiological Orientation Social-Psychological Orientation Cognitive-Behavioral Orientation

What does arousal impact?

Readiness to perform.

How can running be used with therapy?

Running is an inexpensive, time-efficient method that can be used in adjunct to other therapies. Added benefit is the physiological changes that occur with the improved cognitive state.

What happens to somatic anxiety when cognitive anxiety is low?

SA = fully normal.

Home disadvantage

Self-attention - Self awareness effect that can plague home teams during important home games

Communication failures

Sending failures: Poorly transmitted messages (ambiguity inconsistency) Receiver failures: failures to listen carefully (misinterpretation)

Which of the following statements about building cohesion is (are) true?

Set goals that are easy to accomplish to keep up spirit and Encourage team identity.

Theory

Set of interrelated facts presenting a systematic view of some phenomenon in order to describe, explain, and predict its future occurences

Type A Personality

Tends to react angrily toward others, which makes maintaining relationships difficult. No one can measure up to the Type A's standards. This can leave the Type A personality suffering from alienation, which only reinforces a core concept that the person is somehow unworthy. Perfectionist Work long hours Have high expectations

State (Personality)

The situation's effects of behaviour. A "right now" feeling.

Which of the following is (are) characteristic of cooperative games?

They require little equipment or money; They emphasize participation by all players; Players learn from mistakes rather than hide from them.

Goals for studying personality in sports

To accurately identify the athlete's traits To identify the degree to which the athlete possesses each trait To predict how the athlete will perform or to explain current behavior

Why do we need theories?

To help give structure, explain, and understand interactions among complex relationships.

The first experiment investigating the effects of competition on performance was conducted in 1898 by..

Triplett

Multicultural Training Models

Universalistic Model Cultural Combatability Model

Mental toughness

What is the most critical psychological characteristics for achieving excellence in elite sport

Ryan's studies on the relationship between scholarships and intrinsic motivation revealed that

Wrestlers on scholarship exhibited higher levels of intrinsic motivation than wrestlers not on scholarship and female athletes on scholarship exhibited higher levels of intrinsic motivation than female athletes not on scholarship

social facilitation theory

Zajonc contended an audience creates arousal in the performer, which hurts performance on difficult tasks that have not been learned and helps performance on well-learned tasks

Trait theories

_____________ imply: Consistency of behaviour from one situation to the next Generalizability of behaviour between contexts

Sport orientation questionnaire

_______________measures athletes' desire to win along three specific dimensions: Competitiveness Win orientation Goal orientation (Questionnaire)

POMS

a 65 item inventory designed to measure a person's mood state on six subscales(anger, tension, confusion, vigor, depression, fatigue.)

What is quality of life?

a person's behavioral functioning ability- being able to do everyday stuff and living long enough to do it

competence

feeling effective and capable when undertaking challenging taks

Team Satisfaction

increased cohesion is related to increased satisfaction

Individuals holding stronger beliefs about the cohesiveness of exercise classes are

more likely to attend more classes and more resistant to group disruption

Feminism

movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression

hypnotic trait

personality disposition toward hypnotic responsiveness

two methods to choose leaders

prescribed leaders and emergent leaders

Sexism

sexual bias, exploitation, and oppression between men and women, whether intentional or unintentional

Trait

typical style of behavior

Trait

A relatively stable characteristic or quality that may represent a portion of one's personality Explains an individual across time and situations

Stress

A substantial imbalance between the physical & psychological demands placed on an individual and his/her ability to meet those demands.

What are the two components for describing the Catastrophe Model?

1. Somatic anxiety--> inverted U relationship w/ performance. 2. Cognitive Anxiety---> negative relationship w/ performance.

Ultimate 2 goals of PST

1.Self regulate 2. Mental toughness

Typically at what age are children able to differentiate btw ability and effort?

12-13 years

Deutsch's study on competition and cooperation found that.

(a.) Communication patterns differed significantly based on wether subjects were given cooperative or competitive instructions (c.) Students receiving cooperative instructions communicated openly and shared information.

34. Adherence34 The goal most often given by exercisers was a. to improve strength b. to lose weight c. to improve cardiovascular fitness d. to tone muscles e. to have fun

*c. to improve cardiovascular fitness

Selye's Concept of Stress

- Selye defined stress as the "nonspecific response of the body to any demand placed upon it. - Good and bad stress: - Eustress - Distress - Stress and physiological arousal correlated

factors that moderate the effectiveness of mental practice

- Skill Level of the Athlete. - Cognitive Component of the Skill. - Time Factors and Mental Practice

Leadership styles

-consultative, group, or autocratic -leader's decision-making style

Runner's High

A euphoric sensation, usually unexpected of heightened well-being, an enhanced appreciation of nature + the transcendence of time and space

Personal Growth

Dynamic process involving continuous process of developing ones potential

Which of the following statements are true?

Every reward has both controlling and informational aspects to it, a negative coaching style (mostly critical in nature) can lead to a decrease in intrinsic motivation, and rewarding for mere participation in a sport will typically undermine the participant's intrinsic motivation

Process Goals

Focus is on the actions the athlete must do to perform well. A process goal may give specifics of HOW you will reach your goal. Eg a time limit. Each week do something different.

Gender Issues in Sport Psych

Gender and feminist issues Sexual orientation Sexual exploitation in coach-athlete relationships

Research

Inquiry aimed at advancing knowledge and sharing it through professional meetings and journal articles.

According to the latest definition provided by Carron, Widmeyer, and Brawley, cohesion is seen to be

Instrumental

In relation to the subjective competitive situation (stage 2), which of the following is (are) true?

Males score higher than females on win orientation; Females score higher than males on goal orientation; Athletes score higher than nonathletes in competitive orientation.

Lack of Confidence

May have physical skills to be successful but lack confidence in their ability to perform these skills under pressure Self-doubts undermine performance - create anxiety, break concentration, cause indecisiveness Injured - sometimes athletes doubt their ability to fully recover

State Anxiety

Moment-to-moment changes in feelings of nervousness, worry, and apprehension.

AGT: Achievement Goals

Outcome orientated Goals AND Task orientated Goals

Personality

Overall organization of psychological characteristics Differentiates us from others and leads us to act consistently across time and situations

integrated regulation

PA participation is consistent w/ a persons identity

Indicate any principle here that is NOT derived from the psychological studies on competition and cooperation

People are born either competitive or cooperative.

Self-efficacy theory

Performance accomplishments, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion and physiological states contribute to an individual's efficacy expectations which influence both their behavioural patterns and thought patterns Part of the Social-Cognitive Theory

Conceptual Stage

Presented with group cohesion as a product of conditions in three categories: the group's environment, the group's structure, and the group's processes.

Having athletes eat together or live together is an example of which factor that is important in developing an effective team climate?

Proximity

Why is Emotional Disclosure Paradigm believed to be effective?

Reduces pent-up frustration and emotion

Integrated Theory of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in Sport

Social Factors-->Psychological Need Satisfaction-->Motivation-->Consequences. Psychological need satisfaction mediates the relationship

Scientific Guidelines

Systematic, Controlled, Empirical, Critical

False

T or F A distinct elite athlete personality profile exists

Traditional Achievement Theory

Task Goal Orientation(Mastery) Ego Goal Orientation(Competitive)

Teaching (role of s&e psychologist)

Teaching university courses in either psychology or exercise and sport science

Gen research guidelines of the scientific method

That the scientific method does this things systematically, controlled, empirically, and through a theory

B= F(P, E)

The Behaviour is the Function of the individuals Personality and Environment

abdominal breathing

associated with relaxation, and is breathing that takes place at the level of the abdomen and diaphragm

Affirmation Statement

statements that affirm to the athlete that he possesses the skills, abilities, positive attitudes, and beliefs necessary for successful performance

organizational stress

stress placed on an athlete by the competitive sport environment, not just the coaches or a specific competitive event

information conveyed

the amount of information, in bits, contained in a particular problem

social cognitive thoery

the personal, behaviour and environmental factors that affect and determine behaviour

Who should implement training, when should training take place & how long should training sessions be?

•PST should take place in the off season or preseason •Qualified Sport Psychology Consultant 3 to 5 days a week, 15 to 30 mins at a time, 3 to six months

Leadership

The process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal.

Sociogram

a tool for measuring social cohesion. It discloses affiliation and attraction among group members, including: -Presence/Absence of Cliques -Social Isolation -Friendships

What are antecedents of sport commitment?

o Sport enjoyment o Valuable opportunities o Personal investments

anticipatory skill

the cognitive and perceptual skill to anticipate stimuli that have not appeared

stress management

the use of various relaxation or arousal management procedures to reduce anxiety.

achievement goal orientation

theory of motivation that focuses on differences in how individuals evaluate competence and define success and failure

Coach-Athlete Relationship

this type of relationship may disrupt careers, may leave teammates angry and disillusioned and may interfere with performance

Categories of Self Talk

Task Specific Statements Encouragement and Effort Mood Words

Inverted-U Hypothesis

Explain the relationship between arousal states and performance.

Endomorph, Ectomorph, Mesomorph

Sheldon's constitutional theory

Behavioral Approach

Anyone can become a leader by learning the behaviors of leaders.

In a recent study on the relationship between holding scholarships and levels of intrinsic motivation in collegiate athletes, Amorose, Horn, and Miller found that

Athletes on scholarship had lower levels of intrinsic motivation in general than did athletes not on scholarship

Individualized Zones of Optimal Functioning (IZOF)

Athletes zone of optimal state anxiety in which their best performance occurs.

Interactional Approach

Behavior is determined by both the person and the situational factors as well as by their interaction -majority of contemporary sport and exercise psychologist favor the interactional approach

Team sports of basketball and football are examples of which of the following classification of games?

Cooperative Means--Competitive Ends

Which of the following is (are) FALSE concerning findings from studies of the antecedent conditions that affect leader behavior?

Females prefer an autocratic style more than males do

Direction of Causality

Refers to whether cohesion leads to performance success or performance success leads to cohesion.

Factors that influence effectiveness of reinforcement

Relevnace - Should meet the needs of athletes Immediacy - Situational Consistency - athletes who don't turn up in turn, don't play. GEQ = Reward performance, not outcome.

The phenomenon in which individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases is known as the

Ringlemann Effect

What is emotion?

Short-lived feeling states that occur in response to events.

True

T or F Extroversion and conscientiousness = small positive association with sport and exercise participation

Measuring Goal Orientations

Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire Perceptions of Success Questionnaire Achievement Goals Questionnaire for Sport

What tasks cause people do be intrinsically motivated?

Tasks that: demonstrate competency individuals have control over are fun, challenging, and provide excitement

Forming

Team members familiarize themselves with other team members.

One way athletes interpret whether they are being treated fairly is based on

The coach's manner in communicating her views to the athletes and the degree of compatibility between the coach's and athlete's skill assessments of the athlete

Motivation

The internal processes, such as your needs thoughts, and emotions, that give your behaviour energy and direction

Hersey-Blanchard Model on situational leadership

The theory states that instead of using just one style, successful leaders should change their leadership styles based on the maturity of the people they're leading and the details of the task. Using this theory, leaders should be able to place more or less emphasis on the task, and more or less emphasis on the relationships with the people they're leading, depending on what's needed to get the job done successfully.

process goal

a goal in which the focus is on a specific behavior exhibited throughout a performance

automatic processing

advanced phase of learning in which execution of skill requires little conscious attention

strucutre

an interpersonal style associated w/ the provision of feedback and the clarification of expectations

Formal roles, in contrast to informal roles, are a set of behaviors that are required or expected of persons in a group and

are dictated by the nature and structure of an organization and include such roles as team captain, coach, and athletic trainer

Personality-Performance Athletic Pyramid

as skill increases, personality homogeneity increases as skill decreases, personality heterogeneity decreases

linear perspective to group development

assumed that groups move progressibely thorugh different stages including: forming, storming, norming, performing

From an athlete perspective, to help build team cohesion you should

give teammates positive reinforcement and be responsible for yourself

Sullivan devised seven communication exercises to promote more effective communication. Athletes said they would try to practice the following communication skills

not interrupt others when they are speaking and confront issues right away

What are not significantly related to perceptions of quality of life?

sociodemographic variables (income, education, marital status, and age)

forming

stage in the linear perspective were team members familiarize themselves with their other team members, engage in social comparisons and assess each otthers strengths and weaknesses (e.g. athletes may compare the amount of palying time they get to other athletes playing time)

norm for productivity

stnadard for effort and performance by a team (e.g. in a corporate finess progrmas members of a fitness club may all exercise at lucnh for 30 mins and this becomes expected for new members)

Cognitive evaluation theory

subcomponent of SDT that specifies how various conditions shape the development of intrinsic motivation

antecedents of leadership

the conditions that affect leader behavior. Some of these conditions include age and maturity,gender, nationality, type of sport,and psychological characteristics

Attribution Theory - Stability

An athelete may with a stable factor say it was due to their talent and skill. And unstable factor would be determined by 'Luck'

Which of the following statements best represents the relationship between cohesion and performance?

Circular

Outcome Goal Orientation

Comparing performance with and defeating others

Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS)

Developed to measure leadership behaviors, including athletes' preferences for specific behaviors, athletes' perceptions of their coaches' behaviors, and coaches' perceptions of their own behavior

One effective method for establishing positive group norms is to

Enlist the formal and informal leaders of a team to set positive examples

drive theory

a complex theory of learning that predicts a linear relationship between arousal and learning or performance

Competitiveness

a disposition to strive for satisfaction when making comparisons with some standard of excelling in the presence of evaluative others

clutch performance

above standard performance under conditions of significant pressure

Motivation

direction and intensity of effort

What are the 6 stages

precontemplation contemplation preparation action maintenance termingination

perceived behavioural control

the extent to which behaviour is volitional

Found by Silva and Andrew (1987), visiting team typically displayed inferior performance

"Away court disadvantage" • Inferior performance on the part of the visiting team

8. Unhealthy Behaviors 8 Unusual eating patterns are often one of the best indicators of an eating disorder. If a person hides food and disappears after eating, this can be a sign of a. bulimia b. anorexia nervosa c. anorexia nervosa and bulimia d. psychological depression e. c and d

*a. bulimia

Michael Jordan spoke about everyone on the team coming together (cohesion) when they "stepped between the lines." This belief and confidence in one another is known as a. collective efficacy b. group similarity c. group norm d. group role e. collective ability

*a. collective efficacy

33. Development33 Most sport psychologists are opposed to taking a professionalized approach to children's sports because a. it focuses the majority of resources on the most talented children b. it creates more anxiety in young athletes c. it decreases young athletes' self-esteem d. it creates unequal competition e. it undermines self-efficacy in young athletes

*a. it focuses the majority of resources on the most talented children

40. Concentration39 The concept of attentional alertness operates under the assumption that increases in arousal a. narrows attention b. broadens attention c. enhances attention d. disrupts attention

*a. narrows attention

Olympic Women's basketball coach Tara Vanderveer created an expectancy of success by simulating a mock ceremony of the team winning the gold medal at the Georgia Dome. This was an example of creating a strong a. norm for productivity b. role acceptance c. attributional reconceptualization d. group identity e. team climate

*a. norm for productivity

Flow is maximized when you are competing against an opponent a. of equal ability b. of better ability than yours c. of worse ability than yours d. of the same gender

*a. of equal ability

8. Development 8 Which is the major reason that young athletes give for dropping out of sport? a. other things to do b. boredom c. did not like the coach d. did not like the pressure e. not exciting enough

*a. other things to do

Backward chaining (as used by O'Brien & Simek in their golf study) refers to a. pairing the last step in a series of movements with the next-to-last step all the way through the movement until the second step is paired with the first step b. reversing the order in which positive feedback is provided c. reversing the order in which negative feedback is provided d. a and c

*a. pairing the last step in a series of movements with the next-to-last step all the way through the movement until the second step is paired with the first step

17. Development17 The positive "sandwich" approach to correcting errors involves a. positive statement, corrective feedback, positive statement b. corrective feedback, positive statement, corrective feedback c. positive statement, negative statement, positive statement d. verbal feedback, nonverbal feedback, verbal feedback

*a. positive statement, corrective feedback, positive statement

Dean Smith, former basketball coach at the University of North Carolina, often played his reserves as a unit early in the game. This is an example of emphasizing a. role acceptance b. role reversal c. group norms d. group cohesion e. group solidarity

*a. role acceptance

21. Self-Confidence21 According to the latest thinking, self-efficacy is now called a. self-regulatory efficacy b. self-improvement c. self-esteem d. self-worth e. self-monitoring

*a. self-regulatory efficacy

1. Adherence The premise of the health belief model is that individuals will engage in preventive health behaviors depending on the individual's perception of the a. severity of past illnesses b. time available to exercise c. social support network d. exercise history

*a. severity of past illnesses

14. Adherence14 Studies have shown that in terms of barriers to exercise, a. there were no differences between whites and blacks b. blacks gave lack of time more as a reason for not exercising c. whites gave lack of time more as a reason for not exercising d. blacks mentioned lack of energy more often as a barrier to exercise e. whites mentioned lack of energy more often as a barrier to exercise

*a. there were no differences between whites and blacks

2. Arousal Regulation 2 A good starting point for increasing awareness of arousal states is to a. visualize your best and worst performances b. visualize only your best performance c. develop relaxation skills d. learn transcendental meditation e. learn autogenic training

*a. visualize your best and worst performances

Coakley defines competition as a. a situation in which rewards are distributed equally among the participants b. a social process that occurs when rewards are distributed on the basis of comparative performance c. a situation in which the goals of the participant are mutually interdependent d. b and c

*b. a social process that occurs when rewards are distributed on the basis of comparative performance

11. Concentration11 "No-look" passes in basketball are accomplished by using a. a narrow-internal attentional focus b. advanced cues to predict teammates' future movements c. several different types of attentional strategies d. a narrow-external attentional focus

*b. advanced cues to predict teammates' future movements

Which of the following sports require the highest level of task cohesion? a. golf and archery b. basketball and ice hockey c. swimming and tennis d. baseball and wrestling e. volleyball and bowling

*b. basketball and ice hockey

14. Burnout14 The difference between overtraining and periodized training depends largely on individual differences and a. personality differences b. capabilities c. mood states d. perfectionism e. Type A behavior

*b. capabilities

44. Concentration43 Controlled processing is mental processing that requires a. selective attention b. conscious attention c. no attention d. external attention e. internal attention

*b. conscious attention

3. Well-Being 3 The nature of the conclusions from the National Institute of Mental Health regarding exercise and mental health was a. causal b. correlational c. descriptive d. qualitative e. quantitative

*b. correlational

29. Injuries29 Stress management has been shown to be particularly effective in reducing injuries for individuals who are a. high in perfectionism b. high in risk of becoming injured c. low in hardiness d. high in state anxiety e. low in hope

*b. high in risk of becoming injured

27. Psychological Skills27 Performance profiling as a means of assessing athletes' mental skills works by asking athletes to a. observe other elite athletes who have excellent psychological skills b. identify, assess, and compare their own mental skills against those of other elite athletes in their sport c. take a series of personality tests to determine their strengths and weaknesses regarding mental skills d. observe themselves for several weeks and keep a log regarding their mental skills

*b. identify, assess, and compare their own mental skills against those of other elite athletes in their sport

43. Adherence43 As a person moves through the stages of changes, reasons for exercise become more a. external *b. internal c. hypothetical d. behavioral e. stable

*b. internal

In a recent study, which type of feedback (especially after failure) produced more task persistence, more enjoyment, and better performance? a. praise for high ability b. praise for high effort c. criticism of any type of performance d. a and c e. b and c

*b. praise for high effort

31. Unhealthy Behaviors31 An effect of stimulants on performance is a. reduced pain b. reduced fatigue c. increased strength d. steadier nerves e. increased muscle endurance

*b. reduced fatigue

15. Self-Confidence15 Self-efficacy has been used interchangeably with a. self-esteem b. self-confidence c. self-motivation d. self-concept e. self-fulfilling prophecy

*b. self-confidence

40. Unhealthy Behaviors40 A recent decision-making model for drug use in sports has the three components of costs, benefits, and a. personality factors b. situational factors c. specific rules of the sport d. a and b e. b and c

*b. situational factors

20. Concentration20 Tennis and baseball players are able to successfully hit balls traveling toward them at high speeds because a. they have learned to watch the ball hit their racket (or bat) b. they have learned to predict the flight of the ball by using advanced attentional cues c. they have learned to use a narrow-external focus d. they have learned to rapidly shift their attentional focus e. they have learned to use a broad-external focus

*b. they have learned to predict the flight of the ball by using advanced attentional cues

45. Adherence45 Americans spent much more money on exercise equipment between 1986 and 1996. As a result, the amount of physical activity during that period has increased a. 5% b. 10% c. 2% d. 15% e. 23%

*c. 2%

14. Development14 Approximately how many children under the age of 18 are involved in school and other sport programs? a. 10 million b. 5 million c. 45 million d. 1 million e. 50 million

*c. 45 million

4. Imagery 4 Research using U.S. and Canadian Olympic athletes has shown that approximately what percent of athletes use imagery? a. 50% b. 75% c. 95% d. 85% e. 60%

*c. 95%

Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. Varsity athletes have lower GPAs than nonathletes. b. Varsity athletes have higher rates of deviant behavior than nonathletes. c. Varsity athletes are no different from nonathletes in terms of eventual career success outside of competitive sport. d. b and c

*c. Varsity athletes are no different from nonathletes in terms of eventual career success outside of competitive sport.

34. Concentration34 Telling yourself to focus is probably best defined as a. establishing a routine to be used primarily during "down" times b. a method to keep attention focused through the use of eye control c. a cue word for bringing you back into a present focus d. an exercise that enables you to practice shifting attentional focus e. the opposite of "stop!" as an attention-focusing tool

*c. a cue word for bringing you back into a present focus

6. Unhealthy Behaviors 6 Garner and Rosen recommend that if a coach suspects an athlete has an eating disorder, the coach should a. immediately discuss her concerns with the parents b. drop the athlete from the team until the condition is resolved c. discuss her concerns with the athlete in a private meeting d. go to the athlete's teammates to find out what's going on

*c. discuss her concerns with the athlete in a private meeting

Which of the following behaviors would not support a cooperative learning environment? a. effort valued b. success defined in terms of individual progress c. extrinsic rewards emphasized d. mistakes viewed as part of learning e. activity engaged in for challenge

*c. extrinsic rewards emphasized

18. Imagery18 Athletes who incorporate all the senses into their image will score high on what aspect of imagery? a. controllability b. coordination c. vividness d. motivation e. simplicity

*c. vividness

35. Adherence35 Based on research findings, which of the following statements is (are) true? a. Attendance contracts and lotteries are successful in improving adherence rates. b. Individual feedback produces more adherence than group feedback. c. Self-reward decreases adherence rates. d. b and c e. a and b

*e. a and b

9. Injuries 9 Which is the first stage of the grief reaction response? a. anger b. acceptance and reorganization c. rationalization d. depression e. denial

*e. denial

What type of relationship exists between social cohesion and performance?

+

Techniques for Controlling Self Talk

- Thought stopping: Concentrate on the undesired thought briefly. Then.. NO. - Reframing: Changing negative self talk, into positive. List damaging thoughts. Substitute a postive state for the negative. Self Esteem lists - List strengths and positive qualities Copying self talk tapes.

Exercise and the Reduction of Anxiety and Depression

-Epidemiological data shows that= physical activity is positively associated with good mental health

(Building Team Cohesion) Leader/Coach Strategies

-Explain individual roles in team success -Develop pride within subunits -Avoid formation of social cliques -Set challenging team goals -Encourage team identity -Avoid excessive turnover -Conduct periodic team meetings to resolve conflict -Stay in touch with team climate -Knowing anything personal about each group member

Differences between the 2 nonpharmacological pain-focusing techniques

1) Dissociation Individual thinks about pain, but removes self from it 2) Association Pain is a part of me, but lets think about it biologically (where intense, etc.) → Control

Hardiness

A personality style that enables a person to withstand or cope with stressful situations and have: 1. a sense of personal control over external events 2. Sense of involvement, commitment and purpose in daily life 3. Flexibility to adapt to unexpected changes and look at them as challenges

State Anxiety

A temporary, ever-changing emotional state.

"Do's" of confronting

Do's - •Convey that you value your relationship with the person •Go slowly and think about what you want to communicate •Try to understand the other person's position •Listen carefully to what the other person is trying to communicate

When do Children Peak?

Between 10 and 13

Role

Consists of the set of behaviors required or expected of the person occupying a certain position in a group.

All psychological tests...

Contain a degree of measurement error; use caution when interpreting their results.

Social Responsibility

Contribute to knowledge and human welfare while always protecting participants' interests.

Which of the following is (are) true? a. Cooperation produces a higher level of achievement than competition. b. Cooperation produces a higher level of achievement than individualistic behavior. c. There is no difference in achievement produced by competition and cooperation. d. a and b

D. a. Cooperation produces a higher level of achievement than competition. b. Cooperation produces a higher level of achievement than individualistic behavior.

3 Parts of Stress Process

Environmental Situation Appraisal of Environmental Situation(Resources to handle) Stress Response(POS or NEG)

Reversal Theory

How arousal affects performance depends on an individuals interpretation of his or her arousal level -Arousal can be interpreted as pleasant or unpleasant -Arousal interpreted as pleasant facilitates performance

Attribution Theory

How people explain their successes and failures ex: stability, locus of causalities, locus of control

How does Imagery work?

Human mind cannot distinguish between perceptual and real stimuli. When using imagery, the brain sends nervous impulses to muscles and joints being used in the image. In turn, creates/maintains the same neutral pathways required for skill aquisition.

Leadership Factors

Include the leadership style and behaviors that professionals exhibit and the relationships they establish with their groups.

According to Carron and Dennis, the most important personal factor regarding the development of social and task cohesion i

Individual Satisfaction

State Self-Confidence

Is the belief individuals possess at a particular moment about their ability to be successful in sport

Psychological Core

Is the most basic level of your personality and the deepest component.

A schematic View of personality structure

LOOK IN NOTEBOOK

Consultative-Group Style

The coach consults the players as a group and then makes a decision. The decision may or may not reflect the players' input.

Consultative-Individual Style

The coach consults the players individually and then makes a decision. The decision may or may not reflect the players' input.

Group Style

The coach shares the problem with the players; then the players jointly make the decision without any influence from the coach.

Which of the following statements is true?

The cohesion-performance relationship is positive for interactive sports.

What is an optimal range?

The rage for one person where they are likely to perform well based on their somatic anxiety

Achievement Goal Theory

Three factors interact to determine a person's motivation.

affect

a generic term used to describe emotions, feelings and moods

Rating Scales

a judge(or judges) asked to observe an individual in some situation. use of checklist interview and observation of performance

Autogenic Training

a relaxation training program in which the athlete attends to body feedback. Heaviness and Warmth of Body parts

sensory register

a short term sensory store that effectively retains information for about one half second before it is lost or transferred to a more permanent storage

potential productivity

a teams best possible performance given each players ability, knowledge and skill both mental and physical and a tasks demands.

2) The multi-dimensional sport cohesion instrument.

a) Accounts for the multi-dimensional def of cohesion b) Includes 4 braod dimensions of team cohesion - Attraction to a group • Reflects social cohesion - Unity of purpose - Quality of teamwork - Valued roles - The 3 above listed characteristics collectively considered related to task cohesion due to their connection with teamwork in pursiuti of common goals

Differentiated Goal Perspective

ability of a child to clearly distinguish or differentiate among the concepts of ability, effort, luck and outcome.

Positive relationships

ability to from warm and trusting relationships. Capable of empathy, affection, and intamacy

Sport Psych Accreditation Pros

accreditation is the only way to assure quality and consistency of academic training

termination

active potato -exited the cycle of change

External regulation

activities are performed to fulfill an external demand, achieve a rewrd, or avoid punishment

intrinsic regulation

activity is undertaken b/c it is enjoyable, interesting, stimulating, or self-rewarding

How are leaders chosen?

appointed or prescribed and emergent

educational sports psychology

are considered mental coaches who educate athletes and exercisers about psychological skills and their development. They are not trained to work with individuals who have severe emotional disorders

Supportive listening behaviors

are empathetic and remain open to new ideas

Which of the following can facilitate team transition when an athlete disengages from a team?

clarifying role differentiations and increasing an individual's awareness of disengagement

11. Well-Being11 Researchers have found that exercise usually reduces state anxiety for approximately a. 36 hours b. 30 minutes c. 12 hours d. 2 to 6 hours e. 8 to 10 hours

d. 2 to 6 hours.

Exercise has a

decrease in muscle tension

self-handicapping

individuals make preplanned proactive use of effort reduction and performance excuses in order to protect their self-esteem from potential negative feedback within a social evaluative setting

structured modes of communication

lines of communication

Cognitive Anxiety

negatively related to performance

intuition

one of the methods in gaining practical knowledge through experience - immediate understanding of knowledge in the absence of conscious, rational processing) - example: a coach decides to start one player over the other because it feels right not that day

Possible problems when using imagery

overaroused, thinking negatively

normative beliefs

perceptions of the values and importance that sig. others place on behavioural engagement

task-oriented leaders

primarily work to get the task done and meet their objectives

tools used to measure cohesion

questionaire such as the sports cohesive questionaire,2) The multi-dimensional sport cohesion instrument, and sociograms

Using the Group Environmental Questionnaire, research has revealed that group cohesion is related to which of the following?

reduced absenteeism; increased member satisfaction; attributions for responsibility for performance outcomes

How do runners differ?

regarding whether and how often they experience the runner's high and may require slightly different sets of conditions to get it

leadership traits

relatively stable personality dispositions, such as intelligence, assertiveness, independence, and self-confidence

reductionistic

sometimes scientific knowledge is too complex to study all the variables simultaneously, thus the researcher may select isolated variables that are of the most critical interest

competitive state anxiety

state anxiety associated with a competitive situation

Where and When of Self Talk

takes place most often during competition and practice a distant second. Takes place equally either before or during competition Used more by skilled and individual sport athletes

Stability

teams higher in cohesion can better resist disruption/teams staying together longer tend to be more cohesive

ironic effect

the ironic event of making that error that you consciously are trying to avoid

goal striving

the process of striving to set and to achieve goals

Exercise training is particularly effective for...

those with increased levels of anxiety, will decrease anxiety even for people with low levels of anxiety

monitoring process

unconscious component of information processing responsible for detecting errors

enemy of leadership

multitasking, excuses

Instinct Theory of Aggression

• Aggression as an inborn drives similar to hunger, thirst, and sexual desire • Unavoidable, but can be regulated • Sport is seen as a socially acceptable outlet for aggression • Aggression leads to catharsis • Catharsis o Release of pent-up aggression (that ahhhhh feeling) Ex: promoting athletic sports and games that provide a socially acceptable outlet for aggression

reductionistic aspect of the scientific method

• Another name for scientific knowledge • When scientific knowledge becomes to complex to study all the variables of a situation at once when researchers may select isolated variables which are of most critical interest • When a problem is reduced to smaller more manageable pts however, our understanding of the bigger picture mb compromised or diminished

What does Zajonc's model suggest?

• Based on Drive Theory • Audience increases arousal (drive) • Increased arousal elicits dominant response Crowd Influence (increased arousal) Highly skilled athlete → Performance facilitation OR Less skilled athlete → Performance decrement

According to McAuley's and Tammen's study on intrinsic motivation and subjective versus objective outcomes,

Subjective perceptions of performance are the most important determinants of intrinsic motivation

Stress

Substantial imbalance between physical and psychological demands place on an individual and his or her response capability under conditions in which failure to meet demands has important consequences

Transtheoretical model

suggest s individuals move through stages of change and that this movement across the stages is cyclic

b.

"Great leaders are born, not made." This statement is an example of which approach to leadership? a. situational b. trait c. behavioral d. situational-behavioral e. trait-behavioral

Proxemics is the study of how we communicate a. by the way we use space b. by the way we dress c. by the way we use gestures d. by the way we use speech e. by the way we touch

*a. by the way we use space

2. Development 2 Gould and Martens found that, on average, children participated for ____ hours per week in their specific sport. a. 5 b. 11 c. 15 d. 8 e. 3

*b. 11

35. Unhealthy Behaviors35 According to research, about what percentage of men desire to change their physique? a. 20% b. 50% c. 10% d. 70% e. 5%

*b. 50%

In most organized sport teams, leaders and coaches a. emerge b. are appointed c. are elected by consensus d. are elected by majority vote

*b. are appointed

46. Unhealthy Behaviors45 Research by Martens et al. (2008) found that athletes in the off-season were at risk for a. increased use of recreational drugs (e.g., marijuana) b. heavy drinking c. gaining weight d. increased gambling e. inactivity

*b. heavy drinking

7. Unhealthy Behaviors 7 Research suggests that people are less likely to take drugs if they have a. a low level of anxiety b. high self-esteem c. a low level of aggression d. a highly competitive nature

*b. high self-esteem

26. Burnout26 The principle psychological symptom of staleness is a. lowered self-esteem b. increased mood disturbance c. high levels of aggression d. lowered anxiety e. lowered self-efficacy

*b. increased mood disturbance

The additive approach to the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation suggests that a. internal and external motivation are unrelated b. intrinsic plus extrinsic motivation equal more motivation c. extrinsic rewards undermine intrinsic motivation d. a and b e. a and c

*b. intrinsic plus extrinsic motivation equal more motivation

Role clarity refers to a. accepting and being willing to carry out your specific role for the team b. understanding exactly what your role is for the team c. the formal roles of a team or organization d. a and c

*b. understanding exactly what your role is for the team

25. Self-Confidence25 Research has indicated that live and filmed modeling increases self-efficacy in muscular-endurance tasks. This is an example of a. verbal persuasion b. vicarious experiences c. performance accomplishments d. emotional arousal e. parental expectations

*b. vicarious experiences

In a review of studies investigating the effects of performance feedback, it was found that performance increased approximately a. 10% b. 80% c. 50% d. 25% e. 100%

*c. 50%

1. Psychological Skills Ideally, a PST program should be planned, implemented, and supervised by a a. coach b. general manager c. AASP-certified sport psychology consultant d. coach and athlete e. NASPSPA-certified sport psychology consultant

*c. AASP-certified sport psychology consultant

13. Self-Confidence13 Self-efficacy theory was originated by a. Charley Hardy b. Tara Scanlan c. Albert Bandura d. Larry Brawley e. Joseph Wolpe

*c. Albert Bandura

17. Adherence17 Which of the following statements is (are) FALSE? a. Exercise of moderate or short duration does not increase appetite. b. Regular exercise can produce substantial decreases in weight over time. c. An estimated 10 to 15 million American adults are overweight. d. a and c e. b and c

*c. An estimated 10 to 15 million American adults are overweight.

Which of the following is not one of the psychological needs included in self-determination theory? a. relatedness b. autonomy c. confidence d. effectance

*c. confidence

The two major categories of behavior found with the use of the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire are a. consideration and authoritarianism b. initiating structure and authoritarianism c. consideration and initiating structure d. consideration and relationship

*c. consideration and initiating structure

16. Imagery16 An athlete tries to image shooting a free throw under pressure, but the ball keeps hitting the rim and bouncing off. This is an example of a lack of a. vividness b. coordination c. controllability d. experimental control e. emotionality

*c. controllability

3. Arousal Regulation 3 Which of the following is (are) NOT a stage(s) in autogenic training? a. regulation of breathing b. regulation of cardiac activity c. cooling of the extremities d. a and c e. b and c

*c. cooling of the extremities

37. Unhealthy Behaviors37 Which of the following major professional sports does NOT have a mandatory drug policy? a. baseball b. basketball c. hockey d. football

*c. hockey

The Method of Amplification Error is based on the assumption that participants can learn to correct their movements through their a. thoughts b. physiological feedback c. mistakes d. neurological connects e. a and c

*c. mistakes

23. Injuries23 Building rapport with an injured athlete can be accomplished by a. being there b. showing empathy c. being overly optimistic d. a and b

*d. a and b

5. Well-Being 5 Research investigating the relationship between exercise and quality of life has revealed that a. older adults who exercise report greater life satisfaction and physical health b. physically active individuals report more stamina and positive attitudes about work c. there were no differences in reported quality of life between college students who participated in an endurance conditioning program and a comparable control group d. a and b

*d. a and b

9. Concentration 9 "Cue" words are often effective because a. they can help trigger a particular response b. they can be motivational or emotionally stimulating c. they broaden attentional focus d. a and b e. b and c

*d. a and b

9. Well-Being 9 Which of the following regarding the relationship between exercise and depression is (are) true? a. The positive effects are seen across age, health status, and gender. b. Both aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise are associated with reductions in depression. c. Reductions in depression after exercise depend on fitness levels. d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

7. Well-Being 7 The relationship between exercise and hardiness has recently been investigated. A hardy personality style is characterized by a. a sense of personal control over external events b. a sense of commitment and purpose in daily life c. the flexibility to adapt to unexpected changes in life d. all of the above e. a and c

*d. all of the above

Besides rewarding the outcome of a person's performance (success), other areas that should be rewarded include a. effort b. emotional and social skills c. correct performance of the skill itself d. all of the above e. a and b

*d. all of the above

Using the Group Environment Questionnaire, research has revealed that group cohesion is related to which of the following? a. reduced absenteeism b. increased satisfaction of members c. attributions for responsibility for performance outcomes d. all of the above e. a and b

*d. all of the above

Which of the following are reasons supporting the use of punishment? a. Individuals experiencing punishment are at negligible risk for emotional problems. b. Punishment will deter future cheating or other wrongdoing. c. Punishment lets teammates know that others are being held accountable for their actions. d. all of the above e. b and c

*d. all of the above

Which of the following is (are) a guideline(s) for implementing behavior programs? a. Consequences should be stated clearly. b. Target behaviors must be defined in observable terms. c. Behaviors should be recorded. d. all of the above e. a and c

*d. all of the above

Which of the following is (are) a way(s) to improve active listening skills? a. Mentally prepare to listen. b. Use supportive behaviors as you listen. c. Employ both verbal and nonverbal listening behaviors. d. all of the above e. a and c

*d. all of the above

29. Well-Being29 What conclusion have researchers reached concerning the effects of exercise on cognitive functioning? a. Intense exercise bouts enhance cognitive functioning more than easy exercise bouts. b. Overall, there is a moderate relationship between exercise and improved cognitive functioning. c. Exercise programs conducted over longer periods are associated with gains in cognitive functioning. d. b and c e. a and b

*d. b and c

37. Concentration36 To improve concentration, an athlete should a. practice without distractions present b. establish routines c. practice eye control d. b and c

*d. b and c

Breakdowns in communication can occur because a. the sender fails to listen b. the receiver misinterprets the message c. the messages are inconsistent d. b and c e. a and c

*d. b and c

Potential negative side effects of punishment include its a. arousing a fear of success b. acting as a reinforcer c. hindering the learning of skills d. b and c e. a and c

*d. b and c

Which of the following actions can improve coach-athlete communication? a. Administer discipline based on the personality of the athlete. b. Convey rationales about why you expect certain behaviors. c. Provide a supportive and empathic environment. d. b and c e. a and c

*d. b and c

Which of the following statements regarding flow is (are) true? a. Most athletes think that flow is an uncontrollable state. b. Athletes can learn to get into a flow state. c. Flow is related to improvements in psychological states. d. b and c e. a and b

*d. b and c

29. Development29 According to the study by Simon and Martens comparing state anxiety before competitive sports with that before other childhood evaluative activities, the activity with the highest state anxiety levels was a. baseball b. football c. golf d. band solo e. school test

*d. band solo

15. Concentration15 If a golfer shifts attention just before a tee shot, from the length of the fairway and the direction of the wind to focusing only on the ball, her attention has shifted from _____ to _____. a. broad-internal; narrow-external b. broad-internal; narrow-internal c. broad-external; narrow-internal d. broad-external; narrow-external

*d. broad-external; narrow-external

1. Concentration Which of the following would NOT be classified as an internal distracter? a. attending to past events b. attending to future events c. overly analyzing body mechanics d. crowd noise e. fatigue

*d. crowd noise

26. Development26 Based on research with elite high school wrestlers and distance runners, which of the following are the two major sources of the stress experienced by junior elite athletes? a. fear of failure and coaches' expectations b. coaches' expectations and feelings of inadequacy c. parents' expectations and fear of failure d. fear of failure and feelings of inadequacy e. parents' expectations and feelings of inadequacy

*d. fear of failure and feelings of inadequacy

Which of the following is NOT a type of communication? a. nonverbal communication b. intrapersonal communication c. interpersonal communication d. introspective communication e. b and d

*d. introspective communication

8. Injuries 8 Which of the following is NOT one of the five stages of grief reaction? a. denial b. depression c. anger d. rationalization e. bargaining

*d. rationalization

18. Unhealthy Behaviors18 In general, what percentage of collegiate athletes (football and basketball players) engage in some form of gambling? a. 10% b. 25% c. 40% d. 50% e. 75%

*e. 75%

imagery

- An image can be created in the mind in the absence of any external stimuli. - An image may involve one or all of the senses. - An image is created from information stored in the sensory register, working memory, or long-term memory

Gravitation v. Change

- Are people attracted to a sport b/c their personality or does sport change one's personality.--No specific one; both are true.

Uses of Self Talk

- Attention/Concentrational control eg BLACK DOT in golf ball "Eye on the ball" - Arousal Control - "Hold" "Focus" "Fire up" - Skill Aquisition - Skills match situation - FLOW - Breaking Bad Habits - Choose cue words to help trigger form - Initiating action - Self talk for motivation - Sustaining effort + motivation - Warriors. BOOM.

Trait Approach

- Fundamental units of personality are stable - Cause of behavior w/n person; role of situation/environ minimal - Raymond Cattell (1965)- personality inventory w/ 16 indep personality factors that describe a person - Hans Eysenck (1968)- traits are relative; ranging on continuums of introversion to extroversion, and stability to emotionality. -Big 5: Allen, Greenless, Jones; Gill, Williams; Vealey: 5 dimensions of personality 1) Neuroticism (nervousness, anxiety, depression, anger) VS. Emotional stability 2) Extraversion VS. Introversion 3) Conscientiousness (Constraint, achievement, striving, self-discipline) - Id-ing w/ local sports team -> positive psych well-being.

other goal orientations

- Goal to avoid embarrassment or defeat. - Social Approval goal orientation

1) Know the Principles of Testing and Measurement Error

- Have well-designed and validated measures. - People answer in a way that's socially desirable "faking good"

goal orientation and motivational climate interaction

- High Task Orientation in Combination with a High Mastery Climate Expected to Yield Best Results. - Low Task Orientation in Combination with High Competitive Climate Expected to Yield Worst Results

Role-Related Behavior

- How you act based on what you perceive your social situation to be. - Most changeable aspect of personality. - Behavior changes as your perception of environment change. - Roles can conflict with each o/t.

mental practice as a form of imagery

- Imagery is generally, but not necessarily, a component part of mental practice. - Mental practice used in a complementary fashion with physical practice often yields the best results

control element of the scientific method

- Important for this to be emphasized over diff conditions acc to the scientific method - Key variables or elements in the research (e.g. changes in self-esteem) while others are ctrled (e.g. the person doing the teaching) so the primary relationship is not influenced

impression management

- Impression motivation - attempts by athlete to regulate other people's impression of them. - Impression construction - types of images the athlete wishes to convey to others

differentiating between mood and emotions

- Lazarus (2000) identified 15 different emotions, anxiety is one of them. - Emotions are sudden reactions to a situation that last only for seconds, minutes or hours. - Moods are more diffuse and may last for days, weeks or months. - Affect is a general term used to refer to emotions and moods

problems with Zajonc's model

- Must demonstrate that the 'mere' presence of an audience increases arousal. - In the real world of sport, the audience is never 'merely' present or non-interactive. - Sport fans insist upon interacting with the athletes

Automatic Nerve System

- PNS - SNS

Interactional Approach

- Situation and person's psych/personality traits are codeterminants of behavior. - Contemp sport and ex psych's favor this approach

Type A Behavior

- Strong sense of urgency, excess of competitive drive, easily aroused hostility (type B is opposite) - From sociocultural environ- parent expectations. - Can be reduced w/ exercise -> dec in chance of cardiovasc. disease.

d) The contingency model of leadership (fielder)

- The effectiveness of leadership dependent equally on a laders style of interacting with their group and the favorableness of the situation - Argues that task oreitned leaders more effective in both favorable or unfavorable situations and relationship oriented leaders more effective in moderately favorable situations ( - E.g. pe teacher sin innecities school which lack facilities, leadership and community dupport may not to be more more task oreitned because their ditaution b less favorable and getting he job done would then overrirde developing pos inteeprsonal relationships

7) Understand and assess specific personality components

- Use projective test to measure subconscious/deep aspects of personality - Include pics/written situations and test takers asked to project thoughts and feelings about materials - Difficult to score/interpret so look at typical responses of situation they're interested in.

Typical Responses

- Ways we learn to adjust to environment or how we usually respond to the world around us - Good indications of psychological core

Types of intervention that can mediate the stress response

- change the cognitive appraisal/thought process - modify physiological/attentional aspects

4) Include Explanation and Feedback

-Purpose, what's measured and how tests will be used.

Leadership

-the process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal -leaders vs managers -prescribed vs emergent leaders

A) Cognitive mediational model of leadership

1) Sport specific interactional approach to provide guidance and direction to the study of leadership in sports 2) Emphasizes relationships amongst situational, cognitive, behavioral and individual difference variables. 3) Incorporates a situational approach to to leadership behavior anad argues that cohcing behaviors vary as functions of situational factors within an athletic context (e.g. lvl of competition or type of sport) 4) Argue that truly comprehensive models of leadership require consideration for not only situational actors and overt beaviors but cognitive processes individual personality diff that mediate relationships btw antecedents , leader behaviors and outcomes. 5) Argues that coaches behaviors are a dunction of their own personal characteristics as mediated by situational factors along with the meaning that athletes attribute to those coaching behaviors

direction of causality

1) Tefers to if cohesion leads to performance success or vice versa 2) If a team that works together on and off the field will be successful or will other players like each more and work together well due to successfulness? 3) Investigated by researchers via 2 perspectives: a) Cohesion leading to performance i.e. cohesion measuring preceded performance b) Performance leading to cohesion or performance measures preceding cohesion 4) A cause-effect relationship 5) Proved difficult to establish due to too many unctrlable fssctors like previous team success, coaching or talent

Components of instrumental aggression

1. Intent to harm 2. Goal to win 3. No anger Ex: Fouling player to put them at the line at the end of the game

Caron's Team Building Model

1. Introductory Stage 2. Conceptual Stage 3. Practical Stage 4. Intervention Stage

What are some reasons we don't exercise?

1. Lack of time 2. Lack of energy 3. Lack of motivation

6 majors areas/types of nonverbal communication

1. Physical Appearance 2.Posture 3.Gestures 4.Body Position 5.Touching 6.Facial Expression 7.Voice Characteristics

What are the two types of anxiety?

1. State Anxiety (A-state) 2. Trait Anxiety (A-trait)

In Asch's experiment of line-comparison judgments, _____ of the subjects conformed to the group norm.

1/3

the Yerkes Dodson Law

Anxiety and Performance have a curvilinear relationship that is consistent and predictable

Reflective Appraisal Process

Appraisal of Others Ones own Appraisal of self Ones appraisal of how others appraise you

What are the 6 dimensions of Well-Being? (All experiences must succeed with personal growth, purpose, and positive relationships

Autonomy Environmental mastery Self Acceptance Personal Growth Purpose in life Positive relationships

Reframing

Changing negative self talk into positive self talk

Behaviour - Super Ego

Comprises moral and judicial aspects of personality

Trait/Participant-Centered View

Contends that motivated behavior is primarily a function of individual characteristics.

Besides rewarding the outcome of a person's performance (success), other areas that should be rewarded include

Effort, emotional and social skills, and correct performance of the skill itself

Internal Imagery

Examining the execution of the skill from own view point. Images emphasise the feel of the movement

What is not a dimension of flow?

High levels of arousal

Appointed vs. Emergent Leaders

Individuals appointed by some authority to a leadership position vs. Individuals who emerge from a group and take charge

What does the term goal profiling mean

Individuals obtain both task and ego goal orientation, not one or the other that are classified into one of four high-low combinations

Continuum of Behavioral Determination/ Big 5

LOOK IN NOTEBOOK (p.34)

Term Goals

Long term - Where do you want to be at the end of the season? Short Term - The stepping stone to gaining the long term goal - Length is usually 2 - 4 weeks Daily goals - Help maintain and increase motivation - Set a goal for each practice and competition

Which of the following is NOT an element of communication?

Paraphrasing the message

Most incidences of violence among adults in youth sports involves whom?

Parents

Difference between positive life stress and negative life stress

Positive life stress - Eustress - confronted with challenging or demanding situation we are capable of handling Negative life stress - stress implication that causes anxiety, fatigue, depression

Stress & Injury Model

Potentially stress to situation -> Stress Response (1. Cognitive appraisal 2. Physiological and attentional changes) -> Injury

The study using interviews of elite gymnastic coaches (Cote, Salmela, & Russell) showed that expert coaches most often exhibited which of the following behaviors?

Pushed gymnasts by constantly issuing threats and yelling

Shaping occurs when

Rewards are given to behaviors that approximate the correct response

Behavioral coaching, behavioral modification, and contigency management have in common the goal of

Structuring practices through the systematic use of reinforcement

Which of the following statements are true?

The amount of positive feedback is less important than receiving some type of positive feedback and getting positive feedback produces higher levels of intrinsic motivation than getting no feedback

Actual Leader Behavior

The behavior that the leader exhibits, such as initiating structure or being considerate.

Cognitive-Mediational Model of Leadership

The effects of coaches' behaviors are a function of the coaches' personal characteristics, which are mediated by both situational factors and the meaning that athletes attribute to those coaching behaviors.

Manager vs Leader

A manager takes care of such things as scheduling, budgeting, and organizing, whereas a leader is concerned more with the direction of an organization, including its goals and objectives.

Ringelmann Effect

The phenomenon by which individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases

Social Loafing

The phenomenon in which individuals in a group or team put forth less than 100% effort because of losses in motivation.

Somantic Anixety

The physiological component of Anxiety. Eg butterflies, sweating, shaking, The degree of physical action perceived.

According to the results of Komaki and Barnett's study of a Pop Warner football team,

The team performed three plays more effectively after the intervention

Why is winning so important to many youth sport coaches?

They may possess an ego goal orientation towards sport participation

"Great leaders are born, not made." This statement is an example of which approach to leadership?

Trait

Trait Approach to Leadership

What characteristics or personality traits were common to great leaders

relationship between cohesion and performance

A) Carron & colleagues '02 found that increases in task and social cohesion associated with increases in performance

Specific goal

a goal that focuses exactly on the goal to be achieved

long-range goals

a goal that is distal, in the sense that it is goaing to take a longer time to accomplish. Anumber of shorter or proximal goals will need to be achieved before the long-range goal can be realized

measurable goal

a goal whose accomplishment can be determined in a quantitative sense

Exercise is associated with

a low level of mild to moderate depression and anxiety

Achievement Motivation

a persons orientation to strive for task success, persist in the face of failure, and experience pride in accomplishments

Psychological Momentum

a positive or negative change in cognition, affect physiology and behavior caused by an event in a commensurate shift in performance and competitive outcome.

The "sandwich approach" consists of which of the following elements?

a positive statement and future-oriented instructions

trait anxiety

a predisposition to perceive certain environmental situations as threatening and to respond to these situations with increased state anxiety

multiple goal strategy

a strategy in which process, performance, and outcome goals are utilized

bit

a term that stands for binary digit, a unit of information measurement

Acute exercise increased cognitive functioning in the form of working memory only in people who

are low in working memory

What is runner's high?

euphoric sensation, usually unexpected, of heightened well-being, an enhanced appreciation of nature, and transcendence of time and space

experiemental and control groups

example: runners may be divided into 2 groups an experiemental fgroup which would receive in how to set goals, use imagery and pos self talk while the members of the ctrl group may not receive any psychological skills training and if the experiemental group outperformed te ctrl group (with other factors thay may affect the ctrl of the relationship) the reason or casue of this MB known and a causal relationship would be demonstrated. Also both consist of unbiased data, is reductionistic, over emphasizes the limitations of science, and has internal validity

the ringelmann effect

experiement conducted via rope pulling basically that people put in less effort the more people in the group. People asked in groups of 2,3, and 8 asked to pull ropes of 100,200,300 and 800 lbs and the more people in the group the less individual effort was exerted i.e. the phenonmenon which idnividual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases.

Introjected regulation

extrinsic motivation that is only partially internalized or assimilated. athlete has partially internalized motive, but still perceives the motivation as controlling.

Exercise and Development of the Self

many people consider self concept most important measure of psychological well being regular exercise = related to increase in self-esteem and self-concept and body image

What are four main personal and environmental ways to change an individual's self-efficacy beliefs

mastery experience vicarious experience social persuasion psychological and effective states

Motivation Losses

occur when team members do not give 100% effort

What three factors influence stage progression?

self-efficacy decisional balance processes of change

Super ego

should/should not principle

Coakley defines cooperation as...

social process through which performance is rewarded in terms of the collective achievements of the group.

how to create an effective team climate

social support,proximity,distinictiveness,fairness, similarity, task interdependence and an assessment of team climate

Individual Energizing Strategies

strategies that individuals use to induce immediate activation and alertness. individual goal setting Self Talk Attentional Focus Imagery Self Activation

conscious processing hypothesis

stress causes the athlete to attempt to consciously control previously automated motor skills resulting in skill disruption

Basic psychological needs theory

subcomponent of SDT that is concerned w/ the nature and function of psychological needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness in relation to motivation, well-being, and behavioural change

Theory of Moral Reasoning of Aggression

• Individual's willingness to engage in aggression is related to stage of moral reasoning • Contact sports slow a person's moral development • The higher the moral stage, the less likely the person is to engage in unethical aggressive behavior Mechanisms of Moral Disengagement 1. Displacement of responsibility • "I did it because someone told me to" 2. Attribution of blame • "It's not my fault" 3. Minimizing or ignoring consequences • "It's not that serious" 4. Diffusion of responsibility • "Everybody does it" 5. Moral justification • "It was justified"

internal validity

• Limitiation of science b/c it overemphasizes this • When science favors the extent which results of an investigation mb attributed to the treatment used, usually judging studies by how well known scientists conform to the rules of scientific methodoly and how systematic and ctrled they were in conducting the study • Overemphasis in this area may cause scientists to overlook ext validity or whether issues have true signifigance or real world utility - External validity • Without thi theories with internal validity don't count for much

What coping strategies have been found to be beneficial during the rehabilitation process?

• Management of emotions and thoughts • Being patient and "taking it slow" • Use of visualization and mental skills • Rehabilitation rehearsal

Concentration Grid Exercise

• Meditation - • Improve your mental concentration through mental exercise • Box on random numbers in a grid that you are timed by a 1minute to see if you can concentrate

How does team quality impact home advantage?

• Moderating variable • Winning at home occurs more often for high-quality teams

Fan identification

• Psychological connection with team • High levels leads to decreased feelings of control over behavior

The phenomenon in which individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases is known as the a. Ringelmann effect b. New York effect c. Steiner effect d. weakest link effect

*a. Ringelmann effect

Which of the following statements is (are) FALSE? a. There is a negative relationship between cohesion and satisfaction. b. There is a positive relationship between cohesion and conformity. c. Higher team cohesion is related to higher resistance to disruption. d. a and c e. a and b

*a. There is a negative relationship between cohesion and satisfaction.

The key part of Martens' definition of competition is a. social comparison b. observational learning c. objective outcome d. positive reinforcement

*a. social comparison

31. Well-Being31 Depression is seen most in a. older adults b. girls and women c. boys and men d. African American males e. African American females

*b. girls and women

Of all the experimental games used by psychologists to study the effects of competition and cooperation, the most often-used game is a. zero-sum b. prisoner's dilemma c. cooperative means d. cooperative means, competitive ends e. competitive means

*b. prisoner's dilemma

According to Chelladurai's multidimensional model of sport leadership, which of the following are categories of leader behavior? a. required leader behavior b. preferred leader behavior c. perceived behavior d. a and b e. b and c

*d. a and b

Female Athletes

- 1980 Williams; personality profile of successful female athletes differ from normative female. - Few diffs b/w male and female athletes at elite lvl.

4) Be a good observer

- Combine w/ good communication gives well-rounded view of personality.

scientific method

- sport psychology is, above all, a science and must be able to understand how scientifically derived knowledge comes about and how it works

5) Assure Athletes of Confidentiality

-More likely to answer truthfully if confidential. -If don't state reasoning for test players might fake answers to seem better in coach's eye.

Personality: Exercise and Hardiness

...

What are the 2 Reasons why arousal matters?

1. Muscle tension- energy, coordination difficulties 2 Narrowed attention field

5 Pendular perspectives

1. Orientation 2. Differentiation & Conflict 3. Resolution Cohesion 4. Differentiation & Conflict 5. Termination

Supportive language has which of the following characteristics? a. manipulative b. evaluative c. descriptive d. a and c e. b and c

*c. descriptive

14. Unhealthy Behaviors14 According to Thompson, eating disorders are likely to appear in individuals with a. low self-esteem b. high stress levels related to pleasing others c. high levels of aggression d. a and b

*d. a and b

developmental nature of goal orientation

- 2-6 Years of Age (task orientation) - 7-11 Years of Age (ego orientation) - 12 Years of Age and Older (varies)

effective leader behaviors in sport

-clear feedback -strong technical instruction and demonstration -positive- encouraging focus

Acute effects of aerobic exercise

-lower state anxiety and higher tranquility scores.

H) Understanding present and future trends in sports psych

1) 10 current and planned for future trends in sports psych include: a) More ppl becoming interested in the acquirement of training in psychological skills and applied work - Consulting and service opportunities more plentiful than prev - More sports psychologists are helping athletes and coaches achieve their goals - Exercise psychology has opened new service opportunities to help ppl enjoy exercises benefits. b) Greater emphasis on counseling and clinical training of sports psychologists - Greater need for more training in counseling and clinical psych - Ppl wanting to assume roles in sport ad exercise consulting need to understand not only sport and exervise science but aspects of counseling and clinical psychology - Grad programs being developed in counseling and clinical psych which emphasize sport and exercise psych c) Ethics and competence issues receive greater emphasis. - Problems which have accompanied the vast growth in sport and exercise consulting (e.g. unwaulified ppl may call themselves sports psychologists and unethical ppl may promise more to coache. Athletes and exercise professionals than possible or someone with no training in sports psych my claim to and promise that buying their imagery tape will make an 80% free throw shooter out of a 20% one) - AASP has begun a certificate program or sport and exercise psychology consultants to encourage stronger ethics in this field. - Ethical standards for sports and exercise psychology have also been developed - Six general principles/guidelines of the AASP ethical guidelines for sports and exercise psych • Competence- sport psychologists work to maintain the highest standards of competence when they work and recognize the limitations in their expertise. If sports psychologists have little knwolwedge of team and group dynamics e.g. it would be unethical to lead others to believe that they don't have this knowledge or work with a team • Integrity-sport and exercise psychologists show high integrity in science, teaching and consulting and don't falsely advertise and clarify their roles (e.g. tell athletes they will be involved in team selection) with teams and organizations • Professional and scientific responsibility-sport and exercise psychologists always place best interest of their client first (e.g. it would be unethical to study aggression in sport via purposefully instructing a group of subjects to start fighting with the opposing team even if much could be learned via doing so. Conductors of research additionally responsible for safeguarding public from unethical professionals. If sports psychologists witness professionals making false claims (e.g. a person can eat all they want and burn off all their extra fat) the sport psychologist is ethically bound to pt out the misnfo and professionally confront the offender or report them to a professional organization. • Respecting ppls rights and dignity - Sports psychologistys respect the fundamental rights (e.g. principles of confidentiality and privacy) of the ppl they work with and don't pbuliclcy identify ppl they consult with unless they have permission to do so - They show no bias on the basis of such factors as race, gender and SES • Concern for others welfare - Sports psychologists look out to contribute to the welfare of those that they work with which is why an athletes psychological and physical well being always come before a win • Soc responsibility - Sport and exercise psychologists contribute to knowledge and human welfare while simultaneously protecting participants interests at all times. - Example: exercise psycholoigsts wouldn't offer exercise programs designed to reduce depression to a group of experiemental participants without without making the same program available to ctrl group subjects at the end of the experiement bc offering treatment to an experiemental group wouldn't be socially responsible and additionally would be unethical. - Back to the 10 trends: - Starts now: PE sport and exercise leaders should be informed consumers that can discriminate btw legit useful info and fads or gimmicks and they must also be familiar with ethical standards in this area. d) Specilizations and new subspecialities have developed - Over the last 30 yrs knowledge in sport psych has exploded - Unlike their forerunners today sports psychologists cannot be experts in every area - Sport psych and motor learning or motor ctrl (acquisition of and ctrl of skilled movements as a result of practice) have become separate sport science areas - Additionally subspecilaizations within sport & exercise psych have begun to emerge • Exercise psych most visible growth area but other new speializations which attraxt considerable interest include youth life skills, development via sport and the psych of performance excellence (applying sport psych performance enhancement principles to other settings including music, arts and business) and this trend is expected to cont on e) Tension cont to exist btw practioners of academic and applied sport psych - Textbook-pbased on philosophy that sport psych will best develop with = emphasis on research and professional practice but not all sport psychologists hold this way. - Tension has developed btw academic (research) and applied sports psych consultants which each group believing the others activities are less crucial to the development of the field. - Such tension is certainly undesirable but not unique - Disagreement exists in the broader field of psych but sports psych needs to continue working to overcome this destructive thinking f) Qualitative research methods are receiving more attention - 90s- reflected change in how sports and exercise psychologists conduct research - While traditional quantitative research is still being conducted, many investigators now broadening how they do research via qualitative nonnumeric methods • These methods consist of data collection via observation or interviews instead of analyzing numbers or rating statistically with researchers analyzing respondents words snd stories or narration for trends patterns which have been developed in this field. g) Applied sports psychologists have more work opportunities than prev but only limited chances at full time positions. - On the other hand there are more opportunities for them to work with teams and consult with many athletes - Many consultants work pt time with elite amateur athletes via many national sport governing bodies (NGBs) like the U.S tennis association - Many universities have full time sports psychology consultants serving V athletes - Many professional teams employ sports psychologists - Few full time consultant positions in existence - Ppl need advanced grad training to become qualified sports psych specialists and therefore ppl shouldn't expect to quickly obtain FT consulting positions with high profile teams and athletes simply based off having a degree in sport psych

Caron's Model of Cohesion

1. Environmental 2. Personal 3. Team 4. Leadership

Four Components of Effective Leadership

1. Leader's Qualities 2. Leadership Styles 3. Situational Factors 4. Follower's Qualities

What are the 3 components for why arousal matters when it comes to a narrowed attentional field?

1. Less scanning 2. Attend to appropriate cues 3. Reduced cognitive processing efficiency.

Factors Increasing Team Cohesion

1. Team Satisfaction 2. Adherence 3. Social Support 4. Stability

What is an underlying psychological reason for withdrawing from youth sports participation?

Anxiety associated with too much emphasis on winning

Type B Personality

EG. Federer Laid Back Calm Level-headed. You have a soothing effect on people. Often come to you to help people with their problems.

Ego or performance-based climate

Environment that stress interpersonal competition, winning, and social comparison tend to evoke ego involvement

Psychological benefits of exercise

Exercise increases- self-esteem, feeling of enjoyment, self-confidence, and mood states Exercise decreases- physical and psychological stress as well as anxiety and depression

Competitive Climate Match

High Competitive(ego) goal orientation and high competitive motivational climate results in better outcomes than a mismatch between the two.

Research (role of s&e psychologist)

Inquiry aimed at advancing knowledge and sharing it through professional meetings and journal articles

What is a goal?

Is an aim, objective, target or dream. It provides the athlete with the motivation to succeed in their goalmaking. The provide direction and feedback.

Achievement behaviour

Performance Effort Persistence Task Choice - realistic tasks or opponents - unrealistic tasks or opponents

Obsessive passion

Rigid & uncontrolled urges to engage and avoid guilt. (Ex. Training too much interferes with their life)

Special Cases of Exercise and Psychological Well-Being

Runner's High

True

T or F Harmonious and Obsessive passion both predict performance

True

T or F More-conscientious individuals have larger plans to exercise

What is Drive Theory?

The amount of Arousal is positively correlated with performance.

Receiving a reward that provides feedback concerning an athletes sense of competence is an example of

The informational aspect of reward

Functional equivalence

The same neural networks used in visual processing are used in visual imagery. What we believe is what we perceive (& vice-versa)

Which of the following is (are) NOT a principle of communication when setting up team meetings?

What is discussed in the meeting is open to others outside the meeting

In most organized sport teams, leaders and coaches

are appointed

30. Well-Being30 Which illness or disease is predicted to be the second-leading cause of death after heart disease by 2020? a. anxiety neurosis b. depression c. skin cancer d. abdominal cancer e. pancreatic cancer

b. depression

Exercise below lactate threshold? Exercise above lactate threshold?

below: maximal affective benefit above: affective benefit only for 30 min after

behavioural beliefs

consideration of the consequences of engaging in a behaviour and evaluation of these consequences

cognitive-behavioral orientation

emphasize the athlete's or exerciser's cognitions or thoughts and behaviors and believe that thought is central in determining behavior - examples: develop self-report measures to assess self-confidence, anxiety, goal orientations, imagery, intrinsic motivation---then link these results with the changes in an athlete's or exerciser's behavior - examining the effects of thoughts that influence actions on the field

Group Goals

enhance feelings of cohesion

How are cooperation and competition related?

enhances skills and creates team cohesion

Attribution Theory

Attribution theory focuses on how people explain their successes and failures. This view holds that literally thousands of explanations for success and failure can be classified into a few categories: Stability Locus of causality Locus of control

Which of the following is NOT one of the principles underlying the team-building model developed by Carron and colleagues?

Autocratic Leadership Style

Trait Approach

Behavior is determined by relatively stable traits that are fundamental units of personality -These traits predispose one to act in a certain way, regardless of the situaitions

"Great leaders are made, not born." This statement is an example of which approach to leadership?

Behavioral

Intervention Stage

Coaches introduce the specific team-building strategies to their respective teams or exercise groups.

Competence Motivation Theory

Contends that athlete's perceptions of control work along with self-worth and competence evaluations to influence their motivation.

In the field experiments conducted by Sherif and Sherif, the experimenters first

Created strong group identity

What last longer for reducing state anxiety, quiet rest or exercise?

exercise has longer lasting affects

Competitiveness

Desire to engage in and strive for success in sport achievement situations

Which of the following tips can build team cohesion?

Develop pride within subunits and Avoid excessive turnover.

maintanence

exercise regular, for over 6 months -life span choice

action

exercise regularily, more than 3x per week -behavior for less than 6 months

outcome expectancies

expectations that a valuable outcome will follow a given behaviour

Cognitive-Behavioral Orientation

Emphasizes the athletes or exercisers cognitions or thoughts and behaviors, believing thought to be central in determining behavior.

What is seen as the most extrinsically motivated behavior?

External regulation

Rewards typically undermine intrinsic motivation when the reward is

For mere participation, not tied to the quality of one's performance, and controlling in nature

coaching

focuses on using general principles and recognizing when and how to individualize these general principles

Imaging of brain techniques (PET scan & fMRI)

functional MRI; shows brain in movement

Dispositional Goal Orientations

Goal orientations bias the likelihood than an athlete will become either task or ego involved in a specific situation

How should cues be used for desired behaviors and for competing behaviors?

increase cues for desired behaviors decrease cues for competing behaviors

Does increased cohesion lead to increased performance or does increased performance lead to increased cohesion?

increased performance leads to increased cohesion

A study on reducing inappropriate tennis behaviors using behavior modification techniques revealed that

Inappropriate behaviors were significantly reduced for all 5 players

Which of the following factors have been identified in preventing flow from occurring?

Inappropriate focus, lack of confidence, and motivation to perform

Self Talk

Includes all purposeful and random thoughts that run through your mind. Includes silently and outloud. Self talk can take many forms but generally categorized

Spontaneous Behaviors

Initiated by the coach; yelling words on encouragement as a player walks out onto the field.

Social Cohesion

Interpersonal attraction

Guideline 4

Leaders influence motivation directly and indirectly.

Emergent Leaders

Leaders who simply emerge from the group and take charge, as with captains and coaches of intramural or club teams.

Nonverbal behaviors that communicate interest and attention include which of the following?

Maintaining eye contact

Which of the following would you NOT suggest for communicating with empathy?

Make sure the other person understands your point of view

Gravitational Hypothesis

individuals with stable, extroverted personalities gravitate toward the athletic experience

Interactional Model

information about personality + info about the environmental situation + the interaction between the 2 is better a predictor of athlete behavior than personality or situation alone. Behavior=(P+S)+(PxS)+Error(unmeasured factors)

spontaneous behaviors

initiated by the coach (coach yells encouragement to players as run on field)

contemplation

intent to exercise for 6 months

According to Fiedler's contingency model, a relationship-oriented leader would be most effective under which type of situation?

Moderately Favorable

Relationship Oriented Effectiveness

More effective in moderately favorable situations.

Prescribed leaders

leaders and coaches appointed by someone in authority

emergent leaders

leaders that emerge from the group and take charge, as with captains and coaches or intramural or club teams

acculturation

learning to look at the world through a multicultural lens

external regulation

least self determined form of extrinsic motivation. a behavior performed only to obtain an external reward or punishment

Neuroticism

Nervousness, anxiety, depression, anger

Flow is maximized when you are competing against an opponent

Of equal ability

What should be done to reduce violence among adults in youth programs?

o Require all coaches to participate in a preseason sport psychology workshop o Require all parents to participate in a preseason training session on how to make youth sport a positive experience o Reduce the importance of winning in youth sports

What are the 7 constructs of SCT?

observational learning goals outcome expectations outcome expectancies self-regulation behavioural capacity self-efficacy

transformational leadership

occurs when a laeader takes a visonary position and inspires people to follow that vision and supportively work with each other to excel

Views of Motivation

Participant- or trait-centered view Situation-Centered View Interactional view

motivation losses

occurs when team members don't give 100% effort e.g. they may beleive one or two star players can carry the load resulting in the rest of the team slacking off

cordination loses

occurs when timing between teammares off or when ineffective strategies used (e.g. in a doubles match in tennis if he ball is hitright down the middle of the court and neither player goesd for it becasuse each thinks the other will take it. Sports involving more cooperation or interaction like basketballl more susceptible to this than a sport like track.which involves less interaction and coordination.

physiological and affective states

physical and emotional cues associated w/ performance and behaviour

What are the 5 stages of the transtheoretical model?

precontemplation contemplation preparation action maintenance

self-presentation

processes by which people monitor and control how they are perceived by other people

Methods of Knowing

Scientific Method Systematic Observation Single Case Study Shared (public) experience Introspection intuition

Which of the following would you NOT suggest for communicating with consistency?

Show more compassion in competition than in practices

What does a leader do?

provides vision and is more concerned with the direction of an organization, including its goals and objectives

The key part of Martens's definition of competition is

Social Comparison

cognitive efficiency

psychological confidence and superiority to opponents

cognitive interference

random thought or distraction that breaks an athletes concentration

a.

The definition of leadership usually seen in the literature is a. the behavioral process of influencing individuals and groups toward set goals b. being a positive role model c. the process of creating change in groups and individuals d. the process of keeping a group working together without conflicts

Ecto Body

The ectomorphic body type is centered around the brain and nerves. These people are slim and possibly underweight. The ectomorphic person has a cerebrotonic temperament, and is artistic, sensitive, apprehensive and highly self-aware. A more negative way to put it is that he or she is introverted and socially restrained.

Exercise equals positive changes in mood state ->

regardless of the number of negative and positive affects experienced in a given day

Attractiveness of the Group

The individual's desire for interpersonal interactions with other group members and a desire to be involved in the group's activities.

An individual will have a higher level of intrinsic motivation when

The informational aspect is more salient than the controlling aspect

Physically healthy people who require psychotropic (mood-altering) medication may...

safely exercise under medical supervision

Group

Two or more people who interact with, and exert mutual influence on each other.

In their classic study of the coaching (leadership) behaviors of legendary basketball coach John Wooden, Tharp and Gallimore found that his most often used coaching behavior was

Verbal instructions on what to do and how to do it

storming

second stage of team formation according to the linear perspective. Characterized by resistance to control by the group and interpersonal conflict were great emotional reistance emerges and infighting can occur as people and leaders establish their roles and status's within their group and sport exercise leaders need to cmmunicate with participants in an objective and open forum.

group roles

set of behaviors required or expected of the person occupying as certsain postion in a group (e.g. athletic trainers) can be formal or informal, Role clarity, acceptance and conflict are also important aspects which occur within groups as well as group norms.

Factors that Influence Coping Effectiveness

sex of athlete match between stressor and coping strategy utilizing an approach as opposed to avoidance self determination and intrinsic motivation proactive and automated in nature or coping perceived controllability of stressor

chest breathing

shallow breathing, associated with anxiety that takes place at the level of the chest or thorax

stress process

situation - appraisal - stress response

Linear perspective

the assumption is that groups move progressively through different stages

The results of a study by Ingham et al. (1974) using rope pulling, in which confederates were thought to be pulling on the rope but in fact were not, indicated that differences between actual and potential performances were due to

a decrease in motivation

processing efficacy theory

a distraction model that posits that stress reduces processing capacity of information processing system

goal attributes

the characteristics of effective goals(clarity, commitment, influence, certainty, satisfaction, acceptance and participation) These are precursors to good performance

barriers to group cohesion

a) Clash of group member personalities b) Conflict of task/soc roles amongst group members c) Breakdown in communication amongst group members or btw group leaders & members d) 1 or more members in a power struggle e) Frequent group member turnover f) Disagreement ovr group goals and objectives

2) Griffith era (1921-38)

a) First person in USA to devote signifigant portion of his career to sport psychology b) Today regarded as the father of American sport psychology c) U of Ill psychologist that worked in the dep of phys welfare d) Developed the first lb in sport psych e) Helped initiate 1 od the first coaching schools in the USA ) Wrote 2 books psych of coaching and psych of athletics g) Conducted series of studies on the Chicago cubs - 1921-31- Griffith published 25 research articles about sport psychology - 1925- U of Illinois research in athletics lab established and Griffith appointed director

State

the situations effect on behavior - a "right now" feeling that can change from moment to moment

Maladaptive motivational patterns

athlete does not want to engage in a challenging task if they believe they can't be successful. Primarily exhibited by an ego goal oriented individual who has low perception of their own ability.

Mental Health Model

developed by Morgan, a model that proposes that elite athlete is a mentally healthy individual

Stages of group/team development

forming, storming, norming, performing

case study

one of the methods in gaining practical knowledge through experience - conducting talks with players, teachers, and parents

systematic observation

one of the methods in gaining practical knowledge through experience - watching skills practiced by athletes - example: coach uses this during tryouts of her volleyball team and watches as they serve, hit, and scrimmage

consulting role

one of the roles of contemporary sport psychologists that involves meeting with athletes or athletic teams to develop psychological skills for enhancing performance and training

self-hypnosis

or autohypnosis, can be just as effective as heterohypnosis, and does not place the athlete in a situation of dependence on the psychologist

Do's and Don't's of Personality Testing

p.39

Perception of fitness may be responsible for what?

part of the mood-enhancing effects of exercise (vs. actual level of fitness itself)

dysfunctional perfectionist

perfectionism that is negative in nature and considered to be maladaptive. High levels of state anxiety low levels of self confidence maladaptive attributions controlling motivation maladaptive goal orientations

physical skills training

skill execution, physical attributes, and tactical awareness

Reciprocal determinism

three sets of influences - person, environment, and behaviour - all interact to influence one another

Bandura Theory of Self Efficacy

to obtain self efficacy you must have successful performance, vicarious experience, verbal persuasion and emotional arousal.

Harters competence motivation theory

to satisfy the urge to be competent, the person attempts mastery. successful attempts at mastery promote self efficacy and feelings of personal competence. feelings of personal competence fosters high competitive motivation. Reflective Appraisal Process

cohesion

total field of forces which acts on members to remain in a group and these forces include attractiveness of the group, means control, task cohesion and social cohesion

Leaders in non-sport settings

use both consideration (focus on friendship, mutual trust, respect) and initiating (focus on rules, goals, and objectives) structures

biofeedback Training

uses instruments to help people control responses of ANS. Participant begins by lowering certain physiological measures with help from an instrument

Prosocial behavior

voluntary behavior designed to benefit another person and linked to a mastery goal orientation

Styrofoam Cup Concept

• Based on incidents & actions • Holes in the cup are represented by different incidents that make you weaker and vulnerable

What are the situational factors related to rehabilitation adherence?

• Belief in the efficacy of treatment procedures • Comfort of the rehab clinical environment • Convenience of rehab program scheduling • Exertion put forth during rehab exercises • Social support for the rehab program Ex: Athlete puts in 100% during therapy to be able to play again

Self-Confidence - the 3 levels of confidence

• Belief that you can successfully perform a desired behavior 1.Lack of confidence or self doubts 2.Optimal confidence 3.Over Confidence (false confidence)

How does fear of retaliation impact violence?

• Concerns over similar behavior from opponent • "If you hit me, I'll hit you back harder"

Factors related to adaptation to career termination

• Developmental experiences - Experiences outside of sport • Self-identity - How one sees themself • Perceptions of control - Cause of termination • Social identity - How others see you

width of attention

an athletes attentional focus, ranging from broad to narrow

state anxiety

an immediate emotional state that is characterized by apprehension, fear, tension, and an increase in physiological arousal

Discuss the relationship between exercise and psychological well being?

directly correlated

Projective tests

interesting but difficult to score

Integrated Mind Body Training(IMBT)

modern mind-body meditational approach to controlling the automated nervous system.

intention

person's readiness to perform a behaviour

Components of Effective Leadership

*Leadership Style -example: democratic versus autocratic *Situational Factors -examples: type of sport, size of team, etc *Team Member Qualities -examples: skill/ability level, gender, etc. *Gender Qualities -examples: optimism,empathy, flexibility, accountability, self discipline, patience

10. Adherence10 According to the Surgeon General's report, people exercising for ____ at a time had the best adherence rates. a. 20 to 30 minutes b. 30 to 60 minutes c. 30 to 40 minutes d. 15 to 45 minutes e. 30 to 45 minutes

*a. 20 to 30 minutes

16. Adherence16 According to research on adherence to exercise programs, what percentage of individuals starting an exercise program will likely drop out after six months? a. 50% b. 75% c. 25% d. 10% e. 65%

*a. 50%

Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. Athletes high in internal locus of control prefer training and instruction coaching behaviors. b. Athletes high in external locus of control prefer democratic coaching behaviors. c. Females high in trait anxiety preferred autocratic coaching behaviors. d. b and c e. a and c

*a. Athletes high in internal locus of control prefer training and instruction coaching behaviors.

Which of the following is (are) true? a. Competitors cause cooperators to compete. b. Cooperators cause competitors to cooperate, regardless of whom they are competing against. c. Competitors see the world as 50% competitors and 50% cooperators. d. a and b

*a. Competitors cause cooperators to compete.

42. Arousal Regulation41 The "yips" refers to a. a condition most often associated with golf that includes involuntary tremors and jerking of the hands caused by excessive anxiety b. a condition associated with losing confidence when sailing c. an entire team feeling the pressure and thus "choking" d. a condition usually seen in individual sports characterized by a loss of attentional focus and an increase in physiological arousal

*a. a condition most often associated with golf that includes involuntary tremors and jerking of the hands caused by excessive anxiety

The definition of leadership usually seen in the literature is a. the behavioral process of influencing individuals and groups toward set goals b. being a positive role model c. the process of creating change in groups and individuals d. the process of keeping a group working together without conflicts

*a. the behavioral process of influencing individuals and groups toward set goals

19. Well-Being19 If exercise is used as an adjunct to traditional therapy, then which of the following statements is (are) true? a. Anaerobic activities appear to produce the most positive psychological effects. b. A precise diagnosis of the problem and individually tailored program of exercise should be employed. c. Exercise therapy can be used for both underweight and obese patients. d. a and b e. b and c

*b. A precise diagnosis of the problem and individually tailored program of exercise should be employed.

The questionnaire used most often in the early research on cohesion in sport was called the a. Group Environment Questionnaire b. Sport Cohesiveness Questionnaire c. Multidimensional Sport Cohesion Instrument d. Unidimensional Sport Cohesion Survey

*b. Sport Cohesiveness Questionnaire

A sociogram is a. a measure of task cohesion b. an illustration of affiliation and attraction among team members c. a sociological measure of antecedent factors affecting groups d. a social psychological inventory to measure group dynamics

*b. an illustration of affiliation and attraction among team members

43. Unhealthy Behaviors43 Which of the following psychiatric disorders has the highest associated mortality rate (5%)? a. compulsive gambling b. anorexia nervosa c. bulimia d. paranoid schizophrenia e. obsessive-compulsive disorder

*b. anorexia nervosa

5. Imagery 5 Vividly imagined events produce an innervation in muscles that is similar to the innervation produced by physically practicing the movement. This is an illustration of a. symbolic learning theory b. psychoneuromuscular theory c. muscular contraction theory d. innervation theory e. psychodynamic theory

*b. psychoneuromuscular theory

What are the two major categories of behavior from the Coaching Behavior Assessment System? a. reactive and instructional b. reactive and spontaneous c. spontaneous and instructional d. praise and punishment e. reactive and praise

*b. reactive and spontaneous

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of communication? a. evaluation b. retrospection c. motivation d. persuasion e. problem solving

*b. retrospection

48. Adherence48 A study by Williams et al. (2006) on the relationship between enjoyment and adherence to individually-tailored physical activity found a. greater adherence when participants got to choose enjoyable activities b. the greater the enjoyment at the start of the program, the greater the adherence c. enjoyment did not influence adherence to physical activity d. the greater the enjoyment at the end of the program, the greater the adherence

*b. the greater the enjoyment at the start of the program, the greater the adherence

An individual will have a higher level of intrinsic motivation when a. the controlling aspect is more salient than the informational aspect b. the informational aspect is more salient than the controlling aspect c. the controlling aspect is more salient than the external aspect d. a and b

*b. the informational aspect is more salient than the controlling aspect

Which of the following would you NOT suggest for communicating with consistency? a. Be consistent in administering discipline. b. Never pass an opportunity to praise. c. Show more compassion in competition than in practices. d. Match verbal and nonverbal communication. e. Be consistent from athlete to athlete.

*c. Show more compassion in competition than in practices.

. Goal Setting 4 Studies of goal setting in business have concluded that a. although goals work in some situations, more often than not, specific goals are not better than "do your best" goals b. it does not matter how difficult your goals are—any goal will be effective c. goal setting works very well d. goal setting is effective but only when the goals are easy

*c. goal setting works very well

23. Goal Setting23 Simply telling an athlete to "do your best" is a. fine for younger kids b. effective when the sport is well learned c. not specific enough d. effective for developing an athlete's commitment

*c. not specific enough

31. Adherence31 Two ways to increase intrinsic motivation for exercise are to focus on one's self and have what type of orientation? a. product b. outcome c. process d. performance

*c. process

8. Concentration 8 Athletes with a preference for a broad-external focus a. are seldom distracted by an audience b. rarely try too hard to please others c. seem to notice everything that is happening around them d. are well prepared to act as a coach or informal leader e. b and c

*c. seem to notice everything that is happening around them

32. Adherence32 According to research on association and dissociation strategies and adherence, a. dissociation produces better attendance than association does b. association produces better attendance than dissociation does c. dissociation produces better long-term maintenance than association does d. a and c e. b and c

*d. a and c

33. Adherence33 According to research on goal setting and adherence, a. flexible goals are better than rigid goals b. time-based goals are better than distance-based goals c. short-term goals (weekly) are better than long-term goals (six weeks) d. a and c e. a and b

*d. a and c

37. Self-Confidence36 According to research on coaching efficacy, coaches higher in self efficacy (compared to those lower in self-efficacy) a. were better able to control their emotions b. were lower in emotional intelligence c. had higher winning percentages d. a and c

*d. a and c

39. Adherence39 According to American College of Sports Medicine guidelines, exercise should be a. performed three or four days a week b. performed for 45 minutes to 1 hour per exercise bout c. performed at 50% to 80% of maximal heart rate d. a and c

*d. a and c

30. Burnout30 In a series of studies involving competitive youth tennis players, Gould and colleagues found that burnout involved a. logistical concerns b. social and interpersonal concerns c. physical concerns d. all of the above e. b and c

*d. all of the above

15. Unhealthy Behaviors15 Which of the following is (are) characteristic of bulimia? a. Eating behavior results in significant weight loss. b. Eating behavior is excessive in an effort to feel better. c. Feelings of guilt from eating result in purging. d. b and c

*d. b and c

16. Development16 In reviewing the literature that had reported personal accounts of burnout among young athletes, Gould found which of the following to be important factors associated with the burnout? a. coaches' lack of overtraining knowledge b. parental pressure c. very high self- and other-imposed expectations d. b and c e. a and c

*d. b and c

2. Burnout 2 Increased burnout among athletes in recent years is due to which of the following factors? a. increased pressure from coaches b. year-round training and competition c. increased financial rewards for success d. b and c e. a and c

*d. b and c

Regardless of age, athletes prefer coaches who a. give positive feedback b. give technical instruction c. give negative feedback d. b and c e. a and b

*e. a and b

What is Anxiety?

- Emotional impact or cognitive dimension of arousal.

Positive Mental Health and the Iceberg Profile

- Morgan- devel mental health model to predict athlete success after comparing personality traits of more to less successful athletes using Profile of Mood States (POMS)--positive mental health ->athletic success. -POMS sub-scales: neuroticism, depression, fatigue, confusion, anger, VIGOR. - Morgan- Iceberg profile: reflects positive mental health; successful athlete, vigor is above mean of pop, and o/t's below. -Predicted 10 of 16 finalists of 1974 US Heavyweight team. - Renger- OPPOSED IT. (1993) only distinguished b/w athletes and non-athletes. - Rowley conduct stat review (meta-analysis) prof. differentiated b/w more/less successful athletes

Keys (The Interactional Approach to Leadership )

- No one set of characteristics ensures successful leadership, but characteristics are important -leadership styles can be changed -effective leaders fit the specific situation

What physiological and attentional changes are caused by stress have been suggest to lead to injury?

- Personality - History of stress - Coping resources - Interventions

Factors that enhance false consensus effect

- Physicality of watched sport - Alcohol - People (mostly males) with recent history of fighting

Satisfaction

-higher satisfaction of athletes when there is coach-athlete compatibility -team sport athletes find positive coaching behaviors even more important than individual sport athletes do

Multi-dimensional Model of Sport Leadership cont.

-leaders who help individuals and teams pursue excellence "transform" the person by facilitating attributes like self-efficacy and competitiveness -leaders create situation or environment that supports a compelling vision, key goals, and productive motivational climates

Behavioral Guidelines for Coaches

-provide reinforcement -give encouragement and corrective instruction -use encouragement selectively -provide technical instruction in clear, concise manner -don't punish when athletes make a mistake -don't give corrective feedback in demeaning manner -establish clear expectations -don't constantly nag or threaten athletes

the interactional leadership approach

1) believed by investigators that leaders have common personality traits appropriate to their roles and distinct form nonleaders ut they at the same time these leaTheories which have important implications for effective leadership in sport and exercise settings: a) No 1 set of characteristics ensures successful leadership - Bedership skills may not have been solely predicted by these leaders personality traits. - Research shows some traits open to change and interact in complex ways with situational factors b) Effective leadership styles or behaviors fit specific situations (e.g. coaches have been fired from tewam postions when administrators thought they didn't provide effective leadership only to be hired by other teams were thye were immediately successful - Coaches probably didn't suddenly change eladership styles or the way they coached but instead their leadership styles and behaviors fit better in new settings c) Leadership styles can change • Task oriented leaders

two objectives of sports psychology

1) to understand how psychological factors affect an individual's physical performance 2) to understand how participation in sport and exercise affects a person's psychological development, health, and well-being

What are the 3 components for describing the Reversal Theory?

1. Relies on subjective interpretation of arousal. 2. Arousal can be either viewed as + or - 3. Reversal Theory doesn't necessarily mean performance.

8 Common Types of Leadership Roles

1.Creative thinker 2.Worker Bee 3.Problem Solver 4.Time Keeper 5.Marketer 6.Organizer 7.Social Director 8.Point Person

Pendular perspective theory

1.Orientation- cohesion and feelings of unity are high; the athletes share many common feelings, anxieties, and aspirations 2.Differentiation & Conflict - the group physically or psychologically subdivides into smaller units, conflicts often arise as smaller units: Conflicts often arise as athletes compete for positions on the team 3.Resolution Cohesion - Resolution and cohesion: Cohesion increases as groups members share common concerns and feelings in preparing to face a common threat 4.Differentiation & Conflict - Team unity is weakened as various individuals are rewarded or punished, setting them off from the group 5.Termination - If the season was successful, feelings of cohesion are high. If the season was unsuccessful, feelings of cohesion are low

5 out of the 10 Deadly Pregame Mistakes that Athletes Make

1.Plan strict expectations on performance 2.Leaving self- confidence to chance 3.Getting distracted by hoopla of game 4.Carrying life worries into sports 5.Worry too much before competition

3 Approaches to understanding leadership -Trait

1.Trait Approach - Successful leaders have certain personality characteristics - no matter what the situation Strengths - Lion - Assertive, confident, aggressive, & competitive Fox - Problem Solver, sly, mythological St. Bernard - Calm, loyal, cooperative, optimistic, very trusting Weakness-Lion - dictator, ruthless, power hungry Fox - Sly, suspicious, unfairly, nit picking St. Bernard - submissive gullible, impractical

3 Approaches to understanding leadership -Situational Approach

3. The Situational Approach: Leadership is more dependant on characteristics of situation than on traits and behaviors of leaders.

When were effects on cognition largest when exercise training?

>30 minutes per session

Competitiveness

A disposition to strive for satisfaction when making comparisons with some standard of excellence in the presence of evaluative others.

Team Cohsesion

A dynamic process reflected in the group's tendency to stick together while pursuing its goals and objectives

Self-confidence

A general feeling of trust in ones abilities, qualities, and judgement

Steiner's Model Formula

Actual Productivity = Potential Productivity - Losses Due to Faulty Group Processes ^ Motivation coordination

According to the TARGET acronym, which of the following is not a measure to use to foster a mastery-oriented environment?

Affiliation

Concern for welfare of others

Always contribute to the welfare of those with whom you work.

In the study of a team of swimmers by Mckenzie and Rushall,

An attendance board was used to track attendance at swim practice and the swimmers showed a significant increase in attendance after the intervention

Team

Any group of people who must interact with each other to accomplish shared objectives

phenomenological Approach

Behavior is best determined by accounting for situational and personal characteristics -A persons understanding and interpretation of one's self and environment are critical -the phenomenological view is often stressed by today's sport psychologists

Practical Stage

Coaches or leaders attempt to generate as many specific strategies as possible in an interactive brainstorming session to use for team building in their groups.

What happens to an athlete when cognitive anxiety is added to their performance?

Cognitive anxiety = adds new cues. Crowds the brain and messes up focus.

What are the subcomponents of SDT

Cognitive evaluation theory (CET) Organismic integration theory (OIT) Casuality orientation theory (COT) Basic psychological needs theory (BPNT) Goal contents theory (GCT)

According to Christian Buys, there are several negative aspects of group formation. These negative aspects include

Conformity; Social Loafing; Deindividuation

False

Contact sport athletes consistently score higher on aggression measures

What are they uses of Imagery?

Controlling emotions Inhancing self confidence Improving concentration and focussing attention Mental practice - fine-tune skills Coping with the unexpected

The basic principles of reinforcement are complex because

Different people react differently to the same reinforcement, people are unable to repeat the desired behavior, and there are many potential reinforcers that must be considered

The number of athletes holding scholarships and the eligibility requirements are examples of which antecedent of cohesion?

Environmental Factors

Compare exercise and an anti-depressant (zoloft)

Exercise is shown to result in similar levels of improvement from depression as when zoloft is taken

Exercise in the Reduction of Anxiety

Exercise training reduces anxiety for people with high and low levels of anxiety The anxiety reduction after exercise occurs regardless of intensity, duration or type of exercise

Research by psychologists such as Edward Deci has shown that

Extrinsic rewards undermined intrinsic motivation

Attribution Theory

Focuses on how people explain their success and failures.

Adherence to Exercise

High cohesion in exercise classes is associated with fewer dropout and fewer late arrivals

How can fan identification contribute to fan violence?

High levels of fan identification leads to lower control over behavior

How does environmental temperature impact violence?

Higher temps = more aggression - Linear relationship between MLB pitchers hitting batters at high temps games

Physiological changes associated with High Arousal

Increased brain activity - enhances alertness Sweating - cooling body Glucose release - provides energy source Blood to muscles - preparation for activity Increased heart rate, blood pressure and respiration rate.

25. Concentration25 Psychophysiological research on attentional processes in archers and pistol shooters has revealed that accuracy is increased when performers' brain waves are in which frequency? a. beta b. alpha c. delta d. gamma e. creatine

*b. alpha

"Great leaders are made, not born." This statement is an example of which approach to leadership? a. trait b. behavioral c. situational d. situational-behavioral e. trait-behavioral

*b. behavioral

When there is a communication breakdown, most people believe that the problem resides with a. themselves b. the other person c. the situation d. a and b e. b and c

*b. the other person

Social loafing is increased under which of the following conditions? a. task is perceived high in meaningfulness b. the individual's teammates are low in ability c. a comparison against group standards is not possible d. a and b e. a and c

*c. a comparison against group standards is not possible

44. Arousal Regulation43 Which of the following is (are) a guideline(s) for giving a pep-talk? a. Give players a plan. b. Use humor. c. Stress effort. d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

inverted-u theory

- Considered to be a viable alternative to drive theory. - Based on classic research of Yerkes and Dodson (1908). - Best performance occurs at a moderate level of arousal. - Changes in performance are gradual as arousal increases

drive theory and performance

- Performance = Arousal x Skill Level - Basic Tenets: - High arousal elicits dominant response. - Early in learning the dominant response is the incorrect response. - Late in learning the dominant response is the correct response

Nature v. Nurture

- Personality has nature (genetic) base (up to 60%), and is influenced by learning.

Leaders in sport-instruction and demonstration

-effective coaches focus on positive while providing clear feedback and technical instruction

What are some reasons we exercise?

-personality and socialization -weight control -reduce CVD -reduce stress, anxiety, depression, -enhance enjoyment and mood -increase confidence -cognitive functioning

How many people will experience anxiety disorders and depression?

25% anxiety disorders 20% depression

Multidimensional Model of Sport Leadership

A leader's effectiveness in sport will vary depending on the characteristics of the athletes and constraints of the situation

Other Goal Orientations

Goal to avoid embarrassment or defeat. Social Approval Goal orientation

Norming

Hostility is replaced by solidarity and cooperation. Conflicts are resolved, and a sense of unity forms.

Role-Related Behavior

How one acts in a particular social situation ex: Behavior as a student, parent, or friend

Physiological Explanations for the effects of exercise on psychological well being

Increase cerebral blood flow Changes in brain neurotransmitters Increase oxygen consumption Reduces muscle tension Structural changes in brain

Identified regulation

PA participation is linked to important and valued goals

Impression motivation

Process that causes a person to be concerned about how she is perceived by others and her attempts to regulate other people's impression of her

POMS

Profile of Mood States

Study(ies)

The investigator observes or assesses without changing the environment in any way

What is the sandwich approach for constructive feedback?

The sandwich approach to delivering constructive criticism, the sandwich approach is a technique to offer constructive feedback in a sensitive yet effective manner. It consists of three sequential elements: 1.A positive statement 2.Future-oriented instructions 3.A compliment

Sport and Exercise Psychology

The scientific study of people and their behaviors in sport and exercise activities and the practical application of that knowledge

The study by Lepper and Greene investigating the effects of external rewards on intrinsic motivation of children found that

The type of reward was important regarding its effects on intrinsic motivation and the expected-reward condition had the lowest levels of intrinsic motivation (compared to no reward and unexpected rewards)

Situational Approach

Is determined largely by the situation or environment.

Trait Self-Confidence

Is the belief individuals usually possess about their ability to be successful in sport.

Prescribed Leaders

Leaders and coaches are usually appointed by someone in authority.

Law of the Inner Circle

Leaders does not succeed alone! It is about those that you surround yourself with

Which of the following was (were) found to be a barrier to cohesion?

Members' struggling for power

How do mirrors in an exercise facility affect mood? should their be mirrors in women exercise classes?

Mirrors are good for free weight, and especially men who tend to focus on their strengths. Mirrors are bad for classroom women settings, especially when women are sedentary and have poor self perception. Women feel worse after exercising in mirror conditions

Task-Oriented Effectiveness

More effective in either very favorable or unfavorable situations

Indicate any principle here that is NOT derived from the psychological studies on competition and cooperation.

People are born either competitive or cooperative

home court disadvantage

Playing before a supportive but expectant audience can increase the cost of not winning, thereby leading to self-attention and pressing on the part of an athlete or team.

Relaxation Strategies in Sports

Progressive Relaxation Autogenic Training Meditation Integrative Mind Body Training Biofeedback Training

What is state anxiety?

Reaction to CURRENT stressful conditions (Temporary- disappears once stressor is gone.)

What problems arise with Drive Theory?

Real World Experience= depends on the event, experience, and person.

Adaptive perfectionism

Realistic goal setting, judging success through personal improvement and effort, self-discipline, and achievement striving (IMPORTANT)

Research has indicated that social support can have a positive impact on which of the following?

Recovery from injury; Coping with stress; Team cohesion

Team Factors

Refer to group task characteristics (individual vs. team sports), group productivity norms, desire for group success, group roles, group position, and team stability

Optimal Confidence

Relationship between confidence & performance can be represented by the form of an inverted-U with the highest point skewed to the right High self confidence will enable you to deal with problems (eg mistakes) effectively.

Reward + Punishment

Reward: Increased likelihood that behaviour will occur again. - Motivates athelete to perform desire behaviour. Punishment: Descreased likelihood that behaviour will occur again in similar situation. - motivates athlete through fear and increases anxiety levels

Effects of Over-Arousal

Somantic: -Butterflies -Sweating -Shaking -Nausea -Loss of CoOrdination Cognitve: -Negative thoughts -Concentration problems -Loss of Self-Esteem

In developing a youth sport program of any program of any type, what should be the two overarching goals?

Sport enjoyment, develop prosocial behavior.

Mental Health Model

Successful athletes exhibit greater positive mental health than do less successful athletes.

Self-Determination theory?

Suggest individuals are inherently motivated to feel connected, and function effectively in a social group (milieu) , but to feel a sense of personal initiative (AUTONOMY) in doing so

Performing

Team members band together to channel their energies for team success. The team focuses on problem solving, using group processes and relationships to work on tasks and test new ideas.

Personality

The characteristics or blend of characteristics that make a person unique

Contingency Model

The effectiveness of leadership depends equally on the leader's style of interacting with the group and on the favorableness of the situation.

Meso Body

The mesomorphic body type is centered around muscle and the circulatory system and has well developed muscles. The mesomorphic person has a somatotonic temperament, and is courageous, energetic, active, dynamic, assertive, aggressive, competitive, and often a risk taker.

Psychological Core

The most basic and deepest attitudes, values, interests, motives, and self-worth of a person - the "real" person ex: a person's religious values

Environmental Factors

The most general and remote, refer to the normative forces holding a group together.

Objective B

Understand the effects of physical activity participation on psychological development, health, and well-being.

Cohesion

a dynamic process reflected in the tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in pursuit of its goals and objectives

timely goal

a goal that appropriately specifies time constraints associated with its achievement

6) Coaching behavior assessment system (CBAS)

a) Designed to objectively assess actual behaviors of coaches in antural field settinmgs b) Within this system several carefully trained observers rec behaviors of coaches noting on portable tape rec situations which the behaviors occurred and these behaviors tend to be reactive or spontaneous 7) Reactive behaviros a) Responses to a players sprcific behaviors lik when coac instructs post an error a) 8) Spontaneous behaviors a) Pt of the CBAS b) Intiated by coaches c) E.g. a coach that may yell encouragement to their players before the players go on the field 9) Other studies used by the CBAS a) Used to assess specific coaching behaviors and how they affect young athletes b) Relate in general to leadership styles which empahszie pos approaches to coaching and about 2/3 of all observed coaching behaviors found to be pos and fall into the following categories: - Pos reinforcement ( Nice lay up keep up the good work) - General technical instruction (keep your head down when you complete your gold swing) - Gen encouragement (keep up the good work!) - Players tend to demonstrate greater self esteem when at the end of a season they have played for coaches that tend to use mistake contingent encouragmenet and reinforcement - Players tend to rate their teammates and coaches that use high mounts of gen technical instruction

In Kelley and Stahelski's study using the prisoner's dilemma game, they found that a. competitors drew cooperators into competition b. cooperators drew competitors into cooperation c. cooperators cooperated and competitors competed d. a and c e. b and c

a. competitors drew cooperators into competition

distinctive roles

all members know there jobs

social support

an exchange of resources between at a minimum of 2 individuals perceived by a provider or a recipient to be intended to enhance the well being of the recipient.

anxiety

an important manifestation of emotions where a person is facing uncertain, existential threat

involvement

an interpersonal style whereby individuals feel others are investing in their health and wellbeing

team

any group of people needing to interact with each other to accomplish shared objectives

Behavioral approach (leadership)

anyone could become a leader by simply learning the behaviors of effective leaders

mood

are more diffuse than emotions and relate to how we are doing in our life and they last for weeks or even months

Cognitive behavior approach to exercise adherence

assumes internal events have a key role in behavior change -goal setting -association (focusing on how muscles feel) vs disassociation (distractions)

the cyclical life cycle perspective

assumes that groups develop in manners similar to life cycles of people via experience of birth, growth and death. Emphasize the terminal phase before group dissolution and the main element to group development is an assumption that a group develops and is psychologically prepared for its own breakup. It is relevant for groups in physical activity that last approx 10-15 wks

Identified Regulation

athlete identifies with an extrinsic motivation to the degree that is perceived as being his own. Is present when athlete engages in a perceived uninteresting activity in order to excel at an interesting activity.

Controlling Aspect

athlete perceives that reason for participation is to earn reward. Participation no longer due to love of the activity. Self determination of autonomy is lost because athlete feels like a pawn who is acted upon.

Adaptive motivational patterns

athletes engage in challenging tasks that allow them to demonstrate persistence and sustained effort. Generally exhibited by task-goal oriented athletes. Can be exhibited by an ego goal oriented athlete as long as they have a high perception of personal ability

Personality Paradox

athletes personality is relatively stable, yet actual athlete behavior is variable due to powerful environmental influences.

Cognitive-Behavioral Orientation

behavior is determined by both the environment and thoughts (cognitions) ex: studying differences in confidence and anxiety among tennis players with or without burnout

Situational Approach

behavior is determined largely by the situation or environment -The situation is more important determinant of behavior than particular personality traits -Situational approach is not as widely embraced by most sport psychologists

outcome expectations

behaviour is a function of its expected positive and negative consequences

Observational learning

behaviour is learned and acquired by watching the actions and outcomes of others' behaviour

Self-efficacy

belief in ones capabilities to organize and execute the course of action required to produce given attainments

choking

below-standard execution of a well-learned sports skill due to mental pressure

choosing from many sport psych and exercise professions

can be done via many approaches including the psychophysiological orientation, the social-psychological orientation, the cognitive behavioral orientation, an understanding of present and future trends in sports psychology,

Reinforcement approach to exercise adherence

charting attendance and participation ie, incentives and rewards -feedback

3 types of sport confidence

cognitive efficiency physical skills training resilence

Who reports a significantly higher quality of life than do non-exercisers?

college students participating in an endurance-conditioning program

constrained action hypothesis

conscious attempts to control movement interferes with automatic motor control processes(internal focus)

Coleman Griffith

considered the father of sports psychology

In the field experiments conducted by Sherif and Sherif, the experimenters first...

created strong group identity

Purpose in life

creating goals for your life and a sense of direction. Emphasizing the important beliefs that give sense of purpose

1. Well-Being Research findings indicate that exercise is associated with a. increases in energy and alertness b. changing a bad mood c. increases in fatigue and anger d. a and b e. a and c

d. a and b

Which of the following is a competitive situation according to Martens' definition of the objective competitive situation? a. a runner competing in a 100-yard dash b. a swimmer working out by himself c. a swimmer working out with his coach watching him d. a and c

d. a and c

unbiased data

data or facts that speak for themselves and are not influenced by the scientist's personal feelings

leadership as an art

described as this because it is i ifnluenced by factors such as wisdom, intelligence, (intellectual and practical), and creativity

relationship oriented leaders

develop interpersonal relationships, keep open lines of communication, maintain positive social interactions, and ensure that everyone is involved and feeling good

Coping Style Dimension

dimension of coping that is dispositional(trait) in nature, and includes the approach and avoidance styles of coping

what is better association or disassociation

disassociation is better, ie. distraction, focusing on the external association- is focusing on self

the group environment questionaire (GEQ)

distinguishes btw groups and individuals, tasks and social concerns b) conceptually based and systematically developed to guarantee reliability and validity successfully used in many studies of group cohesion in sport and fitness settings (e.g. researhers have shown the lvl of cohesion to be related to team performance, increased adherence, group size, attributions for responsibility, performance outcomes, reduced absenteeism, member satisfaction and intrateam communication

attentional threshold model

distractions from worry and self-focus do not individually cause a performance decrement, but together they exceed a threshold of attentional capacity

Exercise programs designed to enhance self-esteem should:

emphasize experiences of success -feeling of increased physical competence -attainment of goals

performing

final stage of the linear perspective. Team members band together to channel energiesd ofr team success. Teams focus on problems solving by using group process and relationships to work on tasks and test new ideas. Structural issues become resolved, intepesonal relationships stabilized and roles well defined.

task goal orientation

focuses on past performance or knowledge as the origin of perceptions of competence

explicit processing hypothesis

focusing internally on the execution of a movement elevates the level of conscious control and demands for working memory, resulting in performance decrement

Progressive Relaxation

founded by Edmund Jacobsen and is a procedure in which skeletal muscle are systematically tensed and relaxed

group norms

in a group is the level of performance or pattern of behavior or belief which can either be formally established or informally developed by a group and individuals tend to be pressured to adhere to their groups norms whether the nrom is seen as relevant or irrelevant. (e.g. rookies usually expected to carry the bags for away games)

Situation specificity

in many situations strength of the environmental conditions are so strong that the influence of the personality is minimal

Which of the following can help reduce the occurrence of social loafing?

increasing identifiability and breaking down the team into smaller units

Who are appointed or prescribed leaders?

individuals appointed by some authority to a leadership position (health club manager, coach, head athletic trainer)

What personality characteristics are common to great leaders?

intelligence, assertiveness, independence, self-confidence **no trait profile has been determined for successful leaders

Coping Strategy Dimension

is situation specific and includes the problem and emotional coping strategies, or in some cases cognitive vs behaviroal

professional practice knowledge

knowledge gained through experience - obtain through many sources: scientific method, systematic observation, single case study, shared public experience introspection (thoughts/feelings), intuition (no rational processing)

Understand the ________ and the uses and abuses of testing in order to know what to do and what not to do.

limitations

how does aerobic exercise affect state anxiety

lowers it

Olympic Training Center

majority of athletes use imagery to increase performance

Gender

males prefer training and instructive behaviors and an autocratic coaching style, Females prefer democratic and participatory coaching that allows them to make decisions

Mastery Climate Match

matching hypothesis suggest that high mastery(task)goal orientation in combination with high mastery motivational climate should yield better outcomes than a mismatch between the two.

Factors Necessary to Elicit Relaxation Response

mental device passive attitude quiet environment decreased muscle tone

history of sports psychology

mirrors the history of other fields such as psychology, physical education, and kinesiology

steiner's model of actual productivity

model showing the relationshop between ones individual abilities and resources and hwo the team memebrs interact and is shown by the following equation: actual productivity=potential productivity-losses attirbutable to faulty group processes. That the abilities of individual team members don't always serve as good predicors of how teams will perform.

shared public experience

one of the methods in gaining practical knowledge through experience - comparing notes from a case study or other information about athletes - example: after a coach conducts a case study on players, they compare with their assistant coaches on their scouting techniques for next week's game

Type of Sport

participants in highly interactive sports (vball) prefer an autocratic style more than participants in coaching sports (bowling) do

How to get positive changes in self-concept and self-esteem?

participation in physical education and directed play

functional perfectionist

perfectionism that is positive in nature and considered to be adaptive. low levels of state anxiety high levels of self confidence adaptive attributions autonomous motivation adaptive goal orientations

Social learning theory

personality theory that believes human behavior is the function of social learning and the strength of situation

Moderate-intensity aerobic exercise-

produced the greatest positive effects in affective responses (emotional feeling)

Exercising 3-5 times per week

produces significant decrease in depression compared to once-a-week exercise

Combining cardio, strength, and flexibility programs does what?

provides a greater positive effect on cognition

Which of the following is (are) part of the norming stage?

role acceptance; increase in cooperation and solidarity; conflict resolution

control group

runners divided into two different groups and this group would not receive any psychological skills training

experimental group

runners divided into two different groups and this group would receive training in how to set goals and use imagery and positive self-talk

systemic approach

standardizing conditions - example: assessing children's self-esteem under identical conditions with a carefully designed measure

Which of the following things should you NOT do during a confrontation?

stop communicating; communicate the solution; rely on nonverbal cues to communicate

Casuality orientations theory

subcomponent of SDT that uses personality-level constructs to describe individual difference in the degree to which people are autonomous as opposed to controlled

goal difficulty

the difficulty associated with accomplishing a goal

contingency model

the effectiveness of leadership depends equally on the leaders style of interacting with the group and on the favorableness of the situation

Social Cohesion

the interpersonal attractions among group members measuring cohesion - Questionnaires eg. Group Environment Questionnaire - Sociogram- ask series of questions then map out responses

experiment

the investigator manipulates the variables along with observing them and then examines how changes in one variable affect the changes in another

secondary appraisal

the second stage of appraisal in the stress process which involves appraisal of the individuals coping resources.

Factors that have been found to lead to successful return to competition after injury

• High motivation to return • Both positive and negative emotions associated with return • Does not rush decision to return • Resist pressure to return too early • Copes with adversity and injury flare-ups • Enjoys aspects of return to competition • Recognizes positive consequences of injury and overcoming adversity

Performance Profiling

• The technique of performance profiling has been developed to both identify important psychological skills training objectives and help maximize the motivation of athletes to implement and adhere to a psychological skills training program. • Drive, determination, courage, knowledge, confidence, composure, mental focus, competitive, motivation, high concentration, &self leadership • Areas of change (improving) concentration and coping with pressure are identified by the athlete, so this approach provides a degree of self- determination not always evident in some other approaches to psychological skills training. • Darkened sections indicate the degree to which an athlete believes he or she has the mental skills of top performers in the sport. Rank the darkness by 1 to 10

Shaping occurs when a. rewards are given to behaviors that approximate the correct response b. rewards are given only after success c. rewards are given intermittently d. rewards are withdrawn after failure

*a. rewards are given to behaviors that approximate the correct response

Which of the following is (are) FALSE concerning findings from studies of the antecedent conditions that affect leader behavior? a. Preference for an autocratic coaching style increases with age. b. Females prefer an autocratic style more than males do. c. Males prefer training and instruction behaviors more than females do. d. a and b e. b and c

*b. Females prefer an autocratic style more than males do.

9. Development 9 According to the swimming study by Gould and colleagues, what percentage of young athletes dropped out of competitive sport because of negative experiences (e.g., too much pressure, no fun)? a. 10% b. 19% c. 44% d. 28% e. 37%

*d. 28%

achievement goal orientations

- Task Orientation (mastery) - Ego Orientation (competitive)

4 categories of prevents and intervention techniques (Provide example for each)

1) Cognitive - Changing the way people think about the situation 2) Emotional - Talking about the stresses and concerns 3) Behavioral - Continuing a work out routine 4) Social - Support groups - Coaching - Continuing a job with the organization

4 nonpharmacological pain-reduction techniques

1) Deep breathing 2) Muscle relaxation 3) Meditation 4) Music

leadership scale for sports

1) Developed to measure leadership behaiors such as an athletes preference for specific behaviors, athletes, perception of their coaches behavior and a coaches perception of their own behavior 2) Consists of five dimensions a) Training (instructional behaviors) b) Democratic behavior (decision making style) c) Autocratic behavior (decision making style) d) Social support (motivational tendencies) e) Positive feedback (motivational tendencies)

the situational approach to leadership

1) Third approach to leadership 2) Leadership characteristics not as important as situational characteristics in showing effective leadership 3) Research leaders tend to have less power than ppl think, diff btw candidates who become leaders reduced through selection and diff btw leaders negated by situational demands 4) Endorsed by few contemporary leadership researchers

facts about hypnosis

1. Hypnotic suggestibility does not indicate personality weakness. 2. Hypnosis is not the same as sleep. 3. Hypnotic responsiveness depends most upon the person being hypnotized. 4. While hypnotized, individuals remain in control Spontaneous amnesia is rare following hypnosis. 6. Hypnosis is not necessary for a person to be responsive to suggestions. 7. The function of hypnosis is to increase suggestibility to a small degree. 8. Hypnosis is not dangerous when practiced by qualified clinicians Most hypnotized individuals are not faking compliance to suggestions. 10.Hypnosis cannot increase the accuracy of memory. 11.Hypnosis does not precipitate a literal re-experiencing of childhood events

Differentiated concept of ability

A person is able to, and choose to, differentiate btw ability and effort

Supportive listening:

Being a supportive listener communicates that you are "with" the speaker and value the person's message. Use some supportive behaviors as you listen: 1. Describe the other's behavior, instead of trying to evaluate or attack it: 2.Focus on immediate thought and feelings 3.Are not calculating or manipulative; 4.Ask open-ended questions to encourage the person to share his or her feelings; 5.Are empathetic, not indifferent; and 6.Remain open to new ideas, perspectives, and the possibility of change 7.Use confronting behaviors 8.Use non-verbal and verbal communication

Deutsch's study on competition and cooperation found that

Communication patterns differed significantly based on whether subjects were given cooperative or competitive instructions; students receiving competitive instructions exhibited closed communication and mistrust; students receiving cooperative instructions communicated openly and shared information

Which of the following is not one of the psychological needs included in self-determination theory?

Confidence

Which of the following are factors deemed important to achieving flow?

Confidence, maintaining appropriate focus, and optimal environmental conditions

Interactional Approach

Considers the situation and person as co-determinants of behavior.

What are the different types of extrinsic motivation?

External regulation Introjected regulation Identified regulation Integrated regulation

Informational Aspect

External rewards do not always result in loss of intrinsic motivation.

Which of the following behaviors would not support a cooperative learning environment?

Extrinsic Rewards Emphasized

Salavaging Self-Confidence

Focus on achievable goals Recreate past successes Carry "positives" with you Develop and stick to a competition plan Be patient

Why is IZOF the best model?

Focuses on somatic anxiety

Self Talk Errors

Focusing on the past or future Focusing on weaknesses during competition Focusing only on outcome Focusing on uncontrollable factors Demanding perfection

Intrinsic Motivation

Highest form of self-determined motivation(autonomy) Motivation that comes from within and requires no extrinsic rewards. Related to concept of passion:obsessive(controlling;harmonious)

Period 5

Multidisciplinary Science and Practice in Sport and Exercise Psychology (1978-2000) - tremendous growth took place - find became more accepted, more research was conducted, books and journals started to spark - Dorothy Harris advanced the cause of women in sport psychology

openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticisme

Name the 5 elements of The Big Five

Inverted U Theory

based on classic research of Yerkes and Dodson(1908) best performance occurs at moderate level of arousal changes in performance are gradual as arousal increases

meditation

based upon the Maharishi Mahash Yogi's Eastern brand of meditation called transcendental meditation. Athlete uncritically focused attention on a single thought, sound or object. Use of mantra Not clear whether its practice has a facilitative effect on athletic performance

similarity

important for team members regarding their attitudes, aspirations, anf goals to help them develop a posittive team climate.

attentional focus

in sports, an athletes ability to focus on relevant info during competition

subjective norms

perceived social pressures to perform a behaviour from personal and or environmental sources

ego goal orientation

performance evaluations are based on comparisons w/ others as the determinant of competence

mood profile

plotting of standardized mood state scores on a graph

retrieval

the mental process of retrieving information to make decisions about forthcoming responses

the direction of causality

whether cohesion leads to performance success or performance success leads to cohesion or if teamwork on and off a field or court is successful or if players that like each other and work together well because they are successful and this has been investigated from the perspectives of cohesion leading to performance or cohesion measures preceding performance or performance leading to cohesion or performance measures preceding cohesion.

Intrapersonal communication is communication with a. yourself b. someone else c. signs d. feelings e. expressions

*a. yourself

When coaches obtain the necessary information from relevant players and then come to a decision, what type of decision style are they using? a. consultative-individual b. autocratic-consultative c. consultative-group d. group e. relationship-consultative

*b. autocratic-consultative

Which of the following is (are) a principle(s) of applying work team results to sport teams? a. cross-training b. communication training c. team self-correction d. all of the above e. a and b

*d. all of the above

10. Unhealthy Behaviors10 Which of the following is (are) true regarding the prevalence of eating disorders in sport? a. There are no differences in frequency of eating disorders between athlete and nonathlete populations. b. Eating disorders in athletics tend to be sport specific. c. A significant percentage of athletes engage in some type of weight loss behavior. d. a and b e. b and c

*e. b and c

What type of relationship exists between task cohesion and performance?

+

Psychological Core

- Most basic level of personality - Attitudes and values, interests and motives, beliefs about self/self-worth. - The REAL you; not what you want others to think you are. - Hardest to get to know/most stable part of personality

What can athletes do to prevent burnout?

- Not taking fun out of the game - less practice/games = more benefit - Not always focusing on one sport

imagery use and function

- Skill acquisition - Improved performance - Cognition modification - Regulation of arousal and anxiety - Increase motivation and confidence

what is pre-contemplation

-couch potato --no interest in exercising for 6 months

Exercise in the Reduction of Depression

Positive effects are seen across age groups, health status, race, sex As effective as psychotherapy Larger effect if it lasts longer than 9weeks

Of all the experimental games used by psychologists to study the effects of competition and cooperation, the most often used game is

Prisoner's Dilemma

Stability

Refers to both the turnover rate for group membership and the length of time group members have been together.

Biofeedback instrumentation

Skin Temp Electromyography(EMG) Electroencephalogram(EEG) Galvanic Skin Response(GSR) heart rate blood pressure

3) Prep for the future era (1939-65)

a) Franklin Henry at UC Berkeley largely responsible for the fields scientific development and devoted his career to the scholarly study of the psychological aspects of sport and motor skill acquistion and trained many energetic Phys Educators who later become university professors and intiated systematic programs b) Some of his students became adminstrators who reshaped PE curriculums and developed sport and exercise science or the field of kinesiology as it is today.

highlights of the early years era of sports psychology

a) Scripture conducts data based studies of athletics at yale and examines reactions and movement times along with transfer of phys training b) 1897-normal triplett conducts the first soc psych and sport psych exerpiemeent studying the effects of others on cyclists performance c) E.W scripture of yale: describes personalithy traits that he believes can be fostered via sport participation

coping

constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taking or exceeding resources of the person

dissociators

endurance athletes who externalize or adopt an external attentional focus

B) Categories of coaching behavior from the coachin g behavior assessment system

• Reactive behaviors 1) Responses to desired performance a) Reinforcement-pos rewarding raction (verbal or nonverbal) to good plays or good effort b) Nonreinforcement-failure to respond to good performances 2) Response to mistakes a) Mistake contingent encouragemenet-encouragement given to players post a mistake b) Mistake contingent technical instruction- instruction or demonstration to players on how to correct mistakes players have made c) Punishment-Negative reactions verbal nonverbal following mistakes d) Punitive technical instruction- technical instruction following mistakes given in apunitive or hostile manner e) Ignoring mistakes- failure to respiond to players mistakes 3) Responses to misbehavior a) Keeping ctrl-reactions meant to restore to maintain order amongst team members • Spontaneous behaviors a) Game related - General technical instruction-spontaneous instruction in techniues and strategies of sports not following mistakes - General encouragement-Spontaneous encouragement not following mistakes - Organization-Administrative behaviors which set the stage for play by assigning duties or responsibilities b) Game irrelevant - General communication- interactions with player s unrelated to the game

46. Concentration45 Inattentional blindness means a. narrowing attentional focus resulting in missing important cues b. being too broad in attention and missing internal cues c. becoming blind to cues due to listening to other players d. not having sufficient motivation, resulting in inappropriate focus e. having an external focus thus becoming blind to internal cues

*a. narrowing attentional focus resulting in missing important cues

30. Self-Confidence29 Which of the following points about self-efficacy theory is (are) true? a. Self-efficacy affects effort expenditure and persistence. b. Self-efficacy plus ability are enough for success. c. Self-efficacy is task specific. d. a and c

*d. a and c

16. Self-Confidence16 Confidence can be improved by a. judgmental thinking b. acting confidently c. using imagery d. b and c e. a and b

*d. b and c

thought stopping and centering

- Displace negative thought with a positive thought. - Center attention internally while making minor adjustments in arousal. - Focus attention on a task-relevant cue. - Execute the sport skill.

What can parents do to prevents athlete burnout?

- Do not put pressure on child - Do not force them to play one sport or the other - Do not live through child's athletic career

15. Burnout15 The deliberate strategy of exposing athletes to high-volume and high-intensity loads for performance enhancement is called a. overtraining b. burnout c. periodized training d. staleness

*c. periodized training

approach goals

an individual is focused on approaching a positive outcome

avoidance goals

an individual is focused on avoiding a negative outcome

Avksenty Cezarevich Puni

disputed father of Sport Psychology in USSR

Coakley defines competition as

A social process that occurs when rewards are distributed on the basis of comparative performance

Social-Psychological Orientation

Is the assumption that behavior is determined by a complex interaction between the environment and the personal makeup of the athlete or exerciser.

What are the two major categories of behavior from the Coaching Behavior Assessment System?

Reactive and Spontaneous

Interactive Sport

Require team members to work together and coordinate their actions.

True

T or F Males are more drawn to high-risk sports than females

Important aspects of imagery ability

allows you to bring clarity by using your senses

positive norms

also known as standards. one way to do this is by enlisting formal and informalleaders of teams to set positive examples.

goals

ambitions that direct people's behaviour

observable goal

a goal in which goal attainment can be observed and monitored in behavioral terms

Physically people report a better quality of life, report more stamina, have more positive attitudes toward work and report what?

a greater ability to cope with stress and tension

What is a mood?

a host of transient, fluctuating affective states that can be positive or negative (feeling of elation or happiness, sadness)

mantra

a key phrase or mental device used in transcendental meditation to help the athlete focus attention internally

internal validity

a limitation of science where science favors the extent to which the results of an investigation can be attributed to the treatment used - too much can result in overlooking the external validity of the effect from the real world

attentional control theory

a more complex model that posits that stress compromises efficiency of information processing system

distractibility

an athletes inability to selectively attend to relevant stimuli due to very high levels of arousal

attentional style

an athletes particular style of attending stimuli

attractiveness of the group

a persons desire for interpersonal interactions with other group members and a desire to be involved in the groups activities

memory storage

capacity to store all information reaching memory for future recall

reactive behaviors

responses to a specific player behavior (coach instructs after an error)

integrated regulation

the most internalized form of extrinsic motivation. An external behavior formerly considered controlling becomes fully assimilated by the athlete.

attentional narrowing

the narrowing of an athletes attentional focus due to an increase in arousal

Matching Hypothesis

the notion that best outcomes in terms of intrinsic motivation, satisfaction, and performance should be associated with a match between goal orientation and motivational climate.

antisocial behavior

voluntary behavior designed to disadvantage, perhaps harm another person and linked to a performance goal orientation

anxiety/stress spiral

the circular effect of anxiety causing poor performance that results in even more anxiety

Problem focused coping

the focus is upon eliminating the root cause of stress response. Common symptoms include task, action and cognitive focused coping

unbiased data

• To collect this is one of the goals of the scientific method • Are facts that pseak for themselves and aren't influenced by sicentist's personal feelings

Most coaches approach reinforcement by a. a combination of positive reinforcement and punishment b. relying mostly on punishment c. relying mostly on positive reinforcement d. relying on cognitive-behavioral techniques

*a. a combination of positive reinforcement and punishment

Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. Every reward has both controlling and preparation aspects to it. b. A negative coaching style (mostly critical in nature) can lead to a decrease in intrinsic motivation. c. Rewarding for mere participation in a sport will typically undermine the participant's intrinsic motivation. d. a and b e. b and c

*e. b and c

"Do Not's" of confronting

Don't -• Don't communicate the solution. Rather focus on the problem. We are often overly eager to tell others what they must do, instead of letting them figure it out. • Don't stop communicating. Even if the confrontation isn't going as you planned, keep communicating about the problem in a constructive manner. • Don't use "put-downs" Sarcasm and attacks usually alienate people? A confrontation is not a competition, and the idea is not to win it. The idea is to solve a problem together. • Don't rely on nonverbal hints to communicate your thoughts. You need to be direct and forthright in communicating. Now is not the time for subtle non-verbal cues.

Period 1

Early Years (1893-1920) - Norman Triplett showed interest in cycling in groups or alone - E.W. Scripture showed interest in reaction and muscle movement of runners and fencers - Triplett and Scripture both displayed a "new psychology" where lab methods and measurement to gain knowledge was utilized

Over Confidence

Eg top ranked team takes another team for granted - just need to show up to win Overconfident team - slight preparation, play haphazardly - may fall behind early; opponent starts to gain confidence making it harder for overconfident team to come back and win. Cannot be overconfident however if confidence is based on actual skill & ability (and in other words, as long as you give proper credit to your competitor) Confidence may be an act - Fake overconfidence to hide actual feelings of self-doubt When confidence exceeds ability.

Endo Body

Endomorphic body type is centered around the digestive system and is easily overweight. The endomorphic person also has a visceral temperament, which means that they are tolerant, love comfort and luxury, and are extroverted - in short he or she loves food and people.

Role-Related Behavior

How you act based on what you perceive your social situation to be.

bridging the gap between science and practice

Important for sports psychology professionals to be able to integrate sports psych textbook info with working professionally with athletes and exercisers. The way this is done is through combo of scientific textbook knowledge with practical experience.

The additive approach to the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation suggests that

Intrinsic plus extrinsic motivation equals more motivation

Which of the following is NOT a type of communication?

Introspective Communication

State

Is the situation's effect on behavior.

highlights in contemporary sports psychology

Journal of psychology of sport and exercise developed & published in euro - 2009 international soc of sport pscyhoology conference in morocco has more than 700 participants from 70 countries & Concerns emerge about the best ways to prepare and educate students - Exercise psych flourishes especially in university enviroments driven by external funding possibilities and its utility in facilitating wellness and holding down healthcare costs - Strong diverse and sustained research programs in sports and exercise psych become strong and evident worldwide - Increased interest in applied sport psych continues

Transformational Leadership

Occurs when the leader takes a visionary position and inspires people to follow that vision and supportively work with each other to excel.

Behaviour - ID

Part of the brain that is the deepest , unconscious part of the mind, devoted entirely to pleasure and driven by blind instinctual impulses

Social facilitation and effect on performance

Presence of co-actors or interactive audience enhances performance - Positive performance effect Ex: High school's cheer section

Personality Structure

Psychological Core Typical Responses Role-Related Behavior

Risk-taking, sensation seeking

Seeks varied, novel, complex and intense sensations and experiences, and willing to take physical, social, legal and financial risks to obtain experiences

Initiating Structures

Setting up rules and regulations, channels of communications, procedural methods, and well-defined patterns of organization to achieve goals and objectives.

What are the 3 social sanctions of outcome expectancies and expectations that influence behaviour?

Social esteem Social approval Social rejection

Required Leader Behavior

Social norms influence someone into acting like a leader. Ex: Teachers have to act a certain way in front of students

What is the problem with the Catastrophe Model?

Some people enjoy getting charged up. (anger=anxiety)

Principles of Goal Setting

Specific Difficult but realistic Long- and short-term Performance, process & outcome Practice & competition Record goals Goal-achievement strategies Consider personality & motivation Consider commitment Provide support Evaluation & feedback

Precontemplation

Stage of change in which individuals do not consider exercising in next 6 months

What information related to cohesion does a sociogram represent?

The present or absence of cliques, members' perceptions of group closeness, friendship choices with the group, the degree to which athletes perceive interpersonal feelings similarly, social isolation of individual group members, extent of group attraction

task interdependence

final way to improve team climate. That all group members benefit or suffer froma groups performance (e.g. they win and lose together) and has been shown as a way to manage team conflict specifically task conflict which only when managed constructively and teams have high levels of oepnness, psychological safety and within team trust. A way to promote this is via team level appraisals by reinforcing common fates amongst team memebrs promoting a feeling s of interdependence with all teammates being responsible to each other as everyone share in their successes and failures.

Emotion focused coping

goal is to regulate emotions in order to reduce stress response(behavioral coping)

short range goals

goals that are achieved along the way toward achieving a long-range goal

inattentional blindness

inability to see an object or stimulus that is in plain view due to attentional overload

fariness in sport team/group settings

interpreted by athletes on 3 central issues. The degree of compatibility between coahc's and players assessments of players skills and team contributions, how coaches communicate their views to their athletes, and an athletes perceptions that cvoaches are trying to h elp them improve and be happy.

Somatic Anxiety

related to performance in an inverted-U pattern

individual differences

relative to information processing, the differences between individual athletes in the amount of processing capacity they have available as well as how they utilize the capacity they have

Describe the theory of planned behavior?

suggests intentions and percieved behavioral control (ability to perform behavior)are best predictors of behavior. Intentions are the result of ones attitudes and the beliefs about others opinions around them.

operating process

the cognitive process responsible for intentional, effortful and conscious control of motor responses

Educational Sport Psychology Specialists

use mental coach approach - understand psychology of human movement; Have training in physical education, kinesiology, or exercise and sport science; educate and increase athletes' and coaches' awareness of issues such as anxiety management and confidence development

Frustration-Aggression Theory

• Aggression is a natural response to frustration • Aggressive act provides catharsis • Frustration itself does not lead directly to aggression: o Frustration → readiness for aggression o Frustration → cue → aggression Ex:For a bull in the ring, the cue to act aggressively is the red flag

negative aspects of the scientific method

• Scientific method is slow and conservative bc reliability mb judged by others • Takes time to be systematic and ctrled- more time than most practitioners have • Scientific breakthroughs tend to come post yrs of research which is why it isn't always practical to insist science guides all eelements of practice

Mental Plans

- Large part of cognitive strategies - Ex: Refocusing plan - Ready to perform, handle distractions/unforeseen events. - Help if low sense of control of situation. - Study both personality profile and cognitive strategies and plans.

In-Depth Interview Techniques

- Look at diffs b/w less/more successful athletes w/ qualitative approach. - Look at coping strategies before/during competition.

Phenomenological Approach

- MOST POPULAR ORIENTATION TODAY - Behavior is best determined by accounting for both situations and personal chars. - Instead of focusing on fixed traits as primary determinants, focus on person's understanding and interp of self and environ.

Personality factors that mediate the stress response

- Mental toughness - Internal focus of control - Mastery goal orientation (mastering task/skill) - Competitive trait anxiety - Intrinsic motivation (self-motivation) - Personality factors -> stress response -> injury

goal orientation and moral functioning

- Moral functioning is linked with good or bad sportsmanship. Research links high levels of moral functioning with a task goal orientation. - Research links low levels of moral functioning with an ego goal orientation

Positive Self Talk

-Enhances self esteem, motivation and performance. -Park negatives thoughts; gets rid of them -has motivational component -mind doesn't wander, is focused

Cognitive-Mediational Model of Sport Leadership

-coach leadership behaviors function of own personal characteristics, which are mediated by situational factors and the meaning athletes attribute to those coaching behaviors -athlete perception of coaching behavior

Psychological Explanations

-enhanced feeling of control -feeling of competency and self-efficacy -positive social interactions -improved self-concept and self-esteem -opportunities for fun and enjoyment

Guidelines for Using Exercise as Therapy

-explore clients' history -know precise diagnosis of psych problem -individualized exercise prescription for duration, intensity, and frequency of exercise -evaluate influence of family and friends (to facilitate support) -develop a plan for any lack of adherence and irregular patterns of exercise

Relationship-oriented leader-

-focuses on developing and maintaining good interpersonal relationships -effective in moderately favorable situations or with highly skilled athletes

Task-oriented leader

-focuses on setting goals and getting the job done -effective in very favorable or unfavorable situations or with less skilled athletes

Reduction of Depression

-moderate relationship exists between exercise and depression -exercise is as effective as psychotherapy in decreasing depression

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

Expecting something to happen actually helps cause it to happen. The expectation of failure leads to actual failure. The expectation of success leads to actual success.

Linear perspective 4 Stages

Four Stages 1. Forming - team members familiarize themselves with other team members 2. Storming - is characterized by resistance to the leader, resistance to control by the group, and interpersonal conflict. 3. Norming- hostility is replaced by solidarity and cooperation 4. Performing- team members band together to channel their energies for team success

Intrinsic Motivation

People who have intrinsic motivation strive inwardly to be competent and self determining in their quest to master the task at hand. Enjoy competition, focus on having fun, and want to learn skills to the best of their ability. Outcome is the reward.

Catastrophe Model

Predicts that physiological arousal is related to performance in an inverted-U fashion, but only when an athlete is not worried or has low cognitive state anxiety.

Period 3

Preparation for the Future (1939-1965) - Franklin Henry was largely responsible for the field's scientific development and was interested in sport and motor skill acquisition - Henry also encouraged others to become professors in the field - Warren Johnson and Arthur Slatter-Hammel helped create the academic discipline of exercise and sport science - Dorothy Yates, one of the first women to practice sport psychology and conduct research - Yates also created the relaxation-set method

Means Control

Refers to the benefits that a member can derive by being associated with the group.

Which of the following is not true of reinforcement?

The consequences of behavior are not as important as ones personality

ANS (Arousal)

When over arousal happens, the brain cortex triggers off the ANS: Automatic Nervous System. ANS controls the automated sysetms of the body. It pumps hormones into the body. These hormones cause physiological changes.

7 Helpful Guidelines on psychological testing

- From APA and Nat'l Council on Measurement in Edu. (1999)

goal involvement

- Goal Orientation Relates to an Individual's Disposition to be either Task or Ego Oriented. - Goal Involvement is Situation Specific, and Relates to how an Individual Responds to a Specific Achievement Situation.

After being injured, what emotional responses does an athlete exhibit?

- fear of the unknown - feelings of tension, anger, and depression - frustration and boredom - attitude/outlook - grief - emotional coping skills

Trait Approach

Assumes that the fundamental units of personality are relatively stable.

Leadership styles

authoritative, democratic, passive

The first experiment investigating the effects of competition on performance was conducted in 1898 by

Triplett

CNS structures - arousal

- Cerebral Cortex - Hypothalamus - Ascending Reticular Activating System

Humanistic approach

Focuses on personal responsibility, human growth, personal striving, and individual dignity (approach)

What is Facilitative Anxiety?

Level of anxiety helps performance.

High-intensity aerobic activity is not absolutely necessary in producing positive effects

..

What percentage of the time during communication is spent listening?

40%

Reduction of Anxiety: Chronic (long-term)

...

In a review of studies investigating the effects of performance feedback, it was found that performance increased approximately

50%

Social-psychological orientation

1) When used sport and exercise psychologists assume behavior is determined by complex interactions btw the environment (especially the social environment) and the personal makeup of the athlete or exerciser. 2) Those that use the social psychological approach tend to examine how indiivudals social environment influences ones behavior and how the behavior influences the social psychological environment Example: sport psychologists with a social psychological orientation may examine how leaders style and strategies foster group cohesion and influence participation in exercise programs 3) Ppl with social psychological orientations focus on how behavior is determined by complex interactions btw ones environment and their personal makeup

3 of 3 Phases of PST

3. Practice Phase- has 3 phases a) to automate skills through over learning, b) to teach people to systematically integrate psychological skills into their performance situations, and c) to simulate skills people will want to apply in actual competition •Incorporate - PST into preparing for & participation in actual competitions (keep a log book)

what group members can do to improve their cohesion

A) Get to know the other members in the group B) Help group members when possible C) Giving group members pos reinforcement D) Acting responsibly E) Honest and open communication with coaches and leaders F) Immediate conflict resolution G) 100% effort needs to be put forward @ all times

Building Confidence

Performance accomplishments Acting confidently Thinking confidently Imagery Physical conditioning Preparation

What 3 conditions does the tri-chotomous model involve?

Performance-approach Performance-avoidance Mastery

Extrinsic Motivation

Performing a behaviour because of some external reward you may receive if you perform well: Medals, Trophies etc

Benefits of experiencing injury

Personal Growth • Perspective • Personality development • Developed other aspects of life • Improved time management skills Psychological Growth • Self-efficacy • Mental toughness • Personal motivation • More realistic expectations

Approaches to Understanding Personality

Psychodynamic Approach Trait Approach Situational Approach Interactional Approach Phenomenological Approach

Theories of Personality

Psychodynamic theory social learning theory humanistic theory trait theory Jung's Theory of Personality

Consequences of Leadership

Satisfaction Cohesion Performance Intrinsic Motivation

Competence Motivation Theory

This theory has been used to explain differences in achievement behaviour, especially in children. (Weiss & Chaumeton, 1992). This theory holds that people are motivated to feel worthy and competent and that such feelings are the primary determinants of motivation.

Achievement Goal Theory

Three factors interact to determine a persons motivation: Achievement Goals Perceived Ability = Achievement Behaviour

Goals for studying personality in sports

To identify certain traits as being consistently and markedly different between athlete and non-athlete To predict future sport performance potential (talent identification) To separate personality traits from related characteristics such as styles, dispositions, orientations, and behavioraltendencies

1) Sports cohesive questionnaire

a) Seven items that measue interperosnla attraction or directly rate closeness or attraction to a group b) No reliability or validity measurements established on this questionnaire and most items address only social cohesion

Relaxtion technique - Progressive muscular relaxtion

Is a muscle-to-mind relaxation technique focusing on decreasing muscle tension as a way to evoke a relaxed state

Need Achievement Theory

Is an interactional view that considers both personal and situational factors as important predictors of behavior.

Need Achievement Theory

Is an interactional view that considers both personal and situational factors as important predictors of behaviour. Five components make up this theory: Personality factors or motives Situational factors Resultant tendency Emotional reactions Achievement related behaviours

True test of leadership

leading through adversity

Roger Bannister

4 Minute Mile

Consideration

Friendship, mutual trust, respect, and warmth between the leader and subordinates.

self-determination theory (SDT)

Global theory of human motivation and development

Perfectionism

Has been one of the most widely studied personality characteristics in sport psychology in recent years -a multidimensional construct that consists of various components, including setting high standards, feeling concern over mistakes, and being highly organized

Attentional Field Too Narrow

High arousal.

Social Physique Anxiety

Negative thoughts about body, can impact behavior.

How is assertiveness different than aggression?

No intent to harm in assertiveness

When should you being a PST Programme?

OFF SEASON

Undesirable Punishment Effects

Often doesn't work as intended - Suppress rather than eliminate behaviour -Attention Seeking (Punishment will reinforce behaviour) -Only tells athletes what to avoid - Hostility and resentment Can cause fear of failure and hinder skill learning DON'T PUNISH WHEN LEARNING NEW SKILLS It's not a healthy environment

Trait Anxiety

Personality disposition that is stable over time

Team Building

Strategies associated with increased cohesiveness, such as ensuring role clarity and acceptance, establishing team performance goals, and improving athlete-athlete and coach-athlete communication.

Typical Responses

The way one typically adjusts or responds to the environment ex: being happy-go-lucky, shy

All durations of exercise significantly

decrease anxiety

Which of the following is (are) true for the "Walk Kansas" program? a. The more group goals that were set, the more miles were walked by the group. b. Participants assessed six months after the program started had significant decreases in moderate to vigorous physical activity. c. Over a five-year period the number of communities adopting the program increased fivefold. d. a and b e. a and c

*a. The more group goals that were set, the more miles were walked by the group.

Rewards typically undermine intrinsic motivation when the reward is a. for mere participation b. tied to the quality of one's performance c. informational in nature d. a and b e. a and c

*a. for mere participation

25. Unhealthy Behaviors25 The most common physical reason for athletes to use drugs is a. for performance enhancement b. to help recovery from injury c. to control appetite d. to look better e. to feel better

*a. for performance enhancement

According to the TARGET acronym, which of the following is not a measure to use to foster a mastery-oriented environment? a. grouping b. timing c. evaluation d. affiliation

*d. affiliation

33. Arousal Regulation32 Cognitive restructuring attempts to a. identify and modify stress-inducing self-statements b. improve problem-solving ability c. improve attentional focus d. identify different strategies for mental preparation

*a. identify and modify stress-inducing self-statements

Which of the following statements regarding antecedent factors affecting cohesion is (are) FALSE? a. Larger groups have higher cohesion than smaller groups. b. More distinctive groups have higher levels of cohesion. c. Compatibility between a coach and players is related to cohesion. d. a and b e. a and c

*a. Larger groups have higher cohesion than smaller groups.

Which of the following statements is true? a. The cohesion-performance relationship is positive for both interactive and coactive sports. b. The cohesion-performance relationship is positive for only interactive sports. c. The cohesion-performance relationship is negative for only interactive sports. d. The demands of the sport do not influence the cohesion-performance relationship.

*a. The cohesion-performance relationship is positive for both interactive and coactive sports.

1 of 3 Phases of PST

1. Educational Phase - Increasing awareness of mental skills •Green light = flow •Yellow light = caution or refocus •Red light = real trouble & med for major coping

The leader takes a visionary position and inspires people to follow that position. This is characteristic of a. transformative leadership b. contingency management leadership c. the Bass-Ricardo philosophy of leadership d. situational leadership e. democratic leadership

*a. transformative leadership

12. Goal Setting12 Which of the following is NOT a common obstacle in setting goals? a. It is too time consuming. b. There are previous negative experiences in setting goals. c. Goals are too unstructured. d. a and c e. b and c

*c. Goals are too unstructured.

1. Burnout Recent cross-cultural research has revealed that staleness is a problem for approximately what percentage of adolescents? a. 30% to 40% b. 10% to 20% c. 50% to 60% d. 20% to 30% e. 40% to 50%

*a. 30% to 40%

24. Unhealthy Behaviors24 Educating athletes and exercisers about the harmful effects of drug use usually deters what percentage of people from using drugs? a. 5% b. 20% c. 30% d. 40% e. 50%

*a. 5%

2. Imagery 2 Imagery involves which of the following senses? a. visual b. auditory c. kinesthetic d. all of the above e. a and b

*d. all of the above

Who are emergent leaders?

-individuals who emerge from a group and take charge (captain of intramural team, student leader of an exercise class)

Long-term exercise benefits

-usually associated with decrease in traits such as neuroticism, anxiety, neuromuscular tension, resting heart rate and some stress hormones

Exercisers with choice of exercise mode scored lower on negative affect than exercisers having no choice

...

2 Objectives of Sport and Exercise Psychology

1) Understand the effects of psychological factors on physical and motor performance 2) Understand the effects of participation in physical activity on the psychological development, health, and well-being

What are some psychological factors exercise can decrease?

1. Anger 2. Anxiety 3. Confusion 4. Depression 5. Headaches 6. alcohol abuse

List some psychological factors exercise can increase?

1. academics 2. confidence 3. memory 4. perception 5. body image 6. self control 7. well being

Disposition

A broad, pervasive, encompassing way of relating to particular types of people or situations

Role Ambiguity

A clouded understanding of one's role on a team. Can lead to one's decreased satisfaction in a team.

Social loafing is increased under which of the following conditions?

A comparison against group standards is not possible

Arousal

A general physiological and psychological activation, varying on a continuum from deep sleep to intense excitement. High arousal can result from something positive and negative.

action-oriented goal

A goal that when achieved is observable in behavioral terms

What is more effective in preserving health than either alone?

A hardy personality + exercise

Anxiety

A negative emotional state with feelings of worry, nervousness, and apprehension associated with activation or arousal of the body

Which of the following is a competitive situation according to Martens's definition of the objective competitive situation?

A runner competing in a 100-yard dash and a swimmer working out with his coach watching him

Coakley defines cooperation as

A social process through which performance is rewarded in terms of the collective achievements of the group

I) Leadership

A) The process where indiivudals influence a group of individuals to achieve a common goal B) Tends to involves facilitation of motivation in others where leaders focus on getting indiivudals to collaborate in pursuit of common goals.

SMARTS

Acronym to help athletes remeber goals should be specific, measurable, action oriented, realistic, timely, and self-determined

Psychological approach

All behaviour interconnected and driven by unconscious forces

Professional and Scientific Responsibility

Always place the interests of clients first.

Self Determined Motivation Continuum

Amotivation(Least) External Regulation Introjected Regulation Identified Regulation Integrated Regulation Intrinsic Motivation

Cognitive apprach

An approach to understanding motivated behaviour that emphasizes the role of thought patterns and cognitive habits

Social Support

An exchange of resources between at least two individuals perceived by the provider or the recipient to be intended to enhance the well-being of the recipient

Achievement Motivation

An individual's orientation to strive for task success, persist in the face of failure, and experience pride in accomplishments.

Social Cognitive theory

An individuals belief that they can perform a behavior (self-efficacy), is a good predictor of the behavior

Models of Psychological Momentum

Antecedent-Consequence Model Multidimensional Model Projected Performance Model

Cognitive-behavioural approaches

Approaches to understanding motivated behaviour that outline the reciprocal influence btw cognitions an dehaviour

Type A Behavior

Are associated with cardiovascular disease, however exercise was shown to significantly reduce cardiovascular reactivity.

competitive environment

Athlete perceives that: - Poor performance is punished. - High-ability athletes get the attention. - Competition among athletes is encouraged

What happens to the Catastrophe model when a catastrophe cusp is added?

Athlete's performance falls apart and performance immediately drops off.

Which of the following statements is (are) true?

Athletes high on internal locus of control prefer training and instruction coaching behaviors

Psychodynamic Approach

Behavior is determined by several unconscious, constantly changing factors that often conflict with one another -Emphasis is placed on the understanding the person as a whole rather than identifying isolated traits

Undesirable Reinforcement Effect

Behaviour can be become contingent on reward

What is enviornmental mastery

Being able to manage everyday life and take advantage of new opportunites

Interactional Perspective

Both person & situational factors are jointly considered A: Situation Factors- Sports, Team Size, Available Time, History of Leading B: Follower's Personality- Experience, Ability, Age, & Personality

A recent study (Amorose & Horn, 2000) showed that changes in intrinsic motivation occurred primarily because of

Coaching behaviors

Supportive language has which of the following characteristics?

Descriptive

What problems arise with the Inverted-U Hypothesis?

Does optimal arousal always occur at midpoint

Advantages of Imagery

Efficient use of time Low use of energy = low fatigue =) Provides emntal blueprint Avoids risk of injury Can practice imagery anywhere Gives the athelete a chance to go through a situation in their mind before they physically confront it Breaks monotony of practice

Extraversion

Enthusiasm, sociability, assertiveness, high activity

Period 4

Establishment of Academic Sport Psychology (1966-1977) - physical education had become an academic discipline, while sport psychology became separate discipline - now became focussed on anxiety, self-esteem, and personality and how each of these influences sport and motor skill performance - Bruce Ogilvie began to consult with athletes and teams

What do the study's that focus on the relationship between aerobic exercise and state anxiety and stress show?

Exercise results in lower state anxiety and higher tranquility. -also decreases stress, even in follow ups

Bandura's 6 Principal Sources of Self - Efficacy

Experience success = raised level of self-efficacy (coaches can help athletes experience feeling of success by using tactics such as guiding gymnast through complicated move, let young athletes on the field, lower basket for young basketball players) Vicarious experiences = demonstration (seeing team mate successfully perform skill helps you feel you can also accomplish it - not as powerful as actual perf success in building self-efficacy) Verbal persuasion = persuasive encouragement from coaches, teachers, peers can help improve self efficacy; self-persuasion (self-talk) Imagery - image success Physiological states = if aware of unpleasant physiological arousal (racing heartbeat) more likely to doubt competence than if experiencing pleasant physiological arousal (smooth, rhythmical breathing). Some interpret increased arousal/anxiety as fear they cannot perform the skill successfully (lower self-efficacy); others perceive them as sign that they are ready for comp (enhanced self-efficacy Emotional states = eg injured athlete feeling depressed & anxious about recovery would prob have lowered self-efficacy; athlete feeling energised & +ve prob have enhanced self-efficacy

How To Increase Individual Performances Within a Team

Filming performances, helping players understand their roles, and increasing identifiability, you can maximize an individual's sense of contributing to the team effort.

Athletic motivation inventory

First sport-specific psychological test Measures personality traits within a specific sport: Drive, determination, leadership, aggressiveness, self-confidence, emotional control, conscientiousness,mental toughness Correlated with the variables on the 16 PF

Relaxtion technique - Centering

Focus is placed on breathing in a certain way to evoke relaxation. Slowing down heart rate slows thoughts as well. Body will adjust.

Task-Oriented Leaders

Focuses on setting goals and getting the job done.

Which of the following is NOT a construct identified in the Group Environment Questionnaire?

Group Attraction-Environmental

If a rookie tried to take charge and exert leadership in critical games despite the fact that there was a veteran leader on the team, this would be considered a violation of

Group Norms

principles of energy management

Growth follows energy investment Growth ceases when energy investment ceases The best energy produces the most growth Whatever receives energy gains strength Know the four energy sources Know how to balance energy (renewal & recovery) Know how to push beyond the comfort zone Use positive rituals to manage energy Energy is highly contagious. Know how to control it. Self-esteem deficiencies require energy Know how to transfer skills directly into real life

Which of the following is not a key defining characteristic of a group?

Having individual goals

Anxiety

Is a negative emotional state characterized by worry, nervousness, and apprehension.

Professional Practice Knowledge

Is what we learn through experience using many methods of knowing.

Social Goal orientation

Judging Competence in terms of afflation with the group and recognition of being like by others

In his study of the effects of a 14-week program of cooperative games, Orlick found that

Kids exposed to cooperative games engaged in three times as much cooperative behavior during free play as did kids in the control group and games played by the control group tended to emphasize individualistic concerns

The Art of Coaching, Teaching, or Leadership

Knowing when and how to individualize these general principles. Contextual intelligence is critical

Situational Approach

Leadership characteristics are not important; Effective leadership depends much more on the characteristics of the situation than on the traits and behaviors of the leaders in those situations.

Competence

Maintain the highest standards in your work and recognize the limits of your expertise.

False

Males are less competitive than females

Trait and state measures

Measure of personality

Mesomorph

Muscularity Aggressiveness Dominance Risk taking

Distress

Negative or bad stress.

How to ID Participant Motives

Observe Participants Talk Informality to others Ask participants directly

Coordination Losses

Occur when the timing between teammates is off or when ineffective strategies are used.

Motivation Losses

Occurs when team members do not give 100% effort.

Goal Orientation Theory - 3

Outcome Orientation (Ego)- Social Comparison: This is focused on the athlete's primary concern of their own ability compared with others. Task (Mastery) Orientation - Suceeding at a task; Mastering a skill: Focus is in personal performance in relation to their previous ability. Social Approval Orientation - Wanting to gain approval from the people that matter; coach etc. Demonstrate ability so others can recognise their effort. Relevant to kids under 12 (Parent approval)

Ego Goal Orientation(Competitive)

Outperforming others as opposed to self improvement. Social comparison is paramount Winning is the goal for ego goal oriented athletes Maladaptive Motivational Patterns

Strategies to combat Over-Arousal

Plan for success - goal setting etc Remove person for the situation Combat stress Make sure you are physically prepared

Undifferentiated Goal Perspective

Point of view in which a child cannot distinguish or differentiate among the concepts of ability, effort, luck and outcome

What is the best way assure a quality youth sport program?

Provide quality training and supervision of volunteer coaches

State Anxiety

Refers to "right now" feelings that change from moment to moment

Task Cohesion

Refers to working together as a team to achieve goals, whereas social cohesion refers to the interpersonal attraction among team members.

Social Cohesion

Reflects the degree to which members of a team like each other and enjoy one another's company

Although a cause-effect relationship has not been established,

Regular exercise is associated with reductions in anxiety and depression

What is perceived control?

Regulatory component of state anxiety.

False

T or F Neuroticism - small positive relationship with sport and exercise participation

Cohesion

Tenancy for a group to stick together and remain united in pursuit of objectives /goals

Psychophysiological Orientation

The best way to study behavior during sport and exercise is to examine the physiological process of the brain and their influences on the physical activity

d.

The interactional model(s) of leadership targeted for sport is (are) known as the a. multidimensional model of sport leadership b. cognitive-behavioral model of leadership c. cognitive-mediational model of leadership d. a and c e. a and b

Self - Efficacy

The perception of one's ability to perform a task successfully. A situation specific form of self-confidence.

Feedback can provide instructional information about

The specific behaviors to be performed, the levels of proficiency to be achieved, and the performers' current level of proficiency in the desired skills

Cognitive Anxiety

The thought component of anxiety. Negative concerns about performance.

Reinforcement

The use of rewards and punishments that increase and decrease the likeliehood of a similar response occuring in the future.

Which of the following statements is (are) true?

There is a positive relationship between task cohesion and performance.

What can happen as a result of a coach creating a mastery motivational climate?

There is no influence or change in a personality disposition such as goal orientation

How do highly A-trait individuals differ from normal A-trait individuals?

They perceive variety of environmental demands as highly threatening.

What is Cognitive Anxiety?

Thought component of anxiety, usually linked with fear, apprehension, and worry.

Emotional Disclosure Paradigm

Using writing as a therapeutic catharsis to reduce emotional trauma

home court advantage

Varca's Theory of Assertive Behavior - Functional assertive behavior - Dysfunctional assertive behavior

External Imagery

View yourself and your skill from different perspective of an external observer. Little emphasise on kinesthetic feel of movement

Consulting (role of s&e psychologist)

Working with athletes of all ages and abilities in the fitness industry and in sports medicine and physical therapy

centering breath

a technique that involves a deep breath, beginning at the diaphragm, followed by strong but not forceful exhalation and muscle relaxation

sociograms

a) Tool to measure social cohesion b) Discloses affiliation and attraction amongst group members including: - The presence or absence of cliques - Members perceptions of group closeness - Friendship choices within a group - Deg to which athletes perceive interpersonal feelings in the same way - Social isolation of individual group members - Extent of group attraction c) Example of what a sociogram measures: - Asking individual group members specific questions like naming 3 ppl in a group they would most likely invite to a party and the 3 ppl they would least likely want to invite, the 3 ppl you would most likely want to go on a trip to Euro with and least likely etc.

introjected regulation

activities engaged in to avoid negative emotions

decisional balance

advantages and disadvantages of behavioural change

Both aerobic and anaerobic exercise

associated with decreasing depression

Exercise intensities between 30% and 70% of maximal heart rate=

associated with the greatest reduction in post-exercise state anxiety= similar in magnitude to those with other commonly employed anxiety treatments

two person groups or teams

athletes tend to feel greater pressure and responsiblity in partnerships compared with larger teams due to more inpu into decision making and control over the outcome of a competition, those that possess botht eam and individual oriented attitudes reflect the high level of cooperation and personal responsiblity required in dyads, those that common goals and work together to achieve them critical for scucess, strong task and cohesion creates synergy between dyads reflecting better competition performance and a more posititve relationship off the court and effective communication especially critical and necessitating effective, efficient and psotitive communication on a continued basis.

automated coping strategies

coping strategies that are well practiced and used frequently

Bandura - Social learning theory

emphasized the importance of observational learning and modelling

By the year 2020, what will be second only to cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death and disability?

depression

What is autonomy?

emphasis on qualities like self-determination and independence. Evaluating what you want according to your own standars

associators

endurance athletes who internalize or adopt an internal attentional focus

Team Energizing Strategies

energizing strategies that focus upon the team as a whole and are generally orchestrated by the coach Pep talks Team goal setting Bulletin boards News Coverage Fan support Coach, Athlete, and Parent interaction

How does exercise benefit people with cancer?

enhances the quality of life in cancer survivors

gate out

exclude or ignore irrelevant sensory info

Positive Psychology

focuses upon wellness and not merely absence of disease

f) E.W. Scripture

i) Early pioneer of sports psychology ii) Yale psychologist who was interested in taking a more scientific data based approach to the study of psychology iii) Saw sports as a great way to demonstrate the value of his new scientific psychology and with his students conducted a # of lab studies on reaction and muscle movement times of fencers and runners and trandfer of phys training iv) Discussed early research examining of how sport might develop character in participants v) Worked closely with Yale professor William Anderson 1 of the first PE teachers in the USA

behavior modification approach to enhance exercise adherence

involves prompts (cues, and motivations) and contracts (expectaions) that will eventually become associated with exercise

manager

is generally concerned with planning, organizing, scheduling, budgeting, staffing, and recruiting

Moral functioning

is linked with good or bad sportsmanship. Research links high levels of moral functioning with a task goal orientation. Research links low levels of moral functioning with an ego goal orientation

Goal Involvement

is situation specific and relates to how an individual responds to a specific achievement situation at a specific point in time

quiet eye period

lapsed time between the last eye fixation and the initiation of a motor response

What does exercise produce?

larger antidepressant effects when the training program is at least 9 weeks long

Which of the following is (are) a guideline put forth based on 25 years of Smith and Smoll's research?

maintain clear expectations; reinforce effort as much as results; give encouragement and corrective instructional feedback immediately after a mistake

What strategies may be used by youth sport program organizers to de-emphasize the importance of winning?

o Allow all teams to go into a playoff round at the end of the season o Employ a "draft" system that ensures equal distribution of skilled and physically developed participants o Playing time is equalized and each member of a team receives an equal opportunity to start the game

What can be said about parental involvement in youth sport activities?

o Female athletes are more likely to have parents who participate in athletics than are female non-athletes o Parental beliefs are positively related to children's own competency beliefs, interests, and participation o Parental encouragement is positively related to children's sport involvement

What are the top five reasons children give for participation in sport?

o Have fun and enjoy participation o Become physically fit and enjoy good health o Learn new sport skills o Friendships and team atmosphere o Challenge and excitement of participation and competition

What is found in the parent's code of conduct relative to youth sports?

o I will remain in the spectator area during games o I will not direct derogatory comments toward coaches, officials, or players of either team o I will be in control of my emotions at all times

What are the legitimate benefits associated with parents (usually fathers) serving as youth sport coaches?

o Parent enjoys quality time with their own child while at the same time teaching other children about sport o Parents are motivated to provide a quality experience for a group of youth when their own son/daughter is involved

transformational leadership

occurs when the leader takes a visionary position and inspires people to follow that vision and supportively with each other and excel

Task Goal Orientation(Mastery)

perceived ability is a function of perceived improvement from point to another. Individual works for mastery of the task and enjoys feelings of self efficacy and confidence associated with. Adaptive Motivational Patterns

control beliefs

perceived barriers and facilitators of engaging in behaviour

How does exercise benefit people with MS?

play a positive role

Goal Orientation Antecedents and Outcomes

research shows that goal orientation mediates the relationship between antecendents of goal orientation(gender, perceived competence, motivational climate) and goal orientation Outome Goal Orientation Antecedents-->Goal Orientation-->Goal Orientation Outcomes.

processes of change

strategies that individuals use to progress through the stage of change

Other activities that have produced positive effects

strength training, yoga

Jim Loehr's definition of energy

the capacity to do work

chunking

the cognitive process of combining several pieces of information into larger ones

dispositional hypothesis

the hypothesis that athletes have a certain learned or innate way of coping with all stress related situations

Describe the health belief model?

the likelihood of an individual engaging in preventative behaviors depends on persons perception of the severity of the potential illness and appraisal of the benefits of taking action

centering

the process whereby an athletes attention is brought to focus on an important task-oriented suggestion

Breakdowns in communication can occur because

the receiver fails to listen; the receiver misinterprets the message;the messages are inconsistent

control

the same person doing the same techniques in an experiment so they do not influence the primary relationship

social persuasion

verbal and nonverbal feedback from significant knowledgeable others

6. Imagery 6 Which of the following is (are) true? a. Imagery is used most often prior to competition. b. Imagery has both motivational and affective roles in changing behavior. c. The most often-used imagery is known as cognitive general imagery. d. a and c

*a. Imagery is used most often prior to competition.

40. Arousal Regulation39 For long-term coping, research indicates that the most effective strategy is a. active-problem-focused coping b. avoidance coping c. emotion-focused coping d. cognitive appraisal coping e. active-avoidance coping

*a. active-problem-focused coping

18. Psychological Skills18 After a PST program has been put in place, how long do athletes need to continue practicing their mental skills? a. as long as they continue to participate in their sports b. 3 months c. 6 months d. 1 year e. 1 month

*a. as long as they continue to participate in their sports

11. Arousal Regulation11 Athletes should make sure that when they are performing a skill under pressure, they a. breathe out during execution of the skill b. breathe in during execution of the skill c. hold their breath during execution of the skill d. breathe shallowly during execution of the skill

*a. breathe out during execution of the skill

15. Imagery15 Triple code theory refers to what three parts of the image? a. image itself, image meaning, somatic response to the image b. image itself, image meaning, cognitive response to the image c. image itself, image timing, somatic response to the image d. image meaning, image timing, cognitive response to the image e. image consistency, image meaning, image timing

*a. image itself, image meaning, somatic response to the image

17. Arousal Regulation17 A good way to increase awareness of psychological states in sport is to a. monitor and record your psychological states immediately after practice and competition b. talk to teammates c. practice relaxation techniques d. practice cognitive restructuring

*a. monitor and record your psychological states immediately after practice and competition

6. Goal Setting 6 Directing a performer's attention to important elements of a skill is a. one way in which goal setting can influence performance b. one indirect thought process that explains goal setting's impact on athletes c. not really a part of a systematic goal-setting program because most athletes can direct their own attention appropriately d. the same thing as mobilizing the athlete's effort e. b and c

*a. one way in which goal setting can influence performance

10. Goal Setting10 Having a goal to win the race is an example of a(n) _____ goal, whereas having a goal to "improve my best time" is an example of a(n) ______ goal. a. outcome; performance b. process; outcome c. outcome; ego-oriented d. subjective; objective e. a and c

*a. outcome; performance

17. Psychological Skills17 When new psychological skills are being learned, how long should they generally be practiced? a. 5 days a week, 60 minutes a day b. 3 to 5 days a week, 15 to 30 minutes a day c. twice a week, 30 minutes a day d. 5 days a week, 45 to 60 minutes a day e. 3 days a week, 60 minutes a day

*b. 3 to 5 days a week, 15 to 30 minutes a day

1. Imagery Basic imagery training involves a. controllability and awareness b. controllability and vividness c. vividness and relaxation d. relaxation and awareness e. relaxation and controllability

*b. controllability and vividness

16. Psychological Skills16 When is it generally best to implement a PST program? a. anytime b. during the off-season or preseason c. after a problem is identified d. before important competitions e. before easy competitions

*b. during the off-season or preseason

17. Goal Setting17 When formulating a goal-setting program with a novice goal setter, it is best to a. help the person set multiple goals, such as skill goals, concentration goals, and technique goals b. help the person select one goal from a list of multiple goals she would like to pursue c. let the person choose the top two goals from a list of possible goals that you create for her d. let the person decide on the type and number of goals to pursue

*b. help the person select one goal from a list of multiple goals she would like to pursue

2. Goal Setting 2 Focusing on performance (as opposed to outcome goals) during competition has been shown to be associated with _____ anxiety and _____ performance. a. more; poorer b. less; superior c. more; superior d. less; poorer e. none of the above

*b. less; superior

27. Self-Confidence27 The strongest and most dependable information on which to base self-efficacy judgments comes from a. vicarious experiences b. performance accomplishments c. emotional states d. verbal persuasion e. physiological states

*b. performance accomplishments

8. Self-Confidence 8 Coaches often form expectations of athletes based on a. performance information and media reports b. performance information and person cues c. person cues and media reports d. scouting and media reports e. person cues and scouting reports

*b. performance information and person cues

27. Arousal Regulation27 The two most widely accepted coping categories are known as a. problem-focused and cognitive-focused coping b. problem-focused and emotion-focused coping c. cognitive-focused and somatic-focused coping d. emotion-focused and somatic-focused coping e. emotion-focused and cognitive-focused coping

*b. problem-focused and emotion-focused coping

2. Self-Confidence 2 One's confidence can change as the situation changes. This is known as a. trait self-confidence b. state self-confidence c. situational self-confidence d. cognitive self-confidence e. naturally occurring self-confidence

*b. state self-confidence

4. Arousal Regulation 4 The two sensations that are emphasized in autogenic training are a. warmth and cold b. warmth and heaviness c. kinesthetic and heaviness d. warmth and kinesthetic e. cold and kinesthetic

*b. warmth and heaviness

20. Imagery20 Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. Imagery can't help performance; only hard physical practice can. b. Imagery can make an average athlete great. c. Imagery can improve performance if it is done systematically. d. a and c e. b and c

*c. Imagery can improve performance if it is done systematically.

22. Imagery22 Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. Individuals should image only successful events. b. Individuals should image mostly unsuccessful events. c. Individuals should image mostly successful events but also learn to cope with an occasional failure. d. a and c

*c. Individuals should image mostly successful events but also learn to cope with an occasional failure.

1. Goal Setting It is recommended that appropriate goals be a. short-term only b. long-term only c. a combination of short- and long-term d. short-term early in the season, then long-term midway through the season e. either short-term or long-term depending on the way you phrase your generalized goals

*c. a combination of short- and long-term

21. Psychological Skills21 What is the best way to get information concerning an athlete's psychological strengths and weaknesses? a. psychological inventories b. an oral interview c. an oral interview and psychological inventories d. projective and objective psychological inventories

*c. an oral interview and psychological inventories

22. Arousal Regulation22 Which of the following is NOT a phase in the hypnosis process? a. induction phase b. hypnotic phase c. autogenic phase d. waking phase e. posthypnotic phase

*c. autogenic phase

24. Self-Confidence24 The relationship between confidence and performance is a. positive linear b. negative linear c. curvilinear d. negatively accelerated e. positively accelerated

*c. curvilinear

11. Goal Setting11 According to the text, goals should be a. extremely difficult so that only 10% of your players can reach them b. easy enough to achieve so that self-esteem is enhanced c. difficult enough to be a challenge, yet realistic enough to achieve d. set to the same value (e.g., the same score, the same time) for everyone on the same team so that no one is singled out as a favorite e. c and d

*c. difficult enough to be a challenge, yet realistic enough to achieve

19. Arousal Regulation19 The matching hypothesis refers to a. matching athletes with coaches to reduce anxiety levels b. matching athletes with other athletes of similar anxiety levels c. matching the type of anxiety management technique to the specific anxiety problem of each athlete d. matching athletes to the sport that is least anxiety provoking to them

*c. matching the type of anxiety management technique to the specific anxiety problem of each athlete

24. Arousal Regulation24 Which of the following statements regarding hypnosis is (are) true? a. The more open individuals are to receiving suggestions, the more likely they will benefit from hypnosis. b. Negative suggestions almost always result in a decrease in performance. c. The deeper the trance, the less likely the hypnosis will be effective. d. a and b e. a and c

*d. a and b

9. Self-Confidence 9 Which of the following is (are) true? a. Coaches spend more time with high-expectancy athletes. b. Coaches show more positive affect to high-expectancy athletes. c. Coaches spend more time with low-expectancy athletes. d. a and b e. b and c

*d. a and b

21. Arousal Regulation21 According to research with elite athletes by Gould and colleagues, athletes a. prepared for unexpected events b. usually overtrained c. placed a great deal of importance on mental training d. a and c

*d. a and c

29. Arousal Regulation29 Which of the following can increase activation? a. using positive mood words b. slowing down the breathing rate c. listening to energizing music d. a and c e. b and c

*d. a and c

16. Arousal Regulation16 Excess anxiety can produce a. inappropriate muscle tension b. inappropriate thoughts c. somatic (physiological) reactions d. all of the above e. a and c

*d. all of the above

20. Psychological Skills20 A baseball player's slump can be caused by what kind(s) of problems? a. psychological b. biomechanical c. physiological d. all of the above e. a and c

*d. all of the above

30. Imagery30 Which of the following situations involving the use of imagery might result in negative consequences or outcomes? a. imagery creating too much anxiety b. imagery directing attention to irrelevant cues c. imagery that makes a performer overconfident d. all of the above e. a and b

*d. all of the above

4. Psychological Skills 4 Which of the following explain(s) why players and coaches often neglect psychological skills training? a. lack of knowledge b. lack of time c. viewing psychological skills as unchangeable d. all of the above e. a and c

*d. all of the above

41. Arousal Regulation40 Which of the following is (are) a strategy(ies) for coping with different emotions in sport? a. vicarious learning b. self-analysis c. reframing d. all of the above e. a and c

*d. all of the above

5. Self-Confidence 5 Confidence is seen as multidimensional, consisting of confidence in a. one's ability to execute physical skills b. one's level of fitness c. one's psychological skills d. all of the above e. a and c

*d. all of the above

7. Goal Setting 7 The mechanistic explanation for the effectiveness of goal setting includes a. directing the performer's attention to important elements of a skill b. mobilizing effort and increasing persistence by providing incentives c. the development and employment of new learning strategies d. all of the above e. a and b

*d. all of the above

14. Psychological Skills14 The studies investigating the effectiveness of PST in enhancing performance have generally found a. that PST enhances the performance of elite but not recreational athletes b. that PST enhances the performance of collegiate athletes c. that PST enhances performance in older and younger athletes d. b and c e. a and b

*d. b and c

15. Goal Setting15 Which of the following is (are) a common problem(s) when setting goals? a. setting too few goals b. failing to adjust goals c. failing to recognize individual differences d. b and c

*d. b and c

20. Goal Setting20 Which of the following is (are) useful for setting team goals? a. establishing short-term goals first b. monitoring progress toward team goals c. fostering team confidence concerning team goals d. b and c

*d. b and c

26. Psychological Skills26 Which of the following is (are) characteristic of EFFECTIVE consultants that athletes note in interviews with sport psychologists? a. They only conduct one follow-up session with athletes. b. They are accessible and establish rapport with the athletes. c. They are flexible in meeting individual athletes' needs. d. b and c e. a and b

*d. b and c

32. Arousal regulation Which of the following is (are) true in terms of resiliency? a. Sociocultural influences such as social support are not related to being resilient. b. The essence of resiliency is the use of different coping strategies to deal with unpleasant emotions. c. Mental toughness is seen as critical to being resilient. d. b and c e. a and b

*d. b and c

32. Imagery32 Psychological explanations for the effectiveness of imagery include a focus on a. perfectionism b. enhancing motivation c. achieving optimal arousal and focus on task-relevant cues d. b and c e. a and c

*d. b and c

15. Psychological Skills15 Which of the following demonstrate(s) psychological skills training? a. A fitness instructor suggests using positive self-statements to enhance self-esteem with an overweight client. b. A physical education teacher uses relaxation training to help students calm down before going on to their next class. c. A therapist uses behavior modification techniques to help a person quit smoking. d. a and c e. a and b

*e. a and b

37. Arousal Regulation36 Which of the following statements is (are) true regarding research findings on coping in sport? a. Athletes use both adaptive and nonadaptive coping strategies. b. Athletes usually stick with one coping strategy. c. Athletes who had more adaptive coping strategies had higher performance. d. a and b e. a and c

*e. a and c

25. Imagery25 Which of the following statements is (are) true? a. A combination of physical and mental practice is better than physical practice alone, given the same time frame. b. Mental practice can be employed as a substitute for physical practice if an athlete is injured. c. Mental practice should be used as a supplement to physical practice rather than as a replacement for physical practice. d. a and b e. b and c

*e. b and c