Sport Psychology Exam 1

What other research developments occurred during the 1980s?

1.) Better documentation of the effectiveness of psychological interventions at enhancing performance. 2.) Increased attention to exercise and health psychology issues, such as the psychological effects of exercise, overtraining, factors influencing participation and adherence to exercise programs, exercise addition, etc. These advancements resulted in a distinct knowledge base for applied work to enhance athletes' performance.

What did Danish, Petitpas, and Hale advocate for as a result of tensions between sport psychology practitioners trained in kinesiology versus clinical psychology?

A human development and educational approach (teaching mental skills) for sport psychology interventions, as opposed to the clinical and remedial model of correction problems typically found in clinical psychology.

What did Harvard professor G.W. Fitz do?

Also examined reaction time.

What challenges still face the field?

Although they are more widely accepted, qualitative research methods have been criticized for their subjective nature and have led to some debate over the best way of gaining knowledge. Economic support for higher education in many Western societies has declined and caused sport psychology laboratories to become more conscious of the need to secure external funding (e.g., grants, fellowships) to support their research efforts. Tension between researchers and practitioners of sport psychology continues, which has led various professional organizations to purposefully attempt to bridge the gap. Other concerns include the job outlook for many being trained in the field. While sport psychology has certainly grown, academic positions are somewhat limited, and few practitioners will land full-time positions working with athletes and teams. Finally, perhaps the greatest challenge is defining the educational training necessary to become a practitioner in sport psychology. Disagreement over the role of kinesiology versus counseling-based training has led to heated debates among professionals. Increasing attention paid to certifications, licensures, and ethical standards are intended to safeguard against those who may unethically practice sport psychology without the appropriate competencies.

What did Dorothy Harris do?

An early pioneer in U.S. applied sport psychology, she started the first graduate sport psychology specialization at Penn State.

When can interest in the area of sport psychology be traced?

Ancient times. With the start of the Olympic Games around 776 BCE, the ancient Greeks embraced the mind-body connection and discussed both physical and mental preparation of athletes. In fact, ancient Greeks are said to be among the first to systematically explore athletic performance with much of the work paralleling modern-day study.

What did Russian scientists successfully explore during the space program?

Ancient yogic techniques that teach cosmonauts to control psychophysiological processes. This included self-regulation training.

How was the applied side of the field changed during this era?

Applied activity was increasing but it was still discouraged

Who was the first president of NASPSPA?

Arthur Slatter-Hammel of Indiana University.

What happened in the Victorian Era of the late 1800s in the U.S. and Great Brittain?

Athletes, educators, journalists, and other demonstrated interest in the many topics studied in sport psychology today, such as the psychological characteristics of high-level athletes as well as cultural issues n the sporting world.

What caused the formation of the European Federation of Sport Psychology (FEPSAC) in 1969?

Born out of disagreements within ISSP, the European Federation of Sport Psychology (FEPSAC) was founded in 1969 with female pioneer Ema Geron of Bulgaria as its first president. Both ISSP and FEPSAC remain prominent influences on the field today.

What is the Fifth Era?

Bridging Science and Practice in Sport Psychology (Multidisciplinary science and practice in sport and exercise psychology) (1978 - 2000)

Who do we credit with establishing sport psychology laboratories in Europe at the same time as Griffith?

Carl Diem and A. A. Puni

What was this research driven by?

Cognitive theories from psychology and the desire to test their applicability within sport and exercise setting (e.g., self-efficacy, motivational orientations, competence motivation, outcome attributions) and by topics of relevance to potential performance enhancement interventions.

What did American psychologists Karl Lashley and John B. Watson do?

Conducted a series of studies on skill acquisition in archery.

What did American psychology Norman Triplett do in 1898?

Conducted the first known experiment to blend the principles of sport and social psychology. He examined the influence of others on cycling performance, which contributed to the development of social facilitation theory.

What is the interactionism paradigm?

Considers person and environmental variables and their potential interaction.

What is the Sixth Era?

Contemporary Sport and Exercise Psychology (2000 - present)

Describe this era

Contemporary sport psychology is a firmly established discipline. The popularity of the field was evidenced by over 700 delegates from 70 countries attending the 2009 World Congress of Sport Psychology held in Morocco. A large number of universities now offer specializations at the graduate level with hundreds of research studies being conducted every year. Reflecting a shift in the field's focus toward the inclusion of both sport and exercise contexts, the International Journal of Sport Psychology changed its name to the International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology (IJSEP) in 2002.

What did Bruce Ogilvie and Tom Tutko do during the 1960s?

Created considerable interest in sport psychology with their research, which culminated in Problem Athletes and how to handle them. After extensively researching the personality of athletes, Ogilvie and Tutko developed the controversial Athletic Motivation Inventory, which they claimed predicted success and problems in athletes. They were San Jose State clinical psychologists

Who published the first meta-analysis in the field in 1983, examining 60 studies revealing mental practice can influence performance?

Deborah Feltz and Dan Landers

Who can the first interest in sport psychology in Eastern Europe be traced to?

Dr. P. F. Lesgaft

What was the Fourth Era?

Establishment of Academic Sport Psychology (Establishment of Academic Sport Psychology) (1966-1977)

Who was the first president of the ISSP?

Ferruccio Antonelli of Italy.

What about women in this era?

Finally, women of this era were afforded more opportunities and entered the field in greater numbers thanks to the concerted efforts of several female pioneers, including Ema Geron, Dorothy Yates, Dorothy Harris, Jean Williams, Carole Oglesby, Tara Scanlan, Maureen Weiss, and Diane Gill, to name just a few.

What did Ogilvie and Tutko's consulting with college and professional teams do?

Fostered public interest in applied sport psychology

What changes are we seeing as of recent?

Fueled by rising obesity and decreases in physical activity, there has been an explosion of interest in health and exercise-related research. Exercise motivation and adherence, the role of physical activity in mental health, and the psychology of athletic injuries have all been topics of considerable interest. Life skill development, cultural issues, and diversity in the sport context have also become popular areas of inquiry. In addition to the topics studied, the methods employed are also expanding. An increase in qualitative research methods in particular.

Who was Coleman Griffith.

Grandfather of sport psychology in North America. He was the first person to research sport psychology over an extended period and then apply it to enhance the performance of athletes and coaches. Wrote two books on sport psychology. He established the first sport psychology lab in North America. Taught the first courses in sport psychology. Griffith's laboratory closed during the Great Depression of the 1930s, but in 1938, he was hired by the Chicago Cubs to assist in improving the team's athletic performance.

What about the applied aspect?

Greater attention is being paid to the practice of sport psychology with the development of an applied journal, The Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, published by the Association for Applied Sport Psychology in 2010. As sport psychology becomes increasingly popular through media outlets and social networking, Olympic and professional athletes continue to work with sport psychology specialists, as do a number of developing and recreational athletes.

On the applied front, what did David Tracy do?

He consulted with semipro baseball players as well as the St. Louis Browns' major league team. Tracy helped athletes improve their performance by teaching relaxation skills, using confidence building techniques, autosuggestion, and hypnosis. His work is crucial to this era in that it garnered a great deal of publicity for the practice of sport psychology.

What did Pierre de Coubertin do?

He was the French founder of the modern Olympic movement. He wrote numerous articles relevant to sport psychology, such as the reason children participate in athletics, importance of self-regulation, and psychological factors in performance improvement. He also organized several Olympic Congresses, two of which focused on the psychological aspects of sport. Interested in the blend between body, character, and mind, Coubertin's efforts garnered publicity around the critical role of psychology in sporting activity and continued to influence the field's development well into the 1940s.

What did the ISSP do?

ISSP inspired the development of several other professional organizations of sport psychology across the globe, including the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity in 1966, the British Society of Sports Psychology in 1967, the French Society of Sport Psychology in 1967, the Canadian Society for Psychomotor Learning and Sport Psychology in 1969, and the German Association of Sport Psychology in 1969.

What arose from the growing use of sport psychology consultants during the 1980s?

Important professional issues including adequate scientific base for practice, kinds of services, who is qualified, etc.

What did Dr. P. F. Lesgaft do?

In 1901, he described the possible psychological benefits of physical activity

Prior to the 1968 meeting, when was the first NASPSPA meeting held and where?

In 1967 preceding the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance (AAHPERD) conference in Las Vegas, Nevada.

Where do the conceptual roots of sport psychology lie?

In antiquity. In early Greek and Asian cultures, the interdependence of mind and body was not only acknowledged but also emphasized as central to both performance and personal development.

What happened in this era?

In the 1920s and 30s, professionals continued to show interest in the psychological aspects of sport through periodic writing, research, and exploration. However, it is also in this era that individuals from around the world began to specialize in the area by developing more systematic lines of research, presentations, and publications that marked a more sustained interest in the psychological aspects of sport. The 1920s and 1930s were characterized by not only scholars who dabbled in sport psychology work, but also those across the globe who set up sport psychology laboratories and devoted significant portions of their career to studying the area.

What does ISSP stand for?

International Society of Sport Psychology

Why are single-subject designs beneficial?

It encourages personalziing interventions based on qualities of the individual and avoids the masking effects that sometimes occurs with group means comparisons.

In what domain do the roots for the emergence and acceptance of sport psychology as a discipline lie largely?

Kinesiology (the study of human movement), but developments in psychology also played a major role in its evolution.

What is a new area of research?

Mental health and well-being of athletes competing at all levels of sport.

What also increased as a result of Tara Scanlan?

Mixed-methods designs.

What do scholars and professionals in the field of sport psychology study?

Motivation, leadership, group dynamics, exercise and psychological well-being, performers' thoughts and feelings, and many other dimensions of participation in sport and physical activity.

What did the APA do in 1987?

Officially recognized a sport and exercise psychology division, Division 47.

What declined in the mid 1970s?

Personality research. This is because of heated debates about the validity of personality traits and the inventories used to assess them.

What was firmly taking hold in the late 1960s and 70s in the U.S.?

Physical education. Professors were asked to begin research programs in all the sport sciences, curriculums were revised to include more academic sport science coursework, and graduate programs were developed. Sport psychology, now considered distinct from motor learning and control, was a part of this change.

Who demonstrated the most consistent interest in sport psychology during this era?

Pierre de Coubertin

What is the first Era in the history of sport psychology?

Pre-History (Antiquity - Early 1900s).

What was the Third Era?

Preparation for the Discipline (Preparation for the Future) (1939-1965)

What was the purpose of AASP?

Promote applied research in the areas of social, health, and performance enhancement psychology; the appropriate application of these findings; and the examination of professional issues such as ethical standards, qualifications for becoming a sport psychology consultant, and certification of sport psychology consultants. Another objective was to promote the field of sport psychology within mainstream psychology.

What does Division 47 do?

Provides APA members with an opportunity to share research and address relevant issues in sport psychology. Name was changed to Society for Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology.

What two books did Griffith write?

Psychology of Coaching and Psychology of Athletics.

What did American psychologist Edward Scripture do by 1894?

Published one of the first studies in the field. Scripture examined reaction time in fencers and runners. Work reflects efforts to establish a new psychology that focused on data collection and experimentation. and an emphasis on applying scientific findings to the real world (enhancing athletic performance)

What did French physician Philippe Tissie do by 1894?

Published one of the first studies in the field. he studied psychological changes in endurance cyclists.

What did John Lawther do?

Published the one book during the 1950s and 60s, titled the Psychology of Coaching. He was also a psychology who headed the Penn State basketball team.

Who published the first research articles in the early 1920s?

Puni and Rudik

What also increased and why is it beneficial?

Qualitative designs. They add to the knowledge base as researchers gain in-depth knowledge on a topic by, for example, observing and interviewing people. This can be attributed to Tara Scanlan's work.

What helped ot spawn the increase in field research?

Rainer Marten's 1979 article About Smocks and Jocks. Martens chided the field for largely conducting laboratory-based research when more relevant questions and findings could result from field research.

What is cultural sport psychology?

Recognizes the importance of understanding marginalized (i.e., minority) participants' experiences and offers theory-driven sport psychology interventions with diverse athletes.

What did Alfred Hubbard do?

Reinstituted the sport psychology lab Griffith started at the University of Illinois in 1951

Who was Dorothy Yates?

She taught at Standford and San Jose State College and had a private practice in psychology. She wrote two books and a research article describing her mental training interventions with boxers and aviators. The interventions focused on mental preparation, particularly a relaxation set-method. Because of her success, she was asked in 1942 to develop a psychology course at San Jose State University for athletes and aviators. She emphasized the use of positive affirmations and relaxation to enhance performance. A reflection of her work reveals that Yates made important contributions in an otherwise male-dominated field.

Since when has most of the scientific foundation of modern sport psychology developed?

Since the 1970s.

What type of design increased in this era?

Single-subject designs

What happened in this era?

Sport psychology came of age as both a science and an area of professional practice. This era was characterized by increasing interest in the field with scientists devoting their entire careers to the field, and a growing number of practitioners working directly with athletes and coaches. Increased numbers of academic journals were published. The development of organizations to meet the needs of a growing field continued. The emphasis on scientific credibility, including the development of a sufficient scholarly foundation to justify the practice sport psychology, grew tremendously.

What also began to happen in the 1970s?

Sport psychology in North American began to flourish and receive recognition within kinesiology as a subdiscipline separate from motor learning.

What about the applied side?

Sport psychology interventions were implemented in systematic ways. That, in turn, led to increased consulting with athletes and recognition of important professional issues.

How did the Olympics influence North American sport psychology?

Sport psychology professionals working with the athletes led to increased publicity for the field. Sport psychology became more systematic with U.S. teams when, in 1983, the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) established an official Sport Psychology Committe and a registry of qualified sport psychology consultants approved to work with U.S. Olympic teams.

Who hosted the meeting?

Teh newly formed North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA).

What was the AASP?

The Association for the Advancement of Applied Spot Psychology, which was formed in 1985. First president was John Silva and Jean Williams was the first female president.

What was SCAPPS?

The Canadian Society for Psychomotor Learning and Sport Psychology created in the 1960s.

What was the Second Era?

The Development of Sport Psychology as a Specialty (The Giffith Era) (1921-1938)

What happened in Rome in 1965?

The First World Congress of Sport Psychology was held in Rome, Italy, in 1965. While few delegates were considered sport psychologists given that the field was only emerging as a discipline, this event marked the beginning of worldwide interest and institutionalization of the field. It was here that the International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP) was born. This is regarded as the first worldwide gathering of sport psychology professionals. More than 500 experts representing 40 countries attended.

Where can the beginning of sport psychology also be traced to?

The Institutes for Physical Culture in Moscow and Leningrad, which were established in the early 1920s.

What further sparked extensive investment in athletic research in the 1950s?

The Soviet space program

Why was Tutko and Ogilvie's book controversial?

The book was controversial because it suggested that athletes were problematic and needed to be controlled, while some scholars felt that their personality test was based on questionable science. Despite the controversy, Ogilvie was active in working with elite athletes and teams and was seen as a role model for many young professionals with an interest in applied work. In fact, he has been called the father of applied sport psychology in North America.

What is an indication of increasing diversity in the field?

The call for more research into the influence of culture on psychological processes and behavior.

Why was applied sport psychology discouraged?

The early application and bad publicity of Arnold Mandel's work with the San Diego Chargers. Many in the field felt sport psychology would be better served by first developing a research foundation upon which interventions might be base.

What happened in 1979?

The establishment of the Journal of Sport Psychology

What do people consider Ogilvie?

The father of applied sport psychology in North America

What did The Sport Psychology Academy, formed within AAHPERD in 1975, do?

The first group for which a major goal was to bridge the gap between the researcher and practitioner by providing an opportunity for scholars in sport psychology to share their research and expertise with coaches and physical education teachers.

Who was Knute Rockne?

The football coach of the Fighting Irish of Notre Dame, popularized the pep talk by making it an important part of his coaching

Why did many authorities belief that Eastern Europe was ahead of the rest of the world in the development and implementation of applied sport psychology?

The government-funded research and widespread integration of sophisticated mental training programs.

What gained credibility in the mid 1970s?

The interactionism paradigm.

Why was no recognizable discipline of sport and exercise psychology established in the 1930s and 1940s?

The pioneering efforts in sport psychology by Griffith and Yates were not immediately followed in any systematic way

What is applied sport psychology concerned with?

The psychological factors that influence participation and performance in sport and exercise; the psychological effects derived from participation; and theories and interventions that can be used to enhance performance, participation, and personal growth.

Regarding women, what did research also begin to focus on?

The study of women in sport from a feminist perspective, largely due to a conference hosted by Dorothy Harris (1972) and a book published by Carole Oglesby (1978).

What was psychic self-regulation also responsible for?

The victories by East German and Soviet athletes during the 1976 Olympics.

How was this demonstrated in the literature?

There were Four sport psychology journals.

How did the iron curtain countries differ from North America?

They have a long history of researching and implementing the applied aspects of sport psychology, specifically focused on enhancing elite athletes' performance.

How were the members of NASPSPA and SCAPPs influential?

They were influential in building the research base in sport psychology and gaining acceptance of the field.

Therefore, what was the primary goal of sport psychology professionals in the 1970s?

To gain acceptance for the field by advancing the knowledge base through positivist framed, experimental research (largely lab based). At this time, there was little agreement as to an appropriate knowledge base for the field.

Who hired Griffith in 1925 to help coaches improve athletes' performance?

University of Illinois

What was self-regulation training?

Used to voluntarily control such bodily functions as heart rate, temperature, and muscle tension, as well as emotinal reactions to stressful situations.

Describe the writing that occurred in the 1960s.

Very little writing occurred in sport psychology through the 1960s except for occasional research studies that were atheoretical, unsystematic, and laboratory based.

Where was the second meeting of ISSP held in 1968?

Washington D.C.

What did Russian scholars Roudik and Puni do?

began work at the Physical Institutes of Culture in Moscow and Leningrad, respectively. Roudik conducted studies on perception, memory, attention, and imagination while Puni examined psychological preparation and the effects of competition on athletes.

What did Walter Miles, his student B. C. Graves, and football coach Pop Warner do?

conducted an interesting study on the influence of signal calling on charging times among the offensive line players.

What did Franklin Henry of the University of California at Berkely do?

established a psychology of physical activity program and trained physical educators. Upon earning their graduate degrees, these students initiated systematic lines of research across the country. While much of Henry's work focused on what would now be considered motor learning and control, some of his students examined social psychology topics such as athlete personality and the arousal-performance relationship.

What did German psychologist Robert Werner Schulte do?

started one of the first sport psychology laboratories in 1920 at the Deutsche Hochshule für Leibesübungen where he wrote a book titled Body and Mind in Sport and continued his work until his untimely death in 1933.

What happened five years after the meeting in Rome?

the inaugural issue of the International Journal of Sport Psychology arrived just five years later in 1970.