spte 110 exam 3
special Olympic motto
"Let me win. But if I cannot win, let me be brave in the attempt."
more factors
- % of white players have declined more than blacks - Latin American are taking these spots - "Lebron James factor" FB and basketball players go straight to the top pro league - baseball players go to minors
alcohol abuse among native americans
- 4 of top 10 causes of death are alcohol related: accidents, suicides, cirrhosis of the liver and homicides - alcohol mortality is nearly 5 times higher than fro all other races - 43% are "at risk" of serious harm from drugs or alcohol by the 7th grade - a vicious cycle socially
harry edwards
- African American sociologist, studies were concentrated on sport and how it affects native American. Very vocal about sport is detrimental towards African Americans. Much more productive for everyone to concentrate on academics then sports.
implications of ADA for sport
- Dramatic change in sport opportunities - more representation for programs for people with disability by governing bodies than before the ADA - Mainstreaming into regular sport programs - more attention to variations degree of disability
Paralympics in the United States
- Founding as division of USOC in 2001 - start-up funding of $23 million for 18 sports - mission * to be the world Paralympic leader by developing elite programs - to promote excellence in the lives f person with a disability *Paralympics affiliated with Olympics but special Olympics are not
History of religion and sport
- Greek festivals honored gods - Roman emperor Theodosius 1 banned the olympics due to pagan elements - the puritans saw sport as a leisure pursuit that should be avoided - Muscular Christianity, however, approached physical fitness as a virtue
Latino and Hispanic athletes
- Hispanic: all people whose ethnic heritage is traced to a Spanish speaking country - Latino or Latina: person of Latin American heritage - great diversity among Latino groups - most male Latino and Hispanic athletes recognized for baseball and soccer -
Judaism and sport
- Jewish boxers dominant in early 1900s - many Jewish basketball players in 1940s - baseball (hank greenberg, sandy Koufax) - Olympics (mark Spitz, Kerri Strug, Sarah Hughes) -successes in many other sport
access and barriers to sport
- Olympic and elite level * cost of high- performance training *requires economic, social and cultural capital * top coaching and training can cost up to US $100,000 per year in some individual sports (E.G., equestrian) * cost include coaching, facilities, travel, and equipment. - Team sport * often run and subsidized by the community * allows most kids to play (makes coaching more affordable) High school sport - affluent school win more championships -can afford better facilities, equipment, and coaches - participants start earlier and receive more training Community leagues - serve more children at the modest expense - offer training even in traditionally upper class sports
Jerome Singleton Jr
- Paralympics sprinter won several medals in both Paralympics and Paralympics championship. beat Oscar Postorious
issues for special population
- acceptance - funding and organizational support - community programs opportunities -trainer, coaches, administrators, officials - equipment - inclusion with other populations -media support
lesbian athletes
- acceptance of lesbian athletes has grown in the past 20 years - still, athletes and coaches assumed to be lesbian face misunderstanding and discrimination
native American athletes
- account for .9% of US population - poverty rate 50% on reservation - stereotypical, dehumanizing images re used for names, mascots, logos (now limited by NCAA) - Native American sport council is part of the Olympic movement; north American indigenous games are now a big event
sport and older adults
- adults over the age of 55 control 70% of the net worth of US households - they have twice the discretionary money of the younger people - adults over the age 55 make up 22% of core fitness participants
characteristics of allowable sports for females
- aesthetically pleasing ( ice skating , diving, gymnastics) - no bodily contact with opponents ( bowling, archery, badminton, volleyball, tennis, golf, swimming, running) - action controlled to protect the athletes from overexertion (running short distance, basketball where offense and defense didn't cross half-court
African Americans and basketball
- after the color barriers was broken, the number of African American payers are at the lowest level since 1960 - Jackie Robinson - Branch Rickey
Asian American athletes
- along with Latino, fastest growing US minority population - different path from African Americans and Latinos- sport not used as means to economic, social, or educational goals - different sporting choices due to culture and perhaps body type
sports traits
- assertiveness - competitiveness - physical endurance -ruggedness - dominance
sport participation by older adults
- associations * AARP * international council on active aging (ICAA) - Performance sport *master, senior tours * in 2015, more than 10,00 athletes at the national summer senior games in Bloomington-Minneapolis St. Paul, Minnesota
high school sport and moral development
- athletes have lower moral development than non athletes - female athletes score higher score than male athletes, but their scores decline every three years -intervention programs can positively affect moral reasoning
factors in declining participation
- basketball and football are thought to present more glamorous opportunities - lack of facilities and poor facilities - real or perceived racism - increasing cost of equipment and joining a league
Sporting participation trends among older adults
- big increase in the over 50 age group - "older age" : new definition and expectations - increase in lifetime activities ( e.g., walking, swimming, tennis, golf, yoga, dance) -inexpensive community programs - more opportunities with the set minimum age
Key point social class
- capital affects which sports we watch, play and succeed in.
christian influence on sport
- churches use sport to attract people - Catholics started the CYO; protestants started the YMCA - Some athletes use religion to conquer fear and find deeper meaning in sport - link between religion and sport can reinforce a desired code of conduct - sport instills protestant Values (r.g., hard work, self discipline, striving for success)
ways to promote diversity in sport
- collect and report data - require leaders to report racism - spur major sport organizations to include minorities at all levels - spur media to recruit minority journalists - get government support for programs - adopt nondiscrimination policies
women and sport after title 9
- collegiate females have fewer sport participation opportunities than males do - females receive $182 million less than males in NCAA athletic scholarships - females have less opportunity for careers as athletes, coaches and administrators.
legacy of lacrosse
- created by native american - with skill, speed, agility, its a fast paced sport - has grown 10% annually over the past 15 years 39 states have US lacrosse chapter, more than half a million members playing - 39.5% growth in college participation and 200% growth in high school participation
native American main sports
- distance running - basketball
kinds of capital
- economic capital: financial resources (owned or controlled) that affect one's world view and opportunities - social capital: resources available based on memberships, relationships, and social business networks - cultural capital: skills and abilities based on education and life experience
Exploitation of minority athletes
- educational shortcomings may be ignored - athletes may be promoted through grades regardless of performance - athletes may be pressured into "easy majors" - graduation rates are low - pro teams and colleges want athletes in school for reasons unrelated to athletes best interests -African American women are exploited due to both race and gender
sporting behavior and mental toughness
- emotional control may lead to better behavior - we must both learn the rules and understand the spirit of the rules
islam and sport
- every action meant to glorify Allah - Women banned or required to wear traditional dress but starting to have greater impact in international sport - no sport prohibited for males ( sport and games part of expected teachings) - Muhammad Ali
use of sport to promote religion
- fellowship of christian athletes - athletes in action - pro athletes outreach - national christian college athletic association
minorities as sport leaders
- few collegiate coaches are minorities (per the annual race report card from the university of central florida) - minority owners are even fewer, through there are some. ( Jordan Moreno)
growth of the Paralympics
- for athletes with amputations, visual impairment, cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, MS, dwarfism ext. -1960 inaugural games in Rome: 400 athletes from 23 countries - now the second largest sport event in the world - 2012 London games; 4,000 plus athletes
Special Olympics
- for athletes with intellectual disability, cognitive delay, learning disability, or vocational problems - 185 countries - 1.7 million athletes - began with 1,00 athletes at the 1968 Chicago games - coals: help participants improve fitness, develop skills, and enhance confidence and self-image - special Olympics world games are held every four years
Pre civil war sport
- games and sports played among slave encouraged by plantation owners for control purposes - mainly boxing and horse racing - black boxers used for entertainment of white masters and their friends - black used as jockeys but not trainers - African American in subordinate roles
social issues in women's sport: media and images
- gender: conflict over orientation labels - athletic apparel * advances in sport bras (Chastain 1999 celebration) * shoes not updated - objectification of athletes *female athletic body is now seen as sexy *females may be judge only on looks not talent.
high school athlete survey
- girls more committed to honest, fair play - baseball, football, and basketball players more inclined to bad behavior - poor coach behavior reported by 25% to 33% - hazing, stealing, cheating okay with majority - inflicting pain is okay with 60% of males
barriers to participation: K- college
- girls starting sort participation later than boys and dropping out sooner - girls of color and those from low income families typically end their participation in organized sport sooner than peers who are white and from middle or higher income families Title 9 challenges: - colleges and universities cutting men's teams- unintended consequences -football dominance in colleges and universities --- 85 scholarships for 22 positions
girls and sport after title 9
- girls still have fewer opportunities than boys -girls still generally get inferior facilities, equipment, coaching and publicity - less than 2/3 of African American and Hispanic girls play a sport, where as more than 3/4 of Caucasians girls do
history of women in sport
- historically, women were not allowed to be physically active outside of chores - until the mid 1800s , women were often excluded from participation or ridiculed for it. - female participation increased lowly in physical activity and individual sports - women were prohibited from participating in the modern Olympics until 1920 - female sport greats include Glenna Collette- Vare, Helen Wills Moody, Jackie Joyner-Kersee and Billie Jean King
women as sport leaders
- in 1980, 90% of women's teams were coaches by women; in 2012, 43% (near all time low) - only 20% of all colleges AD's are women -only 37% of the USOC are women
social issues in women's sport: physical activity benefits
- increased self esteem -decreased drug use - decrease chance of unwanted pregnancy - increase graduation rate -sport was a helpful experience for four out of five women executives
reasons or myths for not participating
- lack of interest - harmful to health - only" ladylike" sports appropriate - undeserving (quality inferior to men) - social stigma associated with presumed lesbianism - gender verification practices - social attitudes about gender roles
in class mobility possible in sport?
- may be unrealistic expectations - only 0.2% of high school athletes play professionally - best opportunity to advance is through education
special populations in the United States
- nearly 57 million US residents have at least one mental or physical disability - nearly 110 million US residents are over 50 - these population are sometimes excluded or otherwise discriminated against - like the general population, they gain equality of life benefits from physical activity
social mobility in sport: educational opportunities
- need to stay academically eligible to play - may earn athletic scholarship (sport helps build social and cultural capital) - college athletes may have more opportunities than non-athletes - business leaders often contribute their success to lessons learned in sport
global status of women in sport
- not all countries are progressive (e.g., female participation is still often prohibited in Arab countries) - white, middle class athletes are the most supported in developed nations
use of sport to promote religious schools
- notre dame (football) - gonzaga ( basketball) - BYU (football)
equal pay for equal play
- only recently have all four tennis grand slams offered gender equal prize money - LPGA purses lag far behind PGA purses ( and tennis and golf are success stories) - per Forbes, only one women (Maria Sharapova) ranked among the top 50 highest paid athletes in 2014) - women give same endorsements for less pay
Media coverage of women's sports
- prime time winter olympics coverage in 2014 was nearly even: 45% focused on males, 41% on females(new high for women) -newsroom coverage of women's sport still lags behind that of men's sport (accounts for less than 10%)
title 9
- prohibits discrimination in federally supported education programs - " no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded form participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance" - passed as part of the US education amendments of 1972. - before title 9, participation rates and financial support were lopsided * in sport, 3.7 million boys versus .3 million girls * for every US dollar spent of a program, 99 cents for boys and 1 cents for girls - confusion arose but was resolved by lawsuits and official clarifications
Eunice Kennedy Shriver
- sister of our president JFK - founder of camp shriver which later turned into the special Olympics
leadership positions
- small % of Africna Americans in leadership positions - Al Campanis - Marge Schott - coaching positions in pro and college - NFL minority hiring policy - BCA policy - executive positions -plight of African American women
development of moral values
- some theorists hold that behavior is based on moral development - Kohlberg proposed an are related progression of stages
sport as a positive force in equality
- sport success in linked to self confidence (role models can be positive) -sports offers a way out of poverty for some - integration is often easier in sport - school based sport programs are free - unique travel possibilities raise awareness. - sport encourages a healthy lifestyle
existing high performance sport ethic per coakley
- strive for excellence -competing to win -sacrifice - love of the game - commitment to team - playing with pain and adversity
use of religion by coaches, owners and organizations
- team unity - moral code for athletes - religious role models for players (for example other players and coaches) - prayers events, christian outreach at Olympics - informal prayer at school events - faith nights in minor leagues
use of prayer by athletes
- to cope with uncertainty and anxiety - to put like and sport into perspective - to build meaning in sport participation
use of religion in athletes
- to justify commitment to high performance - to reduce pressure and uncertainty - to enhance bonds between teammates - to guide moral decision making
social class and sport opportunity: middle and lower class
- upper- middle class * includes professionals (e.g., lawyers, managers, physicians) * Members have many sport opportunities - middle class * members make careful decisions about expenses * members have many opportunities in community and school based team sport -Lower class * members play team sports available and subsidized in the community - individual sports such as bowling and pool are popular with this social class.
conflict between sport and religion
- violent nature of some sports - how athletes overcome internal conflicts, justify dedication to sport and validate sport experience - separate beliefs - questions of meaning and value
social class and sport opportunity: the upper class
- wealthy (with disposable income) - exclusive memberships used to build social capital - able to afford exceptional coaching and sport experience - highest rates of sport participation - exclusive sports (e.g., golf, tennis, polo, sailing, horseback riding, skiing) - more likely to use health and fitness equipment
native american issues
-giving up their "indianness" - real or perceived racial bias at college - no ethnic support system in college - poor academic preparation - college degrees don't help on the reservation - fear of failure
who controls sports?
-local communities: power held by administrators, boards of director (parents, politicians) - national level: power held by people who control an organizations money * often members of the upper or upper middle class * often white males
female gender role expectations
-passive -gentle -delicate -submissive
sporting behavior at different level
-professional athletes are role models who influence youth athletes - media and coaches tend to emphasize winning and competition -athletes need to be taught fair play, moral development, and character - participation sport tends to be more balanced
Title 9 test of compliance: 3 stages
1) are participants numbers proportional to enrollments? - if yes, you are in compliance - if not, go to the next prong 2) does the school show a history of progress - if yes, you are in compliance - if no, go to the next prong 3) does the school accommodate students interest in sports - if there are athletes who wish for a sport, the school may not be in compliance
strategies for good behavior
1. parents teach values to kids at a young age 2. coaches and official prohibit play if rules are not followed 3. parents and coaches model good behavior 4. fans decrease rowdiness and alcohol use 5. professional athletes and organizations serve actively as positive role models 6. we all reward good behaviors
amendments
13,14,15 amendments to the bill of rights. - 13 abolish slavery - 14 citizenship, - 15 Freed African American right to vote.
red auerbach
Arnold Jacob "Red" Auerbach was an American basketball coach of the Washington Capitols, the Tri-Cities Blackhawks and the Boston Celtics. famous for lighting a cigar after winning a game
Carlton Heyward
First African American football player at USC. But Jackie started before him
Dr. James Naismith
Invented basketball in spring field mass at the YMCA * VOLLEY BALL was also invented at a YMCA in the same area
Maccabi games
Olympic style games of the Jewish religion
kohlbergs 6 stages of moral development
Preconventional 1. punishment and obedience 2. pleasure or pain conventional 3. good boy or girl 4. law and order postconventional 5. social contract 6. principled conscience
minority population in sport participation
US Latino population is no longer concentrated in few states african american population i growing the most in the south
Americans with disabilities act
US law enacted in 1990 to eliminated discrimination in several areas - employment -government -public accommodation -telecommunication - transportation George H.W. Bush put act into place
racism
belief in superiority of one race over anotoher
racial differences in sports
biological reasons - not supported ( Kenyans versus Ethiopians) cultural and social reasons - emphasis on activities caries by culture - sport as means of social mobility - many athletic role models opportunity structures - facilities, resources ( money, programs)
key point sports behavior
cause and effect can not be determined because athletes may already have key positive or negative traits participating in sport
ethnicity
cultural heritage of a group
barriers to good sporting behavior
emphasis on winning - by coaches - by parents - in tradition and customs * lack of the necessary intellectual understanding for advanced moral reasoning
sporting behavior
ethical behaviors involves the following - participation for the pleasure of hard fought contest - refusal to take unfair advantage - courtesy towards one's support - graciousness in both winning and losing
Harold White
first African American coach. later senior associate athletic director. now a judge in south Carolina. cared about students athletes more than anyone. has an academic achievement awards after his name. African American players had an issue with shaving mustache and Harold was the one to deal with it.
Curtis Frye
first African American head coach at USC
Casey Manning
first african american basketball player at USC
spending in college sport
in 2012, men's athletic accounted for 74% of overall expenses at D-1 FBS schools. - these schools spend more on football than all women's sports teams combined - in 2012, spending on D-1 women's teams averaged less than half that on men's teams
minority group
in the united states, any group except whites
Marge Schott
owner of the reds, was very racist, owned Nazi memorabilia and said she would rather have a trained monkey than an African American man as a manager.
key point social class 2
people who wield power in sport can either promote or prevent change
race
social category constructed to describe people with genetic similarity
economic and class division
social class: category of people with similar position s based on economic level, social interaction,education, and occupation. - social stratification: assignment of class based on societal inequalities (e.g., in power, prestige, and wealth
two social types of character
social- teamwork, loyalty, work ethic, perseverance. moral- honesty, fairness, integrity, responsibility
African American athletes
some advances have been made against racism in sport - in 1947, jackie robinson broke through the color barrier and was named the MLB roockie of the year - by the 1950's black ports participation percentages mirrored the black population percentage - today, black are over-presented in Basketball and football but underrepresented in most sports
stacking
some unusual distributions of whites and blacked in certain sport positions cannot be explained by random distribution - whites in "thinking" and "outcome control" positions - Blacks in speed positions - TOKENISM
mike Sargent
throwing coach
Richard Lapchick
university of central Florida, annually reports how college sports are dealing with race
sports as builder of character and morals
values can be learned through sport socialization factors related to sporting behavior include the following: - sport type -performance level - position played
louis day
was a USC athlete, 2011 in track, threw the shot put. they missed measured his throw and told them them the distance was wrong when it was further then usual
Al Campanis
was asked why there was no African American managers, and said they lack skills to be a manager
Plessie vs feurgson:
you can have separate facilities for blacks and whites and it was equal
