Stage 2 Exam
What set of specific information must you have when completing your preflight action for a cross-country flight?
. Weather reports and forecasts . Fuel requirements . Alternatives available if the planned flight cannot be completed as planned . Known traffic delays as advised by ATC
Under what conditions are you prohibited from being a crewmember of a civil aircraft when you have consumed alcohol?
. Within eight hours of drinking any alcoholic beverage When under the influence of alcohol . When you have a blood alcohol concentration of .04 or greater
KART 1217382 121818 19008KT P6SM SKC FM0600 17006KT P6SM SCT250 WS015/23035KT PM1400 19012KT P6SM BK'250 TS015 / 23045KT What is the predicted wind shear starting at 1400Z?
1,500 feet with winds from 230 degrees at 45 knots
An operator of an aircraft that has been involved in an accident is required to file an accident report within ______days.
10
A certificated private pilot may not act as pilot in command of an aircraft towing a glider unless the pilot has logged a minimum __________of hours of pilot-in-command time in the aircraft category, class, and type, if required, that the pilot pilot is using to tow a glider.
100
What inspections are required for rental aircraft used for flight instruction?
100-hour Annual
SPECI KRDU 2617342 17011G17KT 2 1/2SM-RA BR BKN005 BKN014 OVCO35 12/11 A2952 RMK A02 SFC VIS 3 PRESFR P0004. What is the wind speed reported in this METAR?
11 knots gusting to 17 knots
FEW
118 to 2/8 of the sky
How many hours separate the two columns of the low-level prog chart?
12
How much time has elapsed between the first and second columns in a VAFTAD?
12 hours
To act as pilot in command of an aircraft towing a glider, a pilot is required to have made within the preceding _____months at least _________actual or simulated glider tows while accompanied by a qualified pilot
12, 3
Under what conditions must crewmembers of an unpressurized aircraft use supplemental oxygen?
12,500 up to and including 14,000 feet MSL ( for that part of the flight at those altitudes that is of more than 30 minutes duration) 14,000 feet MSL and above ( for the entire flight time at those altitudes)
КОКС 051130Z 051212 14008KT 5SM BR BRO 30 TEMPO 1316 1 1 / 2SM BR EM1600 16010KT P6SM SKC BECMG 2224 20013G20KT 4SM SHRA ovco20 PROB40 0006 2SM TSRA OVCO08CB BECMG 0608 21015KT P6SM NSW SCTO40 When is this TAF valid?
1200Z on the 5th to 120oz on the 6th
When flying below 18,000 feet MSL, what frequency should you use to contact EFAS?
122.0 MHz
Above what cabin pressure altitude must the occupants of an unpressurized aircraft be provided supplemental oxygen?
15,000 feet MSL
You cannot operate an aircraft at cabin pressure altitudes above ______unless all occupants are provided with supplemental oxygen
15,000 feet MSL
KDLH 1815452 181612 33010KT P6SM BKN035 TEMPO 1619 5 SM-SHRA BKNO25 EN41 900 29014G2 3KT P6SM SCT050 SCT150 BECMG 0103 28009KT EMO 900 25009KT P6SM SCT060 BKN120 When is this TAF valid?
160oz on the 18th to 120oz on the 19th
What is the maximum amount of time that can elapse before your approved nylon parachute must be packed by a certificated, appropriately rated parachute rigger?
180 days
If you have not met the recency of experience requirements for night flight, and official sunset is 1805, the latest time you may carry passengers is
1904
SPECI KRDU 2617342 17011G17KT 2 1/2SM -RA BR BKNOO5 BKN014 OVC035 12/11 A2 952 RMK AO2 SFC VIS 3 PRES FR PO004. What is the prevailing visibility reported on this METAR?
2 1 / 2 statute miles
High clouds have bases beginning at _______ feet AGL.
20,000
High cloud bases begin at
20,000 ft. AGL
What is the maximum indicated airspeed allowed in the airspace underlying a Class B airspace area designated for an airport or in a VFR corridor designated through such a Class B airspace area?
200 knots
How fast do regulations allow you to fly if you are at or below 2,500 feet above the surface within four nautical miles of the primary airport of a Class C airspace area unless otherwise authorized or required by ATC?
200 knots (230 m.p.h.)
How fast can you fly if you are in airspace underlying a Class B airspace area designated for an airport or in a VFR corridor designated through such a class B airdpace area?
200 knots indicated airspeed
DEWIWA 241650 AIRMET TANGO UPDT 3 FOR TURBC. STGSFC WINDS AND LLWS VALID UNTIL 242000 AIRMET TURBC OK TX. UPDT FROM OKC TO DEW TO SAT TO MAF TO CDS TO OKC OCNL MDT TURBC BLO 60 DUE TO STG AND GUSTY LOW LVL WINDS. CONDS CONTG BYD 20002 At what time does this AIRMET expire?
200oz on the 24th
METAR KPIT 101455Z AUTO 21025G35KT 3/4SM R28L/2400FT TSRA ovco10CB 20/18 A2992 RMK SLP045 TO2020189. What is the wind direction reported in this METAR?
210 degrees
A 2190.4. 100-hour When is inspection the next on an 100-hour aircraft was due when due? the tachometer indicated 2185.4. The inspection was performed at inspection
2285.4 hours
To act as pilot in command, pilot must show by logbook endorsement the satisfactory completion of a flight review in an aircraft for which that pilot is rated by an authorized instructor within the preceding _____calendar months
24
Flight review requirements for the pilot in command include These requirements must be met within the preceding _____before the month in which that pilot acts as pilot in command of an aircraft.
24 calendar months
TLX 1935 IN 8TRW++ 86/40 199/115 20W C2425 MTS 570 AT 159/65 AUTO What is the direction and speed of cell movement in this radar weather report?
240 degrees at 25 knots
SCT
25 to 54 percent coverage
MSL? Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, what is the maximum indicated airspeed when flying below 10,000 feet
250 knots (288 m.p.h.)
Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, the maximum indicated airspeed below 10,000 feet MSL is
250 knots.
SCT
3/8 to 4/8 of the sky
If you hold a pilot certificate and you make a change in permanent mailing address, you have ______days from the date of your move to notify the FAA Airmen Certification Branch in writing of the new permanent mailing address.
30
If you make a change to your permanent mailing address and fail to notify the FAA continue to exercise the privileges of your pilot certificate? Airmen Certification Branch in writing, how many days may you
30
Under VFR conditions you are required to have enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing and assuming normal cruising speed during the day, to ly after that for at least _______minutes; or at night, to fly after that for at least_______minutes
30 45
If you are within _______nautical miles of the primary airport of a Class C or Class D airspace area, you can not operate an aircraft at or below ______feet above the surface at an indicated airspeed of more than _____knots.
4 2,500 200
KOKC 0511302 051212 14008KT 5SM BR BKNO30 TEMPO 1316 1 1/2SM BR FM1600 16010KT P6SM SKC BECMG 2224 20013G20KT 4SM SHRA ovco20 PROB40 0006 2SM TSRA ovco08CB BECMG 0608 21015KT P6sM NSw SCT040 What is the probability of thunderstorms occurring between 0000Z and 06002?
40%
BKN
5/8 to 7/8 of the sky
Fog is a low cloud that forms a base not more than _______ feet AGL.
50
With some exceptions, an occupant, other than a crewmember, must wear an approved parachute when an intentional maneuver exceeds a bank of _______degrees relative to the horizon or exceeds a nose up or nose down attitude of ________degrees relative to the horizon.
60 30
To act as pilot in command of an aircraft carrying passengers or of an aircraft certificated for more than one pilot flight crewmember, you must make at least three takeoffs and three landings within the preceding
90 days.
In order to act as a pilot in command of an aircraft carrying passengers or of an aircraft certificated for more than one pilot flight crewmember, you must make at least three takeoffs and three landings within the preceding ___________and the required takeoffs and landings must have been performed in an aircraft of the same__________
90 days. category, class, and type, if a type rating is required
What is the difference between a warm front occlusion and a cold front occlusion?
A cold front occlusion occurs when the overtaking cold front is colder than the air that the warm front is displacing. A warm front occlusion is more likely to produce severe weather.
What is temperature inversion?
A condition in which the air temperature increases as altitude increases .
What is a stationary front?
A front that separates two opposing airmasses that might not move for several days.
BECMG 0304/0305
A gradual change in conditions between 0400Z and 0500Z on the 3rd.
BECMG 1020/1021
A gradual change in conditions between 2000z and 2100Z on the 10th.
What is fog?
A low cloud that forms a base not more than 50 feet AGL.
If an aircraft has been maintained, rebuilt, or altered in a manner that may have appreciably changed its flight characteristics or substantially affected its operation in flight, what must be done prior to carrying passengers on that aircraft?
A pilot with at least a private pilot certificate must perform an in - flight operational check and log the night in the aircraft records , an authorized person must make the required entry in the maintenance record, and the aircraft must be approved for return to service.
FM190600
A rapid change in conditions at 0600Z on the 19th.
FM061900
A rapid change of conditions after 1900Z on the 6th.
What are the effects of pressure gradients on airflow?
A strong gradient produces strong wind, and a weak gradient produces light wind.
When acting as the pilot in command, what certificates must you have in your physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft in addition to an acceptable form of photo identification?
A valid pilot certificate and a current and appropriate medical certificate
What do widely spaced isobars indicate on a weather chart?
A weak pressure gradient
Moderate icing , moderate turbulence , sustained winds of 30 knots or more at the surface , ceilings less than 1,000 feet and visibility less than three miles, or both, affecting over 50 percent of an area, and extensive mountain obscuration
AIRMET
Which weather advisories are transmitted through the HIWAS?
AIRMETS, SIGMETs, and Convective SIGMETs
The reporting station is a totally automated weather observation station.
AUTO
Updated weather information for specific elements
Abbreviated
You have viewed all of the weather information posted online. What type of briefing should you request?
Abbreviated. The briefer might have more current information or have information not available on the Internet.
What type of fog develops when wind moves a low layer of warm, moist air over a cooler surface?
Advection fog
Which incidents require immediate notification to the nearest NTSB office?
Aflight control system malfunction or failure An in-flight fire An overdue aircraft that is believed to be involved in an accident
Which of the following information should you give the Flight Service briefer when you ask for a standard weather briefing?
Aircraft N-number or pilot's name Aircraft type Destination airport Type of flight (VFR or IFR) Route of flight Departure airport Estimated time of departure Estimated flight time Planned cruising altitude
What records must an owner or operator keep to indicate compliance with applicable airworthiness directives?
Aircraft maintenance records
Which records must the owner or operator keep to show compliance with applicable airworthiness directives?
Aircraft maintenance records
In addition to the aircraft registration and airworthiness certificate, what certificates and documents must be aboard aircraft during flight?
Aircraft weight and balance, operating limitations
What certificates and documents must be aboard an aircraft during flight?
Airworthiness certificate. Operating limitations. Aircraft registration. Aircraft weight and balance
Which of these instruments are required for VFR flight in the daytime?
Altimeter Magnetic direction indicator Airspeed indicator Fuel quantity gauge Tachometer Oil pressure gauge Oil temperature gauge Manifold pressure gauge for each altitude engine Landing gear position indicator, if the aircraft has a retractable landing gear
What is the minimum information provided by any AWOS system?
Altimeter setting
What are the characteristics of a severe thunderstorm?
Always produce severe weather and last at least two hours
КОКС AMD 051130Z 051212 14008KT 5SM BR BKO 30 TEMPO 1316 1 1 / 25M BR na 600 16010KT P6SM SKC BECMG 2224 20013G20KT 4SM SHRA Ovco20 PROB40 0006 2SM TSRA ovco08CB BECMG 0608 21015KT P6SM NSW SCT040 What type of report is this?
Amended terminal area forecast
If your aircraft has been maintained, rebuilt, or altered in a manner that may have appreciably changed its flight characteristics or substantially affected its operation in flight what must happen before you can carry a passenger on that aircraft?
An appropriately rated pilot with at least a private pilot certificate must make an operational check of the maintenance performed or alteration made, and log the flight in the aircraft records An authorized person must approve the aircraft for return to service The required maintenance record entry must be made.
What is a trough?
An elongated area of low pressure
What kind of inspection is required to have been performed within the previous 100 hours on a rental aircraft that is used for flight instruction?
Annual or 100-hour
In addition to a source of electrical energy, the required spare fuses, and the items for day VFR flight, what equipment is required for VFR flight at night? (Assume that the airplane is not operated for hire.)
Anticollision light system and position lights.
What is the process of adiabatic heating?
As air descends, it compresses and becomes warmer.
Select the answers that correctly finish this statement. In the adiabatic process,
As air rises, the pressure decreases and the airmass The temperature of an airmass changes without gaining or expands and cools. losing heat from the surrounding air. As air descends, its pressure increases, and it becomes warmer as it is compressed
Under what condition can a pilot fly in a formation?
As long as arrangements have been made with the pilot in command of each aircraft, a pilot can fly in formation.
If a pilot in command deviates from an ATC clearance or instruction in an emergency or in response to a traffic alert and collision avoidance system resolution advisory, when must the pilot notify ATC of that deviation?
As soon as possible
What is required for a private pilot to act as pilot in command when towing a glider?
At least 100 hours as pilot in command in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type, if required, that the pilot is using to tow a glider
OCNL
At least 50 % probability for less than half of the forecast period
Surface analysis chart
Atmosphere pressure patterns
To which authorities must you present your pilot certificate or medical certificate for inspection on request?
Authorized representative of the Transportation Security Administrator. The FAA administrator Federal, state, or local law enforcement officer. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
What certificates and documentation must you have in your physical possession or readily accessible in the aircraft when acting as pilot in command?
Avalid pilot certificate. Aform of photo identification acceptable to the FAA administrator Acurrent and appropriate medical certificate
Which of the following characteristics apply to low clouds?
Base ranging from 0 to 6,500 AGL. Most consist of water
Which of the following characteristics apply to middle clouds?
Bases ranging from 6500 to 20,000 feet AGL. Composed of water , ice crystals , or supercooled water
You are pressed for time prior to a flight that will take you in the vicinity of Class B airspace and have reviewed most of the flight information available to you. Select the action that best represents your next step as pilot in command under Part 91.103.
Become familiar with all available information concerning that flight.
KSEA 032204Z 0322/0418 29012G18KT P6SM -SHRA BKN015 OVCO25
Between 2200Z on the 3rd and 1800Z on the 4th
When is your aircraft required to have its position lights on?
Between sunset and sunrise, except in Alaska
BL
Blowing
This is a corrected METAR and replaces a previous report.
COR
Transport, normal, utility, acrobatic, limited, restricted, and provisional are groupings of aircraft based upon intended use or operating limitations. What is this grouping called?
Category
A grouping of aircraft based upon intended use or operating limitations, such as transport, normal, utility, acrobatic, limited restricted, and provisional
Category-Aircraft
A broad classification of aircraft, such as airplane, rotocraft . glider, or light-than-air
Category-Airmen
What are the characteristics of clear air turbulence?
Caused by wind shear between high-altitude airmasses. Develops in or near the jet stream. Develops in response to layers of air moving at different speeds. Occurs at more than 15,000 ft. AGL
What is a common indication that you are crossing a front?
Change in wind direction
Aclassification of aircraft within a category having similar operating characteristics, such as single engine, multiengine, land, gyroplane, helicopter, or airship
Class Airmen
grouping of aircraft having similar characteristics of propulsion, flight, or landing, such as rotocraft, glider, balloon, landplane, and seaplane
Class-Aircraft
Caused by large supercooled water droplets that strike the aircraft surface and flow over it before they freeze. causing severe icing hazards, forms between o C (32t F) and-10 c (14 F)
Clear Ice
What type of turbulence develops in response to layers of air near the jet stream moving at different speeds?
Clear air turbulence ( CAT )
What types of turbulence are not associated with thunderstorms?
Clear air turbulence. Mountain wave turbulence. Low-level turbulence
SKC
Clear sky ( manual report )
CLR
Clear sky (automated report)
Water droplets collide and merge
Coalescence
Which process occurs when water droplets collide and fuse together?
Coalescence
What type of katabatic wind occurs w hen large amounts of ice and snow accumulate in mountainous terrain?
Cold
Occurs when large amounts of ice and snow accumulate in mountainous terrain and cool the overlying air to very low temperatures
Cold downslope
What conditions cause steam fog?
Cold, dry air moving over warmer water
Which conditions cause steam fog to form?
Cold, dry air. Warm water surface
What is the traffic pattern departure procedure to use at a noncontrolled airport?
Comply with any traffic patterns established for that airport in Part 93.
The changing of water vapor into liquid water
Condensation
Water droplets grow until they fall
Condensation
What process changes water vapor into liquid water?
Condensation
How would you classify a dry airmass originating over land?
Continental
What is the process of transporting heat from warmer areas to cooler areas called?
Convection
Tornadoes, lines of thunderstorms, thunderstorms over a wide area, embedded thunderstorms, hail greater than or equal to 3/4 inch diameter , and wind gusts to 50 knots or greater
Convective SIGMET
Caused by rising thermals.
Convective Turbulence
Areasin which a signt moderate, or high rik of severe thunderstorms exists
Convective outlook
What type of turbulence forms when uneven heating of the earth causes rising thermals or when cold air moves horizontally over a warmer surface?
Convective turbulence
Which conditions cause advection fog to form?
Cool surfaces. Warm, moist air. Light wind
When are crewmembers required to wear a safety belts and shoulder harnesses?
Crewmembers must wear safety belts during takeoff, landing, and while enroute, but shoulder harnesses are required only during takeoff and landing.
CB
Cumulonimbus clouds
What are the three stages of the thunderstorm lifecycle?
Cumulus, mature, and dissipating
In areas not served by a flight service station, where might you obtain a weather briefing?
DUATS, National Weather Service
KOKC RTD 181545z 181612 33010KT P6SM BKNO35 TEMPO 1619 5 SM -SHRA BKN025 na 900 29014G23KT P6SM SCT050 SCT150 BEaG 0103 28009KT no 900 25009KT P6SM SCT 060 BKN120 What type of report is this?
Delayed terminal area forecast
Ice crystals form directly from water vapor
Deposition
The transformation of water vapor directly into ice
Deposition
What causes ice crystals to form directly from water vapor and grow until they are heavy enough to fall from a cloud?
Deposition
In addition to how far ahead the forecast is made, what two other factors can affect the accuracy of a forecast?
Distance between weather reporting stations and the length of time between weather reports
Distinguished by very small droplets and commonly associated with fog or low stratus clouds.
Drizzle
Which form of precipitation is distinguished by very small droplets and commonly associated with fog or low stratus clouds?
Drizzle
When are crewmembers required to keep their safety belts and shoulder harnesses fastened at the crewmember station?
During takeoff. During landing
In which cases must the pilot in command ensure that passengers are notified to fasten their safety belt and shoulder harness, if installed?
During taxi and takeoff and landing
What are the three times that passengers are required to have their seatbelts and shoulder harnesses fastened?
During taxi, takeoff, and landing
What are the four main types of pollution that restrict a pilot's visibility?
Dust, Smog, Haze, Smoke
DS
Duststorm
The changing of liquid water to water vapor
Evaporation
What process changes liquid water to water vapor?
Evaporation
B
Event began
E
Event ended
How often is a surface analysis chart transmitted?
Every three hours
Which of these sources provides weather briefings compliant with FAA regulations?
FSS. DUATS
True/False. The telephone information briefing system (TIBS) replaces the need for an individual briefing from an FSS or from DUATS
False
Which of the following characteristics describe a cold front?
Fast-moving cold fronts are pushed by high pressure behind them. Slow-moving cold fronts have a shallow leading edge that produces clouds behind the surface front. The cool, dense air of a cold front forces the less dense, warmer air upward.
What are the characteristics associated with a fast-moving cold front?
Fast-moving cold fronts have a steep leading edge and are very hazardous.
Weather depiction chart
Favorable and adverse weather conditions
Which conditions cause radiation fog to form?
Flat , low - lying surfaces.Calm, humid nights. High pressure systems
Without authorization from the FAA Administrator, where is flight prohibited when operating an aircraft with experimental certificate?
Flight in a congested airway
Which is typically prohibited when operating a restricted category civil aircraft within the United States?
Flight over densely populated areas
What is your primary source for preflight weather information?
Flight service stations
FG
Fog
What can you expect when flying through a low-level temperature inversion in high humidity conditions?
Fog, haze, or low clouds
The changing of water into ice
Freezing
What term describes decreasing wind velocity and shifting wind direction due to contact with the earth's surface?
Frictional force
How does a frictional force affect air movement?
Frictional force reduces Coriolis force, and cause the wind to shift directions when near the earth's surface
If you have not flown at night within the preceding 90 days, to fulfill your recency of flight experience requirements for carrying passengers at night, you must make three takeoffs and landings to a full stop during what time period?
From 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise
Unless you have met your night flight recency of experience requirements, you may not carry passengers between what times?
From 1 hour after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise
UA / OV JXN / TM 1815 / FL060 / TP C172 / SK OVC / TA-08/wv 290030/TB LT-MDT What wind is reported in this PIREP?
From 290 degrees at 30 knots
When are you required to turn on the position lights on your aircraft?
From sunset to sunrise, except in Alaska
Can form along cold, warm, or occluded fronts
Frontal
Which type of thunderstorm develops along frontal boundaries?
Frontal
Caused by variations in temperature between converging airmasses.
Frontal Turbulence
What type of inversion forms when cool air is forced under warm air or when warm air spreads over cold?
Frontal inversion
What type of low-level turbulence is caused by temperature variations in converging airmasses?
Frontal turbulence
What type of turbulence forms during a fast-moving cold front, where updrafts and convection occur?
Frontal turbulence
What type of takeoffs and landings must you make in order to meet the recency of experience requirements for a tailwheel airplane?
Full stop
FC
Funnel Cloud
In addition to those required for day VFR flight, what instruments and equipment are required for VFR flight at night?
Fuses Electric landing light (if operated for hire) Anticollision light systenm Position lights Source of electrical power
NMRS
Greater than 55 percent coverage
GR
Hail
What is the result of freezing water droplets exposed to strong updrafts?
Hail
Have bases above 20,000 AGL and are usually made of ice crystals.
High clouds
This cloud family is usually made of ice crystals.
High clouds
Select the five types of pressure systems from the following list.
High, Low, Ridge, Trough, Col
________is the actual amount of water vapor in the air.
Humidity
How is humidity different from relative humidity?
Humidity is the actual amount of water vapor in the air; relative humidity is how close the air is to saturation.
Location of hurricane storm center, expected movement, maximum winds, and minimum pressure
Hurricane advisory
Ice crystals get water from evaporating supercooled droplets
Ice crystal process
How could you determine if an aircraft's annual inspection is urrent?
If the inspection was appropriately noted in the maintenance records for the aircraft and it is within the past 12 months (defined as to the end of the month), then the inspection is current.
As the pilot in command, what must you do if a person who appears to be under the influence of drugs attempts to board the aircraft?
If the person is not a medical patient under proper care, then you must not carry the individual in the aircraft.
When an aircraft is involved in an accident, when should the nearest NTSB field office be notified?
Immediately
When does the NTSB need to be notified if an aircraft is overdue and believed to be involved in an accident?
Immediately
KoKc 0511302 051212 14008KT 5SM BR BKNO30 TEMPO 1316 1 1/2SM BR FM1 600 16010KT P6SM SKC BECMG 2224 20013G20KT 4SM SHRA OVvco20 PROB40 0006 2SM TSRA ovco08CB BECMG 0608 21015KT P6SM NSW SCTO40 What changes are expected to occur at 1600Z?
Improved visibility to more than six statute miles
Until authorized by the Administrator, aircraft with experimental certificates are normally prohibited from flying
In a congested airway. Over a densely populated area.
When can a pilot deviate from an ATC clearance?
In an emergency
Where can you find the frequency for airport AWOS reports?
In the airport information block near the airport symbol on a sectional chart. In airport listings in the Airport/Facility Directory
What effect does the Coriolis force have on an airmass in the northern hemisphere?
In the northern hemisphere, as an airmass begins to move, the Coriolis force deflects it to the right creating a curved path over the ground.
How is aircraft performance affected when frost forms?
Increased drag and decreased lift can reduce performance to the point that the aircraft might not fly
What characteristic do all vertical-development clouds have in common?
Instability
How can you access DUATS?
Internet. Telnet. Phone
What is the purpose of isobars on a weather chart?
Isobars reveals pressure systems and pressure gradients.
ISOL
Isolated phenomena such as single-cell thunderstorms
How does frontal turbulence form?
It forms during a fast-moving cold front, where updrafts and convection occur. It forms when an masses with different temperatures interact .
How does convective turbulence form?
It forms on fair days when uneven heating of the earth causes rising thermals. It forms when cold air moves horizontally over a warmer surface.
How does convective turbulence form?
It forms on fair days when uneven heating of the earth causes rising. It forms when cold air moves horizontally over a warmer surface.
How does mechanical turbulence form?
It forms when the wind is disrupted by obstacles on the ground. It forms when strong winds flow nearly perpendicular to steep hills or mountain ridges
How does frost affect aircraft performance?
It increases drag. It decreases lift.
Which of the following statements is true about TIBS?
It is useful for determining the overall feasibility of your proposed flight.
If you are carrying a parachute for emergency use in a civil aircraft, what are the packing requirements for that parachute?
It must be packed by a certificated and appropriately rated parachute rigger It must must be an approved type of parachute. If it is made of synthetic, rot-proof materiais, it must have been packed within the preceding 180 days
How is an airmass modified when it flows over a cooler surface?
Its lower layers are cooled, vertical movement is inhibited, and the airmass stabilizes.
METAR KPIT 1014552 AUTO 21025G35KT 3/4SM R28L/2400FT TSRA Ovco10CB 20/18 A2992 RMK SLP045 TO2020189.What station issued this report?
KPIT (Pittsburgh International Airport)
SPECI KRDU 2617342 17011G17KT 2 1/2SM-RA BR BKN005 BKN014 Ovco35 12/11 A2952 RMK A02 SFC VIS 3 PRESFR P0004. What station issued this report?
KRDu (Raleigh Durham International Airport)
What is an aircraft owner or operator responsible for with regard to aircraft airworthiness?
Keeping the aircraft maintained in airworthy condition. Complying with airworthiness directives
Occurs at night as land cools faster then water
Land breeze
The pilot in command must hold a type rating for aircraft specified by the FAA administrator through aircraft-type certificate procedures and for the following aircraft
Large aircraft ( more than 12,500 pounds ) and turbojet - powered airplanes
What are the characteristics associated with a supercell thunderstorm?
Last at least two hours. Tornadoes Hail at least 3/4 inch in diameter. Wind gusts of 50 knots or more
WDLY SCT
Less than 25 percent coverage
SPECI KRDU 2617342 17011G17KT 2 1/2SM -RA BR BKN005 BKN014 OVCO35 12/11 A2952 RMK A02 SFC VIS 3 PRESER PO004. What weather phenomena does this report indicate?
Light rain and mist
What are common thunderstorm hazards?
Lightning, Turbulence, Hail, Tornadoes
How do you know whether an aircraft's annual inspection has been completed and is current?
Look at the maintenance records and determine whether the inspection date occurred within the past 12 months ( defined as to the end of the month ) .
How can you determine when the next annual inspection is required to be performed on an aircraft?
Look in the maintenance records for that aircraft.
Contain small droplets of liquid water and develop between ground level and about 6,500 feet AGL.
Low clouds
Which cloud family extends from the surface up to 6,500 ft. AGL and is composed mainly of water droplets?
Low clouds
Occurs within a few thousand feet of the ground and is created by surface heating or friction.
Low-Level Turbulence
Issued every hour
METAR
How would you classify a moist airmass originating over a body of water?
Maritime
A first-class medical certificate is issued to a 28-year-old private pilot on May 13 of this year. The medical certificate will be valid until midnight on
May 31, five years later
Caused by friction from obstacles
Mechanical Turbulence
The changing of ice into water
Melting
What process changes ice into water?
Melting
Contain liquid water droplets, ice crystals, or supercooled water droplets that can form ice on your airplane
Middle clouds
Caused when large and small supercooled water droplets freeze to each other or to snow or ice particles ; forms between - 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) and - 15 ° C ( 50 F )
Mixed Ice
BOSR WS 050600 SIGMET ROMEO 2 VALID UNTIL 051000 ME NH VT FROM CAR TO YSJ TO CON TO MPV TO CAR MOD TO OCNL SEV TURB BLW 080 EXP DUE TO STG NWLY FLOW. CONDS CONTG BYD 10002 What conditions does this SIGMET report?
Moderate to occasionally severe turbulence below 8,000 feet
What is the minimum horsepower of a high-performance airplane engine?
More than 200
At night, what type of breeze is caused as the high terrain cools?
Mountain
occurs at night as the high terrain cools , relative to air over the valley
Mountain breeze
What type of turbulence occurs near mountains and forms turbulent wave patterns that can extend 100 or more miles downwind with crests exceeding the highest peaks?
Mountain wave turbulence
Contains clustered storms that interact with each other and lengthen the lifespan of the storm
Multicell
Which restrictions must you observe when operating your aircraft near other aircraft?
Never operate so close to another aircraft as to create a collision hazard. Never operate in formation flight except by arrangement with the pilot in command of each aircraft in the formation. Never operate in formation flight when carrying for hire.
What gases comprise 99 % of the earth 's atmosphere ?
Nitrogen and oxygen
In areas not served by a flight service station, can you obtain a weather briefing from Internet or private industry weather sources?
No
If a transponder inspection is performed on July 2, 2008, when is the next inspection due?
No later than July 31, 2010
If an ATC transponder inspection is performed on March 15, 2014, when is the next inspection due?
No later than March 31, 2016
The reporting station is a manual station , or manual input occurred at an automated station .
No modifier code provided
If occupants of a civil aircraft are not wearing approved parachutes, how steep can a pilot intentionally bank the aircraft relative to the horizon?
Nogreater than 60 degrees
SPECI KRDU 2617342 17011G17KT 2 1/2SM -RA BR BKN005 BKN014 ovco35 12/11 A2952 RMK A02 SFC VIS 3 PRESFR P0004. What type of report is this?
Nonroutine METAR
Which of the three global wind patterns is the most closely associated with the equator?
Northeast trade winds
With regard to sharing expenses of a flight with passengers, what amount must be paid by a private pilot according to regulations?
Not less than the pro rata share of the operating expenses, provided the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or rental fees.
Which of the following are steps in the forecasting process?
Observation, Processing, Dissemination
How does a temperature inversion form?
On nights when the ground cools and lowers the temperature of the adjacent air. When cool air is forced under warm air. When warm air spreads over cold
Forecast information for your proposed flight
Outlook
Under what conditions are you restricted from aerobatic flight?
Over any congested area of a city, town, or settlement Over an open-air assembly of persons Within the lateral boundaries of the surface areas of Class B, Class C, Class D, or Class E airspace designated for an airport Below an altitude of 1,500 feet AGL Within 4 nautical miles of the center line of any Federal airway
OVC
Overcast
Who can use DUATS?
Pilots with current medical certificates
What hazards do temperature inversions cause pilots?
Poor visibility, Fog, Haze
Forms when evaporation from falling precipitation saturates the cool air
Precipitation-induced fog
Satellite weather pictures
Presence of clouds
What type of fog forms on clear, calm, humid nights over flat, low-lying surfaces?
Radiation fog
Composed of droplets .02" or greater which fall to the ground.
Rain
RA
Rain
METAR KPIT 1014552 AUTO 21025G35KT 3/4SM R28L/2400FT TSRA OVCO10CB 20/18 A2992 RMK SLPO45 TO2020189 What weather phenomena does this report indicate?
Rain and thunderstorms
How can you distinguish rain or snow from a rain or snow shower?
Rain or snow falls at a relatively steady rate and stops gradually. Showers start suddenly, change intensity suddenly, and stop suddenly
A private pilot may act as pilot in command of a high-performance airplane if he or she has accomplished the following requirements:
Received ground and flight instruction from an authorized flight instructor in a high-performance airplane. Obtained endorsement in his or her logbook from the flight instructor who delivered the instruction
_________is how close the atmosphere is to saturation
Relative humidity
Caused by tiny supercooled water droplets that strike the aircraft surfaces and freeze instantly changing the airfoil shape: forms between -15 C (5 F) and -20 C (4 F)
Rime Ice
In addition to information about your aircraft and your departure and destination airports, what else should you provide to a weather briefer?
Route of flight, altitudes, estimated time of departure, and estimated time enroute
Prior to beginning any fight away from the vicinity of the departure airport, the pilot in command must become familiar with all available information concerning that flight, including
Runway lengths and takeoff and landing at airports of intended use
Severe icing, severe or extreme turbulence, clear air turbulence, duststorms and sandstorms lowering visibility to less than three miles, and volcanic ash
SIGMET
A CWA may be initiated when a ______has not been issued but, based on current______ conditions meet those criteria.
SIGMET, PIREPS
Which of the following weather advisories are transmitted through the HIWAS?
SIGMETS. AWWs. Urgent PIREPs. Convective SIGMETS. CWAs. AIRMETs.
Unscheduled; issued because of a significant change in one or more elements since the previous hourly report
SPECI
What type of breeze does cool dense air moving from water to the land create during the day?
Sea breeze
occurs during the day as the sun warms the land
Sea breeze
SLP
Sea level pressure
In addition to the basic instruments, what aircraft equipment is required for VFR flight in the daytime for a normal category airplane manufactured after 1996?
Seatbelts and shoulder harnesses for each seat Anticollision light system Emergency locator transmitter Flotation gear for each occupant and at least one pyrotechnic signaling device (if operated for hire over water beyond power-off gliding distance from shore)
What are the characteristics of a stationary front?
Separate two airmasses that might not move for several days, and display a mixture of the weather characteristics of both warm and cold fronts.
Besides tightening seatbelts and securing loose objects, what actions can you take to manage turbulence encountered near thunderstorms?
Set power for turbulence penetration airspeed, and try to maintain a level flight attitude, accepting variations in airspeed and altitude. Set cockpit lights to maximum brightness
Possible severe thunderstorms or tornadoes
Severe Weather Watch Bulletin
What are the weather characteristics of a warm front occlusion when the front lifts moist, unstable air?
Severe weather forms.
SH
Showers
IFR conditions and mountain obscuration
Sierra
Contains one cell, airmass thunderstorms
Single-Cell
Which conditions cause upslope fog to form?
Sloping landmasses. Moist, stable air. Wind
What actions can you take to manage turbulence?
Slow the aircraft and minimize abrupt attitude changes. Alert passengers to the upcoming turbulence. Tighten seat belts and secure loose objects. Begin climbing before reaching the crest of a mountain range. Approach mountain ridges from a 45-degree angle.. Fly the approach in turbulence at slightly higher than normal airspeed
What actions can you take to manage turbulence?
Slow the aircraft and minimize abrupt attitude chnages. Alert passengers to the upcoming turbulence. Tighten seat belts and secure loose objects. Begin climbing before reaching the crest of a mountain. Approach mountain ridges from a 45-degree angle. range. Fly the approach in turbulence at slightly higher than normal airspeed
What visibility hazard consists of a combination of pollutants and usually occurs when air is trapped by topographical barriers?
Smog
FU
Smoke
SN
Snow
Consists of a band of thunderstorms that produces the most intense weather hazards for aircraft
Squall Line
Complete information concerning weather for your flight
Standard
What type of cloud occurs immediately ahead of a slow-moving warm front?
Stratus
What are the flight hazards associated with microbursts?
Strong downdrafts, precipitation, horizontal wind shear, and turbulent vortex rings
The changing of ice directly to water vapor
Sublimation
Contains strong winds, rotating updrafts, and possibly tornados
Supercell
Middle clouds can be composed of water, ice crystals, and
Supercooled water
The discontinuities encountered in a front are _______wind, and barometric pressure
TEMPERATURE
What is the difference between the FM, BECMG, and TEMPO groups in a TAF?
TEMPO conditions are temporary, lasting less than an hour within the forecast period; FM and BECMG are long-term changes that will occur within the forecast period and last through the report period.
Turbulence, strong surface winds, and low-level wind shear
Tango
Which formula would you use to estimate the altitude of the base of clouds
Temperature (degrees F)-Dewpoint (degrees F) /4.4 degrees x1000=cloud base(AGL)
What is the formula for calculating cloud bases?
Temperature (oF) Dewpoint (°F) / 4.4 x 1,000
T
Temperature/dewpoint in tenths of a degree Celsius
What information is not included in a standard weather briefing unless requested?
Temperatures and NOTAMs that have already been published in Notices to Airmen
Which of the following is correct regarding the Coriolis force?
The Coriolis force becomes increasingly apparent closer to the north or south poles.
After considering wind and weather forecast conditions, what are the specific fuel requirements for daytime and nighttime VFR flights?
The aircraft must have enough fuel to fly to the first point of intended landing and to fly after that for 30 minutes in daylight or 45 minutes at night at normal cruising speed.
According to NTSB Part 830.10, prior to the Board or its authorized representative taking custody, what must not be disturbed or moved at the scene of an aircraft accident or incident?
The aircraft wreckage, mail, and cargo
What conditions create a land breeze wind pattern?
The cool, dense air moving from the land to the water during the night.
What causes temperature differences on the earth's surface?
The differences in the direct sunlight between the equator and polar regions.
What are the four layers of the atmosphere?
The four layers of the atmosphere are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.
How does air temperature relate to dewpoint temperature?
The higher the temperature of the air, the higher the dewpoint.
What do the brightest white areas on an IR satellite image indicate?
The highest clouds
The owner of a rental aircraft knows that the 100-hour inspection is due when the tachometer indicates 1470.1 hours. When the inspection was done, the tachometer indicated 1475.1 hours. When is the next 100-hour inspection due?
The next inspection is due at 1570.1 hours.
What is the responsibility of the operator or owner, with regard to the airworthy condition of an aircraft?
The operator or owner must ensure that an aircraft is maintained in an airworthy condition and that it complies with airworthiness directives .
After an aircraft has been inspected and approved for return to service, who is responsible for ensuring that the appropriate entries are made in the maintenance records?
The owner or operator
When maintenance personnel make entries in the maintenance record of an aircraft, who is responsible for ensuring that the entry is appropriate?
The owner or operator
Who has final authority as to the operation of an aircraft?
The pilot in command
Who is responsible for determining whether a civil aircraft is in condition for safe flight?
The pilot in command
According to Part 91.3, to what extent may a pilot deviate from the FARs during an in-flight emergency?
The pilot in command may deviate from the FARs to the extent required to meet that emergency.
If you are the pilot in command, what is your responsibility with regard to the operation of the aircraft?
The pilot in command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of an aircraft.
If a pilot in command determines that a civil aircraft is not in airworthy condition, what action must the pilot take?
The pilot must not fly the airplane.
When a pilot in command has deviated from an ATC clearance, what action must the pilot take?
The pilot must notify ATC of the deviation as soon as possible
When ATC gives a pilot in command priority in an emergency, what action must the pilot take?
The pilot must submit a report within 48 hours to the ATC facility, upon request by that facility
Under what conditions may a pilot deviate from an ATC clearance?
The pilot obtains an amended clearance. An emergency exists. The pilot is responding to a traffic alert and collision avoidance system resolution advisony.
What force causes the air to move from areas of high p ressure to areas of low pressure?
The pressure gradient force
What is the convection process?
The process of transporting heat from warmer areas to cooler areas.
What causes a valley breeze?
The sun warming the mountain slopes during the day
What circulation pattern does the Polar, Ferrel, and Hadley cells make up?
Three-cell circulation pattern
TS
Thunderstorm
the BasicMed exemption that allows use of a driver's license instead of an FAA medical certificate to fly as pilot?
To use the BasicMed exemption, education course every two years that covers approved a pilot must take an FAA-approved medical medical fitness subjects
TCU
Towering cumulus clouds
Which layer of the earth's atmosphere has the majority of the temperature fluctuations?
Troposphere
For which aircraft must the pilot in command hold a type rating?
Turbojet-powered airplanes. Large aircraft (more than 12,500 pounds). Aircraft specified by the FAA administrator
Select the equipment that your aircraft must have to operate in Class C airspace.
Two-way radio communications equipment 4096-code transponder with Mode C altitude reporting capability
What is the minimum equipment required for operating an aircraft in Class C airspace?
Two-way radio communications equipment 4096-code transponder with Mode C altitude reporting capability
What is the primary cause of variations in altimeter settings along a route of flight?
Unequal heating of the earth's surface, which causes pressure changes
What basic conditions must be present to form a thunderstorm?
Unstable air. High moisture content. A lifting force
If an aircraft is involved in an incident for which immediate notification is required, when must the operator of that aircraft submit a report to the nearest NTSB field office?
Upon request by an authorized representative of the Board
When must the operator of an aircraft that has been involved in an incident for which immediate notification is required file a report to the nearest NTSB field office?
Upon request by an authorized representative of the Board
A third-class medical certificate is issued to a 56-year-old private pilot on October 1 of this year. This medical certificate will be valid until midnight on
VOctober 31, two years later
Under what conditions does snow form?
VWhen temperatures are below freezing and the air temperature and dewpoint converge
fOccurs during the day as the sun warms the mountain slopes
Valley breeze
A private pilot may act as pilot in command of a high-performance airplane if that person has received ground and flight instruction from an authorized flight instructor in a high-performance airplane and has
Van endorsement from the flight instructor in his or her logbook.
VIS -V
Variable visibility
What are the effects of the unequal heating of the earth's surface?
Variations in pressure, atmospheric density, and global circulation patterns
Usually start as low or middle level clouds and build upward due to convection.
Vertical development clouds
VV
Vertical visibility through fog, haze, or smoke
Evaporates before it reaches the ground, creating the appearance of streaks hanging in the air.
Virga
Which form of precipitation evaporates before it reaches the ground, creating the appearance of streaks hanging i n the air?
Virga
Which of the following might be reported by ASOS?
Visibility. Cloud height to 12,000 feet. Dewpoint. Wind direction and speed. Altimeter setting. Temperature
Occurs when a warm airmass moves at a high altitude across a mountain range
Warm downslope
What are the characteristics of a warm front?
Warm fronts occur when warm air replaces cooler air. Stratus clouds usually extend out ahead of a slow-moving warm front. Steady precipitation with little turbulence usually precedes a warm front. The slope of a warm front is gradual .
Which combination of air characteristics causes the most atmospheric instability?
Warm, moist air
How does hail form?
Water droplets freeze and begin to fall, but strong updrafts carry them upward within the cloud, where they grow larger After repeated trips up and down, they become too heavy for the updrafts to lift and fall from the cloud.
What conditions are necessary for cloud formation?
Water vapor, Cooling, Condensation nuclei
What are the characteristics of mountain wave turbulence?
Wave pattems extending 100 or more miles downwind. Crests extending above the highest peaks
Identify all of the types of information that you must familiarize yourself with prior to a flight away from the vicinity of an airport.
Weather reports and forecasts. Fuel requirements. Alternatives available if the planned flight cannot be completed. Known traffic delays as advised by ATC
When do the batteries of an emergency locator transmitter need to be replaced or recharged?
When 50 percent of their useful life has expired. When the transmitter has been in use for more than one cumulative hour.
When might a CWA be initiated?
When the affected area is within 150 miles of the ARTCC airspace. When a SIGMET has not been issued, but conditons meet those criteria
When are the batteries of an emergency locator transmitter required to be replaced or recharged?
When the transmitter has been in use for more than one cumulative hour or when 50 percent of their useful life has expired
Which of the following information is provided in an ASOS broadcast?
Wind direction, speed, gusts, and squalls
How does upslope fog develop?
Wind forces moist, stable air up a sloping land mass.
What phenomenon might cause you to deviate from the centerline or miss the runway during landing?
Wind shear
How long does the operator of an aircraft that has been involved in an accident have to file an accident report?
Within 10 days
If ATC gives a pilot in command priority in an emergency, when must the pilot submit a detailed report of that emergency to the manager of the ATC facility?
Within 48 hours, if requested by ATC
What recent experience must you have to act as pilot in command of an airplane towing a glider?
Within the preceding 12 months, you must have made at least three actual or simulated glider tows while accompanied by a qualified pilot.
To meet recency of flight experience requirements, within what time frame and in what aircraft must you have made three takeoffs and landings?
Within the preceding 90 days and in an aircraft of the same category, class, and type (if a type rating is required)
Can the wreckage of an aircraft be disturbed or moved prior to the NTSB taking custody?
Yes , to the extent necessary to protect the wreckage from further damage
Traffic pattern procedures at uncontrolled airports are controlled by what rule?
You must comply with traffic patterns established for that airport in Part 93
As pilot in command, when must you file a report if you deviate from the FARs?
You must file a report upon request by the Administrator.
When must you submit a report to the FAA explaining a deviation from the regulations due to an in-flight emergency?
You must submit a written report to the Administrator upon request.
What must you do to determine whether you can drop an object from an aircraft in flight?
You must take reasonable precautions that dropping an object will not create a hazard of injury or damage to persons or property.
Icing and freezing levels
Zulu
You can determine when the next annual inspection is required by referring to the
aircraft maintenance records
A high-performance airplane is
an airplane with an engine of more than 200 horsepower.
Any person holding a pilot or medical certificate must, on request, present it for inspection to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), the FAA administrator, an authorized representative of the Transportation Security Administration, or
any federal, state, or local law enforcement officer.
To form clouds, dust or other particles must be present as
condensation nuclel.
The atmosphere is most stable when the air is ______and______
cool and dry
Lapse rate is the rate at which the temperature of an airmass _______as altitude increases
decreases
When an a warm surface vertical air movement
develops, resulting in instability.
As pilot in command, you encounter an in-flight emergency requiring immediate action. The FARs permit you to
deviate from the FARs to the extent required to meet that emergency
After World Meteorological Offices produce reports and forecasts in the Processing stage, they are sent to facilities around the world in the final stage called Correct
dissemination.
If an aircraft is involved in an accident, the nearest NTSB field office should be notified
immediately
In a temperature inversion, temperature ________as altitude increases.
increases
When an airmass moves over a cool surface, vertical movement is
inhibited, and the airmass stabilizes.
Which of the following characteristics apply to clouds with vertical development?
instability. Bases found at altitudes associated with low and middle clouds.
The rate at which the temperature of an airmass decreases as altitude increases is known as the
lapse rate.
How does mechanical turbulence form?
lt forms when the wind is disrupted by obstacles on the ground or when strong winds flow nearly perpendicular to steep hills or mountains .
Downdrafts of damaging, lateral winds up to 150 knots, lasting up to 15 minutes are characteristics of
microbursts.
The three types of ice that affect an aircraft are rime ice, clear ice, and
mixed ice.
Three categories of turbulence not associated with thunderstorms are clear air turbulence, low-level turbulence (LLT), and
mountain wave turbulence.
A third-class medical certificate is issued to a 31-year-old private pilot on October 1 of this year. This medical certificatet will be valid until midnight on
october 31, five years later.
Which of the following groups of instruments are all required for daytime flight in VFR conditions?
oil pressure gauge, tachometer, magnetic direction indicator
No person may operate a restricted category civil aircraft within the United States _____________________________________,except when operating in accordance with the terms and conditions of a certificate of waiver or special operating limitations issued by the Administrator.
over a densely populated area
No person may operate an aircraft in aerobatic flight
over an open-air assembly of persons.
A private pilot who shares expenses with a passenger must
pay at least the pro rata share of the operating expenses of a flight with passengers , provided the expenses involve only fuel oil , airport expenditures , or rental fees .
How does snow form?
temperatures are below freezing and the Snow forms when air temperature and dewpoint converge. Snow forms when deposition forms ice crystals.
Unstable air, high moisture content, and lifting action forms
thunderstorms.
If you are fulfilling your recency of experience requirements for carrying passengers in a tailwheel airplane, your takeoffs and landings must be
to a full stop
An airmass formed from a source region of warm air near the tropics is classified as
tropical.
Condensation can occur when the temperature and dewpoint are equal.
true
Dewpoint is the temperature at which air reaches saturation and can hold no more water vapor.
true
The higher the temperature of the air, the higher the dewpoint.
true
Four common hazards caused by thunderstorms are lightning, hail, tornadoes, and
turbulence.
Surface abrasions, clogging of systems, and visibility issues are common hazards caused by
volcanic ash.
The atmosphere is most unstable when the air is ______and_____
warm and moist
Structural ice increases
weight and drag
Thunderstorms with convective precipitation, frontal zones, low-level temperature inversions, and jet stream winds are all conditions associated with the formation of
wind shear.
