STAT 1000Q

What is​ statistics? Choose the correct answer below. A. It is the science that deals with​ collection, classification,​ analysis, and interpretation of information or data. Your answer is correct. B. It is the process used to assign numbers to variables of individual population units. C. It is an estimate or prediction or some other generalization about a population based on information contained in a sample. D. It is a characteristic or property of an individual experimental unit.

A. It is the science that deals with​ collection, classification,​ analysis, and interpretation of information or data.

Why would a statistician consider an inference incomplete without an accompanying measure of its​ reliability? Choose the correct answer below. A. The measure of reliability separates the science of statistics from the art of​ fortune-telling; it provides a bound on the estimation error. B. The measure of reliability is a strength rating based on the sources providing the inference. The better the​ sources, the stronger the​ rating, and the more likely that the inference is true. C. The measure of reliability is a strength rating based on the quality of the sample used to make the​ inference; it is a measure of the validity of the inference. D. The measure of reliability is a value​ (probability) assigned by the individual making the inference to indicate the accuracy of their​ inference; it is based on what they believe the strength of their research was and the quality of the sample. Without this​ value, there is no way to differentiate the validity of the inference from pure guessing.

A. The measure of reliability separates the science of statistics from the art of​ fortune-telling; it provides a bound on the estimation error.

List and define the five elements of an inferential statistical analysis. Select all that apply. A. The​ inference, which is an estimate or prediction or some other generalization about a population based on information contained in the sample. B. The one or more variables that are to be​ investigated, which are subsets of the units of a population. C. The​ sample, which is a set of units that are of interest in studying. D. The measure of reliability for the​ inference, which is a statement about the degree of uncertainty. Your answer is correct. E. The population of​ interest, which is an object upon which data is collected. F. The population of​ interest, which is a set of units that are of interest in studying. Your answer is correct. G. The​ sample, which is a subset of the population. Your answer is correct. H. The one or more variables that are to be​ investigated, which are characteristics or properties of an experimental unit.

A. The​ inference, which is is an estimate or prediction or some other generalization about a population based on information contained in the sample. D. The measure of reliability for the​ inference, which is a statement about the degree of uncertainty. F. The population of​ interest, which is a set of units that are of interest in studying. G. The​ sample, which is a subset of the population. H. The one or more variables that are to be​ investigated, which are characteristics or properties of an experimental unit.

List and define the four elements of a descriptive statistics problem. Select all that apply. A. The​ tables, graphs, or numerical summary​ tools, which are ways to present the data. B. The population or sample of​ interest, which is an object upon which data is collected. C. The​ inference, which is is an estimate or prediction or some other generalization about a population based on information contained in the sample. D. The measure of reliability for the​ inference, which is a statement about the degree of uncertainty. E. The one or more variables that are to be​ investigated, which are characteristics or properties of an experimental unit. F. The population or sample of​ interest, which is a set of units that are of interest in studying. G. The identification of patterns in the​ data, which are ways to inference the data. H. The one or more variables that are to be​ investigated, which are subsets of the units of a population.

A. The​ tables, graphs, or numerical summary​ tools, which are ways to present the data. E. The one or more variables that are to be​ investigated, which are characteristics or properties of an experimental unit. F. The population or sample of​ interest, which is a set of units that are of interest in studying. G. The identification of patterns in the​ data, which are ways to inference the data.

Suppose​ you're given a data set that classifies each sample unit into one of four​ categories: A,​ B, C, or D. You plan to create a computer database consisting of these​ data, and you decide to code the data as A=​1, B=​2, C=​3, and D=4. Are the data consisting of the classifications​ A, B,​ C, and D qualitiative or​ quantitative? After the data are input as​ 1, 2,​ 3, or​ 4, are they qualitative or​ quantitative? Are the data consisting of the classifications​ A, B,​ C, and D qualitiative or​ quantitative? A. ​Qualitative, because they can only be classified into categories. Your answer is correct. B. ​Qualitative, because they are measured on a naturally occuring numerical scale. C. ​Quantitative, because they can only be classified into categories. D. ​Quantitative, because they are measured on a naturally occuring numerical scale. After the data are input as​ 1, 2,​ 3, or​ 4, are they qualitative or​ quantitative? A. ​Qualitative, because they cannot be meaningfully​ added, subtracted,​ multiplied, or divided. B. ​Quantitative, because they are measured on a naturally occurring numerical scale. C. ​Qualitative, because they are measured on a naturally occurring numerical scale. D. ​Quantitative, because they cannot be meaningfully​ added, subtracted,​ multiplied, or divided.

A. ​Qualitative, because they can only be classified into categories. A. ​Qualitative, because they cannot be meaningfully​ added, subtracted,​ multiplied, or divided.

Explain how populations and variables differ. Choose the correct answer below. A. A population is a set of units of interest to a study. A variable is a subset of the units of a population. B. A population is a set of units of interest to a study. A variable is a characteristic or property of the units being studied. C. A population is a set of units of interest to a study. A variable is an object upon which data is collected. D. A variable is a set of units of interest to a study. A population is a characteristic or property of the units being studied.

B. A population is a set of units of interest to a study. A variable is a characteristic or property of the units being studied.

What is a representative​ sample? What is its​ value? Choose the correct answer below. A. A representative sample is a sample that is selected at random from the population of interest. It is valuable because its unbiased nature allows inferential statistics to be applied. B. A representative sample is a sample that exhibits characteristics typical of those possessed by the population of interest. It is valuable because these characteristics allow inferential statistics to be applied. C. A representative sample is a sample that exhibits characteristics typical of those possessed by the population of interest. It is valuable because these characteristics allow descriptive statistics to be applied. D. A representative sample is a sample that is selected at random from the population of interest. It is valuable because its unbiased nature allows descriptive statistics to be applied.

B. A representative sample is a sample that exhibits characteristics typical of those possessed by the population of interest. It is valuable because these characteristics allow inferential statistics to be applied.

Explain the difference between a population and a process. Choose the correct answer below. A. A population is a set of existing units. A process is a subset of the units of a population. B. A process produces or generates output over time. A population is a process whose operations or actions are unknown or unspecified. C. A population is a set of existing units. A process produces or generates output over time. D. A process is categorical in nature. A population is numerical in nature.

C. A population is a set of existing units. A process produces or generates output over time.

List the three major methods of collecting data and explain their differences. Choose the correct answer below. A. An observational​ study, a​ survey, and a random number generator B. A published​ source, an observational​ study, and a random number generator C. A published​ source, a designed​ experiment, and an observational study D. A designed​ experiment, an observational​ study, and a random number generator

C. A published​ source, a designed​ experiment, and an observational study

Explain the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics. Choose the correct answer below. A. Descriptive statistics draws conclusions about the sets of data based on sampling. Inferential statistics summarizes the information revealed in data sets. B. Descriptive statistics is a characteristic or property of an individual experimental unit. Inferential statistics is the process used to assign numbers to variables of individual population units. C. Descriptive statistics are measurements that are recorded on a naturally occurring numerical scale. Inferential statistics are measurements that cannot be measured on a natural number​ scale; they can only be classified into one of a group of categories. D. Descriptive statistics describes sets of data. Inferential statistics draws conclusions about the sets of data based on sampling.

D. Descriptive statistics describes sets of data. Inferential statistics draws conclusions about the sets of data based on sampling.