Stats Exam 1
An in-depth analysis of a unique condition or situation to reach a greater understanding about other similar situations is known as a _________________.
case study
Retrospective; starts with an end point and work backward, figuring out what might have caused that outcome:
case-control study
_______________ is the extent to how well a test measures a theoretical attribute that has no definitive criterion, is difficult to measure, or cannot be directly observed.
construct validity
A group of subjects that is similar to the experimental group except that they do not receive the experimental treatment is known as the _________________________.
control group
Measures of ____________________________ are established when the results of one test are compared with the results obtained when using an accepted standard or criterion.
criterion-based validity
Snapshot; Assesses information about a population at one point in time:
cross sectional survey
Creating specific examples from generalized statements is an example of what?
deductive reasoning
A _________________________ study occurs when both subject and researcher do not know who receives a given treatment.
double blind
In a meta-analysis, the results of various studies on a topic are quantified using a standard measure that is called the _________________
effect size
_________________________ is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease and health conditions and the subsequent application to control health problems.
epidemiology
The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of best current evidence in
evidence-based practice
_______________ validity is the weakest type of validity because all that can be said is that it appears to be obvious that the test or device is measuring what it is supposed to measure.
face
True or False? An observational study design has less potential for bias than a randomized controlled trial (RCT).
false
External validity is the:
generalizability of a study
The most accurate & definitive measure of a variable is sometimes referred to as a __________________
gold standard
The _____________________ refers to the threat to internal validity when a researcher has some expectation about the performance of a subject.
halo effect
Which threat to internal validity is introduced when the researcher has some expectation about the performance of a subject and is also involved in assessing the subject, possibly biasing the researcher's judgment?
halo effect
Just before the posttest, students in the control group were shown a film in another class that related directly to the subject matter being studied in the treatment group. This represents what kind of threat to internal validity?
history
A researcher conducts a study on the effectiveness of plyometric exercise by comparing sport teams that use this method with teams that do not. The researcher expects the teams that utilize plyometrics to show higher gains in power production. This statement is:
hypothesis
Creating generalized statements from specific examples is an example of what?
inductive reasoning
__________________________ is a measure of reliability used to determine the consistency of scores obtained by 2 or more different test administrators, illustrating uniformity among the data collection procedures.
inter-rater reliability
The extent to which the results of a study can be attributed to the treatments used in the study is the definition of what kind of validity?
internal
The degree to which a study establishes the cause-and-effect relationship between the treatment and the observed outcome is known as ______________
internal validity
___________________________ is a measure of the day to day consistency of the same test administrator, illustrating the consistency of data collection procedures.
intra-rater reliability
______________ are errors or flaws in reasoning when deceptive, invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning are used in the construction of an argument.
logical fallacies
_________________________ is the threat to internal validity that refers to the physiological processes occurring within the participants that could account for any changes in their behavior.
maturation
_________________ refers to the consistency of the test administrator during data collection.
objectivity
A survey authorized by the CDC to assess daily physical activity and nutritional habits in American children is an example of what type of evidence?
observational research
When a measurement is made on a subject, the result is called an _________________, which is a combination of the true score that represents the subject's real score, and the error score, due to any mistake in data collection.
observed score
______________________________ is the extent to which a score on a scale or test predicts scores on some criterion measure.
predictive validity
In epidemiology/biostatistics, _______________________________ is the proportion of people in a population who have a condition/attribute at a specified time.
prevalence rate
In the following example, what is the independent variable? Does protein intake improve biceps circumference in male weight lifters?
protein intake
The chance placement of subjects into groups so that the groups do not differ at the beginning of the experiment is known as ____________________________.
randomization
The gold standard for research in the health sciences is the
randomized control trial
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's evidence category B includes evidence from ______.
randomized controlled trials with a limited body of data.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's evidence category A includes evidence from ______.
randomized controlled trials with a rich body of data.
This threat to external validity is concerned with when pre-testing subjects, it may alter their perception of the experimental treatment and motivate them to perform better than if they had not been exposed to the pre-test.
reactive effects of pre-testing
_______________________ is the threat to internal validity in which an extreme performance on a test is followed by a less extreme performance.
regression to the mean
_________________ is the likelihood of an event occurring in a group of people when compared to another group of people
relative risk
A researcher predicts that there will be a positive relationship between attitude scores and grade point average. This is an example of a
research hypothesis
A pretest of knowledge about microcomputers is given to a group of students 5 min prior to a film on the subject. A posttest given 10 min after the film showed a 10-point gain from the pretest. The researcher concludes that the film produced the gain. Which of the following is likely the threat to internal validity?
testing
In an experiment
the independent variable is manipulated by the researcher to see whateffect it has on the dependent variable
The extent to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure is known as
validity
In a study designed to assess the comparative effectiveness of two workbooks used in teaching students about laboratory procedures, the independent variable of the study would be
workbooks
Which threat to internal validity refers to the behavioral effect introduced on research subjects when they know they are being observed? ___________________________
Hawthorne effect
Internal validity may be defined as:
The extent to which the independent variable effects the dependent variable
A study is designed to investigate the effects of different brands of toothpaste (Colgate vs. Crest) on the prevention of cavities. What is the independent variable and dependent variable?
IV:brand of toothpaste DV: number of cavities
A researcher wants to compare a dosage of 1200 mg vs. 2400 mg of ibuprofen on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) following an intense bout of exercise. Identify the independent and dependent variables.
Independent variable: dosage level; dependent variable: measure of DOMS
The independent variable:
Is the variable that is manipulated to see if it affects behavior or performance
Which threat to internal validity occurs when members of the control group adopt a competitive attitude towards the experimental group, thereby negating their status as controls? ______________________
John Henry effect
Which of the following would be given the rank of the highest form of evidence?
Systematic review of randomized controlled trials
____________________ is the likelihood of an event occurring under specific conditions
absolute risk
This question pertains to the following study: "A researcher wishes to determine the effects of an outdoor adventure summer camp on the self-concept of inner-city boys. Boys are randomly assigned to the summer camp and to a control situation. The experimental treatment is for three months. A secondary purpose is to see if age (ages 6, 9, and 12) affects the relationship of the camp effects and self-concept." the independent variable is
adventure summer camp
The dependent variable
all of the above
In the following example, what is the dependent variable? Does protein intake improve biceps circumference in male weight lifters?
biceps circumference
As a result of the brain's attempt to simply information processing, ________________ are predispositions towards certain kinds of thinking that occurs when people are rapidly processing and interpreting information
cognitive biases
Longitudinal/Prospective; tracks the same groups of people over an extended period of time:
cohort study
__________________________ is a type of statistical validity in which a proposed test is compared to a criterion standard within a close period of time to establish its accuracy
concurrent
_______________ variables are uncontrolled factors other than the independent variable that that may influence the measures of the dependent variable, thus negatively impacting internal validity.
confounding
When measuring the effects of water consumption on a runner's performance, speed and distance are examples of ______.
dependent variables.
The conscientious, explicit and judicious use of best current evidence indecision making is known as what?
evidence-based practice
In a research study in which the treatment involved quite intense physical training, 40% of the participants in the treatment group dropped out as compared with 5% of the control group. This threat to internal validity is called
experimental mortality
_________________________is a threat to internal validity referring to the loss or dropout of subjects in a study.
experimental mortality
The only type of research that can manipulate treatments and establish a cause and effect is
experimental research
The major limitation of observational studies is
inability to experimentally establish cause and effect
The major weakness of epidemiologic studies is
inability to experimentally establish cause and effect
In epidemiology/biostatistics, the ___________________________ is the rate at which NEW cases occur in a population during a specified time period.
incidence rate
As you change what happens to the __________, you will observe what happens to the __________.
independent variable, dependent variable
This threat to external validity occurs when a research introduces more than one experimental variable, risking the treatments inhibiting or enhancing each other.
multiple treatment interference
A double-blind experiment is one in which
neither the researcher nor the participants know which participants receive the experimental treatment
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's evidence category C includes evidence from ______.
non-randomized trials, observational studies.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's evidence category D includes evidence from ______.
panel consensus judgment.
Prevalence of disease differs from incidence of disease in that prevalence refers to the number of
people who presently have a disease, whereas incidence relates to new cases
When a control group receives a false treatment while the experimental group receives the real treatment, the control group has been given a _______________.
placebo
____________ is a measure of the degree of consistency or repeatability of a test.
reliability
In experimental design, when comparisons are made of groups that have been selected on the basis of their extreme scores, the posttest means of the groups tend to move toward the mean of the entire population from which the extreme groups were selected. This threat to internal validity is called
statistical regression
When a hypothesis is repeatedly supported by multiple investigations and laboratories, it can become a ______.
theory.
The major difference between an experimental and an observational study is that an experimental study can determine cause and effect, whereas an observational study cannot
true
True or False, If a measurement is valid, its scores will be reliable.
true
True or false, a test can be reliable, but not valid.
true
In evaluating the method section of a research report, which is a very important question to keep in mind?
Did the author provide enough information that the study could be repeated?
This threat to external validity is whether a subject will perform in the same manner under experimental conditions as they would in the real world.
artificial nature of experimental condition
This question pertains to the following study: "A researcher wishes to determine the effects of an outdoor adventure summer camp on the self-concept of inner-city boys. Boys are randomly assigned to the summer camp and to a control situation. The experimental treatment is for three months. A secondary purpose is to see if age (ages 6, 9, and 12) affects the relationship of the camp effects and self-concept." the dependent variable is
self confidence
_________________________ of measurement is the degree to which small differences can be detected
sensitivity
Administering the same test on 2 or more occasions via the test-retest method, is a way of establishing which subset measure of reliability? ____________________________
stability
This threat to external validity occurs when the unique characteristic of the subjects in a study makes the treatment effective only for those that possess that trait.
subject and treatment interaction
Which of the following would be given the rank of the highest form of evidence?
systematic review of randomized controlled trials
At the top of the research/evidence hierarchy are ____________________, which collect, review, and summarize all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria, and ___________________, which is a statistical procedure for combining data from multiple studies.
systematic reviews; meta-analysis
