Stats Final
How many F statistics are calculated in a two-way between-groups ANOVA 1 2 3 4 5
3
A researcher wondered if belief in an afterlife differed by gender. State the null hypothesis. Belief in an afterlife is independent of gender. You Answered Belief in an afterlife is not independent of gender. Belief in an afterlife is not correlated with gender. Belief in an afterlife is dependent of gender.
Belief in an afterlife is independent of gender.
A researcher wondered if belief in an afterlife differed by gender. State the null hypothesis. Belief in an afterlife is independent of gender. Belief in an afterlife is not independent of gender. Belief in an afterlife is not correlated with gender. Belief in an afterlife is dependent of gender.
Belief in an afterlife is independent of gender.
The Open Science Framework has developed different badges to recognize ethical and transparent practices. Which badge indicates that the researchers have made their raw data available to anyone wishing to conduct their own analyses? Open Statistics Open Analyses Open Material Open Data
Open Data
w^2
SSbetween -((dfbetween)(MSwithin))/ SStotal+ MSwithin
One differenc ebetween the one-way between-groups ANOVA and the one-way within-groups ANOVA is that only with the one-way within groups ANOVA you must be concerned about order effects you must calculate the sum of squares you must randomly assign participants to groups you are likely to have more participants in your study
a or d
A researcher wishes to investigate relationships between depression and cerebral asymmetry. She collects EEG(brain data) data from 50 subjects and based on their HRSD scores classifies them as Severely depressed/moderately depressed/non-depressed. What statistical test would that be? a) Independent Samples T test b) One Way between groups ANOVA c) Correlation D) Chi-square test of independence
b) One Way between groups ANOVA
An effective way to understand the size of the relation between two variables assessed using the chi-square statistic is to: create a visual depiction or graph. examine the probability of the chi-statistic obtained. examine the assumptions of the test to verify that they were all met. make an assessment of the effect of each variable in isolation.
create a visual depiction or graph.
Cronbach's Alpha
estimate of a tests reliability or internal consistency, how internally reliable is our measure, IQ test ran 5 times should be similar scores
how do you get df interaction
multiply the df of both factors ex df(a)= 4 df(b) = 5 ineraction df is 20
Quantitative interaction: weight training for sprinters and runners
same direction, both go same way same direction
What the **** is the standard effect size used for the chi-squared test for independence a) Delta b) Cramers V c) Standard Coefficient d) ETA Squared
) Cramers V
Which value represents the strongest relation between two variables? 0.41 0.22 -0.29 -0.44
-0.44
conventions for r^2
.0196 small .13 medium .26 large
Cohen's conventions
.1 small .3 medium .5 large
A Pearson Correlation Coefficient is Calculated for 48 individuals. What value of DF should be used to determine statistical significance in Hypothesis testing
46 N-2
if a population distributions are slightly skewed the Kruskai-Wallis procedure should be used a nonparametric test must be used multiple t tests should be used because t is robust ANOVA can be used because F is robust none of the above
ANOVA can be used because F is robust
What effect size is appropriate for a chi-square test? Cramér's V Cohen's d Tukey HSD r2
Cramér's V
A form of ANOVA in which there is more than one dependent variable is called a mixed-design ANOVA a MANCOVA an ANCOVA all of the above
MANVOCA
df within
Subtract the number of groups from the total number of subjects to find degrees of freedom within groups.
A test that is conducted when there are multiple groups of scores, but specific comparisons have been chosen prior to data collection is called a planned comparison a post-hoc test a Bonferroni test a Tukey HSd test
a planned comparison test
The mean square within-groups, sometimes referred to as mean square error, in a between-groups ANOVA is the average of the individual sample variances provided that there are equal Ns the weighted average of all the sample variances an estimate of the variance of each of the populations involved all of the above
all of the above
Main effect
an effect that occurs in a factorial design when one IV has an influence on a DV
If the population distribution is slightly skewed:
anova can be used because F is robust
Although the hypothesis test can provide the probability that the levels of the independent variable lead to differences in the dependent variable, it is important to calculate effect size to: determine how many participants are needed to detect an effect. assess where the differences exist between conditions in the study. determine if the differences are large enough to matter. assess the probability of a Type II error.
determine if the differences are large enough to matter.
which of the following formulas for the dof in a between-groups anova is correct df(within)=N-1 df(total)=N-1 + df(between)/df(within) df(between)= (dfwithin+1)/N df(between)=Ngroups-1
df(between)=Ngroups-1
when conducting a one-way within-groups ANOVA what is the formula for degres of freedom error df(error)=n-1 df(error)= (df(beteen))(df(subjects)) df(error)= df(between) + df(subjects) + df(within) df(error)=df(total)-df(between) df(error)=N(total)-1
df(error)= df(between) + df(subjects) + df(within)
For a Chi_square test of independence, we calculate the degress of freedom using which formula a) dfx^2 = (k-1)(k+1) /2 b) dfx^2 = Crunch (x-1)/N+1 c) dfx^2 = (x-μ)/N d) dfx^2 = (Krow-1)(kcolumn-1)
dfx^2 = (Krow-1)(kcolumn-1)
In contrast to correlation, regression allows the researcher to make a determination of cause and effect relations amongst variables true false
false
how do you get within groups df
multiply amount of cells by df of group ex if there are 9 cells and 10 people per group, the df within would be 81
σ (sigma) represents
standard deviation of population
Proportionate Reduction in Error:
statistic that quantifies how much more accurate predictions are when we use the regression line instead of the mean
which character is the standardized regression coefficient symbolized by ά β Σ π
π
In a within-subjects ANOVA with 5 levels of the IV and 21 particpants, wjhat is the df(error) 100 82 80 20 4
80
Doctor Joey conducted a repeated-measures ANOVA with three levels of an independent variable and 10 participants, resulting in a total of 30 scores. What are the degrees of freedom for Dr. Joeys F test F(3, 10) F(2,27) F(3,30) F(2,18) F(2,29)
F(2,18)
F statistic for one way between groups
MSbetween/MSwithin
Which statement is NOT an assumption of an ANOVA? The samples should be randomly selected. The samples should be from a population with a known mean and standard deviation. The samples should be from a normally distributed population. The samples should be from populations with approximately the same variance.
The samples should be from a population with a known mean and standard deviation.
There is a correlation between eating dinner together as a family and a decreased risk of drug addiction in teenagers. The most likely explanation is that: teenagers who use drugs do not enjoy spending time with their families. when a family does not eat together, it leads to the teenager turning to drugs for comfort. a third variable causes both effects. the more time that a family spends together, the harder it is for the teenager to get access to drugs.
a third variable causes both effects.
how do you get f statistic
divide ms of the row by ms within ms(b)/ms(within)
When working with one nominal variable with three levels, a chi square test for independence be used true false
false
a p-value is the probability that the null hypothesis is true true false
false
as the number of t tests increases, the risk of a type 1 error decreases true false
false
if the A x B interaction is significant, then at least one of the two main effects also must be significant true false
false
μ (mew) represents
mean of population
A correlation coefficient is a statistic that tells us how much variance there is in a distribution quantifies the relation between two variables tells us whether there is a significant difference between two factors quantifies the number of independent variables in an experiment
quantifies the relation between two variables
how to find effect size one way anova n^2
ssbetween/sstotal
For the within-groups ANOVA, SSwithin groups = SSsubjects + SSerror true false
true
When parametric assumptions are met, nonparametric test have less statistical power than parametric test true false
true
Whenever a two-factor design results in a significant interaction, you should be cautious about interpreting the main effects because an interaction can distort, conceal, or exaggerate the main effects of the individual factors. true false
true
There was an experiment with 5 conditions. There were 30 peopel who each participated in all the conditions. The usm of squares subjects was 60, the sum if squares between was 48. What is df error 29 149 116 IDK
116
There was an experiment with 5 conditions. There were 30 people who each participated in all the conditions. The sum of squares subjects was 60, the sum of squares between was 48/ What is the MS(between) 15 12 9.6 Cannot do it
12
Dr frost conducts a study investigating the number of externalizing behaviors amongst men and women with one of four different psychological disorders: depression, GAD, schizophrenia, and social phobia, and recruits 8 participants in each condition. What is the dfWithin for this factorial design 7 28 32 56 64
56
Which of these is a reason why a cause-effect relationship is NOT assumed in correlational studies? We know the direction of the relationship between the variables, but we do not know which variable came first. We need to know which variable came first to cause the effect in the other variable. Another variable could be causing the effects in both variables of interest. We do not know the direction of the relationship, but we do know which variable came first
Another variable could be causing the effects in both variables of interest.
to find the effect size for ANOVA we calculate Cohens D R^2 the p value the mean square tukey HSD
R^2
A state transportation department is determining the safety of interstate roadways based on the age of drivers and number of traffic accidents. The department calculates a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.305. If the critical value for r = 0.330, what could it conclude? The number of traffic accidents is significantly related to the age of drivers. The age of drivers is significantly related to the number of traffic accidents. The age of drivers is not significantly related to the number of traffic accidents. The age of drivers is causally related to the number of traffic accidents they have.
The age of drivers is not significantly related to the number of traffic accidents.
How is a correlation differente from a regression analysis a regression analysis uses continuos variables, while a correlation analysis uses categorical variables a correlation describes only one type of relationship, while a regression describes multiple relationships a regression enables us to make predictions, while a correlation describes relationships a correlation describes relationships while a regression analysis tests for causation
a regression enables us to make predictions, while a correlation describes relationships
Which of hte following is the correct formula for degrees of freedom for the interaction efect of a between-subjects factorial design df(interaction)= df(rows) + df(columns) df(interaction)= df(rows) df(columns) df(interaction)= N(rows) -1 df(interaction)= N(columns)-1
df(interaction)= df(rows) df(columns)
An order effect:
effect that relies on the order in which IV levels were applied to the subjects taste test
When you get your output from a two-way between-groups ANOVA, which F statistic, if it is significant, should you first interpret main effects placebo effects null hypothesis interaction effects
interaction effects
One benefit of using a multifactorial ANOVA with two or more factors is that it can detect _____ among the variables, whereas multiple direct comparisons of means cannot. violations of assumptions interactions a main effect significant differences
interactions
In the simple linear regression formula, _________ is the predited value for Y when X is equal to ) slope residual intercept standard error
intercept
how do you get df of factor
levels of the factor -1 ex: if factor a has 6 levels df(factor a)=5
A cell depicts one unique combination of blank of the independent variables in a two way anova factors, levels, scores, main effects, variables
levels,
Margot works for an advertising firm and needs to understand how an individual's levels of experience with cooking (novice, intermediate, or expert) affect how he or she will rate a new group of cookware advertisements. What type of design would be best for Margot to use? z test t test one-way between-groups ANOVA one-way within-groups ANOVA
one-way between-groups ANOVA
_______ refers to the tendency of scores that are particularly high or low to drift towards the mean over time restriction of range standard error of estimate standard error of the mean regression to the mean
regression to the mean
Multiple t test is an issue because it causes:
type 1 error
assume that we find a positive correlation between the number of hours spent studying amd grade on exams. We calculate regression equation for the data and find that the Y-intercept is 65, what does this tell us
when students do not study at all, we would predict a score of 65 on the exam
How do you tell which graphs has a smaller error of estimate
when the data points are closer to the line of best fit
When deciding on the critical value for the Chi-square test, you must first decide whether to use a one-tailed or two-tailed hypothesis test true false
false
One of the primary limitations of nonparametric tests is that they: can be used only with scale data. are limited to situations when the data are normally distributed. have less statistical power than parametric tests. increase the risk of a Type I error
have less statistical power than parametric tests.
In which section of a research report does the researcher provide information about whether the study was preregistered? Introduction Data Results Methods
Methods
A multiple regression analysis revealed the following equation relating the time (in hours) it takes to complete a puzzle based on the number and size of pieces: Ŷ = 1.6 + 0.02 (Xnumber of pieces) - 1.25 (Ysize of pieces). If a puzzle has 1000 pieces, with a size value of 0.4 inch, how long will it take to complete? 11.1 hours 15.0 hours 16.6 hours 21.1 hours
21.1 hours
The results for a two way between groups ANOVA produce DF=1,3 for the F ratio for Factor A, and DF=2,30 for the F ratio for the AxB interaction. Based on this information how many levels of factor b were compared in the study
3
There was a 3x3 between groups analysis examining relations between Age (young adult/middle-aged/older adult) and preferred method of transportation (Uber/taxi/bus) on reported life satisfaction. There were 15 participants of the conditiosn What is the dfAge x transportation 2 3 8 14 CANNOT BE found
4
A consumer researcher examines the effectiveness of different body lotions by having 15 participants apply four different lotions to the same, unique body locations daily for two weeks. For example, lotion 1 is always applied to the right thigh, while lotion 2 is applied to the upper right arm. The participants were randomly selected at a drugstore in a busy area. What is the research hypothesis for this study? Differences exist between the average effectiveness assessments of each lotion. Lotions cause differences in skin quality across locations. The effectiveness of the four different lotions is the same, on average. The lotions are the same in terms of effectiveness.
Differences exist between the average effectiveness assessments of each lotion.
Z Test
Nominal IV Scale DV One IV Two Group (levels) One represented by Sample One by population Known μ (mew) and σ (sigma) A teacher claims that the mean score of students in his class is greater than 82 with a standard deviation of 20. If a sample of 81 students was selected with a mean score of 90 then check if there is enough evidence to support this claim at a 0.05 significance level.
Regression
Only Scale Variables Question About prediction
If social anxiety is negatively correlated with the number of friendships a person has, which statement regarding the line of best fit, or regression line, would be true? The line will start in the lower-left corner of the graph and end in the upper-right corner. The line will start in upper-left corner of the graph and end in the lower-right corner. Because the correlation is negative, a regression line cannot be drawn. The y intercept will be negative.
The line will start in upper-left corner of the graph and end in the lower-right corner.
Which of these is a potential problem with attempts at replicating previously published research? More recent studies now include COG statements, which influence their findings. The target population of the replication study may differ from the original target population. Earlier research may have been conducted with WEIRD samples. Replication studies typically are less powerful than the original research studies.
The target population of the replication study may differ from the original target population.
Correlation can be used to calculate reliability, validity, both reliability and validity, coefficient alpha, all of the above
all of the above
how to get df subjects
amount of participants per cell -1 10 subjects in each condition df subjects is 9
Dr. Rapinoe is curious about whether the male and female soccer players at her university differ in their college majors. She collects data from members of both the men's and women's soccer teams and classifies their major into one of five categories: natural sciences, social sciences, formal sciences, applied sciences, and humanities. Which statistical test should Dr. Rapinoe use? one-way between-groups ANOVA chi-square test for independence factorial ANOVA chi-square test for goodness of fit
chi-square test for independence
Interpreting the effect size for a chi-square test depends on the degrees of freedom for _____ in the contingency table. the category in the rows the category in the columns either the category in the rows or in the columns, whichever is smaller, either the category in the rows or in the columns, whichever is larger,
either the category in the rows or in the columns, whichever is smaller
A cognitive psychologist is interested in whether there are gender differences in verbal and spatial abilities. The psychologist recruits 48 men and women and has them complete tests of verbal and spatial ability based on the Weschler intelligence test. The psychologist should use a _____ to analyze these data Pearson correlation one-way between-groups ANOVA factorial ANOVA chi-square test for independence
factorial ANOVA
A partial correlation describes a situations where complete correlation calculation has not been performed, true false
false
A researcher reports the results of an ANOVA for a repeate4d-measures design as *F(2,12) = 7.85, p < .01 This study used a sample of n = 13 patients true false
false
if cariances between groups are equal, we refer to this as heteroscedasticity standard error of the mean pooled homogeneity of variance homoscedasticity
homoscedasticity
how to get df between
levels of factor - 1 four levels of factor A df between is 3
A researcher examined the association between years of education and number of broadway shows attended. This study found a correlation of r=.032 according to Cohens conventions this is a ____ effect small medium large very large
medium .1 small .3 medium .5 large
You want to predict your score on the statistics final exam using your average quiz performance for the semester. Which statistical technique is best for this type of analysis? bar graph correlation simple linear regression standardized z scores
simple linear regression
A _________ is a hypothesis test that includes two nominal independent variables and an interval dependent variable, and a ____________ is a statistical analysis used with one interval dependent variable and at least two nominal independent variables. factorial analysis of variance; two-way ANOVA one-way ANOVA; factorial ANOVA two-way ANOVA; factorial ANOVA between-groups ANOVA; within-groups ANOVA
two-way ANOVA; factorial ANOVA
When comparing three or more groups we use ANOVA. It would be incorrect to instead conduct multiple t-tests. Doing so would increase the chances of a type 1 error type 2 error type 3 error all of the above
type I error
A repeated-measures analysis of variance produces SStotal= 40 and SSerror=10. For this analysis, what is SSbetween 30 50 400 unknown
unable to identify with this information
If two variables are negatively correlated, they cannot be causally related true false
false
the term coefficient of determination is also known as the standard error of the estimate the proportionate reduction in error the mean of sampling distribution simple linear regression
the proportionate reduction in error
The subjects sum of squares calculated in the one-way within-groups ANOVA assesses: how much participant data vary as a function of the independent variable. the variability due to participant differences. the inconsistency of subjects' responses. variability for the entire study, across all conditions.
the variability due to participant differences.
What can you conclude from the following Chi square stat test for independence X^2(1, N=102) = .17, P>.05
there is no evidence of dependency between the two variables
Dr. McMann conducts a research study and finds that, on average, people with more incarceration time earn less money throughout their lifetimes than those with less incarceration time. What should Dr. McMann conclude about the two variables—incarceration time and lifetime income? they are positively correlated they are negatively correlated there is no correlation there is a significant difference more education results in greater lifetime earning
they are negatively correlated
If a researcher expects that a new teaching technique will be more effective for high school students than for younger middle school students, then the researcher is predicting an interaction between teaching style and year in school true false
true
_____ reliability measures consistency of a test over time, while _____ reliability measures internal consistency of a test. Partial; test-retest Test-retest; partial Answer Test-retest; split-half Split-half; test-retest
Answer Test-retest; split-half
what are the two frequently used post-hoc tests ANOVA and Tukey Bonferroni and Tukey Split-halves and Cronbacks alpha Fishers LSD and Student Newman Keuls Sheffe and Bonferroni
Bonferroni and Tukey
A researcher wishes to investigate relationships between depression and cerebral asymmetry. She collects EEG(brain data) data from 50 subjects and assesses their level of depression on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). What statistical test would be appropriate a) Independent-Samples T test b) One-Way Between-Groups ANOVA C) Correlation D) Chi-Square test for Independence
C) Correlation
A researcher wishes to investigate relationships between depression and cerebral asymmetry. She collects EEG(brain data) data from 50 subjects and classifies them as Right or Left frontal based on EEG asymmetry and using their HRSD scores classifies them as Depressed/non-Depressed. What statistical test would be appropriate a) Independent Samples T test b) One Way between groups ANOVA c) Correlation D) Chi-square test of independence
D) Chi-square test of independence
in a repeated-measures analysis of variance, how does the magnitude of the mean difference from one treatment to another contribute to the F-ratio the mean difference add to the numerator of the F ratio the mean differences add to the denominator of the F ratio The mean difference add to both the numerator and the denominator of the F ratio The sample mean difference do not influence the F ratio
The mean difference add to the numerator of the F ratio
What are three circumstance in which we commonly use a nonparametric test a) when the dependent variable is interval, the independent variable is ratio, and the sample size is large b) when the dependent variable is ratio, the independent variable is nominal and the independent and dependent variables are continuous c) When the dependent variable is nominal, wither the independent variable or dependent variable is ordinal, and when the sample size is small and an underlying population distribution is suspected to be skewed d) when the independent variable is categorical, the dependent variable is ordinal, and the distribution is positively skewed
c) When the dependent variable is nominal, wither the independent variable or dependent variable is ordinal, and when the sample size is small and an underlying population distribution is suspected to be skewed
A computer analysis that essentially calculates the average of every possible split-half correlation as a measure of reliability is known as: split-half reliability. test-retest reliability. coefficient alpha. Cronbach's beta.
coefficient alpha.
As the correlation between two variables increases, the proportionate reduction in error decreases true false
false
Test Retest is intended to measure a person not a test of consistency over time true false
false
Σ(x)/N(total)
Grand Mean
A multiple regression analysis revealed the following equation relating the time (in hours) it takes to complete a puzzle based on the number and size of pieces: Ŷ = 1.6 + 0.02 (Xnumber of pieces) - 1.25 (Ysize of pieces). If a puzzle has 500 pieces, with a size value of 0.4 inch, how long will it take to complete?
6.6 hours 10.3 hours 11.1 hours 11.6 hours
A 3 by 4 factorial between-groups design has 6 subjects in each cell. What is the df(within) 5 11 60 71
60
A researcher sets up a study to examine how lecture comprehension of college students is affected by lecture type (economics, psychology, statistics, or chemistry), classroom size (large or small), presentation method (blackboard, overhead projector, or computer), and instructor (graduate student, assistant professor, or full professor). How many cells are in this design? 4 12 24 72
72
When Calculating R^2 (effect size) for the one-way within-groups ANOVA we do not have to be concerned with the calculation for SSbetween SStotal SSsubjects SSerror
SSerror
formula for the R^2 of an interaction
SSinteraction/ (SStotal-SSrows-SScolumns)
Lou examined tolerance to four different psychoactive drugs among different groups of rats. He found a significant difference between groups and wishes to report an effect size for his study. Lou asks for your advice on whether to report R2 or ω2 for his data. What would you advise? He can use either measure, as ω2 and R2 are calculated in the same manner. He should report ω2, as it is a less biased measure of effect size than R2. He should report R2, as it is a less biased measure of effect size than ω2. He should report both measures as R2 and ω2, as they provide very different information about the impact of the experimental manipulation.
He should report ω2, as it is a less biased measure of effect size than R2.
Carli visually inspects her data before analyzing it, only to find that the populations that she sampled appear to have very different variances although her sample sizes are equal. Which assumption of ANOVA has she violated, and what should she do? Heteroscedasticity; she should analyze the data as is but not report it. Heteroscedasticity; she should report the variances with her statistics after analyzing the data. Homoscedasticity; she should proceed as long as the largest variance is not greater than two times the smallest variance and report it with her statistics. Homoscedasticity; she should substitute some of the data points with the mean of each sample.
Homoscedasticity; she should proceed as long as the largest variance is not greater than two times the smallest variance and report it with her statistics.
Dr. Holt is trying to determine which of her patients has the highest likelihood of developing depression. She calculates a linear regression equation using the scores on an anxiety measure, which are positively correlated with scores on a scale measuring depression. Dr. Holt converts patient D's anxiety score to a z score and predicts the z score for the depression scale to be 0.62. Is patient D's raw score for depression above or below the mean, and why? It is below the mean because the z score is negative. It is above the mean because the z score is negative. It is below the mean because the z score is positive. It is above the mean because the z score is positive.
It is above the mean because the z score is positive.
Luis scored 87 on his statistics midterm, and the class average was 84. What would his deviation and z score be in a distribution of the midterm grades? It would be -1. It would be 0. It would be negative. It would be positive.
It would be positive.
How are degrees of freedom calculated for the r distribution? N - 1 N - 2 N1 + N2 - 1 (SSX)(SSY)
N - 2
single samples T Test
Nominal IV Scale DV One IV Two Groups (levels) One represented by Population One sample Only μ (mew) is known For example, imagine a company wants to test the claim that their batteries last more than 40 hours. Using a simple random sample of 15 batteries yielded a mean of 44.9 hours, with a standard deviation of 8.9 hours. Test this claim using a significance level of 0.05.
Independent Samples T Test
Nominal IV Scale DV One IV Two Groups (levels) Two Samples Between-Groups design For example, you could use an independent t-test to understand whether first year graduate salaries differed based on gender (i.e., your dependent variable would be "first year graduate salaries" and your independent variable would be "gender", which has two groups: "male" and "female").
paired samples t-test
Nominal IV Scale DV One IV Two Groups (levels) Two Samples Within-Groups Design To test this, we may recruit a simple random sample of 20 college basketball players and measure each of their max vertical jumps. Then, we may have each player use the training program for one month and then measure their max vertical jump again at the end of the month.
One-Way Within-groups ANOVA
Nominal IV Scale DV One IV Three or more group (levels) Within-Groups Design For example, in the "ADHD Treatment" study, each child's performance was measured four times, once after being on each of four drug doses for a week.
One-Way Between-groups ANOVA
Nominal IV Scale DV One IV Three or more groups (levels) Between-Groups Design Your independent variable is social media use, and you assign groups to low, medium, and high levels of social media use to find out if there is a difference in hours of sleep per night
Pearson Correlation Coefficient
Only Scale Variables Question about association correlation
Chi_square test for goodness of fit
Only nominal variables One nominal Variable There are six different colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue and brown. Suppose that we are curious about the distribution of these colors and ask, do all six colors occur in equal proportion? This is the type of question that can be answered with a goodness of fit test.
The Open Science Framework has developed different badges to recognize ethical and transparent practices. Which badge indicates that the researchers have made their experimental resources and materials available to anyone wishing to conduct their own analyses? Open Methods Open Resources Open Material Open Data
Open Material
A researcher is interested in days spent unemployed and feelings of depression related to work. She wonders what impact one's explanatory style might have on the relationship between these variables. She wants to be sure to understand the relation between her variables as clearly as possible. What technique could she use to help address this issue, and what would be accomplished through this method? Analysis of variance will allow her to examine the influence of all variables at once. Regression will allow her to examine all three variables simultaneously. Partial correlation will allow her to examine the relationship between length of unemployment and depression while removing the influence of the third variable, explanatory style. Correlations performed between each pair of variables will allow her to examine which relationship is the strongest.
Partial correlation will allow her to examine the relationship between length of unemployment and depression while removing the influence of the third variable, explanatory style.
A psychology professor wishes to see if students' attendance over the course of the semester is related to their grades on the final exam. To investigate this question, the professor should use a: Pearson correlation. one-way between-groups ANOVA. factorial ANOVA. single-sample t test.
Pearson correlation.
r^2 one way between groups
SSbetween/SStotal
In a within-subjects ANOVA, Nolan and Hiezenberg use the label SSwithin to corresond to what term that we use in our source table SSsubects SSbetween SSerror SSwithin SStotal
SSerror
One limitation of nonparametric tests is that confidence interval and effect size measures are typically not available. Which statement is true of chi-square tests? A 95% confidence interval can be calculated for the chi-square test for goodness of fit. Cohen's d is the measure of effect size for chi square. There is a measure of effect size, Cramér's V. Neither confidence intervals nor effect size can be computed for chi-square tests.
There is a measure of effect size, Cramér's V.
What can be concluded from the following chi-square test for independence result: χ2(1, N = 112) = 2.29, p > 0.05? There is no evidence of dependency between the two variables. The variables tested are not independent of each other. One variable causes a difference in the other variable. There is a positive correlation between the variables.
There is no evidence of dependency between the two variables.
Chi_Square test for independence
Two Nominal Variables We want to test how binge drinking effects the levels of being in trouble with the police. 3 levels of binge drinking= never, occasional, frequent tested with 2 levels of police trouble= trouble with police no trouble with police.
Shay discovers his data are nto normally distributed and appear to be skewed. He knows his sample size, but he cannot collect more data due to limited funds and time contraints. What should he do Use a non parametric test Use a parametric test Use A t Test Use a Mancova
Use a non parametric test
Justin is examining the effectiveness of using scare tactics to manipulate the behaviors of 54 people living in different regions of the same island, categorized as the beach, the valley, and the mountains. What is the third step Justin should follow for hypothesis testing? Identify population 1 as all beach inhabitants on the island, population 2 as all valley inhabitants on the island, and population 3 as all mountain inhabitants on the island. He should also use a t distribution to make comparisons employing a paired-samples t test. State the null hypothesis (there is no difference between locations on the effectiveness of scare tactics in manipulating behavior) and the research hypothesis (at least one group of island inhabitants will exhibit different behaviors as a result of the scare tactics). Use the F distribution with 2 and 51 degrees of freedom. Identify population 1 as all beach inhabitants on the island, population 2 as all valley inhabitants on the island, and population 3 as all mountain inhabitants on the island. He should also use an F distribution with a one-way between-groups ANOVA.
Use the F distribution with 2 and 51 degrees of freedom.
A researcher wishes to investigate relationships between depression and cerebral asymmetry. She collects EEG(brain data) data from 50 subjects and based on their HRSD scores classifies them as Depressed/Non-Depressed What statistical test is appropriate a) Independent Samples T test b) One Way between groups ANOVA c) Correlation D) Chi-square test of independence
a) Independent Samples T test
Which of the following is considered one of the "new statistics" to be included in the Results section of a research report, and which APA now requires of researchers submitting papers for publication? confidence interval power calculation tables and figures illustrating the results actual values of the test statistics
confidence interval
The values in the cells of a chi square test for goodness of fit are proportions, medians, means, counts or frequencies
counts or frequencies
Below the F statistic which indicates the ratio of two measure of variability. If the within-groups variance is much larger than the between-groups variance, we can infer that there is a significant difference between means F= (between-groups variance)/(within-groups variance) true false
false
a research study with a factorial design is set up where there are two independent variables (gender of participant and age of participant) and the dependent variable is memory performance. After the data from the experiment is analyzed, it is found that females remembered more than males. We can say there is a(n) _______ of gender of participant main effect interaction effect simple effect null effect
main effect
A study found that rats that received a drug took longer to find their way out of a maze than rats that received a placebo, F(1, 57) = 6.23, p < 0.05. The drug had a large effect on albino rats and virtually no effect on wild-bred rats, F(1, 57) = 10.61, p < 0.05. However, there was no overall difference in the time of albino rats compared to that of wild-bred rats, F(1, 57) = 1.29, p > 0.10. Which effect(s) must be present for these results to be true? main effect of drug main effect of rat species interaction of drug and rat species main effect of drug and an interaction of drug and rat species
main effect of drug and an interaction of drug and rat species
All of the following are true statements of matched group designs EXCEPT Matched group designs have increased statistical power over between groups designs When employing a matched group design we may not be aware of all the important variables that participants should be matched on matched group designs typically involve testing fewer participants than within-groups designs If one of the participants decides to drop out of the study, then we must discard the data from the match for this person
matched group designs typically involve testing fewer participants than within-groups designs
predicting an individuals IQ score from two variables for example socioeconomic status and education level would involve the use of bivariate regression simple linear regression multiple regression nonlinear regression Chi square goodness of fit
multiple regression
When conducting a Bonferroni test, we divide the overall p level by the: F statistic. critical F value. total number of participants. number of comparisons.
number of comparisons.
Qualitative interaction: weight training for sprinters and runners
one gets worse and one gets better switch in direction
A social scientist interested in the effects of "casual Fridays" on work performance decides to study the impact of attire at work. She randomly selects 35 people at a large company to participate. Over the course of three weeks, she has all 35 participants experience working under three different levels of work attire: casual, dress-casual, and formal attire. What statistical analysis would be appropriate for her design? one-way within-groups ANOVA one-way between-groups ANOVA independent-samples t tests paired-samples t tests
one-way within-groups ANOVA
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) cares about success for athletes both in their sports and in their education. A researcher hired by the NCAA wants to know how athletes' academic performance is affected by the stage of their competitive season. She examines performance in the preseason, throughout the active competitive season, and in the postseason; 150 athletes, from across several different sports, are assessed during each period. What statistical analysis would be appropriate for this research? one-way between-groups ANOVA paired-samples t tests one-way within-groups ANOVA independent-samples t tests
one-way within-groups ANOVA
Does practice make perfect? To answer this question, a curious researcher has a group of participants repeatedly study a list of psychology-related terms. The researcher tests participants on these terms before they begin studying, after they have studied the list once, after they have reviewed the material 5 times, and finally after they have practiced with the material 10 times. The appropriate statistical test in this situation would be a: paired-samples t test. one-way within-groups ANOVA. regression. independent-samples t test.
one-way within-groups ANOVA.
A psychology professor wishes to determine if the type font on lecture slides impacts student learning. To test this question, the professor uses the Comic Sans font for one week's lecture and then uses the Helvetica font the next week; she examines students' quiz performance at the end of each week of class. The psychology professor should use a(n) _____ to analyze the data. paired-samples t test chi-square test for independence single-sample t test independent-samples t test
paired-samples t test
how to get SS
the SS relationship is ss/df=ms per column
when a research design involves one nominal variable, what nonparametric hypothesis test is used the chi-squre test for goodness of fit Spearman rank-order correlation the chi-square test for independence Mann-Whitney U test
the chi-squre test for goodness of fit
A researcher investigating the impact of color and lighting on mood at work. He manipulates the paint used in offices including the presentation of four different ciolors as well as the lighting. What is the null mood at work is not dependent on paint color the effect of lighting conditions will be present regardless of office color the effect of office color is not dependent on the type of lighting condition mood at work will vary across levels of office color and lighting condition
the effect of office color is not dependent on the type of lighting condition
when computing our chi square statistic we calculate the difference between what two values? A) the observed and the expected frequency B)The mean and the standard deviation C) The mean and the median D) The effect size and the sample size
the observed and the expected frequency
Dr. McMann conducts a research study and finds that, on average, people with more education earn more money throughout their lifetimes than those with less education. What should Dr. McMann conclude about the two variables—education level and lifetime income? they are positively correlated they are negatively correlated there is no correlation there is a significant difference more education results in greater lifetime earning
they are positively correlated
The first step in calculating a correlation is to examine the data using a visual display true false
true
reject the null hypothesis = to reject independence true false
true
Factorial ANOVA
two or more IVs Testing the combined effects of vaccination (vaccinated or not vaccinated) and health status (healthy or pre-existing condition) on the rate of flu infection in a population.
The one-way within-groups ANOVA is used when there are: two independent variables that all participants experience and at least two dependent measures. a scale independent variable with multiple levels that all participants experience. two or more ordinal variables with multiple levels and a scale dependent variable. one nominal or ordinal independent variable with more than two levels, a scale-dependent variable, and every participant is in every group.
two or more ordinal variables with multiple levels and a scale dependent variable.