STI II Unit 1 & 2
Briefly describe the "leg carry trunk" model.
Muscles have to work hard to produce mechanical energy as potential energy is lost
What movement approach is often used when learned slowly and used with positive reinforcement a. Alexander b. Feldenkrais c. PNF d. Kaltenborn
a. Alexander
What type of movement pattern is used to cause improvements in both posture and body mechanics to be more optimal a. Alexander b. Feldenkrais c. PNF d. Kaltenborn
a. Alexander
What component of ECM resists tensile forces but are more elastic? a. collagen b. elastin c. reticulin d. ground substance
b. elastin c. reticulin
In regards to the biomechanics of muscle, which of the following closely approximates the individual muscle fibers and covers each myofibril? a. perimysium b. endomysium
b. endomysium
What concept is described as fascial restriction in one area will strain areas away from the restriction and cause abnormal movement patterns? a. fascial pants b. fascial sweater c. fascial headband d. fascial socks
b. fascial sweater
What does Type II collagen consist of? a. basement membranes b. hyaline cartilage c. fetal dermis, lining of arteries d. connective tissue proper
b. hyaline cartilage
Force transmitted through CT between neighboring muscles. a. intramuscular force transmission b. intermuscular force transmission c. extramuscular force transmission
b. intermuscular force transmission
Which of the following is NOT a basic connective tissue type? a. loose irregular b. loose regular c. dense regular d. dense irregular e. all of the above are true
b. loose regular
Myofascial release is what category? a. autonomic/reflexive b. mechanical c. movement
b. mechanical
Rolfing (structural integration) is what category? a. autonomic/reflexive b. mechanical c. movement
b. mechanical
Trager is what cateogyr? a. autonomic/reflexive b. mechanical c. movement
b. mechanical
What category of myosfascial manipulation attempts mechanical changes in the myofascia by direct application of force? a. autonomic/reflexive b. mechanical c. movement
b. mechanical
Which of the following is NOT a component of extracellular matrix? a. ground substance b. mitochondria c. elastic d. reticulin e. collagen
b. mitochondria
What type of cell can have pathological effects within connective tissue, including Dupuytren's disease? a. fibrocytes b. myofibroblasts c. fibroblasts d. macrophages e. mast cells f. plasma cells
b. myofibroblasts
What type of cell contract via actin and myosin to pull tissues together? a. fibrocytes b. myofibroblasts c. fibroblasts d. macrophages e. mast cells f. plasma cells
b. myofibroblasts
Which cell is found in fascia and intramuscular connective tissue? a. fibrocytes b. myofibroblasts c. fibroblasts d. macrophages e. mast cells f. plasma cells
b. myofibroblasts
Which cell may play a role in muscle stiffness or resting tension? a. fibrocytes b. myofibroblasts c. fibroblasts d. macrophages e. mast cells f. plasma cells
b. myofibroblasts
___ + collagen fibers = reticular cells a. fibrocytes b. myofibroblasts c. fibroblasts d. macrophages e. mast cells f. plasma cells
c. fibroblasts
What type of CT contains greater amount of ground substance per unit area than other types of CT? a. dense regular b. dense irregular c. loose CT
c. loose CT
What type of CT included superficial and deep fascia, muscle, nerve sheaths? a. dense regular b. dense irregular c. loose CT
c. loose CT
What type of CT is also a supportive framework of the lymph system and the internal organs? a. dense regular b. dense irregular c. loose CT
c. loose CT
What type of CT is characterized by sparse, multidirectional framework of collagen and elastin? a. dense regular b. dense irregular c. loose CT
c. loose CT
What type of CT is most elastic and has greatest potential for change when manipulated by external force? a. dense regular b. dense irregular c. loose CT
c. loose CT
What category is Alexander Technique? a. autonomic/reflexive b. mechanical c. movement
c. movement
What category is Feldenkrais Method? a. autonomic/reflexive b. mechanical c. movement
c. movement
What category is PNF? a. autonomic/reflexive b. mechanical c. movement
c. movement
What category of myofascial manipulation attempts to change aberrant movement patterns and establish more optimal ones? a. autonomic/reflexive b. mechanical c. movement
c. movement
Which of the following is NOT an example of Hoffa massage? a. tapotement b. petrissage c. myofascial release d. effleurage
c. myofascial release
What type of massage is directed towards the unconscious mind of the patient? a. petrissage b. effleruage c. rolfing d. Tragering
d. Tragering
What law states that "bone adapts to stresses applied" and is also true for connective tissue? a. law of the nerve b. Pythagorean thereom c. Lion's law d. Wolf's Law
d. Wolf's Law
What does Type I collagen consist of? a. basement membranes b. hyaline cartilage c. fetal dermis, lining of arteries d. connective tissue proper
d. connective tissue proper
What component of ECM has a water binding capacity and is a basis for lubrication and diffusion of nutrients and waste products in connective tissue? a. collagen b. elastin c. reticulin d. ground substance
d. ground substance
What component of ECM provides a mechanical barrier against invading bacteria, prevents micro-adheions by maintaining interfiber distance? a. collagen b. elastin c. reticulin d. ground substance
d. ground substance
Disruption of mast cells results in the release of: a. dopamine b. GABA c. heparin d. histamine
d. histamine
Presence of what cell may be the signal for vascular regeneration? a. fibrocytes b. myofibroblasts c. fibroblasts d. macrophages e. mast cells f. plasma cells
d. macrophages
What cell is known as the "big eater"? a. fibrocytes b. myofibroblasts c. fibroblasts d. macrophages e. mast cells f. plasma cells
d. macrophages
What cell is responsible for phagocytosing waste products, damaged tissue, and foreign matter? a. fibrocytes b. myofibroblasts c. fibroblasts d. macrophages e. mast cells f. plasma cells
d. macrophages
What type of cell are the "big eaters" found in traumatic, inflammatory, or infectious conditions and also clean and debride area of waste and foreign products? a. fibrocytes b. myofibroblasts c. fibroblasts d. macrophages e. mast cells f. plasma cells
d. macrophages
Stress continues and the curve reaches the limit causing rupture a. toe region b. point of yield c. plastic region d. point of failure
d. point of failure
What component of ground substance primarily binds water? a. glycosaminoglycans b. immunoglobulins c. mitochondria d. proteoglycans
d. proteoglycans
-superfast -contains unique myosin configuration -high glycogen content -glycolytic metabolism -very fast contraction times a. Type I b. Type IIa c. Type IIb d. Type IIm
d. type IIm
direct insertion zones: consists of bone, where collagen fibrils merge with the fibrils of the bone matrix a. Zone 1 b. Zone 2 c. Zone 3 d. Zone 4
d. zone 4
When effleurage is applied with light to moderate pressure, what may the benefit be? a. venous return b. relaxation c. spasm d. boners e. a and b
e. a and b
Which of the following is not a purpose of ground substance? a. lubrication between collagen fibers b. mechanical barrier against bacteria c. diffusion of nutrients and waste products d. maintains critical interfiber distance, preventing microadhesions e. all of the above are true
e. all of the above are true
What cell is formed primarily in loose CT? a. fibrocytes b. myofibroblasts c. fibroblasts d. macrophages e. mast cells f. plasma cells
e. mast cells
What cell is responsible for constantly secreting small amounts of the anticoagulant heparin into the bloodstream? a. fibrocytes b. myofibroblasts c. fibroblasts d. macrophages e. mast cells f. plasma cells
e. mast cells
What type of cell secretes histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant) a. fibrocytes b. myofibroblasts c. fibroblasts d. macrophages e. mast cells f. plasma cells
e. mast cells
What type of cell produces antibodies and is only present in infectious conditions? a. fibrocytes b. myofibroblasts c. fibroblasts d. macrophages e. mast cells f. plasma cells
f. plasma cells
Briefly describe gel-sol theory.
gel sate is thick and dense, and heat/mechanical stimulus can be used to make the gel more fluid or soluble (sol)
Briefly describe the spine engine model.
As foot hits ground, eccentric contractions are produced to control forward movement and prevent falling. Viscoelastic qualities of CT allow it to absorb GRFs through the LE CT, even reaching the spine to produce rotation. Contraction of glute max, along with sping of opposite arm, preloads thoracolumbar fascia, preparing it to further absorb GRFs as potential energy. As forces are transmitted through CT, they are eventually released as kinetic energy as the TL fascia springs back reversing rotation of the spine and initiating opposite hip flexion and arm swing creating a pendulum effect. BASICALLY: when CT is mobile, the system is much more efficient
what is the cutivisceral reflex?
CTM can release nerve impulses along quite specific paths by means of reflexes that are locked into the CNS. It can create reactions in distant organs.
Briefly describe the process of collagen synthesis.
Collagen fibers are synthesized within the rough ER of the fibroblast Tropocollagen is released from the cell into the extracellular matrix, where it then hydrostatically bonds with other tropocollagen to form a collagen fibril The hydrostatic bond is eventually replaced by a covalent bond The fibrils mature into a collagen fiber
T/F: Both indirect and direct insertions have junctional zones of ligament, tendon, and capsule that are relatively vascular with the tissue on either side of the zone.
F - avascular
T/F: Both direct and indirect insertions have a fibrocartilaginous transitional zone.
False - indirect transitions DO NOT
T/F: Indirect insertions have defined zones.
False. Direct insertions do.
Who described the concept of fascial sweater? a. Ida Ho b. Ida Rolf c. Ida No d. James Mennell
Ida Rolf
(Increasing/decreasing) temp will increase creep.
Increasing
Briefly describe intra-facial circulation loop theory.
Manual stimulation produces changes in tone, vasodilaiton, and local fluid dynamics via ANS.
What is an example of the cutivisceral reflex?
Mother's warm hand on a child's belly to alleviate stomach-ache
What are the 2 types of myofascial release? a. soft and hard b. direct and indirect c. low and high d. soft and firm
b. direct and indirect
What describes the architectural structures that are kept mechanically stable by distributing and balancing stresses. ex: what enables a person to stand or sit upright
Tensegrity
Briefly describe the crimp phenomenon.
Thought to be responsible for the mildly elastic characteristics of a ligament.
T/F: Both Direct and indirect insertions have superficial and deep fibers (superficial generally attached to periosteum; deep insert into bone or by way of fibrocartilage)
True
T/F: Myofibroblasts are located in granulation tissue in wounds.
True. Also present in normal human fascia.
Histamine causes (vasodilation/vasoconstriction) in neighboring non-injured vessels, resulting in (increased/decreased) permeability.
Vasodilation; increased
Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding junctional zones? a. Myotendinous junctional zones are rarely sites of injury b. The tendon-bone junction sustains greater forces due to forces generated by the muscle than ligament-bone. c. There are two types of insertions identified in literature: direct and indirect. d. The junctional zones of ligament, tendon and capsule are relatively avascular compared with tissue on either side of the zone.
a. Myotendinous junctional zones are rarely sites of injury
-slow twitch -high concentration of myoglobin, increased mitochondra, low conten of glycogen -oxidative metabolism -slow concentration times -fatigue resistance a. Type I b. Type IIa c. Type IIb d. Type IIm
a. Type I
Direct Insertion Zones: consists of actual tendon of ligament. Collagen fibers are found here embedded in matrix of ground substance, as are fibroblasts. a. Zone 1 b. Zone 2 c. Zone 3 d. Zone 4
a. Zone 1
Which category of myofascial manipulation approach exerts therapeutic effect on the autonomic nervous system (attempt to exert their effect through the skin and superficial connective tissues)? a. autonomic/reflexive b. mechanical c. movement
a. autonomic reflexive
Connective tissue massage (bindegewebsmassage) is an example of what category? a. autonomic/reflexive b. mechanical c. movement
a. autonomic/reflexive
Hoffa massage is an example of what category? a. autonomic/reflexive b. mechanical c. movement
a. autonomic/reflexive
What does Type IV collagen consist of? a. basement membranes b. hyaline cartilage c. fetal dermis, lining of arteries d. connective tissue proper
a. basement membranes
What component of ECM is most tensile resistance and more common? a. collagen b. elastin c. reticulin d. ground substance
a. collagen
What CT has a high collagen but less ground substance and has high tensile strength that limits extensibility of the tissues? a. dense regular b. dense irregular c. loose CT
a. dense regular
What connective tissues are described as a dense, parallel arrangement of collagen fibers? a. dense regular b. dense irregular c. loose CT
a. dense regular
What type of CT is highly metabolic and not very vascular, accounting for increased healing time following injury? a. dense regular b. dense irregular c. loose CT
a. dense regular
What type of connective tissue are ligaments and tendons? a. dense regular b. dense irregular c. loose CT
a. dense regular
What type of tissue is least responsive to mechanical work? a. dense regular b. dense irregular c. loose CT
a. dense regular
What Hoffa massage technique slides or glides over the skin with a smooth continuous motion? a. effleurage b. petrissage c. tapotement
a. effleurage
What type of fiber is found in the lining of arteries, ligamentum flavum, and ligamentum nuchae? a. elastin b. reticulin
a. elastic
What is a mature fibroblast? a. fibrocytes b. myofibroblasts c. fibroblasts d. macrophages e. mast cells f. plasma cells
a. fibrocyte
What type of cell is found in stable mature connective tissues? a. fibrocytes b. myofibroblasts c. fibroblasts d. macrophages e. mast cells f. plasma cells
a. fibrocytes
What component of ground substance has a lubricating effect and maintains the critical interfiber distance? a. glycosaminoglycans b. immunoglobulins c. mitochondria d. proteoglycans
a. glycosaminoglycans
What type of myofascial release has a force that is lower in intensity, but much longer in duration, giving the tissues an opportunity to "melt" or release. a. indirect b. direct
a. indirect
Which type of myofascial release technique is typically used on patients who are tender or extremely guarded a. indirect b. direct
a. indirect
Force transmitted within the muscle from the endomysial-perimysial fascial network onto adjacent fibers. a. intramuscular force transmission b. intermuscular force transmission c. extramuscular force transmission
a. intramuscular
In regards to the biomechanics of muscle, which of the following provides both a cushioning effect through force transmission and stiffening effect a d separates and envelopes each fasciculus? a. perimysium b. endomysium
a. perimysium
Which of the following is NOT a category of approach to myofascial maniupulation? a. physiologic b. autonomic/reflexive c. mechanical d. movement
a. physiologic
Early part of stress strain curve; represents elastic component of connective tissue a. toe region b. point of yield c. plastic region d. point of failure
a. toe region
What component of ECM is the basis for mechanical support? a. collagen b. elastin c. reticulin d. ground substance
b. elastin c. reticulin
What 2 principal factors are required for transformation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts? a. transforming growth factor beta 1; mechanical stress b. transforming growth factor alpha 1; mechanical stress c. transforming growth factor beta 1; no stress d. transforming growth factor alpha 1; no stress
a. transforming growth factor beta 1; mechanical stress
What is the half-life of collagen? a. 300-500 minutes b. 300-500 days c. 700-900 minutes d. 700-900 days
b. 300-500 days
____ occurs when a load is applied to a tissue over a prolonged period of time, as in progressive stretching, allowing for gradual elongation of tissue. a. deformation b. creep c. relaxation
b. Creep
What movement approach is based on the idea that abnormalities occur in response to past trauma, rendering one more susceptible to reinjury. a. Alexander b. Feldenkrais c. PNF d. Kaltenborn
b. Feldenkrais
What movement approach seeks to retrain the body away from aberrant movement patterns into more efficient ones? a. Alexander b. Feldenkrais c. PNF d. Kaltenborn
b. Feldenkrais
Which of the following is an example of dense irregular connective tissue is: a. Ligamentus nuchae b. Glenohumeral joint capsule c.Superficial fascial sheaths d.Achilles tendon
b. Glenohumeral joint capsule
Which of the following is true about ground substance? a. It can be replenished by mast cells after tissue is re-mobilized with movement b. It maintains a "critical interfiber distance" between collagen fibers to prevent restrictions/adhesions c. It can start to dry up in 4-6 weeks following immobilization d. It is used to for rejuvenation, elimination and production
b. It maintains a "critical interfiber distance" between collagen fibers to prevent restrictions/adhesions
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of petrissage? a. milking of a muscle of accumulated metabolites b. decreased circulation c. assists venous return d. may help separate muscle fibers and evoke muscle relaxation
b. decreased circulation
What type of CT are joint capsules, aponeuroses, periosteum, and fascial sheaths? a. dense regular b. dense irregular c. loose CT
b. dense irregular
What type of CT fibers are aligned multidirectionally to withstand multidirectional stresses? a. dense regular b. dense irregular c. loose CT
b. dense irregular
What type of myofascial release intends to improve the mobility of soft tissue through the application of slow, controlled mechanical stress directly into a restriction? a. indirect b. direct
b. direct
When effleurage is applied with moderate pressure, slowly and smoothly on the back, it stimulates the _____ nervous system and evokes a ____ response. a. sympathetic; stimulating b, parasympathetic; relaxation c. parasympathetic; stimulating d. sympathetic; relaxation
b. parasympathetic; relaxation
What Hoffa massage technique involves lifting, wringing, or squeezing soft tissue in a kneading motion or pressing or rolling the tissues under or between the hands? a. effleurage b. petrissage c. tapotement
b. petrissage
Tissues stretches beyond the elastic range and deformation is permanent. a. toe region b. point of yield c. plastic region d. point of failure
b. point of yield
The goal of structural integration or Rolfing is to: a. use of oscillations to restore mobility and function b. restore balance and harmony of movement c. reduce pain and swelling d. apply superficial techniques to the skin and subcutaneous tissue to restore circulation
b. restore balance and harmony of movement
What type of fiber is a delicate meshwork for support of internal organs and glands? a. elastin b. reticulin
b. reticulin
Which of the following is NOT a chemical that can produce contractile response in myofibroblasts? a. histamine b. serotonin c. oxytocin d. mepryamine (pyrilamine)
b. serotonin
What is a deformation or change in length that occurs as a result of stress? a. elasticity b. strain c. more stress
b. strain
-fast twitch/oxidative (Fast red) -mod high concentrations of myoglobin, increased mitochondria -glycolytic/oxidative (mixed metabolism) -faster contraction times than Type I, less fatigue resistant a. Type I b. Type IIa c. Type IIb d. Type IIm
b. type IIa
Direct Insertion zones: consists of fibrocartilage, cells in this region resemble chondroblasts or chondrocytes a. Zone 1 b. Zone 2 c. Zone 3 d. Zone 4
b. zone 2
Some examples of Hoffa massage techniques would include: a.skin rolling, tapotement and fingertip kneading b.effleurage, petrissage, and tapotement c.friction techniques d.ischemic compression, trigger point release
b.effleurage, petrissage, and tapotement
Which of the following is NOT a subclassification of connective tissue? Choose all that apply. a. bone b. cartilage c. muscle d. CT proper e. skin
c, e
Which of the following is NOT true regarding collagen synthesis? a. Collagen synthesis begins by the absorption of an amino acid b. During synthesis strands of protocollagen are linked in a triple helix loop. c. Collagen synthesis takes place in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the fibrocytes. d. When the tropocollagens are released from the cell they link in series and parallel to form collagen fibrils.
c. Collagen synthesis takes place in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the fibrocytes.
Which of the following could be described as a technique that incorporates gentle sequences of movement that would allow for slow deliberate changing of abnormal inefficient movement patterns into normal, efficient movements? a. Myofasical Release b. CT Massage c. Feldenkrais Method d. PNF
c. Feldenkrais Method
What type of movement approach uses diagonal movements based on synergistic patterns? a. Alexander b. Feldenkrais c. PNF d. Kaltenborn
c. PNF
The principle of biotensegrity is partially represented by which of the following? a. Ligaments holding bones together b. Compressive forces resisted by muscle c. Tensile forces distributed through bone d. Fascia absorbing tensile forces
c. Synthesize collagen, ground substance and eosinophils
Force transmitted through various CT, such as compartmental fascia or general fascia/CT surrounding blood vessels or nerves. a. intramuscular force transmission b. intermuscular force transmission c. extramuscular force transmission
c. extramuscular
What does Type III collagen consist of? a. basement membranes b. hyaline cartilage c. fetal dermis, lining of arteries d. connective tissue proper
c. fetal dermis, lining of arteries
What is the primary secretory cell in connective tissue and responsible for synthesis of all components of connective tissue; adheres and lay down fibers? a. fibrocytes b. myofibroblasts c. fibroblasts d. macrophages e. mast cells f. plasma cells
c. fibroblasts
What type of cell is most prevalent in connective tissue? a. fibrocytes b. myofibroblasts c. fibroblasts d. macrophages e. mast cells f. plasma cells
c. fibroblasts
What type of cell synthesizes collagen, elastic, reticulin, and ground substance? a. fibrocytes b. myofibroblasts c. fibroblasts d. macrophages e. mast cells f. plasma cells
c. fibroblasts
Tissue is permanently deformed, but does not rupture. a. toe region b. point of yield c. plastic region d. point of failure
c. plastic region
What disease was PNF originally designed to treat? a. GBS b. Lou Gehrig's c. poliomyelitis d. spinal meningitis
c. poliomyelitis
What type of massage believes that myofascial components determine the adequacy of the joint and that by "integrating" the myofascia to normal or more toward normal, the patient would have normal movement. a. petrissage b. effleruage c. rolfing d. Tragering
c. rolfing
What type of massage is used to create balance and harmony of movement a. petrissage b. effleruage c. rolfing d. Tragering
c. rolfing
Which of the following is NOT a type of stress? Choose all that apply. a. push b. pull c. strain d. twist e. tension f. compression g. shear
c. strain
What Hoffa massage technique involves a series of brisk percussive movements following each other in rapid, alternating fashion? a. effleurage b. petrissage c. tapotement
c. tapotement
During what does the process of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts typically occur? a. sleep b. meditation c. tissue repair d. normal tissue growth
c. tissue repair
-fast twitch/glycolytic (Fast white) -high glycogen content -glycolytic metabolism -decreased mitochondria -fast contraction times, fatigues easily a. Type I b. Type IIa c. Type IIb d. Type IIm
c. type II b
Activity of fibroblasts is influenced by all of the following EXCEPT: a. dietary content b. steroid hormones c. ultrasound d. mechanotransduction
c. ultrasound
Direct Insertion zones: consists of mineralized fibrocartilage, where mineral deposits are found around collagen fibrils. a. Zone 1 b. Zone 2 c. Zone 3 d. Zone 4
c. zone 3
Who described the cutivisceral reflex? a. James Mennell b. James Cyriax c. Elizabeth Olsen d. Elizabeth Dicke
d. Elizabeth Dicke
Which of the following is true of mast cells? a. They constantly secrete histamine, a vasodilator b. They are responsible for phagocytosing waste product. c. When disrupted, they release heparin, an anticoagulant d. They are formed primarily in loose connective tissue.
d. They are formed primarily in loose connective tissue.
What type of massage involves a mechanical soft tissue and neurophysiological reeducation approach and uses the nervous system to make changes, rather than making mechanical changes in the connective tissues themselves? a. petrissage b. effleruage c. rolfing d. Tragering
d. Tragering
Ground substance is (more/less ) abundant in early life; (increases/decreases) with age.
more; decreases
Describe thixotropy.
used to describe viscous transition from gel to sol.
Connective tissue is _____ in nature, meaning it contains both viscous (permanent) deformation characteristics and elastic (temporary) deformation characteristics.
viscoelastic
