Straighterline Sociology Final Exam Notes
Sociologists are interested in two main ares related to economic and political power
1) the growth of ethnic minorities and women in the workforce 2) deindustrialization
Absolute Power
Refers to a minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below
Communism
Refers to an economic system under which all property is owned and no social distinctions are made on the basis of people's ability to produce
Psychology
Studies individual human behavior. Rather than study human groups and behaviors within groups, psychologists study individual human (and animal) personality and development
In the U.S., professional gamblers, Armenian Americans, teenagers, and nudists are all examples of a. cultures. b. countercultures. c. subcultures. d. contracultures.
Subcultures
Government
The authority that sets rules for a society
Society
The largest human group
Quantitative Research
Which collects and reports data primarily in numerical form
Qualitative Research
Which relies on what is seen in field and naturalistic settings, and often focuses on small groups and communities rather than on large groups or whole nations
Which sociologists were responsible for developing the disengagement theory? Select one: a. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross and Richard Kalish b. Elaine Cumming and William Henry c. Talcott Parsons and Robert Merton d. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
b. Elaine Cumming and William Henr
Which psychologist developed a model of adult socialization that includes stages of early adult, midlife, and later adult transitions? Select one: a. Richard Kalish b. Elaine Cumming c. Daniel Levinson d. Robert Atchley
c. Daniel Levinson
A society that depends on mechanization to produce its goods and services is called a(n) Select one: a. industrial society. b. postindustrial society. c. postmodern society. d. preindustrial society.
industrial society
A new Ford Explorer can be considered a. material culture. b. nonmaterial culture. c. an argot. d. substance culture.
material culture
The term ethnic succession, as used by Daniel Bell, refers to Select one: a. the migration of immigrant groups into communities previously occupied by other immigrant groups. b. the process during which the leadership of organized crime is passed from one ethnic group to another. c. the process during which the membership of law enforcement agencies is passed from one ethnic group to another. d. the migration of immigrant groups to suburbia.
the process during which the leadership of organized crime is passed from one ethnic group to another.
Secondary Group
A formal, impersonal group in which there is a little social intimacy or mutual understanding
Social Inequality
A minority group is any culturally or physically distinctive social group that is subject to discrimination by a dominant group
Social Networks
A series of social relationships that link a person directly to others, and through them indirectly to still more people
Functionalist Perspective
A sociological approach that emphasizes the way in which the parts of a society are structured to maintain its stability
Interactionist Perspective
A sociological approach that generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to explain society as a whole
In-group
Any group or category to which people feel they belong
Cultural Universals
Athletics (sports), cooking, funeral ceremonies, marriage, and courtship (including sexual restrictions and taboos), and medicine
Maternal Descent
Both sides of a person's family are regarded ad equally important
Informal Economy
Consists of goods and services transferred as cash or in some other way that is not reported to the government
______ embraces the study of formal organizations and social movements. a. Global sociology b. Microsociology c. Macrosociology d. Mesosociology
Mesosociology
Matrilineal Descent
Only the mother's relatives are significant
A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is referred to as
Social Inequality
Sociology, anthropology, economics, and history are fields within the
Social Sciences
Egalitarian Family
Spouses are regarded as equals
Anthropology (Cultural)
Studies cultural variations in time and space. Closest to sociology, but the emphasis is on simple, non-literate cultures, not contemporary industrialized societies.
Anthropology (Physical)
Studies human origins and evolution. Stresses the biological characteristics of human beings, as well as their behavior. This study does not include contemporary human life.
Counterculture
When a subculture deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture
Which of the following terms refers to first-generation Japanese immigrants? Select one: a. Issei b. Sansei c. Nisei d. Cantonese
a. Issei
Marilyn, who has worked as a research scientist for 40 years, voluntarily retires at 64 years of age; however, she is in good health and spends most of her time hiking, doing volunteer work at a local hospital, and dating many of the eligible men in her community. Marilyn's behavior reflects which sociological theory? Select one: a. activity theory b. family systems theory c. conflict theory d. disengagement theory
a. activity theory
The Patriot Act allows federal officials more latitude in Select one: a. gathering electronic data, like banking records. b. photographing suspects. c. monitoring the voting patterns of criminal suspects. d. videotaping suspects who are being interrogated.
a. gathering electronic data, like banking records.
Which term was used by George Herbert Mead to refer to a child's awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole? Select one: a. generalized other b. significant other c. impression management d. symbolic other
a. generalized other
A new religious movement (NRM) or cult is Select one: a. generally a small, secretive religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith. b. a large, organized religion that is not officially linked with the state or government. c. the concept, developed by J. Milton Yinger, of a religious group that is the outgrowth of a sect, yet remains isolated from society. d. a relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what it views as the original vision of the faith.
a. generally a small, secretive religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith.
Researchers find that pet owners live longer, healthier lives. Within this study, pet ownership is the Select one: a. independent variable. b. dependent variable. c. spurious variable. d. operational variable.
a. independent variable
Churches that serve as training grounds for community leaders and allow members to refine their organizational skills are performing a Select one: a. latent function. b. manifest function. c. manifest dysfunction. d. latent dysfunction.
a. latent function
Assuming that flying a commercial place is a man's job and that parental duties are a woman's job is an example of the Select one: a. social construction of gender. b. social construction of sexuality. c. social construction of expressiveness. d. social construction of genetic traits
a. social construction of gender
Which of the following terms did C. Wright Mills use to refer to the military leaders of the power elite at the top of his pyramid structure? Select one: a. warlords b. opinion leaders c. exploited masses d. rulers
a. warlords
Which of the following is true of white-collar crime? Select one: a. The offender is more likely to receive a prison sentence than a fine. b. Conviction generally does not harm the person's reputation or career aspirations as much as conviction for a street crime would. c. The label "white-collar criminal" carries a greater stigma than "felon convicted of a violent crime." d. They are more likely to be treated unfairly in the prison system.
b. Conviction generally does not harm the person's reputation or career aspirations as much as conviction for a street crime would
Which of the following states is the most populated by the elderly? Select one: a. California b. Florida c. Arizona d. Texas
b. Florida
Which of the following attributes is true regarding Buddhism? Select one: a. It is identical to Hinduism. b. It emerged in India. c. It strives for material pleasures while on earth. d. It developed in the 1800s.
b. It emerged in India
Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Adolf Hitler, and Joan of Arc were all leaders who used their respective power to press for changes in accepted social behavior. Their power came from what kind of authority? Select one: a. egalitarian authority b. charismatic authority c. traditional authority d. rational-legal authority
b. charismatic authority
The Exxon Valdez incident in 1989 illustrates the nature of Select one: a. air pollution. b. water pollution. c. nuclear contamination. d. land pollution.
b. water pollution.
After a sociologist reviews the literature, what is the next step in the process? Select one: a. Define the problem. b. Generate ideas for future research. c. Formulate a hypothesis. d. Choose a research design.
c. Formulate a hypothesis
As part of which international agreement did representatives of 195 nations meet outside Paris in late 2015 to discuss lowering planet-warming greenhouse gas emissions? Select one: a. NAFTA b. IMF Relief Fund c. Kyoto Protocol d. Warsaw Pact
c. Kyoto Protocol
An unemployed young adult wants a stereo, but he doesn't have the money or the means of earning the money needed to buy it. His desire for the stereo overwhelms him, and he steals one from a local store. This incident illustrates which theory of deviance? Select one: a. conflict theory b. labeling theory c. anomie theory of deviance d. cultural transmission theory
c. anomie theory of deviance
What perspective of collective behavior seeks to examine how people come together to undertake collective action? Select one: a. emergent-norm perspective b. value-added perspective c. assembling perspective d. evolutionary perspective
c. assembling perspective
The elderly are categorized as a subordinate or minority group because Select one: a. membership in the group is involuntary. b. older U.S. citizens have a strong sense of group solidarity. c. older people experience unequal treatment in employment and may face prejudice and discrimination. d. All of these answers are correct.
d. All of these answers are correct
Social Institutions
A pattern of norms centered around a major goal, value, or need of society
Sociological Imagination
An awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society
Reference Group
Any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves and their own behavior
Which of the following is considered a cultural universal? a. Athletic sports b. War c. Money restrictions d. Education
Athletic sports
The discipline of sociology was given its name by the French theorist a. Émile Durkheim. b. Auguste Comte. c. Harriet Martineau. d. Marcel Marceau.
Auguste Comte
Social Reality
Constructed and shaped by our perceptions, evaluations, and definitions
Statuses
Ascribed Status, Achieved Status, and Master Status
The Code of Ethics of the American Sociological Association (ASA)
Calls for objectivity and integrity in research, confidentiality, and disclosure of all sources of financial support
Jean Piaget
Child Psychologist Cognitive theory of development Four stages of cognitive development; moral development linked to socialization
Conflict Theorist
Define the power elite as a group composed of people that are still largely white, male, and upper class
Elements of culture
Language- helps us interpret our world Norms- formal and informal agreement on what behavior is ok Sanctions- can be both positive ($ increase) and negative (fines) Norms plus sanctions equals values
An unconscious or unintended function that may reflect hidden purposes of an institution is referred to as a. manifest. b. conflict. c. dysfunction. d. latent.
Latent
Which sociologist was perhaps the first to recognize the critical importance of religion in human societies? Select one: a. Émile Durkheim b. Talcott Parsons c. Karl Marx d. Robert Merton
a. Émile Durkheim
Sara takes her four-year-old brother Matt to a carnival for the first time. They decide to ride the merry-go-round. Matt runs to the front of the line. His sister pulls him back and explains they have to stand in line. This is an example of Select one: a. nature versus nurture. b. socialization. c. personality. d. degradation.
b. Socialization
A society such as France or Italy that has an economy based on the production of goods in factories through mechanization would be an example of a(n) ________ society. Select one: a. agrarian b. industrial c. postindustrial d. horticultural
b. industrial
An emphasis on concerns such as ethnic food or political issues rather than on deeper ties to one's ethnic heritage is referred to as Select one: a. White privilege. b. symbolic ethnicity. c. assimilation. d. ethnocentrism.
b. symbolic ethnicity
Validity refers to a. the provision of consistent results. b. independent, rather than dependent, variables. c. the accurate measurement of the phenomenon under study. d. the ethical standards that are followed by sociologists.
c. the accurate measurement of the phenomenon under study
In Immanuel Wallerstein's view, the global economic system is divided between nations that control wealth and nations from which resources are taken. This view is referred to as Select one: a. neocolonialism. b. colonialism. c. world systems analysis. d. the world exploitation model.
c. world systems analysis
Talcott Parsons's functionalist view of society as tending toward a state of stability or balance is known as Select one: a. the emergent-norm perspective. b. resource mobilization theory. c. stagnancy theory. d. the equilibrium model.
d. the equilibrium model
Norms governing everyday behavior, the violation of which raises comparatively little concern, are known as a. mores. b. cultural universals. c. folkways. d. laws.
folkways
A researcher finds that those who have children at a young age are significantly more likely to have lower levels of education as a result of early childbearing. This would be an example of a. a hypothesis. b. a correlation. c. causal logic. d. an effect.
A correlation
Extended Family
A family in which relatives( grandparents, aunts, or uncles) live in the same house as parents and their children
Relative Poverty
A floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole.
Out-group
A group or category to which people feel they do not belong
Subculture
A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from the pattern of the larger society
Primary Group
A small group characterized by face-to-face association and cooperation
Ascribed Status
A social position assigned to a person by society without regard for the person's unique talents and characteristics
Achieved Status
A social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts
Conflict Perspective
A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of tension between groups over power or the allocation of resources including housing, money, access to services, and political representation
Stratification
A structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society.
Capitalism
An economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits
Cultural Variations
Are subcultures or countercultures that exist within the larger society
Which of the following is an example of an ethnocentric belief? a. Viewing Middle Eastern countries as developed and equal counterparts b. Acknowledging that the child-rearing practice of African cultures are successful c. Being repelled by the American practice of living in a household with dogs and cats d. Appreciating the Hindu religion's belief that cows are sacred
Being repelled by the American practice of living in a household with dogs and cats
Which of the following existing data sources is used most frequently for sociological research? a. census data b. scientific records c. personal journals d. newspapers
Census data
Four major types of research designs
Conducting surveys, observation, experimentation, and use of existing sources
A sociologist who studies the unequal economic reality between men and women would probably be following which of the following perspectives? a. functionalism b. interactionism c. conflict d. globalism
Conflict
Which sociological perspective maintains that the laws of a society are created by the groups in power and help those groups maintain their superior status? a. Functionalist perspective b. Conflict perspective c. Interactionist perspective d. Global perspective
Conflict Perspective
Which sociological perspective would most likely argue that the social order is based on coercion and exploitation. a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. global perspective
Conflict Perspective
The view that sports serve as an "opiate" for social injustices and distract people from focusing on the reality of personal problems and social issues would most likely be held by a. functionalists. b. conflict theorists. c. interactionists. d. global sociologists.
Conflict Theorists
General customs and practices that are found in every culture are called a. cultural integration. b. cultural diffusion. c. cultural universals. d. cultural relativism.
Cultural Universals
A U.S. sociologist receives a grant to study racial and religious prejudice among the people of southeast Asia. The sociologist makes a serious and unbiased effort to evaluate the norms, values, and customs of these groups in light of the distinctive cultures of which they are a part. This is an example of a. xenocentrism. b. ethnocentrism. c. cultural relativism. d. cultural deconstruction.
Cultural relativism
A member of a rural Indian tribe in Central America who moves to a large city, such as Mexico City, will probably experience a. cultural relativity. b. cultural diffusion. c. culture shock. d. cultural integration.
Culture Shock
In Karl Marx's analysis, society was fundamentally divided between a.separate genders that clash in pursuit of their own interests. b. economic classes that clash in pursuit of their own class interests. c. different races that clash in pursuit of their own interests. d. the religious and the nonreligious who clash in pursuit of their own interests.
Economic classes that clash in pursuit in their own class interests
Macrosociology
Focuses on broad social processes as well as the structure, organization, and features of society
Microsociology
Focuses on the detailed study of what people say, do and think about as they go about their everyday lives Ex. a man and woman converse at a bus stop
Economics
Focuses on the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth
Ethnocentrism is the tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others. In this way, ethnocentrism fosters cohesion in a group. This observation would best reflect which sociological perspective? a. Functionalist perspective b. Conflict perspective c. Interactionist perspective d. Feminist perspective
Functionalist Perspective
Given that cultural diffusion could upset the stability of a society, which perspective is most likely to argue that most cultures resist new cultural components that do not fit comfortably into their social system? a. Functionalist perspective b. Conflict perspective c. Interactionist perspective d. Feminist perspective
Functionalist Perspective
Early in life, a person learns to slant his or her presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences. This process is known as Select one: a. impression management. b. reverse socialization. c. face-work. d. anticipatory socialization.
Impression management
Sociological Theory
In sociology, a theory is a set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions or behavior
______ is a sociological framework in which human beings are viewed as living in a world of meaningful objects. a. Functionalism b. Globalism c. Interactionalism d. Feminism
Interactionalism
Which conflict theorists suggest that schools in the U.S. foster competition through built-in systems of rewards and punishments that can cause children to feel stupid and unsuccessful? a. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels b. Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis c. Friedrich Engels and Thomas Mann d. Daniel Albas and Cheryl Albas
Karl Marx and Friedrick Engels
Charles Horton Cooley
Lived 1864-1929 Looking-glass self Stages of development not distinct, feelings toward ourselves developed through interaction with others
Erving Goffman
Lived 1922-1982 Impression management, Dramaturgical approach Self developed through the impressions we convey to others and to groups
Studying the impact of the Dakota Access Pipeline on the environment is an example of a. mesosociology. b. microsociology. c. macrosociology. d. global sociology.
Mesosociology
Culture Shock
Occurs in predictable stages and resolves itself over time when "strange" things begin to feel "normal"
Role Conflict
Occurs when incompatible expectations arise from two or more social positions held by the same person
Cultural Lag
Ogburn called the adjustment gap between changes in the material culture and the slower change of the non-material culture
Patrilineal Descent
Only the father's relatives are significant in terms of property, inheritance and emotional ties
A sociologist who is interested in examining racism in sports might determine what percentage of team owners, general managers, coaches, and managers are members of each racial group. This would be an example of developing a(n) a. research design. b. operational definition. c. hypothesis. d. theory.
Operational definition
According to the functionalist perspective, an aspect of social life would be passed on from one generation to the next if it a. can be used by one group to subjugate another group. b. enhances impression management. c. promotes value consensus among members of a society. d. is dysfunctional.
Promotes value consensus among members of a society
Which social science would be interested in studying individual cases of emotional stress among workers, investors, and business owners? a. History b. Economics c. Sociology d. Psychology
Psychology
Sigmund Freud
Psychotherapy Self influenced by parents and by inborn drives, such as the drive for sexual gratification
Socialism
The means of production and distribution in a society are collectively rather than privately owned
Sociology
The scientific study of social behavior and human groups
George Herbert Mead
The self-generalized other Three distinct stages of development, self develops as children grasp the roles of others in their lives
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to assume that one's own culture and the way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others Ex. the ethnocentric person sees his or her group as the center of culture and views all other cultures as "normal"
Culture
The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behavior
Role Strain
To describe the difficulty that arises when the same social position imposes conflicting demands and expectations
Role Exit
To describe the process of disengagement from a role that is central to one's self-identity in order to establish a new role and identity
Informal Economy
Transfers money, goods, or services take place but are not reported to the government
Income, religion, race, gender, and marital status can all be examples of a. indexes. b. scales. c. variables. d. operational definitions.
Variables
Socialization
Which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture
________ study of Italian street-corner men used participant observation a. Terry Mizrahi's b. William F. Whyte's c. Max Weber's d. Vilfredo Pareto's
William F. Whyte's
Your boss has just screamed at the work staff for poor sales growth and high absenteeism. Consequently, you decide that this would not be a good time to speak to the boss about a promotion. In this instance, you are effectively Select one: a. demonstrating role taking. b. playing the part of a significant other. c. playing the part of a generalized other. d. completing the preparatory stage of Mead's theory.
a demonstrating role taking
The expectation that women will be emotionally supportive is an example of Select one: a. a genetic trait. b. a gender role. c. homophobia. d. sexuality.
a gender role
Culture lag is a. the totality of learned, socially transmitted behavior. b. viewing people's behavior from the perspective of one's own culture. c. the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives. d. a period of maladjustment during which the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions.
a period of maladjustment during which the nonmaterial culture is still adapting to new material conditions
A subculture is a. a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from the pattern of the larger group. b. a large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside it, and participate in a common culture. c. the totality of learned, socially transmitted behavior. d. a specialized language that is used by members of a group.
a segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of customs, rules, and traditions that differs from the pattern of the larger group
Which of the following is a criticism of globalization? Select one: a. It creates a notion of cultural domination of the developing nations by the more affluent nations. b. It helps nations take their place in the world of commerce and brings in income. c. It helps people stay connected via the communications revolution. d. It gives nations access to knowledge that can improve living standards and save lives.
a. It creates a notion of cultural domination of the developing nations by the more affluent nations.
Which of the following statements regarding Ogas and Gaddam's 2011 study on human sexual behaviour is true? Select one: a. Ogas and Gaddam could not distinguish between online fantasies and rational desires. b. Ogas and Gaddam were unable to differentiate the data pertaining to the web searches and the websites. c. Ogas and Gaddam found that women and men do not differ in their preferences. d. Ogas and Gaddam were able to distinguish between a single and repeated search by the same person.
a. Ogas and Gaddam could not distinguish between online fantasies and rational desires.
Who among the following has noted that modern societies tend to be urban, literate, and industrial, with sophisticated transportation and media systems, and families in such societies are organized within the nuclear family unit rather than the extended family model? Select one: a. Wendell Bell b. Immanuel Wallerstein c. Karl Marx d. None of these answers is correct.
a. Wendell Bell
A person convicted of a crime—even when prior arrest record and severity of the crime are taken into account—is more likely to receive a shorter prison sentence if he or she is Select one: a. White and non-Hispanic. b. Black. c. Hispanic. d. Asian or Native American.
a. White and non-Hispanic
Your professor receives a promotion when she publishes a journal article within her body of expertise, instead of the promotion going to the department chair's brother-in-law who used to be a cashier but could really use the money. This illustrates which characteristic of a bureaucracy? Select one: a. employment based on technical qualifications b. impersonality c. division of labor d. hierarchy of authority
a. employment based on technical qualifications
Which sociological perspective emphasizes religion as a source of social integration and unification? Select one: a. functionalist b. interactionist c. conflict d. feminist
a. functionalist
Although it does not explicitly endorse traditional gender roles, which sociological perspective implies that dividing tasks between spouses is beneficial for the family unit? Select one: a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. global perspective
a. functionalist perspective
Which metaphor for the media's reach does sociologist Todd Gitlin consider more apt than "global village"? Select one: a. global torrent b. global wave c. global city d. global quagmire
a. global torrent
The medicalization of society refers to the Select one: a. growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control. b. dominance of hospitals by boards of directors with medical backgrounds. c. election of medical specialists to high offices in government. d. approach in which medical experts define all of the illnesses or diseases in our society.
a. growing role of medicine as a major institution of social control
Which of the following is a component of the pretransition stage of demographic transition? Select one: a. high birth rates and death rates with little population growth b. declining death rates, along with low to medium fertility, resulting in significant population growth c. low birth rates and death rates with little population growth d. high death rates, with low fertility
a. high birth rates and death rates with little population growth
Restrictive employment-leave policies are an example of Select one: a. institutional discrimination. b. White privilege. c. racism. d. prejudice.
a. institutional discrimination
In schools in the United States, bilingual education has been defended on the grounds that it Select one: a. is a means to encourage cultural diversity. b. assists in the cultural integration of immigrant groups. c. assists in the political integration of immigrant groups. d. encourages tolerance amongst children and their parents.
a. is a means to encourage cultural diversity.
Bestowing status on students by awarding them a diploma after they have successfully completed all graduation requirements can be considered a Select one: a. manifest function of education. b. latent function of education. c. dysfunction of education. d. goal of the interactionist approach to education.
a. manifest function of education.
Auguste Comte saw societies as moving forward in their thinking from Select one: a. mythology to scientific method. b. scientific method to mythology. c. religion to mythology. d. monarchy to democracy.
a. mythology to scientific method.
A married couple and their unmarried children living together constitute a(n) Select one: a. nuclear family. b. extended family. c. matrilocal family. d. patrilocal family.
a. nuclear family.
The owner of a major league baseball team can fire employees for not winning a pennant, have the city build him a new ballpark, and prevent organizations that compete against his own team from airing advertisements during the team's televised games. In Max Weber's view, this owner would most likely be considered as having Select one: a. power. b. class. c. esteem. d. status.
a. power
Which of the following is considered a problem with homeschooling? Select one: a. quality control b. the number of teachers c. the quality of the time children spend with parents d. the rate of learning
a. quality control
Which term refers to the conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities? Select one: a. relative deprivation b. relative mobilization c. resource deprivation d. resource mobilization
a. relative deprivation
In Robert Merton's terms, people who overzealously and cruelly enforce bureaucratic regulations can be classified as Select one: a. ritualists. b. rebels. c. innovators. d. retreatists.
a. ritualists
Friedrich Engels, a colleague of Karl Marx, noted that Select one: a. the family is the ultimate source of social inequality. b. there are six paramount functions of the family. c. 80 percent of the 565 societies he studied had some type of polygamy. d. there are six stations of divorce, but the most important is the economic station.
a. the family is the ultimate source of social inequality
Which of the following statements about multinational corporations is true? Select one: a. The 10 largest multinational corporations all have their headquarters in the U.S. b. Foreign sales represent an important source of profit for multinational corporations. c. They are all state-owned—or public as opposed to private—businesses. d. Corporate giants do not play a key role in neocolonialism.
b. Foreign sales represent an important source of profit for multinational corporations.
The federal Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) does which of the following? Select one: a. Protects those over 30 from being fired due to age and replaced with younger, cheaper employees. b. Protects those over 40 from being fired due to age and replaced with younger, cheaper employees. c. Protects those under 30 from being fired due to age and replaced with older, cheaper employees. d. Protects those under 18 from being fired due to age.
b. Protects those over 40 from being fired due to age and replaced with younger, cheaper employees.
Which of the following is an example of a semiperiphery nation? Select one: a. Germany b. South Korea c. Bolivia d. the United States
b. South Korea
What are the two types of economic systems that are seen in contemporary societies? Select one: a. democracy and communism b. capitalism and socialism c. communism and informalism d. capitalism and democracy
b. capitalism and socialism
Some analysts suggest that inner-city riots have frequently occurred when poor people realize that their chances of climbing out of poverty are unlikely because of the structure of our social system. Their frustration is based on their perception that they are living in a(n) Select one: a. open stratification system. b. closed stratification system. c. egalitarian class system. d. fractured class system.
b. closed stratification system.
Obedience refers to Select one: a. going along with one's peers, who have no special right to direct one's behavior. b. compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure. c. penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. d. going along with one's peers, who have no special right to direct one's behavior, as well as compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure.
b. compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure
Which sociological perspective would likely suggest that members of new social movements tend to mobilize as they reject statements made by established authority figures, including scientists and technical authorities? Select one: a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. epidemiological perspective
b. conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective would likely view affirmative action as a legislative attempt to reduce inequality embedded in the social structure by increasing the opportunities of groups that have been deprived in the past? Select one: a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. global perspective
b. conflict perspective
In a city on the East Coast, organized crime was dominated by an Italian "family," but they were eventually displaced by African Americans. This would be an example of Select one: a. assimilation. b. ethnic succession. c. labeling. d. differential association
b. ethnic succession
The "act of bringing about the death of a hopelessly ill and suffering person in a relatively quick and painless way for reasons of mercy" is called Select one: a. active euthanasia. b. euthanasia. c. activity theory. d. gerontology.
b. euthanasia.
Although Maria and Juan, a young Mexican American couple, have formed a nuclear family, they enjoy their relationships with parents and relatives and interact with them on a daily basis. This is an example of Select one: a. machismo. b. familism. c. a domestic partnership. d. homogamy.
b. familism.
Research on children's books published in the U.S. in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s found that Select one: a. females were significantly overrepresented in central roles and illustrations. b. female characters were portrayed as passive and in need of strong males. c. females were portrayed as competent and generally equal to males. d. female characters were portrayed as aggressive and on the same level as strong males.
b. female characters were portrayed as passive and in need of strong males.
When leaders imprison or even execute political dissidents, they are applying Select one: a. influence. b. force. c. authority. d. legitimacy.
b. force
Which of the following was identified as one of the initial challenges that a participant observer may face when conducting an ethnography? a. receiving adequate resources, such as funding b. gaining acceptance into the unfamiliar group c. identifying a group to observe d. acquiring the necessary approvals to conduct the research
b. gaining acceptance into the unfamiliar group
Research in the United States and other countries has consistently shown that people in the lower classes have Select one: a. lower mortality rates. b. higher rates of mortality and disability. c. lower rates of cancer and heart disease. d. both higher rates of mortality and disability and lower rates of cancer and heart disease.
b. higher rates of mortality and disability.
A denomination is a Select one: a. generally small, secretive religious group that represents either a new religion or a major innovation of an existing faith. b. large organized religion that is not officially linked with the state or government. c. religious organization that claims to include most or all of the members of a society and that is recognized as the national or official religion. d. relatively small religious group that has broken away from some other religious organization to renew what it views as the original vision of the faith.
b. large organized religion that is not officially linked with the state or government.
Teaching students to be on time, to respect authority, and to follow directions can be considered a Select one: a. manifest function of education. b. latent function of education. c. dysfunction of education. d. goal of the interactionist approach to education.
b. latent function of education.
In some hunting-and-gathering societies, men are away from home for long periods of time. As a result, it is not unusual to find that the women are fully responsible for the household and for making most of the major family decisions. In these societies, which pattern of authority is evident? Select one: a. egalitarian b. matriarchal c. matrilineal d. matricentric
b. matriarchal
According to world systems analysis, poor and developing nations are Select one: a. at the core. b. on the periphery. c. on the semiperiphery. d. on the marginality.
b. on the periphery.
Which of the following would be an example of a man "redoing" traditional gender? Select one: a. fist fighting in public b. organizing a birthday lunch at work c. not crying when hurt d. carrying lots of heavy items
b. organizing a birthday lunch at work
In some societies, a man will marry a woman and her sisters. This is a form of Select one: a. monogamy. b. polygyny. c. polyandry. d. group marriage.
b. polygyny.
A system of enforced servitude in which people are legally owned by others is known as Select one: a. feudalism. b. slavery. c. communism. d. a caste system.
b. slavery
A fairly large number of people who live in the same territory, are relatively independent of people outside it, and participate in a common culture are referred to as a Select one: a. culture. b. society. c. folkway. d. argot.
b. society
Gerontology is Select one: a. rule by the elderly. b. the scientific study of the sociological and psychological aspects of aging and the problems of the aged. c. a religious cult that worships the aged. d. a religion formed in Florida that is practiced exclusively by the aged.
b. the scientific study of the sociological and psychological aspects of aging and the problems of the aged.
Jaime's current gender identity does not match their physical identity at birth. Jaime is considered Select one: a. transsexual. b. transgender. c. transvestites. d. bisexual.
b. transgender
A new sort of ________ is emerging online: communities developing around common interests or shared identities. Select one: a. interactive niche b. tribalism c. online nest d. identity cell
b. tribalism
Sociologists Theodore Caplow and Louis Hicks have defined ________ as conflict between organizations that possess trained combat forces equipped with deadly weapons. Select one: a. terrorism b. war c. pluralism d. strife
b. war
Which of the following statements about social roles is correct? Select one: a. The roles that belong to a social status are always performed in the same manner. b. Social roles are always performed in the same manner by those holding ascribed, but not achieved, statuses. c. Actual performance of a role varies from individual to individual. d. Role expectations and actual role performances never vary.
c
Social Security provides what proportion of income for people in the United States? Select one: a. 81 percent b. 59 percent c. 39 percent d. 21 percent
c. 39 percent
Which of the following is an example of a periphery nation? Select one: a. Germany b. South Korea c. Egypt d. the United States
c. Egypt
Which of the following statements regarding social epidemiology is true? Select one: a. Epidemiologists only concentrate on the scientific study of epidemics. b. Epidemiology is very narrow. c. Epidemiologists draw on the work of a wide variety of scientists and researchers. d. Epidemiology is the study of the rate of mortality.
c. Epidemiologists draw on the work of a wide variety of scientists and researchers.
Which of the following is considered a pattern revealed by studies of intergenerational mobility in industrialized nations? Select one: a. There is a common pattern toward agriculture-based occupations. b. Parental positions tend to have little effect on the social mobility of children. c. Mobility opportunities are strongly influenced by structural factors. d. Intergenerational mobility has been decreasing in most countries.
c. Mobility opportunities are strongly influenced by structural factors
Which researcher's work yielded the concept referred to as the teacher-expectancy effect? Select one: a. Talcott Parsons b. Howard Becker c. Robert Rosenthal d. Max Weber
c. Robert Rosenthal
Karl Marx used the concept of class consciousness to refer to Select one: a. an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect its objective position. b. the reputation that a particular individual has within an occupation. c. a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change. d. the respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society.
c. a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and the need for collective political action to bring about social change.
Which of the following theories offers a view of conformity and deviance that suggests that our connection to members of society leads us to conform systematically to society's norms? a. anomie theory of deviance b. labeling theory c. control theory d. theory of differential association
c. control theory
An American traveling abroad observes locals eating chocolate-covered crickets. While she does not partake in this "treat" herself, she does not judge the practice. She is exhibiting Select one: a. xenocentrism. b. ethnocentrism. c. cultural relativism. d. monophobicism.
c. cultural relativism
The functionalist perspective maintains that Select one: a. once people are labeled as "old" in the United States, the designation will have a major impact on how they are perceived and how they view themselves. b. elderly people are unfairly regulated by the powerful elements in society. c. elderly people passing social roles on from one generation to another ensure social stability. d. old people have the same need for social interaction as any other group.
c. elderly people passing social roles on from one generation to another ensure social stability.
The belief in social, economic, and political equality for women is referred to as Select one: a. social equality. b. glass escalator. c. feminism. d. None of these answers is correct.
c. feminism
Relative to other Latin American immigrants, Cuban immigrants during the Castro regime Select one: a. had higher rates of poverty. b. had higher rates of illiteracy. c. had higher rates of education. d. were more likely to be White.
c. had higher rates of education
In examining health, illness, and medicine as a social institution, which sociological perspective generally focuses on micro-level study of the roles played by health care professionals and patients? Select one: a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. global perspective
c. interactionist perspective
Which sociological perspective would most likely be concerned with manipulation of "photo ops" to create an image of self-serving reality? Select one: a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. feminist perspective
c. interactionist perspective
The main criticism put forward by opponents of bilingual education is that Select one: a. these programs cost too much. b. earlier groups of immigrants learned English without these programs. c. it undermines the social and political integration that education has traditionally promoted. d. these programs are not effective.
c. it undermines the social and political integration that education has traditionally promoted.
Which sociological approach would most likely view old age as a "master status" that has consequences for how the elderly are treated in the United States? Select one: a. disengagement theory b. activity theory c. labeling theory d. functionalist perspective
c. labeling theory
Which of the following terms is used by sociologists to refer to print and electronic means of communication that carry messages to widespread audiences? Select one: a. transmitters b. opinion leaders c. mass media d. narcotizers
c. mass media
Which term refers to the convergence of social forces that contributes to the subordinate status of poor non-White women? Select one: a. web of power b. kitchen prison c. matrix of domination d. gender trap
c. matrix of domination
Goal displacement is Select one: a. the tendency for workers in a bureaucracy to become so specialized that they develop blind spots and fail to notice obvious problems. b. a principle of organizational life according to which each individual within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence. c. overzealous conformity to official regulations within a bureaucracy. d. the process by which a group, organization, or social movement becomes increasingly bureaucratic.
c. overzealous conformity to official regulations within a bureaucracy.
Prestige refers to the Select one: a. reputation that a particular individual has within an occupation. b. ability to exercise one's will over others. c. respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society. d. people who have similar levels of wealth and income.
c. respect and admiration with which an occupation is regarded by society
The correspondence principle refers to the tendency of Select one: a. students to develop values and attitudes that are similar to those of their elementary school teachers. b. schools to place physically handicapped children in classes with peers who are at a similar academic level, regardless of physical condition. c. schools to promote the values expected of individuals in each social class and to perpetuate social class divisions from one generation to the next. d. parents to place their children in private schools that teach social values similar to their own.
c. schools to promote the values expected of individuals in each social class and to perpetuate social class divisions from one generation to the next.
Sociological research that maps sexual relationships amongst high school students is an example of research on Select one: a. ascribed statuses. b. role exit. c. social networks. d. social institutions.
c. social networks
The term social control refers to a. justifications for deviant behavior. b. penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm. c. techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society. d. behavior that violates the norms of a group.
c. techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society.
Which term refers to cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desires? Select one: a. invention b. society c. technology d. government
c. technology
Activists in a large city join forces to create a new organization with the goal of preserving landmark buildings that have historical importance. At first, the organization functions democratically, but over time it is taken over by three people. These leaders establish a bureaucratic structure that helps them to maintain control of the organization. These developments can be best explained by Select one: a. Parkinson's law. b. the Peter principle. c. the iron law of oligarchy. d. the scientific management approach.
c. the iron law of oligarchy
Debbie attends her first day of school, and when she returns home, she "plays school" with her younger brother. As part of this play activity, Debbie duplicates all of the behaviors that were performed by her teacher during the day. According to George Herbert Mead, Debbie is in which stage of development? Select one: a. the preparatory stage b. the imitative stage c. the play stage d. the game stage
c. the play stage
In a society with leadership based on rational-legal authority, leaders derive their authority from Select one: a. custom and accepted practice. b. their exceptional personal or emotional appeal. c. the written rules and regulations of the political system. d. threats to use coercion to impose their will on others.
c. the written rules and regulations of the political system.
In The Communist Manifesto, Marx argued that the working class must Select one: a. ally with capitalists to build a better world. b. try to work toward a return to feudalism. c. overthrow the existing class system of capitalist societies. d. ignore all aspects of class divisions.
c.overthrow the existing class system of capitalist societies.
Ray is an African American who is currently enrolled at a four-year university where he is studying social work. Which of the following is his achieved status? Select one: a. social worker b. male c. African American d. college student
college student
An ideal type is a(n) a. body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation. b. construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated. c. detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically. d. initiator of people's attitudes or behavior.
construct or model that serves as a measuring rod against which actual cases can be evaluated
A researcher studies adolescent attitudes about senior citizens by analyzing depictions of the elderly in the lyrics of popular music and the content of teen magazines. This is an example of a. content analysis. b. replication. c. survey research. d. an experiment.
content analysis
The relationship between two variables whereby a change in one coincides with a change in the other is known as a(n) a. index. b. correlation. c. operational definition. d. scale.
correlation
In the study of language, which sociological perspective suggests that gender-related language reflects the traditional acceptance of men and women into certain occupations? Select one: a. Functionalist perspective b. Conflict perspective c. Interactionist perspective d. Feminist perspective
d. Feminist perspective
Exploitation theory is a Select one: a. Weberian theory that views racial subordination as benefiting society because it creates a supply of cheap labor. b. Parsonian theory that views ethnic subordination as a means of regulating social interactions between dominant and subordinate groups. c. Spencerian theory that views ethnic subordination as a valuable means of social control. d. Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the U.S. as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism.
d. Marxist theory that views racial subordination in the U.S. as a manifestation of the class system inherent in capitalism.
According to research, the proportion of students who cheat is often higher among Select one: a. elementary school students. b. middle school students. c. high school students. d. college students.
d. college students
When a sociologist actually joins a group for a period to get an accurate sense of how it operates, the approach is called Select one: a. an experiment. b. ethnography. c. face-to-face interview. d. participant observation.
d. participant observation
Title IX of the Education Act of 1972 required federally funded schools to do all of the following except for Select one: a. eliminating sex-segregated classes. b. prohibiting sex discrimination in admissions and for financial aid. c. giving female students more opportunities, in proportion to their enrollment and interest, to play sports. d. permitting federal funding without conditions.
d. permitting federal funding without conditions.
A label used to devalue members of certain social groups is referred to as Select one: a. deviance. b. obedience. c. sanction. d. stigma.
d. stigma
As Mexican Americans and other groups assimilate into the dominant culture of the U.S., their family lives Select one: a. typically lose most of their distinctive ethnic characteristics. b. take on the positive aspects often associated with White households. c. take on the negative aspects often associated with White households. d. take on both the positive and negative aspects often associated with White households.
d. take on both the positive and negative aspects often associated with White households
In sociologist Daniel Rossides's model of the class system of the U.S., which social class contains the smallest portion of the population? Select one: a. lower class b. lower-middle class c. working class d. upper class
d. upperclass
In total institutions, people are subjected to humiliating rituals known as Select one: a. degradation ceremonies. b. resocialization. c. anticipatory socialization. d. reverse socialization.
degradation ceremonies
What is the term used for the set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests? Select one: a. gatekeeping b. surveillance function c. narcotizing dysfunction d. dominant ideology
dominant ideology
Which sociological perspective would be most likely to focus on the functions of the mass media in conferring status on people, organizations, and public issues? Select one: a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. feminist perspective
functionalist perspective
Which sociological perspective would view society as a living organism in which each part of the organism contributes to its survival and stability? a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. global perspective
functionalist perspective
George is the executive producer of a small recording company with an established label. He rejects a popular local band because it competes with a group already on their label. He functions as a Select one: a. gatekeeper. b. censor. c. comptroller. d. watchdog.
gatekeeper
Any group or category to which people feel they belong is called a(n) Select one: a. dyad. b. triad. c. in-group. d. out-group.
in-group
People ignoring credible warnings about terrorist attacks due to the massive amounts of coverage in the aftermath of September 11, 2001, is an example of Select one: a. gatekeeping. b. surveillance function. c. narcotizing dysfunction. d. dominant ideology
narcotizing dysfunction
Gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images all fall within the category of a. nonverbal communication. b. mores. c. cultural capital. d. formal norms.
nonverbal communication
Regina wants to study the homeless in her hometown. In order to do so, she lives at a homeless shelter for a month. During this time, she does everything that the women she is studying do and tells no one of her true identity. This method is a. an experiment. b. ethnography. c. face-to-face interview. d. participant observation.
participant observation
Diffusion is the a. combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not previously exist. b. process of introducing new elements into a culture. c. process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality. d. process by which a cultural item is spread from group to group or society to society.
process by which a cultural item is spread from group to group or society to society
Discovery is the a. combination of existing cultural items into a form that did not previously exist. b. process of introducing new elements into a culture. c. process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality. d. process by which cultural items spread to different groups.
process of making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality
Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that use a. questionnaires and interviews. b. participant observation. c. publicly accessible information and data, or data collected by another. d. control groups.
publicly accessible information and data, or data collected by another
If researchers wanted to examine the opinions of people listed in a city directory, they might call every tenth or fiftieth or hundredth name listed. This would constitute a a. scale. b. control variable. c. quota sample. d. random sample.
random sample
In which type of sample does each member of the entire population being studied have the same chance of being selected? a. random sample b. quota sample c. index sample d. roper sample
random sample
Networks, which are built on reciprocal trust are referred to as a. cultural capital. b. latent functions. c. manifest functions. d. social capital.
social capital
In an effort to better understand and combat a malaria outbreak in Kenya, public health researchers monitored the content of ________ to map the spread of the disease. Select one: a. television reports b. text messages c. emails d. health surveys
text messages
As children grow older, their peer groups become more and more important relative to the influence of a. the family. b. the state. c. religion. d. the mass media
the family
Prior to the 20th century, the protective function belonged to Select one: a. hospitals. b. the family. c. child care centers. d. mental health clinics.
the family
Collective Behavior
the relatively spontaneous and unstructured behavior of a group of people who are reacting to a common influence in a ambiguous situation
Planning based on the human relations approach focuses on Select one: a. the dangers of collective bargaining. b. the role of people, communication, and participation among the company executives. c. the conflict perspective's critique of capitalism. d. workers' feelings, frustrations, and emotional needs for job satisfaction in bureaucracies.
workers' feelings, frustrations, and emotional needs for job satisfaction in bureaucracies
Which of the following is an example of an ethnocentric view of bilingualism? Select one: a. Efforts to introduce a constitutional amendment declaring English as the nation's official language b. Efforts to establish the proper form for bilingual programs c. Efforts to mandate the instruction of children who are not fluent in English d. Efforts to maintain English as a Second Language programs in schools with a majority of immigrant children
a. Efforts to introduce a constitutional amendment declaring English as the nation's official language
Which sociologist suggested that during the second stage of development, children become capable of assuming the perspective of another and are thereby able to respond from that imagined viewpoint? Select one: a. Erving Goffman b. George Herbert Mead c. Alvin Gouldner d. William F. Ogburn
b. George Herbert Mead
Which term does Talcott Parsons use to characterize the feature of social change that involves social institutions becoming more specialized in their purposes? Select one: a. differentiation b. adaptive upgrading c. inclusion d. value generalization
b. adaptive upgrading
A teenage couple produces a baby, and they agree that they are too young to raise it on their own. The girl's aunt and uncle cannot produce a child of their own, and they all agree that it would be a good idea if the aunt and uncle take legal custody of the baby. This is an example of Select one: a. cohabitation. b. adoption. c. heterogamy. d. endogamy.
b. adoption.
A bank president is found guilty of tax evasion. In addition to paying the government all the money he owes with substantial interest, he is sentenced to three years' probation and a $50,000 fine. At the same time, a female teller at the same bank is found guilty of stealing $500. The teller is sentenced to a prison term of no less than four years. This differential treatment would be of particular concern to sociologists using the a. functionalist perspective. b. conflict perspective. c. interactionist perspective. d. global perspective.
b. conflict perspective
Which sociological perspective views the economic structure as a central factor in the exploitation of minority groups? Select one: a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. global perspective
b. conflict perspective
A kinship system that favors the relatives of the mother is based on Select one: a. bilineal descent. b. matrilineal descent. c. trilineal descent. d. patrilineal descent.
b. matrilineal descent
The scientific study of population is known as Select one: a. geology. b. geography. c. demography. d. anthropology.
c. demography.
Which sociologist created a model of the retirement experience that incorporates several distinct phases? Select one: a. Richard Kalish b. Elaine Cumming c. Helen Rose Fuchs Ebaugh d. Robert Atchley
d. Robert Atchley
The personalized approach to news information gathering was referred to by Cass Sunstein (2002) as Select one: a. cultural lag. b. global torrent. c. ego casting. d. global village.
ego casting
According to Herbert Blumer, a distinctive characteristic of human interaction is that Select one: a. the reality of humans is shaped only by our perceptions. b. humans respond to behavior in a negative fashion. c. humans interpret or define each other's actions. d. humans will only react to each other's actions.
humans interpret or define each other's actions
Which sociological perspective generalizes about everyday forms of social interaction in order to understand society as a whole? a. functionalist perspective b. conflict perspective c. interactionist perspective d. global perspective
interactionist perspective
Ageism
A relatively new area of research for sociologists. Some people think that it is appropriate for the elderly to disengage from society, others believe that by remaining active in a variety of social roles, the elderly will experience better adjustment
Agents of socialization
Family, School, Peer Group, Mass Media and Technology, Workplace
Sociologists consider secondary analysis to be a. more valid than other forms of research. b. more reliable than other forms of research. c. a nonreactive form of research. d. an outdated mode of research.
a nonreactive form of research
Which of the following is an example of a core nation? Select one: a. Germany b. South Korea c. Egypt d. Ireland
a. Germany
While walking through the mall, Joe witnessed a large group of what seemed like regular shoppers simultaneously drop their bags and perform a synchronized dance, after which each person picked up his or her belongings and walked off like nothing had happened. Joe witnessed Select one: a. a flash mob. b. crowdsourcing. c. a craze. d. a social movement.
a. a flash mob.
Which of the following best defines a family? Select one: a. a set of people related by blood, marriage or some other agreed-upon relationship, or adoption, who share the responsibility for reproducing and caring for members of society b. a married couple and their unmarried children living together c. two unrelated adults who have chosen to share each other's lives in a relationship of mutual caring d. a group of individuals, relation not necessary, living together
a. a set of people related by blood, marriage or some other agreed-upon relationship, or adoption, who share the responsibility for reproducing and caring for members of society
Karl Marx argued that social, economic, and political inequalities are dependent on Select one: a. class differentiation. b. achieved status. c. the Protestant work ethic. d. religious factors.
a. class differentiation
According to world systems analysis, a core nation is a nation that Select one: a. controls and exploits, along with its multinational corporations, noncore nations. b. has a marginal economic status. c. is a poor, developing nation exploited by more powerful nations and corporations. d. is considered a third-world nation.
a. controls and exploits, along with its multinational corporations, noncore nations.
Being late for class can be categorized as a(n) Select one: a. deviant act. b. accident. c. crime. d. infraction.
a. deviant act
Jim Crow laws were passed in the Southern states in order to Select one: a. enforce official segregation. b. force legal integration. c. allow enslavement of Blacks. d. end segregation.
a. enforce official segregation
Which sociological perspective emphasizes religion as a source of social support for individuals? Select one: a. functionalist b. interactionist c. conflict d. feminist
a. functionalist
Which of the following is responsible for propelling mothers of young children into the working world? Select one: a. the need for additional family income b. the decrease in single-parent families c. increased job opportunities for men d. the decrease in the gender pay gap
a. the need for additional family income
Which population group represents the largest minority in the U.S.? Select one: a. African Americans b. Latinos c. Asian Americans d. Jews
b. Latinos
Which of the following is an example of a denomination in the United States? Select one: a. an Amish church b. the Episcopalian religion c. a storefront church in an inner-city community d. Jehovah's Witnesses
b. the Episcopalian religion
In American society, we often formalize norms into Select one: a. folkways. b. mores. c. laws. d. values.
c. laws
Which of the following is an example of an established sect? Select one: a. Catholicism b. Conservative Judaism c. the Hutterites d. Confucianism
c. the Hutterites
Socialist societies differ from capitalist societies in their commitment to Select one: a. free elections. b. support of the mass media. c. the provision of social service programs. d. overseeing all aspects of public life.
c. the provision of social service programs.
An American traveling abroad observes locals eating chocolate-covered crickets. While she does not partake in this "treat" herself, she does not judge the practice. She is exhibiting a. xenocentrism. b. ethnocentrism. c. cultural relativism. d. monophobicism.
cultural relativism
Which of the following is an occupation where women are underrepresented? Select one: a. tellers b. dental assistants c. librarians d. postal service mail carriers
d. postal service mail carriers
Which of the following would have the greatest impact in terms of reaffirming social norms of proper behavior? Select one: a. watching a televised funeral procession b. watching and listening to a Celine Dion video c. watching and listening to a televised cable newscast d. watching a televised execution of a mass murderer
d. watching a televised execution of a mass murderer
Social Structure
An organized and focused quality to group experiences
Groups
Any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one another on a regular basis
If you were interested in studying the relationship between date and acquaintance rape victims and the characteristics of the rapist, your first step would be to a. review the literature on date and acquaintance rape. b. define the problem. c. create a hypothesis. d. choose a research design.
Define the problem
The Research Process
Define the problem Review the literature Formulate a testable hypothesis Select a Research Design Collect the data Analyze the data Develop the conclusion, including ideas for further research
The tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent the norm or are superior to all others is called a. culture shock. b. cultural relativism. c. ethnocentrism. d. value stability.
Ethnocentrism
Which early sociologist applied the concept of evolution to societies in order to explain how they change or evolve over time? a. Émile Durkheim b. Charles Darwin c. Harriet Martineau d. Herbert Spencer
Herbert Spencer
Which of the following statements pertaining to secondary data analysis is true? a. It influences people's behavior. b. The data is generally difficult to acquire. c. It can provide researchers with everything they need. d. It does not require the collection of new data.
It does not require the collection of new data
Which of the following is a characteristic of a secondary group? Select one: a. They are generally small. b. Relationships are generally superficial. c. The dynamic is cooperative and friendly. d. The interaction is intimate and usually a face-to-face association
Relationships are generally superficial
