Study Guide
Carbs: Monosaccharides
Simple Sugar Can form large carbohydrates in stored form Glucose, fructose - provide energy - Ribose, deoxyribose - informational 5 Carbon Sugars in nucleic acids 6 Carbon Sugars in our diets
Negative Feedback Mechanisms:
- A negative feedback mechanism causes the variable to change in a way that opposes the initial change. - Both the nervous system and the endocrine system are important to the maintenance of homeostasis. - The goal of negative feedback mechanisms is to prevent sudden, severe changes in the body.
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
- A positive feedback mechanism causes the variable to change in the same direction as the original change, resulting in a greater deviation from the set point. - Positive feedback mechanisms typically activate events that are self-perpetuating. - Most positive feedback mechanisms are not related to the maintenance of homeostasis.
List three factors that increase the rate of chemical reactions.
- Catalysts (enzyme) - Temperature - Particle sizes - Concentration
Factors Influencing the Rate of Chemical Reactions
- Chemicals react when they collide with enough force to overcome the repulsion by their electrons. - An increase in temperature increases the rate of a chemical reaction. - Smaller particle size results in a faster rate of reaction. - Higher concentration of reactants results in a faster rate of reaction. - Catalysts increase the rate of a chemical reaction without taking part in the reaction.
Compare: solutions - colloids - suspensions
A solution is a mixture of two substances a solute mixed into a solvent A colloid is a solute particle large enough to scatter light and usually translucent or opaque A suspension is a material that may mix with liquid but will eventually fade out.
Anabolism
All of the synthesis reactions that occur in your body, usually endergonic
Exergonic
Chemical reactions that release energy more than they absorb
Distinguish between a compound and a mixture.
Compounds are substances that contain two or more different elements while a mixture is a combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but not by chemical bond.
Protein
Contain carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen Make up over half of a body's organic matter Made from amino acids and peptide bonds(covalent bond joining each pair of amino acids)
Lipid: triglycerides
Contains a single glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules. Fatty acid is attached to glycerol through dehydration synthesis Used for protection insulations and storage
exchange reaction
Contains both synthesis and decomposition reactions AB+CD-> AD+BC
List and understand the followings chemical proprieties of water as
Solvent - chemical reactions - thermal properties - lubricant - Water is the most important inorganic molecule, and makes up 60-80% of the volume of most living cells. - Water has a high heat capacity, meaning that it absorbs and releases a great deal of heat before it changes temperature. - Water has a high heat of vaporization, meaning that it takes a great deal of energy (heat) to break the bonds between water molecules. - Water is a polar molecule and is called the universal solvent. - Water is an important reactant in many chemical reactions. - Water forms a protective cushion around organs of the body.
decomposition reaction
Splits up larger molecules into smaller particles AB->A+B
Understand the concept of pH:
The relative concentration of hydrogen ions is measured in concentration units called pH units. The pH scale extends from 0 - 14. A pH of 7 is neutral; a pH below 7 is acidic; a pH above 7 is basic or alkaline.
Describe the relationship between homeostatic imbalance and disease.
There are many disruptions that occur in the body and homeostasis repairs them, but if the body keeps experiencing these imbalances then it will be considered a disease
synthesis reaction
Two or more ions, atoms, or molecules combine and form new/larger molecules A+B-> AB
Define Inorganic compounds
Usually lack carbon and structurally simple Have few atoms and can't be used by cells to perform complicated functions Could be both covalent and ionic Are Water, salts, acids, bases, CO2
List 3 inorganic compounds
Water, carbon dioxide, HCL, bicarbonate ion, carbonic acid
The study of the human body observed with the naked eye is called
gross anatomy
Differentiate between kinetic and potential energy
kinetic energy is energy associated with matter in motion, and potential energy is energy stored by matter due to its position
Homeostasis in living organisms involves processes that
maintain a constant internal environment
Differentiate between matter and energy
matter is anything that takes up space and energy is the capacity to do work
Mass number
number of protons and neutrons
Atomic number
number or protons
List the four major elements that form the bulk of human body matter.
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen
A self-amplifying chain of physiological events is called
positive feedback system
3 Example of positive feedback
pregnancy contractions, blood loss, regulation of blood clotting
Buffer Systems
resist large fluctuations in pH that would be damaging to living tissues. -convert strong acid/base to weak acid/base by removing or adding H+ -usually maintain blood of pH from 7.35 to 7.45
The presence of receptors and effectors is essential to which of the following characteristics of living organisms?
responsiveness
Physiology
science of body functions
Anatomy
science of body structures and relationship among them
Protein: Primary Structure
sequence of amino acid in polypeptide
Vasoconstriction
shivering
Carbs: Disaccharides
simple sugar of 2 monosaccharides - Broken down to provide energy - Lactose - glucose + galactose - Sucrose - glucose + fructose - Maltose - glucose + glucose
Triglycerides: saturated fatty acid
single covalent bonds between carbon - Animal meats, dairy, tropical plants (coconut) - Semi-solid at room temp - Effect on health: heart disease & cancers
Glycerol
single unit of 3 carbons
Effector
structure that carries out the response directed by the control center.
Control center
structure that determines the set point for a variable, analyzes input, and coordinates an appropriate response.
Receptor:
structure that monitors changes in the environment and sends information to the control (integration) center.
Salts
substances that dissociate into ions when dissolved in water - Does not alter the pH - EX: NaCl
Vasodilation
sweating
Electronegativity
the ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is in a compound
Auscultation
the action of listening to sounds from the heart, lungs, or other organs, typically with a stethoscope, as a part of medical diagnosis.
The continuity of a species' life is dependent on
the reproductive system
Radioisotope
unstable isotopes- nuclei decay to stable configuration emit radiation and transform into another element
Molecule
when two or more atoms share electrons
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
• 1. mRNA directs production of proteins • 2. rRNA part of ribosome: site of protein synthesis • 3. tRNA carries amino acid to codon on mRNA
Carbs: Polysaccharides
• Polysaccharides: 1000s of monosaccharides joined in chains and branches - Starch;made in plants; stores energy - Glycogen: made in animals; stores energy - Cellulose: indigestible polysaccharide made in plants for structural support
Homeostasis and explain its significance to human organism.
-maintenance of conditions in internal environment -maintain volume and composition of body fluids, dilute, watery solutions containing chemical found in cells -dynamic state of equilibrium -controlled by nervous and endocrine system
Contrast polar and nonpolar compounds.
-polar compound happens when two atoms share electrons UNEQUALLY The resulting molecule has partial negative charge near atom that attracts electrons more strongly - nonpolar compounds happen when two share electrons equally 1 atom doesn't attract the shared electrons more strongly than the other atom
3 Examples of negative feedback
-regulation of blood glucose levels -human temperature -shivering
Triglycerides: monounsaturated fatty acid
1 double covalent bond - Plant sources - Olive oil, peanut oil, canola oil - May decrease risk of heart disease
Carbs function
2-3% of body mass Source of chemical energy for generating ATP needed to drive metabolic reactions Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Ration of 1:2:1
Fatty Acid
3 units of 12 to 18 carbons • Saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated
ionic bond
A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. Has a cation (+) and an anion (-) Usually exists as a solid
covalent bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
Acid
Acids are also known as proton donors and dissociate in water to yield hydrogen ions and anions. The greater the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, the more acidic the solution is.
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Chemical energy used by all cells Energy released when high energy phosphate bond is broken to turn into ADP
Define organic compounds
Always contains carbon, usually contains hydrogen Made of long carbon atom chains Always covalent 38-43% of body mass Eg. C6H12O6 (glucose) - Biomolecules (Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids)
Electrolyte
An ionic compound that breaks into positive and negative ions Solution can conduct electricity - Function in: • Controlling water movement • Maintaining acid-base balance • Producing nerve impulses
Protein: Quaternary Structure
Arrangement of two or more polypeptide shapes
Base
Bases are also called proton acceptors and absorb hydrogen ions. The greater the concentration of hydroxyl ions, the more basic, or alkaline, the solution is.
What is the major buffer system in blood?
Carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer systems -Carbonic acid is weak acid -Bicarbonate is weak base
DNA
DNA - provides the blueprint of life Nucleotide bases: A=Adenine G=Guanine C=Cytosine T=Thymine Pentose sugar is deoxyribose Double Helix Shape Two Types: Nuclear, Mitochondrial Encode information for making proteins
Catabolism
Decomposition reactions that occur in your body
Lipid
Grouped together due to being hydrophobic • Unlike carbohydrates, fewer oxygen atoms -less polar covalent bonds • Include: - Fats/Oils - Phospholipids - Steroids - Fat-soluble vitamins - Waxes
hydrogen bond
Hydrogen atom with partial positive charge attracts the partial negative charge of neighboring electronegative atoms Are weak but stronger in larger molecules bc there are more bonds Gives water cohesion and surface tension
Protein: secondary structure
Hydrogen bonds holds the polypetides in two shapes: Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet
Denaturation
If a protein encounters a hostile environment in which temperature, pH, or ion concentration is significantly altered, it may unravel & lose its characteristic shape Denatured proteins are no longer functional
List and understand the characteristics that are essential to all living organisms
Metabolism - responsiveness - movement - growth - differentiation - homeostasis and reproduction.
Shivering to try to raise your body temperature back to normal would be an example of
Negative Feedback systems
Neutralization
Neutralization occurs when an acid and a base are mixed together. They react with each other in displacement reactions to form a salt and water.
Nucleic Acid components
Nitrogenous Base- either purine pyrimidine Pentose Sugar One- Three phosphate groups
Protein Functions
Participate in virtually all the biological activities 1. Enzymes: biological catalysts 2. Communication: hormones: 3. Structure: connective tissue: keratin, collagen 4. Contractile: muscle fibrils 5. Transport: oxygen; membrane transport 6.Recognition 7. Defense: glycoproteins & antibodies 8. Cell Adhesion: binding cells
Phospholipids
Phospholipids : glycerol backbone & 2 fatty acids - Phosphate group on 3rd Carbon of glycerol - Form lipid bilayer of cell membranes
Protein: Tertiary Structure
Polypeptide is in three dimensional shape consisting of the Alpha Helixes and the Beta Pleated Sheet
Triglycerides: polyunsaturated fatty acid
Polyunsaturated: contain more than 1 double bond between carbons of fatty acids - Plant products - corn oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil - Fatty fish: salmon, sardines, mackerel
RNA
RNA - intermediary between DNA & protein Nucleotide bases: A=Adenine G=Guanine C=Cytosine U=Uracil Pentose Sugar is ribose Three Types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA carries the genetic code and assists in making proteins
endergonic
Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.
Which property of water helps humans maintain a relatively steady internal body temperature? a) high heat capacity b) ice floating on water c) cohesive d) adhesive
a) high heat capacity
An ionic bond is formed when a) two ions with opposite charges combine b) two ions with negative charges combine c) electrons are equally unequally shared between 2 atoms d) two ions with positive charges combine
a) two ions with opposite charges combine
. Which of the following is a proton donor?
acid
What is matter composed of?
anything that occupies space and has mass
Which of the following represents the correct hierarchical order from least complex to most complex?
atoms - molecules - cells - tissues - organs
Isotope
atoms of an element that have different number of neutrons
Which of the following represents a negative feedback response by the humans to help lower body temperature?a) shivering response b) vasodilation c) vasoconstriction d) hyperventilation
b) vasodilation
When a physician listens to your heart sounds, he or she is using the technique of
c) auscultation
When two atoms are held together because their valence electrons orbit around both of them, they are united by a) ionic bond b) hydrogen bond c) covalent bond d) electron bond.
c) covalent bond
All of the following are human organ systems EXCEPT: a) skeletal b) endocrine c) epidermal d) reproductive
c) epidermal
The following statements are TRUE about ALL living organisms EXCEPT that they a) are composed of cells and cell products. b) are products of evolution. c) have a cell wall as an outer boundary d) are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
c) have a cell wall as an outer boundary
Steroids
carbon-based ring structures: - Cholesterol: used in making estrogen & testosterone
6. A substance that ____ is considered to be a chemical compound.
contains at least 2 different elements
Describe how negative and positive feedback maintains body homeostasis.
cycle of event in which status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, and changed, Goal to maintain proper internal environment "healthy state" Appropriate response to changing conditions formed Homeostasis
Which of the following pH values represents the most basic solution? a) 6.5 b) 7.0 c) 7.5 d) 8.0
d) 8.0
Which of the following is not a polysaccharide synthesized in the human body? a) cellulose b) glycogen c) starch d) cholesterol
d) cholesterol
Which of the following organ systems is NOT required for the individual survival of a living organism? a) reproductive b) digestive c) respiratory d) circulatory
d) circulatory
Study of the microscopic structure of tissues and organs is called
d) cytology
Among the 6 most abundant elements in the body, making up 98.5% of its weight, include all of the following EXCEPT a) carbon b) oxygen c) nitrogen d) iron
d) iron
All living organisms exhibit the following characteristics EXCEPT: a) metabolism b) reproduction c) responsiveness d) modification
d) modification
