study guide- chemistry of life

why is it important for the molecules and ions that are important to life to be soluble to life?

Molecules and ions cannot take part in chemical processes inside cells unless they dissolve in water (solute, solvent, solution)

why don't nonpolar molecules dissolve in water

Nonpolar substances (fats, oils, waxes) rarely dissolve in water b/c they do not have charged regions and are therefore not attracted to water's polar molecules

energy in living systems

Organisms use and store energy in the chemical bonds of macromolecules organisms require a constant source of energy to maintain homeostasis

Write balanced chemical equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Photosynthesis Sunlight + 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + 6O2 + ATP cellular respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O

why/how do polar molecules and iconic compounds dissolve in water

Polar molecules (such as sugar) dissolve in water because the attraction between the water molecules and the solute molecules is greater than the attraction among the molecules of the solvent Ionic compounds (such as salt) dissolve in water b/c the charges of the water molecules attract the charges of the ions - the water molecules surround each ion and pull the compound apart

what does pH stand for?

Potential hydrogen

how does enzymes use the appropriate vocabulary?

The majority of enzymes are named the same way. The suffix "-ase" is added to the name of the substrate the enzyme acts on. Depending on the name of the substrate, some of its last letters might be replaced with "-ase." For example, lactase is the enzyme that acts on lactose; sucrase acts on sucrose. Although this is the common method for naming enzymes, some of the first enzymes to be discovered end with "-in." These include some of the common digestive enzymes, such as pepsin.

how does the number of valence electrons change across the periodic table?

The number of valence electrons for the elements increases across a period, from 1 (group 1) to 8 (group 18). In both periods and all of them, they increase. Column 1 has 1 valence electron, column 2 has 2 , column 3 has 3 and so on.

how do valence electrons determine an atoms chemical reactivity?

The number of valence electrons in the other shell

when is energy used/released in a chemical reaction?

The release of energy in chemical reactions occurs when the reactants have higher chemical energy than the products. new chemical bonds form to make the products; this gives out energy chemical reaction's energy change is often absorbed or released in the form of thermal or light energy

be able to recognize a water molecule

Water is a molecule - one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms are covalently bonded together look at pic

what does a buffer do?

a buffer is a substance that reacts to prevent pH changes in a solution.

what is a cell and how does it compare to an atom? how does it relate to an organism?

a cell is the smallest unit that can perform all life process; cells are covered by a membrane and contain DNA and cytoplasm. an atom is a fundamental building block of a human body. Every object is composed of atom and simarily every single being whiter plant or an animal is composed of a cell. the center of the structure or an atom and cell is called a nucleus. it both MAKES UP AN ORGANISM.

what is a molecule?

a group of at least 2 atoms that are held together covalently

what is the difference between solute, solvent and solution?

a solution is a mixture in which one substance is evently distributed in another substance. a solvent is a substance which dissolves a solve.

what is a compound?

a substance made up of atoms of 2 or more different elements joined b chemical bonds

what is an acid?

acids are compounds that form extra hydronium ions when dissolved in water

elements present in lipids and its building blocks

carbon hydrogen oxygen building blocks- glycerol

know that charges and relative masses of each subatomic particle(protons,etc.)

particle mass charge electron virtually none negative proton 1 AMU positive neutron 1 AMU( slightly more massive than proton neutral

know where each subatomic particle is found in an atom

the orbital and the electron cloud holds the electrons. nucleus holds protons and neutrons

what is each monomer of nucleic acids made up of?

.A five-carbon sugar A base that has nitrogen (N) atoms An ion of phosphoric acid known as phosphate

why a water molecule is considered to be polar

.hydrogen is on one side and oxygen is one the other A water molecule, because of its shape, is a polar molecule. water is a polar molecule because there is an uneven distribution of electron density. water has a partial negative charge near the oxygen atom due to unshared pairs of electrons and partial positive charges near the hydrogen atoms

why don't oil and water mix?

.partially charged ends of polar molecules attract opposite charges. nonpolar substances such as oil dissolve well in water instead they come in clumps or separate layer because oil is nonpolar while water molecules are electrically charged, they get attracted to other water molecules and exclude the oil molecules

what are the peptide bonds?

A peptide bond is a chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, releasing a molecule of water (H2O).

what are the monomers of protein?

Amino acids

differentiate between element, molecule,atom and compound

An atom is the smallest unit of matter, elements is a substance made of atoms. a molecule is a group of atoms held together by covalent atoms. a compound is a substance made of the bonded atoms of a or more elements chemically. a molecule isn't a substance e, and it has a covalent bond each structure gets bigger with details about them.

in order for an atom to be neutral, the numbers of which two subatomic particles must be equal?

Atoms must have equal numbers of protons and electrons

what is a hydrogen bond? is a hydrogen bond an intarmolecular or intermolecular bond?

Bond that occurs between a partially positive hydrogen and a partially negative atom (in our case, it's mostly with a partially negative oxygen atom. when bonded to a fluorine atom, a hydrogen atom has a partial charge nearly as great as a protons charge. it attracts the negative pole of the other nearby molecules.intermolecular bond

why is carbon such a versatile element is the building block of life?

CARBON IS THE MOST IMPROTANT ELEMENT TO LIVING THINGS BECAUSE IT CAN FOR, MANY DIFFERENT KINDS OF BONDS AND FORM ESSENTIAL Compounds.it is found in many different chemical compounds

what do enzymes do?

Enzymes are biological catalysts, they speed up chemical reactions inside living things. They are made up of proteins. Enzymes have a special shape, there is a starting chemical called a substrate that fits into the enzymes special shape.

know the 3 properties related to hydrogen bonds and why they are important to life

Hiusable chemical energy in cells release a lot of heat - this helpsgh Specific Heat Because of hydrogen bonds, it takes a relatively high amount of heat energy to change liquid water into water vapor This property is important to cells because the processes that produce to regulate cell temps Water molecules stick to each other Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together, so that small drops are pulled into a ball shape (aka surface tension Cohesion: the attraction among molecules of the same substance Adhesion: the attraction among molecules of different substances These two properties help plants transport water from their roots to their leaves Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid When water freezes, hydrogen bonds lock water molecules into a crystal structure that has empty spaces, so ice floats!

are lipids polar or nonpolar?

Lipids are non-polar

what are the functions of lipids?

Lipids functions is store energy, controlling water movement, steroid hormones, signaling molecules, some pigments that absorb light. hormone production, protection of organs

how is a proteins structure related to its functions?

Protein function is directly related to the structure of that protein. A protein's specific shape determines its function

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? what does this mean for their ability to be solid/liquid at room temperature?

Saturated fat is solid at room temperature because they can pack closely together. . Saturated fats are found in animal products and processed foods. The chemical structure of a saturated fat is fully saturated with hydrogen atoms, and does not contain double bonds between carbon atoms. Saturated fats are not heart healthy, since they are most known for raising your LDL cholesterol ("bad" cholesterol). Unsaturated fats are found foods such as nuts, avocados, and olives. They are liquid at room temperature and differ from saturated fats in that their chemical structure contains double bonds, they cant pack closely together. unsaturated fats are also heart-healthy fats - they have the ability to lower LDL cholesterol and raise HDL cholesterol ("good" cholesterol

Differentiate between an endothermic and exothermic reaction.

The difference between exothermic and endothermic chemical reactions lies in the distribution of energy. Reactions can involve both the release and absorption of energy, but at the end there will either be a net loss or a net gain. In an exothermic reaction, there is a net loss and energy is released. In an endothermic reaction, there is a net gain and energy is absorbed. An exothermic reaction occurs when the temperature of a system increases due to the evolution of heat. This heat is then released into the surroundings, resulting in an overall negative quantity for the heat of reaction. An endothermic reaction occurs when the temperature of an isolated system decreases while the surroundings of a non-isolated system gains heat. positive heat of reaction

know what an acid, a base, a buffer, PH are and why they're important

acids are compounds that form extra hydronium ions when dissolved in water.bases are compounds that form extra hydroxide ions when dissolved in water.buffer is a substance that reacts to prevent pH changes in a solution. pH IS A MEASURE OF HOW ACIDIC OR BASIC A SOLUTIONS IS.

what is a ion? why do they form? how do they form? what are the names given to positive and negative ions? what type of bond can be formed between ions? which type of elements are more likely to bonded this way?

an ion is an atom or group of atoms that has an electric charge bc it has gained or lost electrons. Ions form because neutral atoms become charged by losing or gaining an electron and so that an atom can achieve a stable atom. ions form from elements when they gain or lose an electron causing the # of protons to be unequal to the # of electrons resulting a net charge. (positive charge = cation; negative charge = anion) iconic bonds when a positively charged ion forms a bond with a negatively charged ions and one atom transfers electrons to another. ionic bonds are formed between non-metal and metal consider Na and Cl, oxygen and magnesium, mg and cl

element,# of protons,# of neutrons, # of electrons

atomic number is the number of protons in an atom of an element Atoms must have equal numbers of protons and electrons Number of Protons = Atomic Number Number of Electrons = Number of Protons = Atomic Number Number of Neutrons = Mass Number - Atomic Number

which type of elements are more likely to bonded this way? what are covalent bonds?

atoms can achieve a full outermost shell is by SHARING electrons. covalent bonds can cause an unequal sharing of electrons.sharing their outer most (valence) electrons, atoms can fill up their outer electron shell and gain stability. Covalent bonds occur between two nonmetals.

what is a base?

bases are compounds that form extra hydroxide ions when dissolved in water

elements present in carbs

carbon hydrogen oxygen

elements present in nucleic acids and its building blocks

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorus building blocks-nucleotides

elements present in proteins and its building blocks

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen sulfur building blocks- amino acids

what are the carbohydrates? what are what are they used for?

carbs are molecules made of sugars. it supply's energy to living organisms, food storage in humans, structure in plants cell walls ( cellulose) chitin in insects, transport and stores energy. function- provides energy for the body- turns fat if not used. the elements present is carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

anaerobic respiration

cellular respiration can be with(aerobic) or without (anaerobic) oxygen in the absence of oxygen, some organisms can go through the process called fermentation lactic acid fermentation can occur in the muscles of animals during vigorous exercise

what type of carbohydrate is part if a cells structure?

chitin and cellulose are two complex carbs that provide support. its a type of polysaccharide. chitin is found in cell walls of mushrooms and mold and shells of crabs ,lobsters, and insects. cellulose is in cell walls of plants. the type of carbs we use for energy is glucose

where does photosynthesis occur in a cell? where does cellular respiration occur in a cell?

chloroplasts and mitochondria.Energy enters an ecosystem when autotrophs use sunlight during photosynthesis (chloroplasts) to convert CO2 and water molecules into glucose and oxygen. During Cellular respiration, mitochondria break down glucose and oxygen, release ATP (used to power the cell) and make CO2 and water

chloroplasts

converts light energy into chemical energy. has inner and outer membrane. thylakoids contain the pigment chlorophyll that absorbs light.

what is a valence electron and where is it found?

electrons found on the outer energy levels are called valence electrons. outer shell

mitochondria

has an outer and inner membrane. inner membrane is highly foled to increase surface area

what are some of the functions of proteins?

important in growth and repair body tissue. make enzymes which help in every bodily function. help in making hormones. protein is an important building block of bones, muscles, cartilage, skin, and blood.Contractile Proteins - are responsible for movement.Enzymes - are proteins that facilitate biochemical reactions. Storage Proteins - store amino acids.Transport Proteins - are carrier proteins which move molecules from one place to another around the body.Hormonal Proteins - are messenger proteins which help to coordinate certain bodily activities

be able to draw bohr diagrams of atoms

in the middle there's protons and neutrons (put the charges of them) draw a circle and put 2 electrons and then draw another circle and put 8 electrons (dots on the line), etc.

metabolism

involves either using energy to build macromolecules breaking down macromolecules to release energy stored on their bonds. enzymes allow the "building and breaking" of bonds in macromolecules to occur much faster and more easily

difference between monomers and polymers.

monomers are the building blocks of more complex molecules, called polymers. polymers consist of repeating molecule units which are usually joined by covalent bonds.A monomer is a single structure and has low molecular weight, while a polymer consists of several monomers

what are monomers and polymers of carbohydrates?

monomers- monosaccharaides polymer- polysaccharide,disaccharide

what is a molecule called if it has no negative or positive end? what type of bond does it form?

nonpolar

what are the monomers of nucleic acids?

nucleotides,The five pieces are uracil, cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine.

what is a phospholipid? what are the polar and nonpolar regions of a phospholipid?

phospholipid is a lipid that contains a phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes. The phosphate head is polar and is attracted to water and the fatty acid tails are nonpolar and are repelled by water

what is a molecule called if it has a partial negative charge on one end and a partial positive charge on the other end? what type of bond does it form

polar molecules.

What macromolecule makes up most enzymes?

proteins

on a periodic table, the atomic number equals the number of what?

protons

difference between solute, solvent and solution

solute is the substance that dissolves to form a solution. solvent is the substance in which a solute dissolves. solution is a mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent

Explain how an enzyme works using the following terms: Enzyme, active site, substrate, activation energy

step 1: Substrate binds to enzyme's active site Step 2: Chemical reaction is jumpstarted Step 3: Product is released enzymes lower the activation energy to speed chemical reactions

what are the two types of nucleic acids and what are their functions?

store and transmit genetic information and holds instructions for making proteins.two types of nucleic acids are DNA which contain sugar deoxyribose and RNA which contains sugar ribose. DNA molecules act as instructions (genetic code) for the processes of an organisms life. RNA interacts with the DNA decode the information. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic information copied from DNA in the form of a series of three-base code "words," each of which specifies a particular amino acid. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the key to deciphering the code words in mRNA.

what are the three general types of carbon based structures?

straight chain -branched chain -ring

what 2 subgroups make up carbohydrates?

sugar and starches

what is activation energy?

the minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction.

where do products and reactants fit in a chemical reaction?

the reactant is a substance that is changed in a chemical reaction and a product is new substance that is formed. in a chemical reaction reactants change or forms into a product. reactants fir the reaction when you are changing a substance. the product fits the reaction by what has been formed after the reaction is over. Reactants are changed during a chemical reaction Products are made by a chemical reaction

what are valence electrons and how are they related to a stable atom?

valence electrons An atom is most stable when its outermost energy level is "full" 1st energy level can have up to 2 electrons All following energy levels can have up to 8 electrons.