Summer anatomy Exam 1

Superficial

(external) on the outside

Deep

(internal) on the inside,underneath another structure

Caudal

At the rear or tail end

Superior

Closer to the head

Abdominopelvic cavity

Consist of the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Orbital

Eye

Frontal

Forehead

Hallux

Great toe

Pleura

Lines the right & left sides of the thoracic cavity containing the lungs, these are lined by a two layer serous membrane called ________

Digestive system

Mechanically and chemically digests food materials, absorbs nutrients, and expels waste products {oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, liver, stomach, large intestine, small intestine}

Endometrium

Once outside the zona pellucida the blastocyst is able to invade the inner lining of the uterine wall called the _______. The __________ consists of a deeper basal layer, the stratum basalis, & a more superficial functional layer, the stratum functionalis. The blastocyst invades this functional layer.

Serous fluid

Serous membranes secrete a liquid called__________within a serous cavity. __________ has the consistency of oil, and serves as a lubricant, the _______ lubricant properties reduce this friction and help the organs move smoothly against both one another and the body wall

Gametogenesis

Sex organs (ovaries in the female, testes in the male) then begin to produce sex cells, or gametes through a process called

Blastocyte

Shortly after the morula enters the space (called the lumen) of the uterus, fluid begins to leak through the degenerating zona pellucida surrounding the morula. As a result, a fluid filled cavity called the blastocyst cavity, develops within the morula. The pre embryo at this stage of development is known as a ____________

Plantar

Sole of foot

Extraembryonic membrane

The bilaminar germinal disc and trophoblast also produce _______________ to mediate between them and the environment. They first appear during the second week of development and continue to develop during the embryonic and fetal periods. They protect the embryo and assist the embryo in vital functions such as nutrition, gas exchange, and removal and storage of waste materials

Embryogenesis

The developmental processes that occur in the pre embryonic and embryonic periods are known collectively as (there are 3 stages)

Visceral pleura

The inner layer of this serous membrane is the it covers the external surface of the lung.

Pleural cavity

The narrow, moist, potential space between the parietal & visceral layers is called the ________ and is the location of the lubricating serous fluid

Pelvic cavity

The organs of the _________ consist of the distal part of the large intestine, the urinary bladder & urethra, and the internal reproductive organs.

Peritoneal cavity

The potential space between these serous membrane layers in the abdominopelvic cavity is the _________, where the lubricating serous fluid is located

Pollex

Thumb

Nervous system

a regulatory system that controls body movement, responds to sensory stimuli, & helps control all other systems of the body. Also responsible for consciousness, intelligence, memory. {brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves}

Amnion

a thin membrane that is formed from and continuous with the epiblast layer. The ______ eventually encloses the entire embryo in a fluid filled sac called the amniotic cavity to protect the embryo from dedication. The amniotic membrane is specialized to secrete the amniotic fluid that bathes the embryo

metabolism

all organisms carry out various chemical reactions, collectively termed _______. These chemical reactions include breaking down infested nutrients into digestible particles, using the cells' own energy to perform certain functions. _________ activities such as ingesting nutrients and expelling waste enable the body to continue acquiring the energy needed for life's activities.

organization

all organisms exhibit a complete structure and order. The human body has several increasingly complex levels of organization.

Reproduction

all organisms produce new cells for growth, maintenance, & repair. In addition an organisms produces sex cells (called gametes) that, under the right conditions, have the ability to develop into a new living organism

Responsiveness

all organisms sense and respond to changes in their internal or external environment.

Transverse plane

also called a cross-sectional plane or horizontal plane, cuts perpendicularly along the axis of the body or organ. The body or organ is separated into both superior (upper) & inferior (lower) parts, and the relationship of neighboring organs at a particular level is revealed.

Coronal plane

also called a frontal plane, is a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts. When a ________ is taken through the trunk, the anterior portion contains the chest, and the posterior portion contains the back

Anatomic position

an individual stands upright with the feet parallel & flat on the floor. The head is level, & the eyes look forward toward the observer. The arms are at either side of the body with the palms facing forward & the thumbs pointing away from the body.

Popliteal

area posterior to the knee

Ventral cavity

arises from a space called coelom that forms during embryonic development. The _______ cavity eventually become petitioned into a superior thoracic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity with the formation of the thoracic diaphragm, a muscular partitioned that develops between cavities

Brachial

arm (the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow)

Auxilliary

armpit

Dorsal

at the back side of the human body

Ventral

at the belly side of the human body

Cranial

at the head end

Lateral

away from the midline of the body

Inferior

closer to the feet

Proximal

closest to point of attachment to trunk

nervous tissue

conducts impulses for internal communication

cellular level

consists of cells, which are the smallest living structures and serve as the basic units of structures and functions in the organism

Endocrine system

consists of glands and cell clusters that secrete hormones, some of which regulate body & cellular growth, chemical levels in the body, & reproductive functions. {testes, kidney, pancreas, adrenal glands, thymus, thyroid, pituitary, pineal gland, hypothalamus}

organ system level

consists of related organs that work together to coordinate activities and achieve a common function

Cardiovascular system

consists of the heart (a pump), blood, and blood vessels; the heart moves blood through blood vessels to distribute hormones, nutrients, and gases, & pick up waste products {capillaries, heart, vein, artery}

Regulation

control & regulatory mechanisms within an organism maintain a consistent internal environment, a state called homeostasis. In a constantly changing environment every organism must be able to maintain this "steady state"

epithelial tissue

covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavity

Visceral layer

covers the external surface of organs (viscera) within the cavity.

organ level

different tissue types combine to form an organ, such as the small intestine, brain, lungs, stomach, or heart

Auricle

ear (visible surface structures of the ear & the ear's internal organs)

Urinary system

filters the blood and removed waste products from the blood, concentrates waste products in the form of urine, & expels urine from the body {kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra}

Vertebral canal

formed by the individual bone of the vertebral column and contains the spinal cord.

Visceral pericardium

forms the heart's external surface

Distal

furthest from point of attachment to trunk

tissue level

groups of similar cells with a common function. Four types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Coxal

hip

Posterior

in back of; toward the back surface

Anterior

in front of, toward the front surface

Fetal period

included the remaining thirty weeks of development prior to birth, when the organism is called a fetus. During the _________, the fetus continues to grow, and its organs increase in complexity

Embryonic period

includes the third through eighth weeks of development. It is a remarkably active time during which rudimentary versions of the major organ systems appear in the body, which is now called an embryo.

Peritoneum

is a moist, two layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity.

Cranial cavity

is formed by the cranium & houses the brain.

Abdominal cavity

is superior to an imaginary line drawn between the superior aspects of the hip bones, and a pelvic cavity that is inferior to the imaginary line. The _______contains most of the organs of the digestive system, as well as the kidneys and ureters of the urinalysis system

Pericardial cavity

is the potential space between the parietal and visceral pericardia; it contains serous fluid

Implantation

is the process by which the blastocyst burrows into and embeds within the endometrium

Fertilization

is the process whereby two sex cells fuse to form a new cell containing genetic material derived from both parents. __________ restored the diploid number of chromosomes, determines the sex of the organism, & initiates cleavage. _______ occurs in the widest part of the uterine tube, called the ampulla.

Parietal pleura

it lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall

Radial

lateral aspect of the forearm

Parietal layer

lines the internal surface of the body wall

Midsagittal plane

or median plane, extends through the body or organs vertically and divides the structure into right & left halves. A plane that is parallel to the ________, but either to the left or right of it is termed a sagittal plane. Thus a sagittal plane divides a structure into right and left portions that may or may not be equal. Although there is one __________plane, an infinite number of sagittal planes are possible.

Growth and development

organisms assimilate materials from their environment and exhibit increased size (growth) and increased specialization as related to form and function (development). As the human body grows in size, structures such as the brain become more complex and sophisticated.

Adaptation

over a period of time, an organism may alter an anatomic structure, physiologic process, or behavior trait to increase its expected long-term reproductive success, such as a darkening of skin pigmentation in the Equatorial region due to an increase in sun exposure

Oblique planes

pass through the specimen at an an angle

Occipital

posterior aspect of the head

Female reproductive system

produced female sex cells (oocytes) and female hormones (estrogen and progesterone), receives sperm from male, site of fertilization of oocyte, site of growth and development of embryo and fetus {mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube, external genitalia)

Male reproductive system

produced male sex cells (sperm) and male hormones (testosterone), transfers sperm to the female {ductus deferens, prostate gland, urethra, testis, seminal vesicle, epididymis, penis}

Muscular System

produces body movement, generates heat when muscles contract {orbicularis oculi muscle, pectoralis major muscle, aponeurosis, tendons, satorius muscle}

muscle tissue

produces movement

connective tissue

protects, supports, and interconnects body parts and organs

Integumentary system

provides protection, regulates body temperature, site of cutaneous receptors, synthesizes vitamin D, prevents water loss. consists of the skin & its derivatives: nails, hair, sweat glands, & sebaceous glands.

skeletal system

provides support & protection, site of hemopoiesis (blood cell production), stores calcium and phosphorous, provides site of muscle attachments {skull, upper limb bones,lower limb bones, knee joint, sacrum, vertebrae, cartilage, rib, & sternum}

Abdominal

region inferior to the thorax (chest) & superior to the hip bones

Respiratory system

responsible for exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between blood and the air in the lungs {nasal cavity, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs}

Cranial

skull

Gastrulation

the blastocyst cells form three primary germ layers, which are the basic cellular structures from which all body tissues develop

Yolk sac

the first extraembryonic membrane to develop. It is formed from and continuous with the hypoblast layer. It is an important site for early blood cells and blood vessel formation

Pre embryonic period

the first two weeks of development, when the single cell produced by fertilization (the zygote) becomes a spherical, multicellular structure (blastocyst). This period ends when the blastocyst implants in the lining of the uterus

organismal level

the highest level of structural organization in the body. all body systems function independently in a single living human, the organism.

Visceral peritoneum

the inner layer of this serous membrane, ensheathes the external surfaces of most of the digestive organs

Mediastinum

the median space in the thoracic cavity is called the _________. It contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, & major blood vessels.

Parietal peritoneum

the outer layer of the serous membrane, lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity

Parietal Pericardium

the outermost layer and forms the sac around the heart

Chemical level

the simplest level, and it involves atoms and molecules

Organogenesis

the three primary germ layers arrange themselves in ways that give rise to all organs in the body

Cleavage

the zygote divides by mitosis to form a multicellular structure called a blastocyte. After the zygote divides once and reaches the two cell stage, a series of mitotic divisions, called ___________ results in an increase in cell number but not an increase in the overall size of the structure. The structure will not increase in size until it implants in the uterine wall and derives a source of nourishment from the mother.

Medial

toward the midline of the body

Rostral

toward the nose

Lymphatic system

transports & filters lymph (interstitial fluid transported through lymph vessels) & initiates an immune response when necessary {tonsils, cervical lymph node, thymus, axillary lymph node, spleen, inguinal lymph node, popliteal lymph node, lymph

Pericardium

within the mediastinum the heart is enclosed by a two layered serous membrane called the _______