Survey of Medical Sociology
Which of the following is/are true regarding the number of and size of hospitals? A.The number of hospitals increased until the late 1970s but has declined since then. B.The number of hospital admissions continues to rise each year and is at an all-time high. C.The total number of hospital beds has increased dramatically in the past 25 years. D.Both b and c are correct
A.The number of hospitals increased until the late 1970s but has declined since then.
Government requirements that schools serve a nutritious lunch is an example of which of the following? A.a macro-level approach B.a micro-level approach C.health behavior approach
A.a macro-level approach
Which of the following was a result of the Flexner Report? A.A homogeneous, university-based system of medical education emerged. B.A science-based medical education curriculum developed. C.Numerous colleges closed. D.All of the above occurred. E.Only a and b are correct.
A.A homogeneous, university-based system of medical education emerged.
Public opinion surveys show: A.Nursing is viewed as the most honest and ethical career. B.Being a physician is viewed as the most honest and ethical career, but nursing comes in second. C.Nursing is viewed as being around the middle of all careers in honesty and ethics. D.Nursing is viewed as one of the least honest and ethical careers.
A.Nursing is viewed as the most honest and ethical career.
Research on career choices of medical students has found: A.important changes in career choices during the education process. B.little change in career choices during the education process. C.no clear pattern in the stability of career choices during the education process.
A.important changes in career choices during the education process.
The argument for an open future objects to originating a child by cloning by arguing in part that: A.unreasonable and perhaps wrong expectations based on the chosen phenotype may be placed on a child created this way. B.a child originated by cloning will be treated with prejudice by others and will hence have a different, probably bad, future. C.a child originated by cloning will not have a future because it will be sub-human and will be used as a source of organ transplants. D.a child originated by cloning will not have a soul and will not have an open future like normal children. E.a child originated by cloning will be a delayed twin and will have no real future.
A.unreasonable and perhaps wrong expectations based on the chosen phenotype may be placed on a child created this way.
Which of the following statements accurately describes unionization among physicians? A.Physicians have never joined unions. B.Growth in union membership has been steady but slow. C.The AMA continues to oppose all unionization of physicians. D.Almost all physicians now belong to a union.
B.Growth in union membership has been steady but slow.
What did President George W. Bush do in the summer of 2006 regarding the federal funding of research with embryonic stem cells? A.He expanded the number of embryonic stem cells available to scientists working with federal funds. B.He vetoed a Congressional bill that would have loosened restrictions on federal funds for research with embryonic stem cells. C.He vetoed a Congressional bill that allowed reproductive cloning or cloning to produce babies. D.He passionately stated that the lives of innocent civilians in the Middle East were just as intrinsically valuable as frozen human embryos. E.He signed a bill making it a federal crime to unthaw a frozen embryo and destroy it without the signed permission of both gametic donors.
B.He vetoed a Congressional bill that would have loosened restrictions on federal funds for research with embryonic stem cells.
The text cites several arguments in opposition to doctor-assisted suicide. Which of the following was not included? A.Patients considering doctor-assisted suicide may be sufficiently ill that they cannot engage in truly contemplative thought. B.Many physicians might specialize in this process in order to make considerable sums of money. C.It is inconsistent with physicians' traditional responsibility to sustain life and to relieve suffering. D.All of these reasons are cited in the text.
B.Many physicians might specialize in this process in order to make considerable sums of money
Regulation of nursing is: A.a responsibility of the Department of Health and Human Services. B.a state responsibility. C.accomplished through regional health districts. D.a responsibility of individual nursing education programs.
B.a state responsibility.
Which of the following terms refers to the large and powerful technoscientific revolution occurring in medicine today? A.pharmaceuticalization B.biomedicalization C.diagnostic imaging D.none of these terms
B.biomedicalization
According to the biomedical approach: A.health is defined as being a positive state. B.health is the absence of symptoms and signs. C.health is characterized by an ability to fulfill normal social responsibilities. D.All of the above are correct.
B.health is the absence of symptoms and signs.
Freestanding walk-in ambulatory care centers: A.are developed to attract patients needing acute episodic care. B.are often seen as an alternative to the family physician. C.are most often used by the poor and the elderly due to accessibility. D.All of the above are correct. E.Both a and b are correct.
Both a and b are correct. are developed to attract patients needing acute episodic care; are often seen as an alternative to the family physician.
Which of the following statements about fetal tissue transplants is correct? A.The tissue used in these transplants would be taken from fetuses prior to their being aborted. B.The tissue used in these transplants may be helpful to people suffering from certain diseases, but it carries an extremely high rate of rejection. C.Many people who oppose legalized abortion oppose fetal tissue transplants because they fear it will encourage more abortions. D.All of these statements are correct.
C.Many people who oppose legalized abortion oppose fetal tissue transplants because they fear it will encourage more abortions.
The average number of physician contacts per year that Americans averaged in the mid-1990s was approximately: A.less than one. B.two. C.six. D.ten.
C.six.
The text cites several arguments in support of surrogate motherhood. Which of the following was not included? A.It is an expression of the autonomy of all involved parties. B.There is a constitutionally derived right to procreative liberty. C.It offers a procreative option to couples unable to bear a child. D.All of the above are cited. E.Only a and c are cited.
D.All of the above are cited. It is an expression of the autonomy of all involved parties; There is a constitutionally derived right to procreative liberty; It offers a procreative option to couples unable to bear a child.
An important norm in Navajo culture is avoidance of discussion of negative information—something that a physician might think is necessary. What culturally sensitive procedures might be used to deal with this situation? A.A traditional Navajo healer could be included in the discussion. B.The physician could refer to the patient in the third person. C.The physician could be careful to provide all reasonable hope. D.All of the above. E.None of the above—it is best to simply recognize that a cultural conflict occurs.
D.All of the above. A traditional Navajo healer could be included in the discussion; The physician could refer to the patient in the third person; The physician could be careful to provide all reasonable hope.
Which of the following statements accurately identify findings of the studies on binge drinking? A.Due to the large number of reported deaths due to binge drinking, the percentage of college students who binge drink has dropped significantly in the last 20 years. B.The rate of abstention from drinking has decreased in the last 20 years. C.The highest rate of binge drinking is found among students who are not members of fraternities or sororities. D.Despite many new programs, the percentage of college students who binge drink has remained about the same.
D.Despite many new programs, the percentage of college students who binge drink has remained about the same.
Which of these is TRUE? A.Father Richard McCormick rejects the argument that because we are unsure when human life begins, we should treat all human life as sacred. B.The Human Embryo Research Panel of 1994 concluded that scientific research could proceed just fine with spare embryos already in existence and no new embryos needed to be created for medical research. C.Advanced Cell Technology (ACT) made differentiated human cells revert to primordial, pluripotent states by fusing them with cow eggs, and it then grew a cloned human embryo to five weeks of age before destroying the embryo. D.In a case in Tennessee about a divorcing couple who disagreed about what would happen to the embryos they had created and stored, the Tennessee Supreme Court ruled that the husband did not have to become a father against his will and that the embryos could be destroyed. E.The Dickey-Warner Amendment of 1996 to the appropriations bill for the National Institutes of Health allowed federal funds to be made available for 60 stem cell lines created from spare human embryos.
D.In a case in Tennessee about a divorcing couple who disagreed about what would happen to the embryos they had created and stored, the Tennessee Supreme Court ruled that the husband did not have to become a father against his will and that the embryos could be destroyed.
Which of these is NOT an amplification system for the spread of HIV? A.International airports B.A national system of interstate highways C.A national blood bank D.Sharing intravenous drugs E.Education
E.Education
Which of the following statements is/are true concerning Medicare? A.Recipients must qualify for services according to income level. B.There are not any deductible and co-insurance provisions. C.Expenditures have actually decreased in the past two decades. D.All of the above are true. E.None of the above is true.
E.None of the above is true
Which of the following statements is FALSE about the ethical debate so far on human cloning (somatic cell nuclear transfer)? A.Leon Kass was one of the first to oppose both in vitro fertilization and human cloning. B.One way to conceptualize a child originated by human cloning is as a delayed twin. C.The diversity of the human gene pool is not threatened by reproductive cloning, as proved by the law of regression to the mean. D.Leon Kass was the Chair of President George W. Bush's Bioethics Commission. E.The Brownback bill would have made reproductive cloning illegal but would have allowed embryonic cloning.
E.The Brownback bill would have made reproductive cloning illegal but would have allowed embryonic cloning.
According to the Harvard "brain death" definition of death that has been used since the late 1960s, when a person is irretrievably comatose and is able to breathe only through means of an artificial respirator, the person is legally dead. True False
True
In any two-year period 80 million Americans are without health insurance part of the time. True False
True
Medical reform has: A.not addressed medical malpractice. B.become very inexpensive in comparison to the current system. C.will not provide health care for more people than are currently covered.
A.not addressed medical malpractice.
What percent of hospitals are for-profit? A.8% B.18% C.28% D.38%
B.18%
Which of the following has been the most profitable industry in the United States in recent years? A.hospital chains B.nursing home chains C.pharmaceutical manufacturing D.medical laboratories
C.pharmaceutical manufacturing
A physician acts in a paternalistic manner when he or she: A.prioritizes beneficence over autonomy. B.prioritizes autonomy over beneficence. C.refuses to offer his or her recommendation to a patient. D.attempts to get the patient to consider all the alternatives before making a decision
Correct A. prioritizes beneficence over autonomy.
For the craniopagus Iranian, female adult twins, what were their chances of having a good quality of life as independent adults after the separation surgery? A.Very high B.High C.Average D.Low E.Very low
E.Very low
The introduction of managed care into Latin America has significantly increased access to medical care in all countries. True False
False
What important event regarding complementary and alternative medicine occurred in the Netherlands in the mid-1990s? A.an end to the monopoly of orthodox medicine by removal of a ban on alternative healers B.an end to legalized alternative healing C.a legalization of cannabis D.Both a and c are correct
A. an end to the monopoly of orthodox medicine by removal of a ban on alternative healers
Which of the following statements is TRUE of French philosopher Michel Foucault? A.He asserted that HIV did not cause AIDS. B.He claimed that HIV spreads sexually. C.He vehemently criticized bathhouses for spreading HIV through gay sex. D.He died of cholera in 1984. E.He denied the existence of HIV.
A.He asserted that HIV did not cause AIDS.
Which of the following statements accurately describes current trends within hospitals? A.Hospitals are doing more outpatient surgeries and fewer inpatient surgeries. B.Due to new sources of funding, hospitals are currently experiencing a significant growth cycle. C.Due to problems created by mergers and consolidations, an increasing number of hospitals are choosing to remain independent.
A.Hospitals are doing more outpatient surgeries and fewer inpatient surgeries.
What was the first court case that ruled that patients have a constitutionally derived right to privacy, including the right to refuse medical treatment, and that this right extends to competent and incompetent persons? A.Karen Ann Quinlan B.Nancy Cruzan C.Mike Garcia D.Bartles vs. Jaymes
A.Karen Ann Quinlan
Which of the following statements accurately describes patients of alternative healers? A.Many patients of alternative healers continue to receive care from medical doctors; they simply use different healers for different problems depending on what has worked best in the past. B.Most patients of alternative healers have sought an alternative when they became completely disillusioned with conventional medical care; while they may see a medical doctor on occasion, they have largely cut off relations with them. C.Most patients of alternative healers were socialized to use unconventional care; many have never seen a medical doctor for any reason.
A.Many patients of alternative healers continue to receive care from medical doctors; they simply use different healers for different problems depending on what has worked best in the past.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the status of acupuncture in the United States? A.Most states restrict the practice of acupuncture to medical doctors and osteopaths; since few wish to do acupuncture, it is not widely available. B.Most states restrict the practice of acupuncture to medical doctors and osteopaths; after a period of little interest, many M.D.s have now studied the technique and it is widely available. C.Most states have now removed all restrictions on the practice of acupuncture; in these states, anyone can provide the technique. D.Acupuncture is not legal in any of the 50 states and does not exist as a healing option.
A.Most states restrict the practice of acupuncture to medical doctors and osteopaths; since few wish to do acupuncture, it is not widely available.
Are male and female patients treated differently because of their gender? A.Research is inconclusive; important differences are sometimes found (especially with regard to heart procedures), but patterns are unclear. B.Yes, male patients are clearly treated with more respect and are provided more services. C.Yes, female patients are clearly treated with more respect and are provided more services
A.Research is inconclusive; important differences are sometimes found (especially with regard to heart procedures), but patterns are unclear.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the debate over legalization of medical marijuana? A.Several states have endorsed or enacted legalized medical marijuana laws. B.Research has shown that marijuana lacks any medicinal value. C.The U.S. Justice Department has strongly supported legalization of medical marijuana.
A.Several states have endorsed or enacted legalized medical marijuana laws.
What has research learned about patients' desire for accurate information from physicians? A.Studies show that an overwhelming percentage of people want their physician to give them full and honest information. B.Studies show that people are very divided on this matter; about half want honest information but the other half want physicians to be able to lie or deceive. C.Studies show that an overwhelming percentage of people want physicians to be able to lie or deceive.
A.Studies show that an overwhelming percentage of people want their physician to give them full and honest information.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the healing philosophy of the Navajos? A.Wellness exists when one is in harmony with nature—with feelings of love and respect for the natural environment. B.Illness occurs only in the mind; it does not have a "real" dimension. C.Navajo healing occurs only through the spiritual dimension of a person; the physical and mental dimensions are not involved in healing. D.All of the above statements are true.
A.Wellness exists when one is in harmony with nature—with feelings of love and respect for the natural environment.
Which of the following is not identified in the text as a likely effect of advanced health care technologies? A.a significant increase in the life span of humans B.a significant increase in the cost of health care C.stimulation of persons and society to engage in value clarification thinking D.an increase in dehumanized patient care
A.a significant increase in the life span of humans
The majority of Americans without health insurance: A.are in families with an employed worker. B.are in unemployed families. C.are eligible for Medicaid. D.are on AFDC.
A.are in families with an employed worker.
If HAART, Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapy, is not provided in developing countries, people have less reason to get tested for HIV because _____. A.by getting tested, they only learn bad news B.they have no way to save their children C.they have no way to feed their children D.they cannot get clean needles E.they cannot get basic medical supplies
A.by getting tested, they only learn bad news
Spiritual healers (faith healers) attempt to bring healing to a patient in which of the following ways: A.by serving as a conduit or intermediary through which the healing powers of spirits or God is transferred to the patient B.by transferring her or his own healing powers to the patient C.by serving as a conduit or intermediary through which universally available cosmic energy is transferred to the patient D.None of the above is correct.
A.by serving as a conduit or intermediary through which the healing powers of spirits or God is transferred to the patient
In any competitive sport, _____ are enhancers. A.coaches B.flexible rules C.competitors D.rigorous exercises E.awards
A.coaches
Which of the following is the most common mode of delivering ambulatory care services today? A.office-based practice B.the emergency care center C.the hospital-based clinic D.the hospital emergency room
A.office-based practice
Researcher Beatrice Hahn at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) proved that HIV spread in southern Cameroon to humans from _____. A.wild chimpanzees B.wild boars C.rats D.dogs E.cats
A.wild chimpanzees
Transplantation of an organ from one species to another is called a(n) _____. A.xenograft B.autograft C.isograft D.allograft E.pseudograft
A.xenograft
An announcement that the lamb named "Dolly" had been created by cloning happened about which year? A.1971 B.1997 C.2005 D.2001 E.2000
B.1997
Which of the following statements does accurately describes curanderismo? A.It is a secular healing technique that is not encouraged by religious leaders in the Hispanic community. B.All diseases are classified according to their underlying cause (e.g., those caused by an imbalance of heat and cold). C.The relationship between the curandero and the patient tends to be impersonal and illustrates "detached concern." D.Good health is viewed as a matter of "good fortune."
B.All diseases are classified according to their underlying cause (e.g., those caused by an imbalance of heat and cold)
When dealing with a patient who has a terminal illness, Japanese physicians typically: A.Communicate the precise diagnosis and prognosis—both in person and in writing. B.Communicate the diagnosis and prognosis to family members but not to the patient. C.Do not communicate the diagnosis or prognosis to the patient or his or her family.
B.Communicate the diagnosis and prognosis to family members but not to the patient.
In the context of the first time transplant from an anencephalic baby to another infant, identify the organ that was transplanted from Baby Gabriel to Baby Holc. A.Kidney B.Heart C.Liver D.Lungs E.Pancreas
B.Heart
Which of the following statements accurately summarizes research on the attitudes of physicians about treating AIDS patients? A.An overwhelming percentage of physicians do not think they have a moral obligation to treat AIDS patients and do not wish to do so. B.Most physicians believe they have a moral obligation to treat AIDS patients and they do so, but a substantial minority disagrees. C.An overwhelming percentage of physicians think they have a moral obligation to treat AIDS patients and wish to do so.
B.Most physicians believe they have a moral obligation to treat AIDS patients and they do so, but a substantial minority disagrees.
What has research found about patients' desire to participate in medical decision-making? A.Patients want as much information as possible and want to make the final decision regarding their care. B.Patients want as much information as possible but many are comfortable with the physician being the final decision maker. C.Patients want physicians to screen the information provided and want the physician to be the final decision maker. D.Patients want physicians to screen the information provided but want to make the final decision regarding their care by themselves.
B.Patients want as much information as possible but many are comfortable with the physician being the final decision maker.
In the U.S.: A.The "no duty rule" has been interpreted that physicians are under no obligation to treat any particular patient. B.The "no duty rule" is generally followed but some exceptions (e.g., a physician cannot abandon a patient with whom there is a consensual physician-patient relationship) have been ruled necessary. C.The "no duty rule" has now been overturned; physicians no longer can legally refuse to see any patient.
B.The "no duty rule" is generally followed but some exceptions (e.g., a physician cannot abandon a patient with whom there is a consensual physician-patient relationship) have been ruled necessary.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the labeling approach to illness? A.In modern countries like the United States, labels typically are applied in an equitable manner. B.The definition of illness is a subjective matter worked out in particular cultural contexts. C.The definition of illness is an objective matter and is restricted to the formal medical profession. D.While labels may be powerful, they typically are only temporary and do not have long-lasting consequences.
B.The definition of illness is a subjective matter worked out in particular cultural contexts.
Which of the following statements accurately summarizes the position on lying expressed in various codes of medical ethics? A.Medical codes even back to the Hippocratic Oath include strong statements against lying to patients. B.While recent ethical codes stipulate truth-telling, most codes historically (even the Hippocratic Oath) did not mention truth-telling. C.Neither historic nor recent ethical codes in medicine address the issue of truth-telling and lying.
B.While recent ethical codes stipulate truth-telling, most codes historically (even the Hippocratic Oath) did not mention truth-telling.
Bowers v. Hardwick said that _____. A.a state cannot make sex between two gay men illegal B.a state could make sex between two gay men illegal C.a state must make sex between two gay men illegal D.a state may impose civil, but not criminal, penalties on gay sex E.a state may not make illegal any kind of sexual behavior between consenting adults
B.a state could make sex between two gay men illegal
Traditional Chinese medicine believes that there is a type of vital energy (or "will to live") that flows throughout the body and provides bodily nourishment and protection as it activates the circulatory system. By what name is this referred? A.acupressure B.chi C.pneuma D.the "Five Phases Doctrine"
B.chi
"Most human illness is caused by a blockage of the body's vital energy by malalignments in the vertebrae." This statement is consistent with which alternative healing practice? A.curanderismo B.chiropractic C.acupuncture D.homeopathy
B.chiropractic
Which of the following accounts for the largest increase in health care dollars spent in 2008? A.physician care B.hospital care C.nursing home care D.pharmaceutical products
B.hospital care
The great bias in pediatric surgery regarding conjoined twins is that: A.surgeons rarely make mistakes. B.it is always better to live life as a singleton than as a conjoined person. C.the sanctity of life outweighs the quality of life. D.it is a slippery slope to make judgments about the quality of life. E.it is "Playing God" to separate what Nature has joined.
B.it is always better to live life as a singleton than as a conjoined person.
The Christian theologian Paul Ramsey argued that: A.parents should be allowed to volunteer their children for research. B.parents should never be allowed to volunteer their children for nontherapeutic research. C.parents should be allowed to volunteer their children for research, but only for potentially therapeutic research. D.parents should be allowed to volunteer their children for research, but only that involving minimal risk. E.parents should be allowed to volunteer their children for research, but only if both parents consent, ruling out children of single parents.
B.parents should never be allowed to volunteer their children for nontherapeutic research.
Critics say xenografts had been tried before and failed. Surgeon Leonard Bailey replied that his operation was potentially therapeutic because: A.Primate hearts had never been tried before. B.refinements in classifying antigens made better matches possible. C.the Norwood operation had never been tried before. D.neonatal intensive care units (NICU's) had developed since the last time the operation had been tried. E.miniature respirators and pediatric monitors had been recently developed and offered Baby Fae a new advantage
B.refinements in classifying antigens made better matches possible.
Taking several steroids together is known as _____ and carries special dangers. A.dropping B.stacking C.hot rolling D.bipping E.blazing
B.stacking
Some people have suggested that individuals (for living, related donors) or their next-of-kin (for a deceased person) should be able to auction organs to the highest bidder. What name is given to this type of policy? A.the "weak market approach" B.the "strong market approach" C."encouraged voluntarism" D."strong presumed consent"
B.the "strong market approach"
In which model of health are physicians more likely to use interpersonal skills and to engage in discussion about patients' psychosocial concerns? A.the biomedical model B.the biopsychosocial model C.the physician dominant model D.the psycho-social model
B.the biopsychosocial model
Horizontal integration of voluntary hospitals refers to which of the following? A.the creation of a corporation that owns both non-profit-making and profit-making enterprises B.the consolidation of hospitals to create bargaining and powers of leverage similar to what exists in for-profit chains C.the sharing of specific services and equipment to reduce duplication of services D.none of the above
B.the consolidation of hospitals to create bargaining and powers of leverage similar to what exists in for-profit chains
In a study comparing the stigma felt by cancer patients and HIV/AIDS patients, what conclusion was drawn by Fife and Wright? A.Both types of patients felt equally stigmatized. B.Both types of patients felt stigmatized, but cancer patients felt more stigma. C.Both types of patients felt stigmatized, but HIV/AIDS patients felt more stigma. D.Neither type of patient felt stigmatized.
C.Both types of patients felt stigmatized, but HIV/AIDS patients felt more stigma
The text cites several arguments in opposition to surrogate motherhood. Which of the following was not included? A.It may contribute to the oppression of women within society. B.It devalues people and treats people and parts of people as commodities. C.Couples who employ a surrogate have ulterior motives beyond the desire to have a child. D.All of the above are cited.
C.Couples who employ a surrogate have ulterior motives beyond the desire to have a child.
Which of the following racial/ethnic groups has the lowest rate of use of health care services? A.African Americans B.Japanese Americans C.Hispanic Americans D.There are no differences today in use of health services by racial/ethnic groups.
C.Hispanic Americans
For a genuine informed consent to occur, four things must be present. Which of the following is not among these four requirements? A.The patient must be competent. B.All information that might affect the patient's decision must be presented. C.The patient and physician must agree that the decision is a good one. D.The consent must be voluntary.
C.The patient and physician must agree that the decision is a good one.
A recent survey of physicians in the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom discovered what common perceptions? A.Hospitals have become very good at preventing "medical errors." B.The time that patients wait for hospital and surgical care has been reduced to an acceptable level. C.There is a shortage of important medical resources. D.All of the above are correct. E.None of the above is correct.
C.There is a shortage of important medical resources.
Kathy Charmaz has described how experiencing a progressively deteriorating chronic illness can reshape a person's life. After going through an "interruption in life" and the "intrusiveness of illness," what is a sign that the person has become "immersed" in the illness? A.a person notices that life is becoming disrupted B.a person notices that the illness is requiring more and more time C.a person notices that the illness is beginning to dominate life D.a person notices that hope for recovery has disappeared
C.a person notices that the illness is beginning to dominate life
Which of the models identified by Szasz and Hollender most closely resembles the view of Talcott Parsons? A.mutual participation B.guidance-cooperation C.activity-passivity D.health belief model
C.activity-passivity
Hospital emergency room services: A.are only accessible to critically injured and acutely ill persons. B.are being rapidly replaced by state-certified trauma centers. C.are the point of hospital admission for an increasing number of patients. D.All of the above are true.
C.are the point of hospital admission for an increasing number of patients.
In Edward Suchman's "five stages of the illness experience," what stage follows the initial experience of symptoms? A.contact with the medical care system B.entrance into the rehabilitation process C.assumption of the sick role D.the dependent-patient role
C.assumption of the sick role
Which of the following is not cited in the text as an example of demedicalization? A.the deinstitutionalization of mental health patients B.the self-care movement C.attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder D.the removal of some behaviors from the American Psychiatric Association's list of mental disorders
C.attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
To say a baby is an "organ donor" is misleading because: A.there may be coercion involved. B.money may influence the donation. C.babies cannot agree to the organ transplant. D.the organ may not be taken and may be wasted. E.the organ may not be suitable for transplantation
C.babies cannot agree to the organ transplant.
Ambulatory care refers to: A.inpatient hospital services provided to an individual who is not bedridden. B.hospital care provided to those who arrive by ambulance. C.care provided to an individual who is not an inpatient in a health care facility.
C.care provided to an individual who is not an inpatient in a health care facility.
The growth in the use of home health services is associated with which of the following? A.an increased number of elderly citizens with acute chronic conditions B.an increased number of hospital days among the elderly C.cost containment efforts by third party payers D.all of the above
C.cost containment efforts by third party payers
Overall: A.male physicians are more likely to recognize psychosocial problems in patients, assess patient health more thoroughly, and be more available after the death of a family member. B.female physicians are more likely to recognize psychosocial problems in patients, assess patient health more thoroughly, and be more available after the death of a family member. C.female and male physicians are very similar in the likelihood of recognizing psychosocial problems in patients, assessing patient health, and being available after the death of a family member.
C.female and male physicians are very similar in the likelihood of recognizing psychosocial problems in patients, assessing patient health, and being available after the death of a family member.
The American Medical Association's position on a "duty to treat": A.has remained consistent over the years—there is a duty to treat all patients. B.has remained consistent over the years—there is not a duty to treat all patients. C.has changed over the years; currently, there is expressed both a duty to treat and easy ways to exempt oneself from this duty. D.None of the above is correct.
C.has changed over the years; currently, there is expressed both a duty to treat and easy ways to exempt oneself from this duty.
When comparing office/clinic-based surgery and hospital surgery, it can be said that: A.hospitals place more emphasis on the physician-patient relationship. B.office/clinic-based surgery is more expensive due to convenience. C.hospital-affiliated services offer more readily available backup services. D.All of the above are true.
C.hospital-affiliated services offer more readily available backup services
The exposure effect of the legalization of banned substances involves _____. A.environmental dangers B.fetuses exposed to toxins in utero C.increased numbers of users of previously banned substances D.increased toxins in dairy and breast milk E.all of the above
C.increased numbers of users of previously banned substances
Organizations created to facilitate managed care within traditional health insurance plans are called: A.health maintenance organizations. B.health management organizations. C.managed Care Organizations. D.preferred provider organizations.
C.managed Care Organizations.
Which of the following concepts describes the broad range of behaviors initiated by individuals to promote optimal health, prevent illness, detect symptoms of ill health, heal acute illness, and manage chronic conditions? A.individual health care management B.preventive maintenance C.self-care D.self-help
C.self-care
Which of the following factors best predicts compliance with medical regimens? A.patient knowledge of the disease B.the seriousness of the patient's disease C.the extent of change in lifestyle required by the regimen D.all of these factors
C.the extent of change in lifestyle required by the regimen
Which of the following is the largest category of hospital ownership today? A.federal, state, and local government supported hospitals B.for-profit hospitals C.voluntary hospitals
C.voluntary hospitals
According to David Mechanic, how is the view of disability changing in the United States? A.an increasing view that persons with any impairment can meet most of the demands of everyday living B.an increasing view that disability often requires withdrawal from society C.both a and b apply
Correct A. an increasing view that persons with any impairment can meet most of the demands of everyday living
Which of the following statements does not accurately describe Talcott Parsons' understanding of the "sick role"? A.Illness is more than a biological or psychological condition. B.When one becomes ill, he or she typically departs from normal social roles and enters into a state of normlessness. C.The sick role is actually a new role—with new responsibilities and conditions—into which a sick person enters. D.Sickness is actually a form of deviant behavior although it is different than other types of deviance.
Correct B. When one becomes ill, he or she typically departs from normal social roles and enters into a state of normlessness.
Irving Zola has identified five "social triggers" which influence the judgment that symptoms require professional health care. Which of the following is among them? A.perceived interference with work-related activity B.knowledge of technical aspects of medicine C.perceived interference with social relationships D.both a and c
Correct D. both a and c A.perceived interference with work-related activity C.perceived interference with social relationships
When Leonard Bailey proceeded with the xenograft on Baby Fae, what key fact did he not tell the mother? A.A human baby's heart was also available. B.Once the baby's immune system became fully functional, the heart would probably be rejected. C.If he gave enough drugs to suppress the immune system, the child might contract a deadly infection, virus, D.All of the these. E.None of the these.
D. All of the these. A human baby's heart was also available; Once the baby's immune system became fully functional, the heart would probably be rejected; If he gave enough drugs to suppress the immune system, the child might contract a deadly infection, virus,
Which of the following is part of genuine therapeutic communication? A.A genuine rapport develops between physician and patient. B.The patient provides full and open information to the physician. C.The patient feels free to ask questions. D.All of these are aspects of therapeutic communication.
D. All of these are aspects of therapeutic communication. A genuine rapport develops between physician and patient; The patient provides full and open information to the physician; The patient feels free to ask questions.
Which of the following arguments is/are sometimes cited as justification for lying to or deceiving patients? A.Part of being a physician is using professional discretion; physicians ought not be obligated just to report the facts. B.Lying may benefit the patient. C.Patients are often unable to comprehend the full truth; therefore, telling the whole truth is an impossibility. D.All of the above are cited.
D.All of the above are cited. Part of being a physician is using professional discretion; physicians ought not be obligated just to report the facts; Lying may benefit the patient; Patients are often unable to comprehend the full truth; therefore, telling the whole truth is an impossibility.
Protecting patient confidentiality is said to have which of the following benefits? A.Individuals needing treatment will not be deterred from seeking it. B.Individuals seeking assistance will be more likely to provide full information. C.Trust in the physician or psychotherapist is enhanced. D.All of the above are correct.
D.All of the above are correct. Individuals needing treatment will not be deterred from seeking it; Individuals seeking assistance will be more likely to provide full information; Trust in the physician or psychotherapist is enhanced.
Which of the following statements accurately describe(s) the views of orthodox medicine about alternative medicine? A.Many medical doctors believe that all non-scientific medicine is quackery. B.Many medical doctors believe that patients who use alternative medical techniques do so because they are unable to distinguish between "legitimate" and "illegitimate" medical care. C.Many medical doctors believe they have a public duty to speak out against alternative healing practices. D.All of the above are correct.
D.All of the above are correct. Many medical doctors believe that all non-scientific medicine is quackery; Many medical doctors believe that patients who use alternative medical techniques do so because they are unable to distinguish between "legitimate" and "illegitimate" medical care; Many medical doctors believe they have a public duty to speak out against alternative healing practices.
David Mechanic's theory of help-seeking behavior identifies ten determinants of the definition of and response to an illness. Which of the following is among these determinants? A.the visibility and recognizability of the symptoms B.the extent to which symptoms disrupt family, work, and other social activities C.the tolerance threshold of those experiencing symptoms D.All of these factors are included in Mechanic's list.
D.All of these factors are included in Mechanic's list.
Which of the following statements is part of the Christian Science healing philosophy? A.Illness and pain are not real but are only illusions of the mind. B.People feel ill only when their spiritual health is in disrepair. C.People have the power within themselves to effect cure, though Christian Science practitioners are sometimes used. D.All of these statements are accurate.
D.All of these statements are accurate.
Which of the following statements accurately identifies understanding about factors which influence patient satisfaction? A.Patients are more satisfied when physicians ask about their psychosocial concerns. B.Patients are more satisfied when they are given (and they retain) more information about their condition. C.Many patients do not attempt to assess the technical competence of their physician, but the consumerist movement is producing increasingly knowledgeable patients. D.All of these statements are accurate.
D.All of these statements are accurate. Patients are more satisfied when physicians ask about their psychosocial concerns; Patients are more satisfied when they are given (and they retain) more information about their condition; Many patients do not attempt to assess the technical competence of their physician, but the consumerist movement is producing increasingly knowledgeable patients.
Which of the following statements about income and the use of health services is true? A.The poor are much less likely to have a regular source of health care. B.The poor are much more likely to use a hospital emergency room as a primary care site. C.The poor are less likely to be admitted to a hospital but are typically much sicker when admitted. D.All of these statements are true.
D.All of these statements are true.
Rodney Coe has identified reasons that any type of medical care, conventional or unconventional, may seem to be effective even if it is not. Which of the following is among the reasons he cited? A.Most patients most of the time will recover from their sickness regardless of the type of treatment used. B.When patients believe strongly in a treatment, it has great psychotherapeutic value which may contribute to healing. C.Most patients are largely uninformed about medical matters and do not recognize the difference between wellness and sickness. D.Both a and b are correct.
D.Both a and b are correct. Most patients most of the time will recover from their sickness regardless of the type of treatment used; When patients believe strongly in a treatment, it has great psychotherapeutic value which may contribute to healing.
Which of the following describes patient-care physicians today? A.The majority practice in office-based settings. B.The majority practice in hospital outpatient clinics. C.The number of physicians practicing in groups continues to rise. D.Both a and c are correct.
D.Both a and c are correct The majority practice in office-based settings; The number of physicians practicing in groups continues to rise.
Which of the following statements is/are consistent with findings of studies investigating ownership of medical businesses among physicians? A.Physician ownership is rare due to conflict of interest. B.Physician-owned facilities tend to do more procedures per patient and charge higher fees. C.Physician referral to facilities in which they have financial interest is increasingly common. D.Both b and c are correct.
D.Both b and c are correct. Physician-owned facilities tend to do more procedures per patient and charge higher fees; Physician referral to facilities in which they have financial interest is increasingly common.
Which of the following is FALSE about the concept of positional advantage? A.It can be a small increment. B.It can be the difference between winning and coming in second. C.It is essentially utilitarian. D.It can be used by everyone in a race. E.It owes its philosophical roots to ancient Greek quality-of-life ethics.
D.It can be used by everyone in a race.
Hospital outpatient clinics: A.are decreasing in number with the rise in free-standing ambulatory care centers. B.are affiliated almost exclusively with large teaching hospitals in major metropolitan areas. C.are typically open 24 hours per day—every day—offering excellent accessibility for working persons. D.None of the above is correct.
D.None of the above is correct.
Which of the following statements accurately summarizes the relationship between gender and use of health services? A.Men use many more health care services than women, but only due to their greater numbers in the military. B.Men use many more health care services than women, even after the effects of the military are controlled. C.Women use many more health care services than men, but only due to their greater use of reproductive services. D.Women use many more health care services than men, even after the effects of reproductive services are controlled.
D.Women use many more health care services than men, even after the effects of reproductive services are controlled.
Which of the following is the most often reported reason for using an alternative healer? A.depression B.headache C.insomnia D.back problems
D.back problems
In the United States, "patient dumping": A.is legal and it occurs. B.is legal, but hospitals have stopped doing it. C.is illegal, and hospitals have stopped doing it D.is illegal, but it occurs.
D.is illegal, but it occurs.
Laws which permit violation of other laws if done so on religious grounds (e.g., not requiring children of certain religious groups to get a physical examination required of other children) are referred to as: A.public endorsement laws B."record of success" laws C.church permission laws D.religious exemption laws
D.religious exemption laws
The "medicalization of deviance": A.means that the powers of the medical institution have expanded beyond areas of genuine medical expertise. B.has occurred as religious and legal definitions of deviance have become less appropriate. C.may be beneficial in that they are less stigmatizing and less punitive than other definitions. D.may be harmful in that it represents a society-wide stamp of disapproval. E.All of the above are correct. F.None of the above is correct.
E.All of the above are correct. means that the powers of the medical institution have expanded beyond areas of genuine medical expertise; has occurred as religious and legal definitions of deviance have become less appropriate; may be beneficial in that they are less stigmatizing and less punitive than other definitions; may be harmful in that it represents a society-wide stamp of disapproval
Israel, as a communitarian society, differs from the United States in what important aspect of patient's rights? A.All Israeli citizens are provided health insurance coverage. B.Israeli citizens must provide an informed consent for life-saving medical treatments. C.Life-saving medical treatments are provided in Israel even without the patient's consent. D.Both a and b are correct. E.Both a and c are correct.
E.Both a and c are correct. All Israeli citizens are provided health insurance coverage; Life-saving medical treatments are provided in Israel even without the patient's consent.
Which of the following statements about patient psychosocial concerns is/are accurate? A.Research has found that most patients presenting themselves to a physician are without a serious physical disorder but many have psychosocial concerns. B.Research has found that most patients wish to discuss psychosocial concerns with their physician. C.Research has found that most physicians are skillful at discussing patient psychosocial concerns and often do so. D.All of the above are correct. E.Only a and b are correct.
E.Only a and b are correct. Research has found that most patients presenting themselves to a physician are without a serious physical disorder but many have psychosocial concerns; Research has found that most patients wish to discuss psychosocial concerns with their physician.
What arguments are used by alternative healers to support the efficacy of their treatment? A.Their patients report high levels of satisfaction. B.A large percentage of patients see alternative healers on a continuing basis. C.Many medical schools now require comprehensive courses in alternative healing practices. D.All of the above are correct. E.Only a and b are correct.
E.Only a and b are correct. Their patients report high levels of satisfaction; A large percentage of patients see alternative healers on a continuing basis.
When the bubonic plague stalked Europe in the 14th century, which of the following did not happen? A.Jews were blamed and sometimes killed at the culmination of flagellation (whipping) processions going from city to city in Europe. B.Many physicians abandoned their profession. C.Flagellation processions indirectly spread the bubonic plague. D.Fourteenth century medicine attributed the disease to astrological causes. E.The Pope attacked the notion that the disease was caused by sin.
E.The Pope attacked the notion that the disease was caused by sin.
The major ethical problem with professional cycling today is _____. A.barring the children of previous winners from racing B.unequal resources of commercial sponsors C.problems of citizenship D.racial disparities E.cheating
E.cheating
Efforts to contain health care costs in the United States include which of the following? A.defensive medicine B.diagnostic related groups C.managed care D.all of the above E.only b and c
E.only b and c diagnostic related groups; managed care
In the Helga Wanglie case, the court ruled that hospitals have the right to disconnect an incompetent patient in a persistent vegetative state from an artificial respirator even against the wishes of family members. True False
False