T&HS study guide exam 3

Operational power in the Tupamaros was vested in the lower-echelon units. Columns were organized for both _____________

combatant (operational) and staff (logistical) functions.

Maoist terrorism is a form of revolutionary terrorism. Its goal is to establish a________________ society similar to revolutionary China.

communist

John Cooley (2002, pp. 64-104) believes that the foundation of modern _____________ power grew from the cold war, and he blames the West for incubating the network.

jihadist

The Tupamaros were one of the most highly ____________yet least structured terrorist groups in modern history.

organized

Two of the issues that keep the NPA in the field are the ________________

structure of political power and the distribution of wealth.

Uruguay's Tupamaros union organizers were composed of_________

sugar workers

The Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades were organized along military lines and became one of the first secular groups in the Middle East to use______________

suicide bombers.

Todd Hinnen (2004) says that the Internet is used most frequently as a communication device and that sending ______________ is the most common usage for terrorists.

unsecure e-mail

The Tupamaros epitomized _____________

urban terrorism.

Revolutionary terrorism involves ____________ for the purpose of changing the political structure of government or the social orientation of a country or region.

violent activity

Hezbollah September 2006

Iran begins to rebuild Lebanese infrastructure.

Al Qaeda's origins can be traced to the _________________.

cold war

Panama gained independence during a U.S. sponsored revolution in _________________.

1903

The Irish Republican Army raised an estimated _______________ million over a five-year period by smuggling cigarettes.

$100

Between 1975 and 2000, no fewer than ___________ revolutionary terrorist groups operated in Greece, of which N17 was the most no-torious.

250

FARC operates in _________________ communities,

peasant

The importance of the noncombatant columns cannot be overemphasized—the strength of the Tupamaros came from its ________________ columns.

logistical

Zawahiri and bin Laden expanded al Qaeda and focused on the far enemy. By 1998, the year of a second declaration of war, al Qaeda had become a_______________ conglomeration of ideological cells with a hierarchy in Afghanistan.

loose

Cyberterrorism is an attractive, ____________ strategy.

low-risk

During the Enlightenment, many Europeans began to question how they were governed, and they sought to increase the political power of the _____________

lower classes.

some ___________ (Islamic schools) in many areas of the world glamorize violence and inspire young people to join terrorist organizations

madrassas

There is an interesting aspect to gender roles in the Naxalite movement. When it first began in 1967, females began protest movements, sometimes resulting in violence. Eventually, many joined the militants in the jungles. Many women regarded their activities as a "__________________," a time that defined their lives.

magic moment

Pluchinsky argues that the ________________ stole the extremist agenda.

mainstream

Hamas controlled the ___________ of seats in the Palestinian Parliament, while Mahmud Abbas retained the presidency. This set the stage for a confrontation between Hamas and Fatah.

majority

According to Frontline , bin Laden went on the offensive in 1993. Using his contacts in Sudan, he began searching for weapons of ______________. His Afghans sought to purchase nuclear weapons from underground sources in the Russian Federation, and he began work on a chemical munitions plant in Sudan.

mass destruction

Peter Waldmann (1986, p. 259) sums up the Tupamaros best by stating that they became the ______________ of urban terrorism.

masters

Lt. Colonel Hoffman concludes that the disagreement centers on __________________, and that both Bruce Hoffman and Marc Sageman make important points.

methodology

by approaching the Horn as a _________________ problem, the United States has actually made the situation worse.

military

Marc Sageman and Bruce Hoffman are two of the most notable analysts of ______________

modern terrorism.

Maoist terrorism is a form of revolutionary terrorism, and it can be understood within the same framework Martha Crenshaw originally used to define the term. In practice, Maoist groups tend to be ______________ violent than other revolutionary groups.

more

As a result of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, President Jimmy Carter's State Department encouraged Arab and other Islamic allies to send money and religious puritans to fight the Soviets in a guerrilla war. The puritans were called _____________ , or "holy warriors."

mujahedeen

The Taliban used _________________ trafficking to support itself in Afghanistan,

narcotics

Some revolutionary groups are sponsored by _______________.

nation-states

There are four types of chemical agents:

nerve agents, blood agents, choking agents, and blistering agents

during the Enlightenment brought a new way of thinking about citizenship. Ordinary people came to believe that the state existed to protect everybody, not just the ____________

nobles.

Pakistan is the only Islamic country with ________ capabilities, and it has shared the technology with other nations.

nuclear

Two international issues dominate Pakistan:

nuclear weapons and relations with the United States, and both of these issues are ultimately tied to terrorism.

Iranian officials made contact with the Syrians in 1982. Promising reduced____________to Syria, the Iranians asked for permission to move 1,000 Revolutionary Guards from Syrian territory across its borders and into the Bekaa Valley in eastern Lebanon.

oil prices

Marighella might have been satisfied with this, since his four-stage model did not require coordination. Urban terrorism was to begin with two distinct phases:

one designed to bring about actual violence and the other designed to give that violence meaning.

Despite its tactics of individual masked murders and the elimination of anyone suspected of not supporting the revolution, the Shining Path was committed to _________________

social egalitarianism,

The main focus of Hezbollah is ?

social service in the form of education, health services, and social security

Karl marx was a

socialist

Hezbollah is a configuration of political actors from the 1979 Iranian Revolution and the Shi'ite community of ______________ Lebanon.

southern

Tupamaros

spurned the countryside, favoring an urban environment. City side-walks and asphalt became their battleground. A decade later, their tactics would inspire revolutionaries around the world, and terrorist groups would imitate the methods of the Uruguayan revolutionaries. The Tupamaros epitomized urban terrorism.

In the 1980s, terrorism was frequently associated with a particular ______________.

state

The primary terrorist tactic is bombing, and Hezbollah has mastered two forms:

suicide bombing and radio-controlled bombs for ambushes.

other savagely from 1983 to 2009, and the LTTE pioneered many methods of terrorist attacks, including the secular use of __________________.

suicide bombings

The Internet is also used in____________, reconnaissance, and, sometimes, as a tool to support an attack. Maps, satellite imagery, and diagrams provide ready-made intelligence sources.

target selection

The modern conflict between Israel and Palestine is based in ____________

terrorism.

The MeK has been designated a foreign ___________________

terrorist organization.

Bell (1974) points out the interesting way Pearse chose to approach the British: He sent a message using a new title, commanding general of the IRA, to the general in charge of the British forces. The IRB had transformed itself into an army:____________

the IRA.

The peace process resulted in two important new bureaucratic structures,

the Independent Monitoring Commission (IMC) and the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSIN)

The Revolutionary Guards joined with local Shi'ites to form confederated militia groups. The movement gradually became known as Hezbollah, or_____________

the Party of God

In western Europe, the Tupamaro structure and tactics were mimicked by such groups as

the Red Army Faction and Direct Action and red brigades.

Two terrorist groups appeared shortly after democracy returned to Greece:

the Revolutionary People's Struggle (ELA) and November 17 (N17).

The Harakat Shabaab al-Mujahedeen, better known as al Shabaab, or ______________, emerged after the retreat of the ICU in Somalia. The U.S. government maintains that al Shabaab is the military wing of the ICU, but other analysts see it as one of many offshoots of the ICU confederacy

the Youth

Intifada:

1987-1993 uprising in Palestinian areas; al Aqsa Intifada began in 2000

As Hamas challenged the PLO for power, Arafat disavowed terrorism in ______ and called for peace.

1988

They published the Hamas Charter in ____________, declaring that Palestine was a God-given land, from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean. There could be no compromise with the Israelis, and Israel could not be allowed to exist. Unlike Arafat's PLO, Hamas would fight Israel with religious zeal.

1988

Yemen did not become a unified country until____________, and its internal divisions have created an environment where AQAP can grow.

1990

The small Himalayan nation of Nepal experienced a ruthless Maoist rebellion from ___________________.

1995 to 2005

Seated in front of a camera with Zawahiri and al Qaeda's security director, Mohammed Atef, bin Laden declared war on the United States in _______________. He followed this by having his religious council issue two religious rulings, called fatwas, in 1998, though few Muslims recognized the authority of the council's religious scholars and bin Laden had no theological credentials.

1996

As Peter Bergen (2001, pp. 195-235) says, al Qaeda transformed after 2001. It became what he calls al Qaeda _________________, a group that, he believes, became a decentralized alliance of al Qaeda terrorists spread throughout the world. The movement never had mass appeal, however, because its theology was unsound despite its constant references to Islam.

2.0

The Abu Nidal Organization ( black june) evolved into an international group operating in more than ____ countries. It faded from significance by the 1990s, and Abu Nidal was murdered in Iraq in 2003.

20

According to Chalk, Pakistan officially banned the LeT in ____________, so it operates under a series of different names.

2002

According to the Council on Foreign Relations (2007), N17 was a tiny group, numbering no more than ______members.

25

There were nearly _______________ left-wing groups in Italy that appeared between 1967 and 1985, and most of them had a Marxist-Leninist orientation.

300

The mujahedeen were not united at the end of the Soviet-Afghan War. Up to ____ different groups fought the Soviets, with six major mujahedeen guerrilla armies controlling most operations.

31

It takes about _____________ kilograms to make a crude nuclear bomb.

40 to 60

Turkey has suffered _______________ deaths from terrorism since 1980.

40,000

Civilian industries around the globe have created more than _____________ tons of HEU.

50

The Basque region of France and Spain has been a source of separatist terrorism for more than ____________ years. Primarily located in Spain, the Basque region extends over the Pyrenees into France.

50

As a result women terrorists are responsible for___________ percent of all political assassinations.

65

The Council on Foreign Relations (Hanson, 2009) writes that FARC had about _______________ guerrillas at its strongest point.

9,000

Carlos Marighella (1911-1969):

A Brazilian communist legislator and revolutionary theorist. Marighella popularized urban terrorism as a method for ending repression and eliminating U.S. domination of Latin America. He was killed in a police ambush in São Paulo in 1969.

Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP):

A Christian, Naiaf Hawatmeh, created the DFLP in 1969 when he broke away from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. This Marxist-Leninist group seeks a socialist Palestine and was closely associated with the former Soviet Union. In 2000, the group joined Arafat in Washington, D.C., to negotiate with Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak. As a reward, the U.S. Department of State took the DFLP off its list of terrorist groups. The DFLP currently limits its attacks to the IDF

Mohammed Fneish:

A Hezbollah politician and minister of energy in the Lebanese prime minister's cabinet.

Leon Trotsky:

A Russian revolutionary who led foreign affairs in Stalin's government and later became the commander of the Red Army. He espoused terrorism as a means for spreading White revolution. He was thrown out of the Communist Party for opposing Stalin and was assassinated by communist agents in Mexico City in 1940.

Combined Joint Task Force, Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA):

An American-led counterterrorist unit combining military, intelligence, and law enforcement assets of several nations in the Horn.

Tupac Amaru: (?-1572)

An Inca chieftain who led a revolt against Spain in the sixteenth century. His story has inspired many liberation and democratic movements in South America.

Muslim Brotherhood:

An Islamic revivalist organization founded by Hassan al Banna in Cairo in 1928

Red Brigades:

An Italian Marxist terrorist group that had its most effective operations from 1975 to 1990. It amended the centralized Tupamaro model by creating semiautonomous cells.

In 1986, a grand " _____________ " toppled a long-term repressive leader and promised to bring real democracy. The promise failed.

People Power Revolution

al Qaeda

the organization included an intelligence component, a military committee, a financial committee, a political committee, and a committee in charge of media affairs and propaganda.

The International Crisis Group says that the ICU is simply a ________________ who are tired of constant warfare and criminal activity in Somalia.

tribal confederation of leaders

By the end of the ___________century, Hezbollah became one of the strongest nonstate groups in the Middle East (Ranstorp, 1994). It became the most technologically sophisticated nonstate actor in the first decade of the twenty-first century

twentieth

Pakistan has _____________ groups associated with jihadist networks.

two

nt a nuclear weapon. Over the past few years several leaders have plainly stated that it would not be in Iran's interest to build nuclear weapons, and the Ayatollah Khomeini declared that such weapons were _____________

un-Islamic.

Marighella believed the basis of revolution was ________________.

violence

Ronald Osborn (2007) argues that the Shining Path was hyper-Marxist/Maoist group, unique among all groups in Latin America because of its proclivity for ______________

violence.

Before 2001, al Qaeda maintained a command hierarchy. After 2001, its leaders ran _____________and inspired autonomous jihadists around the globe

virtual networks

In an effort to stop Palestinian attacks, the government of Ariel Sharon proposed an idea that dates back to Hadrian of the Roman Empire. The Israelis began constructing a massive________________.

wall

The LeT traditionally defined its operations around the Jammu and Kashmir conflict. Its major terrorist operations include:

• 2009 swarm attack on the Sri Lankan cricket team in Lahore• 2008 multiple attacks in Mumbai • 2006 attack in Varanas i• 2005 series of bombs in Delhi • 2002 massacre in Kaluchak • 2001 attack on Indian national parliament • 2000 attack on Red Fort in Delhi • 1993 Mumbai bombings, resulting in 300 deaths 2005 subway bombing in London

Ciovacco says that the following seven themes are present in most Al Qaeda media releases:

• A call to jihad • The clash of civilizations • Apostate ( takfiri ) Muslim regimes • U.S.-Israeli friendship • Muslim unity • American strategic weaknesses • American exploitation of Muslim oil

Gaza Strip:

Palestinian strip of land along the Mediterranean

_____________, the target of an attempted U.S.-sponsored assassination, was a charismatic spiritual leader.

Fadlallah

After the 1982 invasion of Lebanon, the PLO retreated to ____________and the occupied territories.

North Africa

Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)

has emerged as both a major tactical threat and a propaganda machine.

Hezbollah managed to kill the top _____ CIA operatives in the Middle East.

six (6)

Camp David Peace Accords:

1978 peace agreement between Egypt and Israel

The Soviet-Afghan War

1979-1989

The Tupamaros were nominally guided by a _________________, which had authority in all matters of policy and operations.

National Convention

Joseph Kony:

(b. 1961) The leader of the Lord's Resistance Army in Uganda. His group has branched out to several other nations in central Africa. He is wanted by the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity.

The NPA's income averages about _____________million per year

$30

Hezbollah's international branch appears to have three major functions:

(1) In Europe and in the United States, Hezbollah raises money to support operations ( United States of America v. Mohamad Youseff Hammoud et al ., 2002). (2) Iran uses Hezbollah as an extension of its own power. Hezbollah protects Iranian interests in Lebanon and projects an Iranian-influenced military presence in other parts of the Middle East. Hezbollah also acts as a buffer between Iran and Israel. (3) Hezbollah has established a strong presence in South America. It uses this base to raise funds through legitimate and illegitimate methods, conduct propaganda, and launch terrorist operations.

Reid Sawyer and Michael Foster (2008)stated that U.S. policy should be aimed at striking at a network. They suggest a four-fold strategy:

(1) Understand the nature of the network threat, (2) disrupt al Qaeda communications, (3) neutralize sanctuaries for leadership, and (4) deny opportunities to link networks.

The Taliban seized control of Kandahar in 1994 and controlled 95 percent of the country by 1997. After the American offensive in Afghanistan in October 2001, many members of the Taliban retreated into the Federal Administered Tribal Area (FATA) of Pakistan. They used this area for two primary purposes:

(1) as a base for launching anti-NATO attacks into Afghanistan and (2) to form a new Pakistani movement, the Tehrik-e-Taliban or Pakistani Taliban

Khalid Meshal:

(b. 1956) "secret leader. " One of the " outside" leaders of Hamas, in Damascus, Syria, Meshal became the political leader of Hamas in 2004. After the 2006 election he continued to lead in exile.

The LTTE pioneered the use of secular suicide bombings, beginning in 1987, and it created a special suicide squad known as the ___________________.

Black Tigers

Debra West (2005) says that the United States faces differing terrorist threats in the Horn of Africa, and each threat requires a different policy response. The most obvious threat comes from the ability of terrorist groups to take immediate action. From bases in the Horn, they attack American interests and stage operations. Another threat is the ability of terrorist groups, especially jihadists, to organize in the region. They are able to do this because of two other factors:

(1) unstable political environments and (2) a population that supports terrorism against the United States and its allies.

Francisco Franco:

(1892-1975) Leader of the nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War and the fascist dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1975.

Yasser Arafat:

(1929- 2004) The name assumed by Mohammed al Husseini. Born in Cairo, he was a founding member of Fatah and the PLO. He merged the PLO and Fatah in 1964 and ran a terrorist campaign against Israel. After renouncing terrorism and recognizing Israel's right to exist, Arafat was president of the Palestinian National Authority from 1993 to 2004.

King Hussein:

(1935-1999) King of Jordan. King Hussein drove the PLO from Jordan in September 1970. After his death his son Abdullah assumed the throne.

Ahmed Yassin:

(1937-2004) One of the founders and leaders of Hamas. Yassin originally started the Palestinian Wing of the Muslim Brotherhood but merged it into Hamas during the Intifada. He was killed in an Israeli-targeted assassination.

Abdel Aziz Rantisi: .

(1947-2004) One of the founders of Hamas along with Ahmed Yassin. He took over Hamas after Israeli gunships assassinated Yassin. He, in turn, was assassinated by the Israelis a month after taking charge

Imad Mugniyah:

(1962-2008) The leader of the international branch of Hezbollah. He has been implicated in many at-tacks, including the 1983 U.S. Marine and French paratrooper bombings. He is also believed to have been behind bombings of the U.S. embassy in Beirut and two bombings of Is-raeli targets in Argentina. He was assassinated in Damascus in February 2008.

Nasir al Wuhayshi:

(age unknown) The spiritual leader of AQAP and a former aide to Osama bin Laden. Wuhayshi escaped from a Yemeni prison in 2006 to form AQY. In 2009, he joined his group with dissidents in Saudi Arabia to form AQAP.

Hassan al Turabi:

(b. 1932) A Sudanese intellectual and Islamic scholar. He served in the Sudanese government during the time bin Laden was in exile in Sudan.

Mahmud Abbas:

(b. 1935) The president of the Palestinian Authority since 2005, founding member of Fatah, and an executive in the PLO.

Musa Abu Marzuq:

(b. 1951) The " outside" leader of Hamas, who is thought to be in Damascus, Syria. He is believed to have controlled the Holy Land Foundation.

Marwan Barghouti:

(b. 1969) A leader of Fatah and alleged leader of the al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades. A Brigades statement in 2002 claimed that Barghouti was their leader. He rose to prominence during the al Aqsa Intifada, but he is currently held in an Israeli prison.

The Communist Manifesto

, written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848.

Unfortunately, Uruguay's Tupamaros promise started to fade in ___________. The export economy that had proved so prosperous for the country began to crumble. Falling prices for exported goods brought inflation and unemployment, and economic dissatisfaction grew.

1954

Modern European terrorism emerged in the______________as an extreme reflection of left-wing activism.

1960s

Modern revolutionary terrorism reached its zenith in the _________________

1960s and 1970s.

Arafat merged Fatah into the PLO in ___________.

1964

Greece was ruled by a military junta from _________________, and the roots of Greek revolutionary terrorism can be traced to this time.

1967 to 1974

According to the________________ (2010), AQAP evolved from earlier organizations in the Arabian Peninsula.

National Counterterrorism Center

On March 21,__________, Israel sent a combined tank and mechanized infantry unit into Jordan to raid the Palestinians, backing the attack with helicopters and artillery.

1968

as a result of the maoist, Over the next ten years, _____________ people would be killed, and 100,000 peasants would be displaced.

12,000

Western efforts to support Islamic reformers came to fruition in _________________. In December of that year, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to bolster a failing communist regime. According

1979.

In May 2004 the ABC news service reported that the terrorist organization al Qaeda, operated by Osama bin Laden, had ______________fighters poised throughout the world and that the group was ready to strike Western interests. The report's source was the United Kingdom's Institute for Strategic Studies, as originally reported by the Reuters news service.

18,000

Although Western analysts date the origin of Hezbollah to ______, the organization claims that it was formed in 1985.

1982

Arafat created a new group called the Black September. Using German leftist allies, Black September began planning a strike against the Israelis. It came, with German terrorist help, in Munich at the _______________. Black September struck the Olympic Village and took most of the Israeli Olympic team hostage, killing those who tried to escape. German police moved in, and the world watched a drawn-out siege.

1972 Olympic Games

Syria was under French rule from _______________

1922 to 1946.

How long did the cold war last?

1945-1991

Nasrallah's Management of Image What is Hezbollah? Judith Harik (2004) says the answer to this question depends on the audience. For the four audiences below, Hassan Nasrallah has four different answers.

1. Jihadists: He uses militant language and speaks of holy war. 2. Nationalists: He avoids jihad analogies and calls on Sunnis, Shi'ites, Christians, and secularists to fight for Lebanon. 3. Pan-Arabic: He points to Israel as a colony of the West and denounces Europe's imperial past. 4. International: He cites UN resolutions and claims that Israel violates international law.

Pakistan became a country in____________ as part of the political settlement when the British departed India. Officially, it was to be a Muslim country, but unofficially, its first leader, Mohammed Ali Jinnah , was quite happy to have an independent democracy of landed elites,

1947

As events unfolded, three factors became prominent in Middle Eastern violence: (1) questions about the political control of Israel and Palestine, (2) questions of who would rule the Arab world, and (3) questions concerning the relations between the two main branches of Islam—Sunnis and Shi'ites. Stated another way, these problems are the following:

1. The Palestinian question (control of Palestine) 2. Intra-Arab rivalries and struggles 3. The future of revolutionary Islam

Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman: (b. 1938)

A Sunni Islamic scholar linked to the Egyptian IG. He came to the United States in 1990 even though his name was on a State Department watch list. He was arrested and convicted of conspiracy after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. He is currently serving a life sentence in the American federal prison system.

USS Cole :

A U.S. Navy destroyer attacked by two suicide bombers in the port of Aden, Yemen, on October 12, 2000. Seventeen American sailors were killed in the attack.

Raúl Sendic: (1926-1989)

A Uruguayan revolutionary leader. Sendic founded the National Liberation Movement (MLN), popularly known as the Tupamaros. Following governmental repression in 1973, he fled the country. Sendic died in Paris in 1989.

Islamic Courts Union (ICU):

A confederation of tribes and clans seeking to end violence and bring Islamic law to Somalia. It is opposed by several neighboring countries and internal warlords. Some people feel that it is a jihadist organization, but others see it as a grouping of clans with several different interpretations of Islamic law.

Haqqani network:

A family in the tribal area of Pakistan that has relations with several militant groups and the ISI. The Haqqani family is involved in organized crime, legitimate businesses, the ISI, and terrorism groups. It is the major power broker in the tribal region.

Arab-Israeli Wars:

A generic term for several wars

Sheik Mohammed Hassan Fadlallah: (1935-2010)

A grand ayatollah and leader of Shi'ites in Lebanon. The spiritual leader of Hezbollah. He was the target of a 1985 U.S.-sponsored assassination plot that killed 75 people.

Sabri al Banna, created the _____________, a group that evolved into a global mercenary organization

Abu Nidal Organization

Transitional Federal Government (TFG):

A group established to govern Somalia in 2004 until a permanent government could be established. It was backed by the United Nations, with American support, and the African Union.

near enemy:

A jihadist term referring to forms of Muslim governments and Islamic law ( sharia ) that do not embrace the narrow-minded philosophy of Sayyid Qutb.

far enemy:

A jihadist term referring to non-Islamic powers or countries outside the realm of Islam.

Plan Colombia

A joint effort by the United States and Colombia to move against three different groups: FARC, the National Liberation Army (ELN), and the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC).

Abbas Musawi: (1952-1992)

A leader of Hezbollah, who was killed with his family in an Israeli attack in 1992.

People Power Revolution:

A mass Philippine protest movement that toppled Ferdinand Marcos in 1986. Marcos ruled as a dictator after being elected as president in 1965 and declaring martial law in 1972. When Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (president, 2001-2010) assumed the presidency in January 2001, her government proclaimed a second People Power Revolution.

Jammu and Kashmir:

A mountainous region in northern India claimed by India and Pakistan. It has been the site of heavy fighting during three wars between India and Pakistan in 1947-1948, 1971, and 1999. Kashmir is artificially divided by a line of control (LOC), with Pakistani forces to the north and India's to the south. India and Pakistan made strides toward peace after 2003, but many observers believe that the ISI supports jihadist operations in the area.

Abimael Guzmán: (b. 1934)

A philosophy professor who led the Shining Path from 1980 until his arrest in 1992. Guzmán is serving a life sentence in Peru.

Balfour Declaration:

A policy statement by the British government in N ovember 1917 that promised a homeland for Jews in the geographical area of biblical Israel. Sir Arthur Balfour was the British foreign secretary.

highly enriched uranium (HEU):

A process that increases the proportion of a radioactive isotope in uranium (U-235), making it suitable for industrial use. It can also be used to make nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons are made from either HEU or plutonium.

Shaba farm region:

A small farming region in southwest Lebanon annexed by Israel in 1981. When Israel withdrew from southern Lebanon in 2000, it remained in the Shaba farm region, creating a dispute with Lebanon, Hezbollah, and Syria.

Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ):

A small group emerging from the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt in 1979, forming in the Gaza Strip in 1981. Whereas the Brothers spoke of an international Islamic awakening, the PIJ felt that the struggle could be nationalized and had to become violent. The PIJ leaders were enamored with the 1979 Iranian Revolution, and even though they were Sunnis, they sought contact with Iran's revolutionary Shi'ites. The PIJ operates out of the Gaza Strip and forms alliances of convenience with other organizations. It has grown closer to Hamas since the al Aqsa Intifada. The PIJ seeks to destroy Israel and establish an Islamic state in Palestine. The group has strong links to the United States.

peace dividend:

A term used during President William Clinton's administration (1992--2000) to describe reducing defense spending at the end of the Cold War

Cultural Revolution:

A violent movement in China from 1966 to 1976. Its main purpose was to rid China of its middle class and growing capitalist interests. The Cultural Revolution ended with the death of Mao Zedong.

Anders Breivik: (b. 1979)

A violent right-wing extremist who went on a one-day killing spree in Norway in July 2011. He detonated a bomb in Oslo and went on a shooting spree at a Labor Party youth camp for political reasons.

In January 2009, AQY became ______________, embracing rebellion in both Yemen and Saudi Arabia.

AQAP

Alvaro Uribe won both the election and widespread popular support by augmenting Plan Colombia. He promised that he would bring FARC and the ELN to the negotiating table while dismantling the underground governmental counterterrorists of the __________________.

AUC

While in Afghanistan, bin Laden fell under the influence of ____________ , a doctor of Islamic law.

Abdullah Azzam

The PLF's most notorious action was the hijacking of an Italian luxury liner, the _________ , in 1985.

Achille Lauro

Al Qaeda was born in the last stages of the Soviet-Afghan War, and it grew until the U.S. offensive in _______________ in October 2001, when U.S. forces struck the al Qaeda and Taliban forces

Afghanistan

Rachel Bronson (2005) says the religious nature of Saudi Arabia was an asset during the cold war. For nearly a half century the kingdom's antisocial stance kept the country in the U.S. political orbit. The Soviet Union, on the other hand, supported the emergence of revolutionary socialism in the Islamic world. This drove the Saudis deeper into the U.S. camp. When the Soviet Union invaded _______________ in 1979, both the Saudis and the United States saw an opportunity to strike back. They would support Muslim resistance to the atheist invader

Afghanistan

bin Laden's mujahedeen fighters, or "_________________," as he called them,

Afghans

PLF factions

After the Six Day War in June 1967, the PLF merged with two small radical groups to form the Popular Front for the Liberation of Pales-tine, but Jabril broke away and formed the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, General Command . The PFLP-GC split in 1977 after Syria backed Lebanese Christians in the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), and the anti-Syrians formed a new group, reviving the PLF name.

Historians often call the eighteenth century the _____________ or the Enlightenment . Jonathan Israel

Age of Reason

The story of Hamas is tied to the late Sheik ___________ . Born in 1938, Yassin grew up in Gaza under the influence of the Muslim Brotherhood. He believed that Islam was the only path that could restore Palestine, and he preached reform and social welfare. Many Palestinians in Gaza began to follow Yassin's powerful call. When he told followers to secretly gather weapons in 1984, they obeyed, but it cost him his freedom.

Ahmed Yassin

A command council is respon-sible for leadership, and terrorist operations are divided into six geographical areas.

Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades

Sayyid Imam al Sharif: (b. 1951)

Also known as Dr. Fadl, one of Egypt's leading militants in the 1970s. While jailed, he embraced Islam and renounced the violence of al Qaeda-style militancy. He is viewed as a traitor by violent jihadists. He has provided much of the information about religious militancy, and he continues to publish works denouncing it. Still maintaining anti-Western and anti-government views, he sees jihad as a necessary part of Islam. Al Qaeda's version, he claims, violates the morality of Islamic law.

Margherita Cagol: (1945-1975)

Also known as Mara Cagol, the wife of Renato Curcio and a member of the Red Brigades. She was killed in a shoot-out with Italian police a few weeks after freeing her husband from prison.

He was quick to seize on the United States' reaction to September 11, claiming that Colombia's contribution to the war on terror would be the elimination of these three groups.

Alvaro Uribe

In the NPA, while girls are recruited at a young age, all as-pects of their lives are controlled. Dubbed "__________" for the mythic race of Greek female warriors, they are not allowed to engage in any activity, including romantic liaisons, without permission of the male leaders

Amazonas

Critics argue that _________________ very presence gives al Shabaab power. If the United States withdraws, they counter, other Muslims will strike al Shabaab. Al Shabaab officially joined al Qaeda in 2012.

America's

A common misconception is that the ______________was based on terrorism.

American Revolution

The Council on Foreign Relations (Fletcher, 2008) states that the MeK was responsible for attacking a number of Western targets in the 1970s and for supporting the 1979 ______________ takeover in Tehran.

American embassy

Anwar al Awlaki: (1971-2011)

An American-born Muslim cleric who worked to build U.S.-Muslim relations after 9/11. He became increasingly militant and called for attacks on America. He was arrested in Yemen in 2006 and released in 2007. In 2009, he swore allegiance to AQAP

Enlightenment:

An eighteenth-century intellectual movement following the Scientific Revolution. Also called the Age of Reason, the Enlightenment was characterized by rational thought and the belief that all activities could be explained.

No-go areas:

An informal term to describe geographical areas that the duly empowered government cannot control. Security forces cannot routinely patrol these places.

World Islamic Front against Jews and Crusaders:

An organization created in 1998 by Osama bin Laden and Ayman al Zawahiri. It represents a variety of jihadist groups that issued a united front against Jews and the West. It is commonly called al Qaeda.

al Aqsa Intifada:

An uprising sparked by Ariel Sharon's visit to the Temple Mount with a group of armed escorts in September 2000. The area is considered sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Muslims were incensed by the militant aspect of Sharon's visit because they felt he was invading their space with an armed group. Unlike the 1987 Intifada, the al Aqsa Intifada has been characterized by suicide bombings.

On July 22, 2011, ______________ placed a time bomb in Oslo, Norway. It exploded, killing eight people and wounding more than 200, but it was only a diversion. Breivik went to a small island where a number of teenagers active in Norway's liberal Labor Party were attending a summer camp. Dressed as a police officer, he called the children together. Then, to the world's horror, he began methodically shooting them. Sixty-nine people died on the island, 33 under the age of 18.

Anders Breivik

Soviet camp. When he died in September 1970, _____________ his successor, questioned the policy of moving closer to the Soviets. By 1972, he had thrown the Soviets out, claiming that they were not willing to support another war with Israel. Coordinating activities with Syria, Sadat launched his own war on October 6, 1973, the The Yom Kippur War

Anwar Sadat,

AQAP claimed responsibility for the attempted downing of a Northwest airliner outside Detroit on Christmas Day, 2009. It also sheltered the American violent preacher, ________________ , the man who inspired homegrown terrorism and other AQAP attacks on the United States.

Anwar al Awlaki

In 1959, _______________ formed Fatah, a guerrilla organization, to wage a campaign against the Israelis.

Arafat

Al Qaeda runs its own media outlet, _____________ (the Cloud), to support its media campaign. As Sahab continually streams video to the Internet from its production studio in Pakistan, and al Qaeda augments As Sahab by releasing selected television footage to mainstream Arab media outlets, according to Marc Lynch

As Sahab

_______________ wonders what would happen if terrorists seized some of this material. He points out that nuclear waste is a ready-made dirty bomb.

Ballard

Despite Greece efforts, a new group emerged in 2003—Revolutionary Struggle (EA). Its campaign began with the bombing of an_______________ courthouse.

Athens

The ____________ was guided by the message of Karbala, and he removed Islamic scholars and political leaders who disagreed with his message. He believed that the Iranian Revolution was the first step in purifying the world. Israel needed to be eliminated and returned to Islamic rule.

Ayatollah Khomeini

Iran's foreign policy under the_____________Revolutionary Guards was designed to spread religious revolutionary thought throughout the Muslim world.

Ayatollah Khomeini's

__________________ was a Palestinian scholar who was influenced by Qutb's writings. He came to believe that a purified form of Islam was the answer to questions of poverty and the loss of political power. He had been working for the Palestinians in the mid-1970s, but he became disillusioned with their nationalism and emphasis on politics over religion.

Azzam

in November 1989, _____________was killed by a remote-controlled car bomb. Whether the assassination was by Egyptian radicals or perhaps by bin Laden him-self, the result was that bin Laden and Zawahiri became the undisputed leaders of al Qaeda.

Azzam

______________ are staging a revolt in Baluchistan , and two major religious parties resent Pakistan's relationship with the United States. Bombings, kidnappings, and terrorist assaults by multiple groups are commonplace.

Baluchs

East Pakistan revolted in 1971 and formed the new country of ________________.

Bangladesh

The militant religious climate has spawned the birth of ul-Jihad ul-Islami (Islamic Jihad), a local group that John believes is the Southeast Asian wing of al Qaeda. Of more concern, he says, is the creation of the Harkat ul-Jihad (HJ; Jihad Organization), a clone of ul-Jihad ul-Islami. In addition to terrorist violence, these groups threaten to bring a larger revolution to________________.

Bangladesh

The ports of _______________have become centers for international crime, including drug trafficking and illegal weapons trade, and the country has a strong internal jihadist movement. Wilson John (2005) concludes that this makes Bangladesh an ideal place for militant religion to emerge.

Bangladesh

Ali says that both the democracy and the myth of a unified country were short-lived. The ethnic Bengals left Pakistan in 1971 to form the country of_____________________

Bangladesh.

Emerging as a linguistic group between 4,000 and 3,000 years ago, the Basque region challenges popular notions of Spanish nationalistic history.

Basque

Francisco Franco , the leader of fascist forces. After achieving victory in 1939, Franco forcibly campaigned against _____________ national identity. Franco completely incorporated the Basque region into Spain, banning its language and expressions of national culture.

Basque

The Spanish Civil War brought Franco to power, and he violently sought to eradicate Basque culture. This caused a surge of nationalism and resulted in the formation of a ______________ in Paris in the 1950s.

Basque shadow government

The ethnic ______________ left Pakistan in 1971 to form the country of Bangladesh.

Bengals

______________________terrorists negotiated transportation to Libya, but while they were on the way to the aircraft designated to fly them from Germany, the German po-lice launched a rescue operation. Plans immediately went awry. Reacting quickly, terrorists machine-gunned their hostages before the German police could take control.

Black September

Arafat blamed the Israelis for King Hussein's actions, and he wanted to strike back. He could not control terrorists in the many PLO splinter groups, so he created a new group after King Hussein's September attack. He called the group_______

Black September.

The ________________ killed thousands, assassinated prominent political figures, such as Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and President Ranasinghe Premadasa of Sri Lanka, and murdered moderate Tamils who opposed their cause.

Black Tigers

_________________ agents are usually absorbed through the respiratory system

Blood and choking

Terrorism in Northern Ireland no longer grabs attention as it did in the past. The major campaigns are over and the groups have disbanded. Still, the situation re-mains volatile. Unionist and Republican activists carried out 124 attacks against each other in 2009, and two British soldiers were killed during the same year (Pantucci, 2010). In January 1972, British paratroopers opened fire on Catholic protestors in Londonderry on a day that became known as ____________

Bloody Sunday.

The______ have become the most potent Palestinian force in the al Aqsa Intifada.

Brigades

According to a report from_____________ (Raghavan, 2010), government attempts to centralize its power and American activities against AQAP are backfiring. Yemeni military officers think that both are strengthening AQAP.

CBS News

In Northern Ireland, law enforcement officials and terrorism analysts realized that the IRA made a _________; that is, it developed an organized crime network to finance its operations

Capone discovery

European leftists were influenced by events in Latin America, as well as by revolutionary leaders such as ____________. The Red Army Faction (RAF)—known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang in its early days— began a campaign in Germany, followed by copycat groups and more long-term terrorist organizations in other countries.

Carlos Marighella

Nechaev (re-print 1987, pp. 68-71) laid down the principles of revolution in the "_________________." His spirit has been reflected in writings of the late twentieth century.

Catechism of the Revolutionary

_______________ are usually easier to deliver than biological weapons, and they are fast acting.

Chemicals

Women played an indirect role when racial terrorism emerged in the South after the ___________________

Civil War.

Tanzim Brigade:

Claiming not to be directly involved in terrorism, the Tanzim Brigade is the militia wing of Fatah.

Hezbollah 2000-2004

Coalition Hezbollah forms temporary alliances with others in the September 2000 Palestinian uprising against Israel (the al Aqsa Intifada).

The FARC and ELN emerged as revolutionary groups in ______ They formed alliances with drug cartels, and their influence spread beyond Colombia. They remain operational, but their effectiveness is believed to have been reduced.

Colombia.

Andrew Feickert (2005) says that the _____________ has been so successful that some observers believe it should be used as a model for the war on terrorism.

Combined Joint Task Force, Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA)

The future militants called their organization the Red Brigades, and Curcio's 1970 group of militants became known as the __________________

Historical Nucleus.

When the _______________ first began to operate in 2002, it sought three terrorist organizations and 25 supporters. By 2004, it had killed or captured 65 terrorists and had identified 550 probable supporters.

Combined Joint Task Force, Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA)

Research by the ________________ (2004) concludes that most Arabs find Hezbollah to be a source of inspiration.

Council on Foreign Relations

Scholars have debated the political orientation of the Shining Path almost from its inception. Led by a philosophy professor, Abimael Guzmán, the group was deeply influenced by China and its _____________

Cultural Revolution.

_________________ have one common base—they protect the established order. Their purpose is to stop social change, and they terrorize those who threaten their position.

Death squads

Hamas was formed in _______________ at the beginning of the first Intifada (Isseroff, 2004). Yassin was disappointed with the secular direction of the PLO and wanted to steer the resistance movement along a religious course. Several technically trained university graduates—engineers, teachers, and Islamic scholars—joined the movement.

December 1987

On ______________, Israel kicked off Operation Cast Lead, a devastating air and artillery assault on

December 27, 2008

From 1967 to 1982, the PLO was characterized by internal splintering. Arafat found that he could not retain control of the military wing, and several groups split from it. These groups included the ____________________

Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine; the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine; and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, General Command.

Dr. Ayman al Zawahiri was born into a prominent Egyptian family in 1951. An intelligent, high-achieving student, he fell under the influence of violent religious philosophy in high school after being exposed to militant interpretations of Islam. His passion and intolerance grew in college as he studied at Cairo's al Azhar University. One of his mentors was Sayyid Imam al Sharif , also known as _______________.

Dr. Fadl

American embassy takeover:

During the Iranian hostage crisis, revolutionary students (Mujahedin-e Kahlq (MeK)) stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran with the support of the Iranian government. They held 54 American hostages from November 1979 to January 1981.

As Bruce Hoffman (1998, p. 60) points out, terrorism worked. The_____________ won a political victory without achieving a military one.

EOKA

1973 Yom Kippur War:

Egypt and Syria strike Israel to regain occupied territories; Egypt is initially successful, but its major army is surrounded in a counterattack

Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ). specifically targeted the _______________ government (Keats, 2002).

Egyptian

Taliban differs from al Qaeda's infatuation with a violent interpretation of a twentieth-century militant________________

Egyptian theologian.

bacterial weapons:

Enhanced forms of bacteria that may be countered by antibiotics.

Fed up with violence, a group of clans formed the ICU Somalia to impose Islamic law and bring order to the country in early 2006. The United States, alarmed that this move represented a takeover by the jihadists, supported an _____________ invasion of Somalia in December 2006.

Ethiopian

When British military units began arriving from the Suez Canal Zone in 1954, increasing British presence on the island, Grivas had had enough. Disregarding the Turkish Cypriot desire to partition the island into Greek and Turk sectors, he created an organization to overthrow the British, the ______________________

Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston (National Organization of Cypriot Fighters, EOKA).

George Bisharat (Bisharat et al., 2009), writing for an American law journal, argues that the Israeli response was illegal under international law. Two primary factors weigh against Israel.

Even though the military response was designed to be overwhelming, the massive response produced hundreds of civilian casualties. In addition, Israel effectively occupied the Gaza Strip.

In 1959, Arafat formed __________, a guerrilla organization, to wage a campaign against the Israelis. He advocated the use of small-unit tactics and terrorist actions, patterned after the Irgun Zvai Leumi.

Fatah

The al Aqsa Brigades were formed to put___________ at the center of the new Intifada.

Fatah

In June 2004 some of the leading figures in the Palestinian territories formed the __________________ to investigate the al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades and Arafat's relation to them. This enraged some in the Brigades because they believed that Arafat was manipulating the entire investigation. Claiming that Arafat had abandoned them, disgruntled members of the Brigades sur-rounded his house and threatened him. If Arafat controlled the Brigades, his hold may not have been very tight

Fatah General Council

Fatah:

Fatah began as the military wing of the former PLO and was Yasser Arafat's strongest military muscle. Formed in the early stages of the PLO, Fatah was part of an underground organization formed in 1959. It emerged in the open in 1965 after making terrorist attacks against Israel in 1964. Fatah rose to prominence after the 1967 Six Day War because it became the only means of attacking Israel.

The Taliban seized control of Kandahar in 1994 and controlled 95 percent of the country by 1997. After the American offensive in Afghanistan in October 2001, many members of the Taliban retreated into the__________________ of Pakistan.

Federal Administered Tribal Area (FATA)

The Aspen Foundation (Van Dongen, 2012) believes that the rebellion is far from over for three reasons.

First, India is one of the most underpoliced countries of the world. Second, reversing their previous public posture, the Naxalites have begun providing social services to the poor inside the Red Corridor. Finally, the most important reason the rebellion continues is that the fundamental issues which caused the unrest have not been addressed.

Magnus Ranstorp (1998) argues that the two declarations reveal much about the nature of al Qaeda and bin Laden.

First, bin Laden represented a new phase in Middle Eastern terrorism. He was intent on spreading the realm of Islam with a transnational group. Second, he used Islam to call for religious violence. Finally, bin Laden wanted to cause death. C

Al Shabaab has influenced America in two ways.

First, it has spawned a policy debate. The second policy concern deals with the Somali diaspora in the United States.

Mazzei argues that the conditions giving rise to death squads develop when several factors coalesce to form a favorable environment.

First, political elites must be entrenched in a society and have a vested interest in maintaining societal structures, and these elites have a history of employing armed force to protect their positions. a reform movement that threatens to break up elite power structures and redistribute wealth and power. Third, the government must be either unwilling or unable to stop the reform movement. Finally, hard-liners among the political elites break away from their mainstream counterparts, based on the belief that moderate political elites are too soft and unable to stop the reform movement.

chemical weapons present four problems.

First, terrorists must have a delivery mechanism; that is, they need some way to spread the chemical. The second problem is related to the first. Bombing is a popular tactic, but the heat of most explosives incinerates the chemical agents. It takes a lot of chemicals to present a threat. Finally, weather patterns, air, and water can neutralize a chemical threat. Chemical weapons are most effective when used in a confined space, and they are difficult to use effectively in large outdoor areas.

Several researchers have looked at the relationship between the United States and the mujahedeen during the Soviet-Afghan War Their research points to several important conclusions.

First, the United States helped Saudi Arabia develop a funding mechanism and underground arms network to supply the mujahedeen. Second, the United States agreed to give most of the weapons and supplies to the ISI, which built mujahedeen groups with little American participation. Third, Islamic charities flourished in the United States, and their donations supported the mujahedeen. Finally, when the Soviets left Afghanistan in 1989, the United States rejoiced and abandoned war-torn Afghanistan.

According to Porzecanski, the group was not willing to move outside Montevideo to begin a guerrilla war for several reasons.

First, the group was not large enough to begin a guerrilla campaign. Second, the countryside of Uruguay did not readily lend itself to a guerrilla war because unrest grew from the urban center of Uruguay. Third, the peasants were unwilling to provide popular support for guerrilla forces. Finally, Montevideo was the nerve center of Uruguay.

Guzmán led the Shining Path in a twofold strategy.

First, the guerrillas operated in rural areas, trying to create regional military forces. Second, Guzmán attempted to combine Mao Zedong's ruthless revolutionary zeal with the guerrilla philosophy of Che Guevara.

Maoist groups exhibit three striking differences from most other revolutionary terrorists.

First, they practice ruthless domination in the areas they control, and they rule by terrorism. Second, Maoist groups have a reputation for maintaining internal discipline. They purge and control their own members. Finally, and most important, Maoist groups follow the revolutionary philosophy of Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong.

Sageman (2008b) responded in the next issue of ________________. He says that Hoffman fundamentally misrepresented his argument and that Hoffman cited information that did not appear in his book.

Foreign Affairs

The idea of using militant reformers against the Soviet Union was born in ______________. The French intelligence community knew that Islamic militants hated the communists for several reasons and, therefore, suggested to intelligence counterparts in Washington and London that militant Islamic reformers might be used against communist regimes.

France

Pierre Joseph Proudhon

French anarchist. He is appalled by violence and believes humans can live without governments in ideal communities

In December 1992, a bomb exploded in a hotel in Yemen that had been housing American troops. According to _____________ (1999), U.S. intelligence linked the attack to bin Laden.

Frontline

PBS's ___________ (2002) conducted an interview with a Palestinian leader code-named Jihad Ja'Aire at the height of the first bombing campaign. Ja'Aire claimed that he and all of the other Brigades commanders were under Arafat's control.

Frontline

The deputy leader of the Red Mosque, Abdul Rashid Ghazi, was also killed, and a group of students vowed to take revenge in his name. This spawned the _________________and a series of suicide attacks in several areas of Pakistan, beginning in 2009.

Ghazi Brigades

___________ are assigned to militias that operate along Israel's northern border, especially in the Shaba farm region

Guerrillas

According to___________________ (2002, p. 25), Zawahiri became the brains behind a new operation. Using bin Laden's notoriety and charisma among the Afghan mujahedeen, he transformed the organization. Zawahiri knew from experience that an umbrella-style organization was difficult to penetrate. He persuaded bin Laden that this was the type of organization to take control of Afghanistan and spread the new Islamic empire.

Gunaratna

There are two methods for constructing a nuclear device. The simplest method is to use _____________. Rarely used in military weapons today, it was the type of bomb used at Hiroshima, and it can be built without the assistance of a nuclear state. The second method involves plutonium, and it is much more complicated.

HEU

In an effort to stop Palestinian attacks, the government of Ariel Sharon proposed an idea that dates back to _______________of the Roman Empire. The Israelis began constructing a massive wall.

Hadrian

The ___________________ runs its own militias, shadow governments, protection rackets, legitimate businesses, and terrorist groups. Dating back to the Soviet-Afghan War, leaders of the Haqqani clan are the major players in Pakistan's tribal region.

Haqqani network

Supporters point to the condemnation by _____________, Hezbollah's spiritual leader, of the September 11 attacks as un-Islamic, refusing to call the hijackers "martyrs" and maintaining that they committed suicide while murdering innocent people

Hassan Fadlallah

It has also created the organizational style that jihadist groups such as the Egyptian Islamic Group, the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, the Armed Islamic Group in Algeria, and al Qaeda would use.

Hezbollah

It was also involved in the 1985 hijacking of a TWA flight , during which an American was murdered, and two bombings in Argentina in 1992 and 1994 . It has been responsible for a campaign of suicide bombings, the murders of Lebanese Christians, international arms smuggling, and a host of international crimi-nal activities, including crimes in the United States.

Hezbollah

______________kidnapped, tortured, and murdered the CIA station chief in Beirut, as well as a marine colonel working for the United Nations. Judith Harik

Hezbollah

A separate international group, _____________, operates outside the domestic structure

Hezbollah International

Hezbollah:

Hezbollah is the Iranian-backed Party of God, operating from southern Lebanon. The local branch of the group forms alliances of convenience with other organizations participating in the al Aqsa Intifada. The international branch is believed to run the most effective terrorist network in the world.

The current major operational groups are

Hezbollah, Hamas, and the al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades.

________________________, the author of several noted studies on terrorism, including Inside Terrorism (revised 2006), directed counterterrorism research at the RAND Corporation for many years before joining the faculty at Georgetown University.

Hoffman

Since 1916, the______ has been permeated with socialist revolutionaries and with nationalists who reject some aspects of socialism.

IRA

Feeling oppressed by all sides, Catholics and Republicans in ulster looked for help. They found it, partly, in the form of the _______________

IRA.

Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) has been especially effective because of its relationship to the _____________

ISI.

_________________ are part of Colombia's problem with terrorism.

Illegal drugs

Few analysts of terrorism—indeed, few scholars, politicians, soothsayers, or prophets—predicted three key events that changed the political landscape of Europe and the world.

In 1989, the Berlin Wall came down, leading to the reunification of Germany. To the south, new nations emerging from the former Yugoslavia took up arms and resumed a centuries-old struggle. The Soviet Union dissolved,

Hamas:

In December 1987, a few days after the first Intifada began, the Islamic Resistance Movement (Harakat al Muqawama al Islamiyya, or Hamas) was formed. It was composed of the Palestinian wing of the Muslim Brotherhood. The Brothers advocated an international Islamic movement, and most of them did not sup-port violence. Hamas differs from the Brothers' position in that it has localized the Islamic struggle and accepts violence as a norm. Hamas is organized as a large political union, and its primary mission is to oppose the PLO; today, it represents an alternative to the Palestine National Council. Its military wing is called the Izz el Din al Qassam Brigades, named for a martyr in the 1935 Arab Revolt against the British in Palestine.

Georgios Karyotis (2007) explains Greek counterterrorism policy by examining three phases of recent history.

In the first phase, Greek security forces simply did not consider terrorism to be a problem. point, the Greek political system deemed terrorism to be a problem, but instead of developing a strong security policy, Greek politicians debated the issue of terrorism until 1999. Karyotis says that the third phase of the Greek response came in 1999, when authorities accepted the reality of the threat and developed security mechanisms to deal with it.

Hoffman, the author of several noted studies on terrorism, including _______________ (revised 2006), directed counterterrorism research at the RAND Corporation for many years before joining the faculty at Georgetown University.

Inside Terrorism

The _________________ has also become a forum for spreading tactical advice, bomb-making instructions, and theological debates

Internet

A new group, Hezbollah, began forming in Lebanon. A popular uprising in 1987, the ___________ , gave rise to a new group, Hamas.

Intifada

Hamas emerged from the first________________. It embraced the principles of religious law and expressed disgust for the secular policies and corruption of the PLO. It formed a large organization and mastered the art of suicide attacks.

Intifada

The MeK fought against the revolutionary government of _____________.

Iran

in ancient Persia (modern ___________________), the British approached the Russians with another deal. Iran would be divided into three parts, a northern area controlled by Russia, a southern zone under British rule, and a neutral area in between. When the war ended in 1918, the entire Middle East was controlled by the British, French, and Russians, but it was a powder keg

Iran

In 1959, Arafat formed Fatah, a guerrilla organization, to wage a campaign against the Israelis. He advocated the use of small-unit tactics and terrorist actions, patterned after the ______________

Irgun Zvai Leumi.

The _________________ , for example, represented a coalition of groups wanting to rule Somalia under Islamic law.

Islamic Courts Union (ICU)

It was connected with the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and with plans for further attacks in New York City. also responsible An attack on a group of tourists in Luxor

Islamic Group

In phase one of the development of Hezbollah, from 1982 to 1985 (see Timeline 9.1, "Phases of Hezbollah"), the Hezbollah umbrella covered many terrorist groups, including a shadowy organization known as _______________.

Islamic Jihad

and Iran joined the fighting after the revolution of 1979, establishing a new terrorist organization called _____________. Endemic civil war raged in Lebanon as dozens of terrorists slipped across the border to attack Israel

Islamic Jihad

Hezbollah guerrillas simply refer to themselves as the "________________." The military wing is a small part of the organization.

Islamic resistance

Hezbollah July 2006

Israel launches offensive in Lebanon.

Hezbollah August 2006

Israel withdraws, Hezbollah claims victory.

1948 - 1949:

Israel's War of Independence

Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF).

It has ties with jihadist movements and seeks to create an Islamic state under strict interpretations of Islamic law. Philippines

John Wolf (1981, p. 31) believes that an executive committee of the Tupamaros controlled all activities in Montevideo. The executive committee was responsible for two major functions.

It ran the columns that supervised the terrorist operations, and it also administered a special Committee for Revolutionary Justice.

Hamas passed another milestone in the campaign against Israel:

It used a female suicide bomber in a joint operation with a newer group, the al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades

Modern revolutionary terrorism

It was a global movement expressing dissatisfaction in the wake of anticolonialism.

Maoist terrorism

Its goal is to establish a communist society similar to that of revolutionary China.

Hamas's military wing, the __________________ , is named after a martyr from the time of the British occupation of Palestine.

Izz el Din al Qassam Brigades

Lashkar Jihad was formed to fight Christians in the east. A more sinister group, ___________________, was formed with the purpose of bringing Indonesia under strict Islamic law. Both groups had contacts with al Qaeda

Jamaat Islamiyya

The LeT has also launched numerous attacks in __________________

Jammu and Kashmir.

Bin Laden was active in Somalia when U.S. troops joined the forces trying to get food to the area. In October 1993, a U.S. Army Black Hawk helicopter was downed while on patrol in Mogadishu. U.S. Army Rangers went to the rescue, and a two-day battle ensued in which 18 Americans died. In an interview with _______________ (1998), bin Laden claimed that he trained and supported the troops that struck the Americans.

John Miller of ABC News

Arafat conducted Fatah operations from ___________________, despite protests from Jordan's King Hussein

Jordan

Arafat conducted Fatah operations from___________, despite protests from Jordan's King Hussein

Jordan

Peter Chalk (2010) says that many of the homegrown terrorist threats in Europe, North America, and Australia have_________________ connections.

Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT)

By 1982, the Israelis had had enough. On _________, a massive three-pronged IDF force invaded Lebanon. The PLO and other militias moved forward to take a stand, but they were no match for the coordinated efforts of IDF tanks, aircraft, and infantry. The Israelis rolled through Lebanon. Soon they were knocking on the doors of Beirut, and Lebanon's civil war seemed to be over.

June 6

One of the chief spokespersons and intellectuals in the socialist camp was the founder of communism,________________

Karl Marx (socialist)

Hezbollah 1985-1990

Kidnapping and bombing A terrorist organization is created.

King Gyanendra: (b. 1947)

King of Nepal from 2001 to 2008. After the attack and murder of several members of the royal family, Gyanendra became king of Nepal in 2001. He took complete power in 2005 to fight the Maoist rebellion. In the spring of 2006, he was forced to return power to parliament, and he was removed from power in 2008.

Red Mosque:

Lal masjid , located in Islamabad, with a madrassa and a school for women. It taught militant theology. The government ordered the mosque closed in 2007. This resulted in a shootout and a standoff. Government forces stormed the mosque on July 2007, killing more than 100 students. One of the leaders, Abdul Rashid Ghazi, was killed. His brother Maulana Abdul Aziz, the mosque's other leader, was captured while trying to escape in women's clothing. openly called for Musharraf's assasination

_______________________was created in 1993 under the watchful eye of the ISI to strike at Indian targets in Jammu and Kashmir. It is best known for its attacks in India, including a deadly series of attacks in Mumbai in November 2008, and it rejects all forms of Islam except its own interpretation.

Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT)

Baalbek:

Lebanese city in the Bekaa Valley; original headquarters of Hezbollah

The security wing is based in____________ and is responsible for training guerrillas and terrorists. (Supporters of Hezbollah do not make a distinction between guerrilla and terrorist .)

Lebanon

______________has become one of the most violent regions in the area. Ruled by France until 1943, the government of Lebanon managed a delicate balance of people with many different national and religious loyalties.

Lebanon

Hezbollah 1990-2000

Legitimacy The group organizes social services, a political party, and a military wing.

Hart argues that al Qaeda has lost its appeal in the Muslim world because of its basic mission. Far from being a religious movement, it pictures itself as the vanguard of a popular uprising that will destroy Western influence and reestablish the caliph-ate. This resembles ____________ more than Mohammed.

Lenin

_____________ (1879-1940), believed that terrorism should be used as an instrument for overthrowing middle-class, or bourgeois, governments. Once power was achieved, Lenin and Trotsky advocated terrorism as a means of controlling internal enemies and as a method for coping with international strife.

Leon Trotsky

Gush Emunim:

Literally, "Bloc of the Faithful"; Jewish group formed in 1974 that believes that God literally promised Jews the Kingdom of David

Waziristan

Literally, the land of the Waziris, a tribal region between the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan. Waziri tribes clashed with the Pakistan Army from 2004 to 2006, and they support several jihadist operations in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Al Qaeda and Taliban forces operate in Waziristan.

Ethnic cleansing, child armies, wars by self-appointed militias such as the ________________ , crime and corruption, and internal strife have evolved into sub-Saharan Africa's unique brand of nationalist terrorism. This became better known in the West after a YouTube video on Joseph Kony , the LRA's leader, went viral in 2012.

Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)

In the summer of 2003, PA Prime Minister ______________ brokered a limited ceasefire, asking Hamas, the PIJ, and related groups to end their campaigns. How-ever, the peace effort ended in August after a suicide bombing on a bus in Jerusa-lem.

Mahmud Abbas

_______________is a form of revolutionary terrorism.

Maoist terrorism

They evicted peasants from their land and set up local governments to redistribute their holdings. The ____________goal was to create a core group of peasant supporters and to terrorize the remaining population into subservience

Maoists (communist)

The organization of the Red Brigades was unique in European terrorism. They came closer to matching the _______________a model than did any other group in Europe. They were bound in a loose confederation, with a central committee meeting periodically to devise a grand strategy. A key difference, however, was that whereas the Tupamaros operated only in Montevideo, the Red Brigades existed in a variety of urban centers.

Marighell

In two major works, For the Liberation of Brazil (1971) and The Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla (1969), _______designed practical guides for terrorism. These books have had more influence on recent revolutionary terrorism than any other set of theories.

Marighella

The Tupamaros established an urban organization. The active cadre conducted terrorism (robbery, kidnapping, attacking symbolic targets) while waiting on sympathizers to create a revolutionary climate. The organizational structure included firing teams, small units described in _________________ , separated from one another in secretive cells, a command structure, and logistical support.

Marighella's Minimanual

The Afghan Taliban produces millions of fake________________and distributes them through Afghanistan and China.

Marlboros

A BBC News (2003) investigation points to ___________ (currently in Israeli custody) as the commander of fatah

Marwan Barghouti

After World War II, Revolutionary terrorism involved mainly left-wing and ____________ movements; right-wing groups copied these models. Some revolutionary groups are sponsored by nation-states.

Marxist

the symbolic nature of the change came on____________________, when Presi-dent Barak Obama announced that U.S. Navy SEALs had attacked Osama bin Lad-en's compound in Pakistan. The nemesis from 9/11 was dead.

May 1, 2011

According to the Council on Foreign Relations (Fletcher, 2009), the ______________ conducted a number of attacks between the 1970s and 2001. These include hit-and-run military attacks against Iran, assassinations of Iranian officials, attacks on Iranians and foreign countries, and large bombings.

MeK

The _____________(2003) defines cyberterrorism as "the use of information technology by terrorists to promote a political agenda."

National Conference of State Legislatures

During the Iranian Revolution, the _________________ assisted in the takeover of the United States embassy. It fought for Saddam Hussein in the Iran-Iraq War; and, in 2003, during Operation Iraqi Freedom, it engaged in combat against American Special Forces. It has a long record of terrorism, dating back to the 1970s.

MeK

While bin Laden's fortunes increased in Sudan, Americans were on the move in Somalia. President George H. W. Bush sent U.S. forces to _______________ to end a humanitarian crisis there,

Mogadishu

___________ , a Hezbollah representative in the Lebanese Parliament, told journalist Tim Cavanaugh (2004) that Hezbollah has the right to resist Israeli aggression after Israel's invasion of Lebanon.

Mohammed Fneish

Europe experienced revolutionary terrorism from about 1965 to 1990.

Most groups waned after the demise of the former Soviet Union. Ethnic terrorism has emerged as the most likely threat, although single-issue groups may emerge to replace the former left-wing terrorists. N17 followed the path of most revolutionary groups in Europe, except that it lasted until the twenty-first century. The Revolutionary Struggle emerged after the demise of N17 and remains operational in Greece. Anarchist violence has increased recently as a result of the economic crisis in Europe.

Scott Macleod (2008) of Time has no doubt that ___________ was a deadly terrorist. According to one former CIA agent, he was one of the worst the United States has ever faced. They believe that he headed Hezbollah's international wing.

Mugniyah

According to journalist Julie Kosterlitz (2008), the _____________ seems like an organization the United States would like to befriend. It is a group of well- organized Iranian dissidents whose intention is to topple the theocratic government of Iran. It has established a shadow government in exile, called the National Council of Resistance in Iran, and its stated goal is to bring a secular government, a democracy, and women's rights to Iran. On

Mujahedeen-e Khalq (MeK)

It is estimated to have about 3,800 members, and Saddam Hussein used its services during the Iran-Iraq War. It is the largest and most militant group opposed to the Islamic Republic of Iran. The group espouses a mixture of Marxism and Islam, and its original purpose was to overthrow the governments of the Shah and to replace it with a socialist government.

Mujahedin-e Kahlq (MeK)

Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld changed the members' status in 2004 without a legal review, stating that all members were civilian "protected persons." According to a RAND study

Mujahedin-e Kahlq (MeK)

Using German leftist allies, Black September began planning a strike against the Israelis. It came, with German terrorist help, in ___________________ at the 1972 Olympic Games. Black September struck the Olympic Village and took most of the Israeli Olympic team hostage, killing those who tried to escape.

Munich

After the first Intifada, Hamas faced an internal power struggle. Yassin was jailed from 1989 to 1997, and during that time, the American-educated ___________ took over Hamas.

Musa Abu Marzuq

_______________ provided the loose connections to Iran.

Musawi

Between 1975 and 2000, no fewer than 250 revolutionary terrorist groups operated in Greece, of which ____________________was the most notorious.

N17

In August 1998, bin Laden's terrorists bombed the U.S. embassies in _______________. The Nairobi bomb killed 213 people and injured 4,500; the Dar es Salaam explosion killed 12 people and wounded 85.

Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Black September:

Named after the September 1970 Jordanian offensive against Palestinian refugees in western Jordan, Black September was the infamous group that attacked the Israeli athletic team at the 1972 Munich Olympics. Israel spent years hunting down and killing the members of Black September. The 1972 attack also prompted the Germans to create a new elite counterterrorist group, Federal Border Guard Group 9

____________ was a practical militarist, organizing Hezbollah into a regional force.

Nasrallah

In 1963, the group (Uruguay, Tupamaros) adopted its official name, the ____________

National Liberation Movement (MLN).

Anthropologist George Kunnath (2006). He believes that this grass-roots movement gained strength because the landlord system had created a virtual feudal state.

Naxalite movement

The Naxalites emerged in a 1967 uprising in West Bengal. Peasants demanding the right to land ownership and better wages staged mass demonstrations with the support of the communist party. Police confronted the demonstrators with deadly force, and protests turned into rebellion. The confrontation occurred in the Indian village of Naxalbari, and the unorganized groups of rebels that gathered in the countryside were known collectively as _______________

Naxalites.

______________agents enter the body through ingestion, respiration, or contact.

Nerve

Congress has designated a site in _______________as the repository for all the radioactive waste from America's nuclear power plants,

Nevada

Congress has designated a site in _______________as the repository for all the radioactive waste from America's nuclear power plants, and all this material must be shipped across the country.

Nevada

After introducing suicide bombers in its initial phase, Hezbollah struck U.S. Marines and the French army in __________________, forcing the withdrawal of a multi-national peacekeeping force. The Marine-barracks bombing resulted in the deaths of 200 Marines, and a second suicide bomber killed 50 French soldiers.

October 1983

Force 17:

Officially known as Presidential Security, Force 17 is an arm of Fatah. It operated as Yasser Arafat's security unit.

With Porzecanski, Wolf classifies Tupamaros logistical supporters into two categories.

One group operated in the open and provided intelligence and background information to the noncombatant sections. The other type of supporters worked on getting supplies to the operational sections.

North-West Frontier Province (NWFP):

One of four Pakistani states, inhabited primarily by ethnic Pashtuns. Several areas of the NWFP are controlled by tribes, and jihadists operate in the area. Peshawar, NWFP's capital, served as a base for organizing several mujahedeen groups in the Soviet-Afghan War

the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)

One of the newest jihadist groups grew from the tangled political situation in Yemen, and it maintains cross-border ties with radicals in Saudi Arabia. Andrew McGregor (2010) says that al Qaeda in is the most active group in the jihadist network outside Pakistan.

Yassin was released in 1986, and decided that in the future his organization would have a military wing. The ______________would become the nucleus of Hamas

Palestinian Muslim Brothers

A three-way debate about the true nature of AQIM has unfolded among counterterrorism experts.

One set of analysts believes that AQIM is emerging as a regional force in West Africa. A second opinion is that it is nothing more than an Algerian group and that its effectiveness is questionable. A third group classifies AQIM in the same way that they look at the Abu Sayuff Group in the Philippines—it is little more than a criminal organization hiding under the rhetoric of al Qaeda.

Hezbollah 1982-1985

Organizing Different groups carry out attacks under a variety of names.

__________________ was a large part of America's blissful ignorance. The report of the 9/11 Commission (2004, pp. 53-54) notes that bin Laden's reputation began to grow as the mujahedeen searched for a continuing jihad.

Osama bin Laden

Hamas had indeed undergone a transformation, and Khaled Meshal was its new leader, but few were prepared for the impact that this would have on the PA. The transformation began after the 1993________________ and the growing disillusionment with Fatah.

Oslo Accords

The _____________emerged from Egypt in the 1970s. It evolved into a religious organization with the philosophy that while religious law would be implemented after victory, the more immediate objective was the destruction of Israel.

PIJ

The _________________emerged in 1964 and took center stage after the June 1967 Six Day War. Fatah was its main military wing,

PLO

the Israeli raid on Karamah did not eliminate fedayeen; instead, it gave the_____________ an aura of power.

PLO

Although the Taliban is most closely associated with Afghanistan, its core emerged from _________________ after the Soviet-Afghan War

Pakistan

As a result of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, The United States formed an alliance with ________________, and the Pakistani Interservice Intelligence Agency (ISI) began to train and equip the mujahedeen. When Ronald Reagan became president in 1980, American efforts against the Soviets increased.

Pakistan

Hamas won control of the ________________ government in 2006.

Palestinian

_______________ is the key to Mazzei's theory. Paramilitary death squads come into play only when power elites feel that social changes are undermining their societies and that nothing can be done to stop

Perception

He called for the extension of democracy to all classes, to be accomplished through the elimination of property and government. Property was to be commonly held, and families living in extended communes were to replace centralized government.

Pierre Joseph Proudhon

Golan Heights:

Region in Syria overlooking Israel

________ agents burn skin and internal tissue upon con-tact

blistering

Al Qaeda's ability to attack changed after _____________________. It still inspired attacks, and it helped plot different attacks, including a devastating subway bombing in Lon-don in 2005. The United Kingdom and the United States were able to stop an attack against seven Atlantic passenger planes in 2006.

September 11, 2001

This became too much for King Hussein. After Palestinian terrorists hijacked three airplanes and destroyed them in Jordan, the king decided to act. In ____________, Hussein attacked the PLO.

September 1970

Terrorists could obtain HEU from nuclear reactors used for:

Power plants Production of medical isotopes Propulsion engines in ice breakers Power source for space vehicles and satellites Research facilities

Alvaro Uribe: (b. 1952)

President of Colombia, 2002-2010. He was known for his tough stance against FARC and other revolutionary movements.

Alberto Fujimori: (b. 1938)

President of Peru from 1990 to 2000. He fled to Japan in 2000 but was extradited to Peru in 2007. He was convicted of human rights violations and sentenced to prison.

After spending ten years in prison following the 1848 revolutions, Bakunin championed ________________ideas of international revolution, according to Richard Jensen

Proudhon's

_________________ materials are also more resistant to heat than chemicals, so bombs or other heat-producing devices can be used to scatter them.

Radioactive

There were nearly 300 left-wing groups in Italy that appeared between 1967 and 1985, and most of them had a Marxist-Leninist orientation. The best-known group was the _______________, which formed in Milan after Renato Curcio broke away from a left-wing working-class political organization.

Red Brigades

As the Naxalite began to solidify, it formed a __________________, stretching from the northern Nepal border to south-central India. This became a strong geographical base of power.

Red Corridor

When the nationalistic movement collapsed after the 1967 Six Day War, dreams of an Arab socialist state followed suit. __________________ took the place of socialism and nationalism.

Religious extremism

The Israeli invasion of Lebanon created an unlikely alliance among Iran's ____________

Revolutionary Guards , secular Syrian Baathists, and southern Lebanese Shi'ites.

Abu Nidal Organization (Black June):

Sabri al Banna (whose code name was Abu Nidal) and Yasser Arafat were once comrades in arms in the struggle for Palestine, but as others broke from Arafat, so too did Abu Nidal's rebel organization, called Black June . In the end, Abu Nidal and his organization became a mercenary group, not only abandoning Arafat but also completely forsaking the Palestinian cause.

A former CIA analyst, ________________developed two of the most widely used public resources about jihadist operations, Understanding Terror Networks (2004) and Leaderless Jihad (2008a).

Sageman

Death squads have been associated primarily with right-wing activities, but they are used across the political spectrum. For example, after the 1979 ________________in Nicaragua, unofficial groups began to crack down on the press and on potential opposition parties. People who opposed the communist regime began to disappear.

Sandinista revolution

Bin Laden's first target was the _________________ government and its "corrupt" royal family.

Saudi

Bin Laden was influenced by________________ thought.

Sayyid Qutb's

Palestine Authority (PA):

Semiautonomous body established after the Oslo Accords

Hezbollah developed under the leadership of three central figures:

Sheik Mohammed Hassan Fadlallah , Abbas Musawi , and Hassan Nasrallah

Mossad , the Israeli intelligence service, is known for its expertise. ____________________, the domestic Israeli security service, is one of the most effective secret police forces in the world.

Shin Beth

_______________, the domestic Israeli security service, is one of the most effective secret police forces in the world.

Shin Beth

A Maoist group, the _______________ ( Sendero Luminoso ), launched a campaign in rural Peru that began in 1980 and lasted for the following two decades

Shining Path

_____________extremists planned assassinations all over the world, including the United States. Several cells were active in North America.

Sikh

According to Azzam, the realm of Islam had been dominated by foreign powers for too long. It was time for all Muslims to rise up and strike Satan. He saw the _______________as just the beginning of a holy war against all things foreign to Islam.

Soviet-Afghan War

The IRA is organized like most large terrorist groups. It is governed by a ______________ whose members are drawn from IRA battalion or column commanders.

Supreme Council

After 9/11, the former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf reaffirmed this relationship, though relations had been strained due to the ISI's support of the _______________.

Taliban

Al Qaeda operates as an international terrorist group while the ______________ form divergent regional militias and use selective terrorism to support guerrilla operations.

Taliban

____________ differs from al Qaeda's infatuation with a violent interpretation of a twentieth-century militant Egyptian theologian.

Taliban

The LTTE (or Tamil Tigers) fought for an independent homeland for nearly 3 million _____________ in northern and eastern Sri Lanka. Formed by Velupillai Pirapaharan in 1976, the Tamil Tigers used terrorism both as a prelude to guerrilla warfare and as a way to support uniformed guerrillas in the field.

Tamils

The Independent Monitoring commission

The IMC investigated claims of both terrorist and governmental abuses, and its actions have resulted in the arrests of Republican and Loyalist terrorists, as well as members of the security forces who acted beyond the law

Mossad:

The Israeli intelligence agency, formed in 1951. It is responsible for gathering foreign intelligence. Shin Beth is responsible for internal security.

Rubenstein compared the "Catechism" to Carlos Marighella's ________________ and found no essential differences.

The Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla

Rubenstein compared the "Catechism" to Carlos Marighella's ___________________ and found no essential differences.

The Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla

Abuza (2003b, pp. 89-120) outlines the formation of three recent terrorist groups in the Philippines.

The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). Abu Sayyuf

These attacks signaled a new phase in al Qaeda terrorism. _________________

The Nairobi and Dar es Salaam

Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PDFLP):

The PDFLP is the military wing of the DFLP.

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, General Command (PFLP-GC):

The PFLP was formed in 1967 when George Habash agreed to ally his group with Ahmed Jabril's PLF. Habash, a Christian, assumed leadership of the group, but he soon clashed with the Syrian-oriented Jabril. Syria continued to court Jabril, and he broke from Habash in 1968 to form the PFLP-GC. The PFLP-GC advocates armed struggle with Israel; it became one of the most technically sophisticated organizations in the region. It originally operated from southern Lebanon with support from Syria. By the late 1980s, the PFLP-GC was following the lead of the Abu Nidal Organiza-tion and renting its services to various governments.

Abdullah Azzam: (1941-1989)

The Palestinian leader of Hizb ul Tahrir and the spiritual mentor of bin Laden.

National Liberation Movement:

The Tupamaros' official name.

In the right-wing novel ________________ (MacDonald, 1980), Earl Turner joins a terrorist group similar to the Tupamaros in Washington, D.C. The author describes the mythical right-wing revolution in terms of Carlos Marighella and the Tupamaros. The right does not give credit to the left, but it does follow its example.

The Turner Diaries

Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades:

The al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades are based in West Bank refugee camps. Formed after the beginning of the al Aqsa Intifada , the Brigades appear to be Fatah's answer to the jihadists.

Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades:

The al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades are based in West Bank refugee camps. Formed after the beginning of the al Aqsa Intifada , the Brigades appear to be Fatah's answer to the jihadists. Some members are motivated by Hezbollah, suggesting to some analysts that the Brigades have Shi'ite elements.

Red Corridor:

The area of Naxalite violence in India. The corridor runs from Nepal through southern India, and from India's east coast to the central regions.

9/11 Commission:

The bipartisan National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, created after September 11, 2001, in order to investigate the attacks.

pakistan

The country is composed of five major states (four provinces and one territory) divided primarily along ethnic lines. Control of Jammu and Kashmir is disputed with India.

John Prendergast and Colin Thomas-Jensen (2007). They argue that the Horn represents the hottest war zone in the world, and it is a region of massive humanitarian crises and ethnic conflicts. Two clusters of conflicts lay at the heart of the matter.

The first involves rebellions in Sudan, particularly in Darfur. These conflicts have spilled into Uganda, Chad, and the Central African Republic. The second cluster of conflicts involves a dispute between Ethiopia and Eritrea over complicated fighting in Somalia.

Intifada:

The first spontaneous uprising against Israel, lasting from 1987 to 1993. It began with youths throwing rocks and creating civil disorder. Some of the violence became more organized. Many people sided with religious organizations, abandoning the secular PLO during the Intifada.

Renato Curcio: (b. 1941)

The founder and leader of the Red Brigades in Italy.

Brian Jenkins (1984, 2004a, 2004b) says that there are six tactics of terrorism :

bombing, hijacking, arson, assault, kidnapping, and hostage taking.

1985 hijacking of a TWA flight:

The hijacking of TWA Flight 847 by a group believed to have links to Hezbollah while it was en route from Athens to Rome. The plane went to Beirut and then to Algeria, where terrorists tortured and murdered U.S. Navy diver Robert Dean Stethem, a passenger on the flight. The plane returned to Beirut, and passengers were dispersed throughout the city. Terrorists released began releasing hostages as the incident continued. After Israel agreed to release 700 Shiite prisoners, the terrorists released the remaining hostages and escaped.

Asif Ali Zardari: (b. 1955) T

The husband of Benazir Bhutto, Zardari, inherited control of the Pakistan People's Party after Bhutto's assassination in December 2007. He was elected president in 2008.T

Arab nationalism:

The idea that the Arabs could create a European-style nation, based on a common language and culture. The idea faded after the 1967 Six Day War.

Eretz Israel:

The land of Israel under King David; many Jewish fundamentalists feel that God has called them to retake this land and expel the Arabs

Baluchistan:

The largest of four states in Pakistan dominated by the Baloch tribe. Many Balochs are fighting a guerrilla war against the Pakistan Army in a dispute over profits from natural resources. The central government is creating a deepwater port and international trade center in Gwadar, Pakistan's principal sea-port, and displacing many Baluchs.

Mohammed Ali Jinnah: (1876-1948)

The leader of the Muslim League and the founder of modern Pakistan. He served as Governor-General until his death in 1948.

Mullah Omar: (b, 1959)

The leader of the Taliban. After the collapse of the Taliban government in 2001, Omar went into hiding.

Revolutionary Guards:

The militarized quasi-police force of the revolutionary government during the Iranian Revolution.

Desert Storm:

The military code name for the January-February offensive in the 1991 Gulf War.

Izz el Din al Qassam Brigades:

The military wing of Hamas, named after the Arab revolutionary leader Sheik Izz el Din al Qassam (1882-1935), who led a revolt against British rule.

Desert Shield:

The name of the defensive phase of the international coalition, created by President George H. W. Bush after Iraq invaded Kuwait on August, 2, 1990, to stop further Iraqi attacks and to liberate Kuwait. It lasted until coalition forces could begin an offensive against Iraq in January 1991.

Dome of the Rock:

The place where Muslims believe Abraham (Ibrahim) had a vision of God

Pervez Musharraf: (1943-)

The president of Pakistan (2001-2008). A career army officer, Musharraf took power in a 1999 military coup and declared himself president in 2001. After 9/11 he sought closer relations with the United States, while trying to mollify sources of domes-tic religious strife.

Sabri al Banna: (1937-2002)

The real name of Abu Nidal. Al Banna was a founding member of Fatah but split with Arafat in 1974. He founded militias in southern Lebanon, and he attacked Western and Israeli targets in Europe during the 1980s. In the 1990s, he became a mercenary. He was murdered in Iraq, probably by the Iraqi government.

Black June:

The rebel organization created by Abu Nidal in 1976. He changed the name to the Fatah Revolutionary Council after a rapprochement with Syria in 1981. Most analysts refer to this group simply as the Abu Nidal Organization.

Wailing Wall:

The remaining western wall of the ancient Jewish Temple in Jerusalem

The structure of the Shining Path organization reveals two interesting social patterns.

The role of families was prominent in day-to-day operations, and the Shining Path was committed to feminism. It actively recruited and engaged the services of revolutionary females, and Guzman's second-in-command was a woman from 1980 until she was killed in 1988

Ayub Khan: (1907-1974)

The second president of Pakistan, from 1958 to 1974. Khan seized control of the government in 1958 and then staged elections. He was the first of Pakistan's many military leaders.

Hassan Nasrallah: (b. 1960)

The secretary-general of Hezbollah. He took over the leadership of Hezbollah after Musawi's death in 1992. Nasrallah is a lively speaker and charismatic leader.

Brigades claim their purpose is limited:

Their goal is to stop Israeli incursions and attacks in Palestinian areas, and they intend to punish Israel for each attack.

The Maoist rebels

They had international connections through their leftist positions, yet their specific objectives were aimed only at the national (Nepal) level. They sought to dismantle autocratic, futile social structures and to create a democratically inclusive government. They also sought to end Nepal's monarchy

Women are typically recruited in sisterhoods, an offshoot of Hasan al Banna's Muslim Brotherhood, and radical sisterhoods are prevalent in Europe. Von Knop states that they have three central functions in Germany.

They hold breakfast meetings simply designed for the sisters, and they also have general receptions open to everyone. They also hold fund-raising receptions.

female terrorist

They were also active in Russia in the nineteenth cen-tury (Verhoeven, 2009, pp. 30-37), and they were involved in attempts to repress the African American population in the United States through the early twentieth century (Blee, 2005). Women took part in rebellions in Ireland (Burleigh, 2009, pp. 20-21). More than 10,000 women joined the ranks of the National Liberation Front in the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962 (Kutchera, 1996, 2012). Women played leading roles in the revolutionary terrorism of the 1960s and 1970s, and their representation surged in Western revolutionary groups after 1968 (Neuberger and Valentini, 1996, pp. 22-28; Ness, 2005). They are actively recruited by religious terrorists today (Sofer and Addison, 2012). They have been active in historical and contemporary ter-rorism, but their role has often been overlooked.

Europe had been exhausted by the carnage of the ______________(1618-1648).

Thirty Years' War

Palestine Liberation Front (PLF):

Three different groups call themselves the Palestine Liberation Front: The Abu Abbas faction, based in Iran, follows the old-style leadership used by Arafat; the Abdal Fatah Ghanem faction received support from Libya; and the Talat Yaqub faction sought favor with Syria. The name used by all three groups comes from Ahmed Jabril, a former Syrian army captain, who formed the first PLF in 1961.

Force Multipliers

Transnational support increases the ability of terrorist groups to move and hide across a nation. Technology allows a small group to launch a deadly attack. Media coverage can make a minor group appear to be politically important. Religion transcends normative political and social boundaries, increasing violence and decreasing opportunities for negotiation.

The new Peruvian government created a ______________, which released a final report in 2003 after a two-year investigation. Two decades of violence had resulted in the deaths of nearly 70,000 people. The Shining Path was responsible for about 54 per-cent of the total death count om | Printed from www.chegg.com

Truth and Reconciliation Commission

The Shining Path would wage a Maoist campaign of terrorism for the next 20 years using his name.

Tupac Amaru

In the early 1960s, a group of revolutionaries called the __________ surfaced in Uruguay

Tupamaros

the MLN adapted the name of the heroic Inca chieftain Tupac Amaru, killed in a revolt against the Spaniards 200 years earlier. Porzecanski notes this story but also suggests the group may have taken its name from a South Ameri-can bird. In any case, Sendic's followers called themselves the ____________

Tupamaros.

The Uighars are ethnic_____________, mostly Sufi Muslims, and they have lived in and governed parts of the Xinjiang province for 200 years (Figure 7.7). Many of them are fighting to become independent from China. Chienpeng Chung (2002) says that the ethnic Uighars are mostly Islamic mystics who are inspired by the collapse of the Soviet Union, not by Osama bin Laden.

Turkmen

Argentina in 1992 and 1994:

Two bombings in Buenos Aires. Terrorists struck the Israeli embassy in 1992, killing twenty-nine people, and the Jewish Community Center in 1994, killing eighty-five people. Imad Mugniya his suspected to have been behind the attacks.

According to the _______________ (2007), IG formed in the early 1970s. It came to the forefront after mujahedeen returned from the Soviet-Afghan War, and it embraced a new style of organization. Instead of a centralized hierarchy, it operated in a loosely structured network spanning several Egyptian cities. It also established foreign wings, and IG was even active in the United States. It was connected with the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and with plans for further attacks in New York City.

U.S. Department of State

Al Qaeda was active in Yemen in October 2000 when it launched a suicide attack on the _________________

USS Cole

China asked for international assistance in clamping down on what the government claims to be its own "jihadist terrorists," _______________ who believe Xinjiang is their homeland. Although the Chinese communists link the Uighars to al Qaeda and the 9/11 attacks, the movement predates al Qaeda by 245 years

Uighar nationalists

In an article on military policy, J. Bowyer Bell (1976, pp. 65-88) criticizes the British army for its initial response. He says that the British army came to______________ with little or no appreciation of the historical circumstances behind the conflict.

Ulster

A former CIA analyst, Sageman developed two of the most widely used public resources about jihadist operations, ___________________

Understanding Terror Networks (2004) and Leaderless Jihad (2008a).

Many Philippine counterterrorist activities have taken place outside the law since 2000. Over 1,700 people have been murdered in extrajudicial executions, and the _______________ has placed the Philippine government on an international watch list for human rights violations

United Nations

The National Counterterrorism Center (2010) suggests that FARC has been weakened by several setbacks.

Uribe's aggressive counterterrorism policy struck deeply into FARC, and some of its key leaders were killed in military operations. One of the co-founders of FARC died the same year, and in 2009 security forces turned a FARC offensive back. time, government forces also captured Swedish military hardware that had been sold to Venezuela in 1980.

al Shabaab began an offensive in central and southern Somalia for the purpose of imposing its narrow brand of Is-lamic law on Somalia. Al Shabaab emerged as one of the most _________________ in the region, and the U.S. Department of State officially dubbed it a foreign terrorist organization in 2008.

Vicious and merciless groups

while in jail (prison) Sendic described the repression he saw in ____________ , in which he called for revolt in Montevideo.

Waiting for the Guerrilla

Fedayeen:

Warriors who sacrifice themselves and others

fedayeen:

Warriors who sacrifice themselves. The term was used differently in Arab history; the modern term is used to describe the secular warriors of Fatah.

The jihadist movement in Pakistan is strong in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and strongest in the province's tribal area, __________________

Waziristan

Al Shabaab claimed responsibility for setting off a bomb in Uganda in 2010 during the _________________championships,

World Cup football

In 1998, the Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) was absorbed into al Qaeda when Osama bin Laden announced that he was forming the ________________________

World Islamic Front against Jews and Crusaders

The current structure of Middle Eastern geography and political rule is a direct result of nineteenth-century European imperial influence in the region and the outcomes of __________________.

World War I

The situation at the end of ______________ set the stage for developments over the next century, and it is the basis for terrorism in the traditional Middle East, defined by the U.S. Navy's Captain Mahan as Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and the Arabian Peninsula.

World War I

Zachary Abuza (2003b, pp. 121-187), in an analysis of terrorism in that region, says that jihadist groups began forming in Indonesia in the early 1990s. The International Crisis Group (2004, 2005a) says that these movements had their origins after_____________ when Indonesia gained its in dependence from the Netherlands.

World War II

Beijing claims that international jihadists, trained in Afghanistan and Pakistan, are attempting to overthrow Chinese rule in the______________ and establish an Islamic state.

Xinjiang (New Frontier) province

In 1968 Cuba hosted revolutionary groups in a training session outside Havana (History Channel, 2000). Several leftist and nationalistic groups and individuals from around the world attended the event, including _____________ (1929-2004), the leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).

Yasser Arafat

It operates primarily along the coastal region outside of Algiers and in the Sahel desert area bordering Mali and Algeria.

al Qaeda in the Maghreb (AQIM)

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP):

a Marxist-Leninist Arab nationalist group that emerged after the June 1967 Six Day War. Egypt initially supported the PFLP but withdrew financing in 1968 when PFLP leaders criticized the Egyptian president. Operating in Lebanon under the command of Wadi Hadad, the PFLP began attacking Israeli airliners in 1968. In 1970, the group staged four hijackings in a six-day period; three of the planes were destroyed in the Jordanian desert in front of international media. Because the PFLP was closely linked to Arafat's Fatah, the Jordanians drove Arafat from their territory in September 1970. In 1975, it allied with Carlos the Jackal, a Latin American terrorist, and the Red Army Faction, a left-wing terrorist group in Germany, to attack an oil ministers' conference in Vienna.

Sergey Nechaev (1847-1882)

a Russian anarchist who even murdered a fellow revolutionary, was absolutely ruthless. He cared nothing for innocent victims, and his purpose was to kill. Laqueur admits that some of the anarchists were violent, but he still draws a distinction. Nechaev and others advocated murder, but they did not conduct attacks that resulted in massive innocent casualties. In this sense, new terrorism—as practiced in the late twentieth century—differs from the old terrorism of the nineteenth century.

Red Army Faction:

a West German Marxist group modeled as Marighella-style urban guerrillas. They were the most violent and active revolutionary group during the heyday of left-wing European terrorism. After German reunification, the records of the former East German secret police led to the demise of the RAF. It was also known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang when it first formed.

Hezbollah is organized in three directorates:

a political wing, a social services wing, and a security wing

Yemen suffers from three differing conflicts:

a struggle for control of the central government, a rebellious southern region, and a growing presence of AQAP in the Marib.

Radiological devices

act more slowly than most chemicals, but their poison lasts longer and they can be spread like chemicals.

Suicide bombing became the most important tactic of all the Palestinian terrorist groups at the beginning of the ________________ in September 2000.

al Aqsa Intifada

The __________________ formed from Fatah, embracing religion and suicide attacks. There are many questions about its leadership. Currently, it operates within a network of independent cells having no central command structure.

al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades

Fatah sponsored its own internal groups, including the

al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, Black September, Force 17, and the Tanzim Brigade.

According to the 9/11 Commission Report (2004, p. 58), bin Laden and Azzam "established what they called a base or foundation (_____________) as a potential general headquarters for future jihad" toward the end of the Soviet-Afghan War

al Qaeda

Ryan says that ______________ and its associated networks explain revolutionary theory in an ideological manner similar to the IRA.

al Qaeda

Kenya is the only sub-Saharan country with known_____________________, but there are many other known jihadist organizations in the Horn. Jihadist activities bleed across Kenya's borders into Somalia.

al Qaeda cells

In February 2006, a group of 23 al Qaeda prisoners escaped from prison in Sanaa, the capital of Yemen, and they created _________________ later that year. The group launched a series of suicide attacks against Yemen's oil facilities in September and posted an Internet statement about the attacks in Novem-ber.

al Qaeda in Yemen (AQY)

Algeria's jihadist civil war in the 1990s spawned the Salafi Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) in 1998; the GSPC gave rise to a new group,_________________in 2006.

al Qaeda in the Maghreb (AQIM)

The NCTC (2010) says that the group began changing its targets in late 2006 and early 2007. Using roadside bombs, it began to attack the energy industry. Through-out 2007, it stepped up activity in Algiers, the capital of Algeria, and it launched an attack against the Israeli embassy in neighboring Mauritania. The group also introduced suicide bombing, and by year's end, more than 30 people in Algiers had lost their lives

al Qaeda in the Maghreb (AQIM)

Following the philosophy of Sayyid Qutb, their enemies were defined as the United States, the West, Israel, and Muslims who refused to accept jihadist theology.

al Qaeda.

When people are victims of a bacterial attack, _____________may be an effective treatment.

antibiotics

Female terrorists

are not new to the history of terrorism. It is safe to say that when the term terrorism emerged in late-eighteenth-century France, women were in the forefront. Although they were gradually excluded from full participation in the revolutionary government, they were victims of, witnesses to, and participants in French terrorism (see Proctor, 1990). They were also active in Russia in the nineteenth century (Verhoeven, 2009, pp. 30-37), and they were involved in attempts to repress the African American population in the United States through the early twentieth century

Although Pakistan has restored democracy on occasion, including the election of its current President Asif Ali Zardari , the_________________ stands as the power behind the government.

army

Bin Laden was also involved in _______________. In 1993, his Afghans tried to murder Prince Abdullah (now King Abdullah) of Jordan. U.S. intelligence sources believe that he was behind the attempted assassination of Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak in 1995.

assassination attempts

Bakunin encouraged bombings and individual assassinations as a means of _____________ the masses to reality.

awakening

Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)

began as an offshoot of the Algerian Civil War. It raises money by kidnapping, and according the congressional intelligence sources, it has become al Qaeda's most important financial resource

The Naxalite rebellion

began in 1967 in west Bengal. It started as several communist movements agitating for agrarian reform and peasants rights. The first rebellion was repressed with military and police power. In the second phase, Naxalites began to spread and organize in central India, creating a Red Corridor. The third phase began in 2004 when two major groups united and launched an open rebellion. Its most deadly year was 2010, but the group suffered setbacks in 2011 after one of its main leaders was killed. It remains active, although the level of violence dropped in early 2012.

When Israel first faced suicide bombings, the government implemented a controversial policy called ___________ , whose purpose was to destroy the family homes of suicide bombers.

bulldozing

Israel has responded to terrorism with controversial policies. These include _________________________

bulldozing, invasions of Lebanon, constructing a wall to separate Palestinians from Israelis, and targeted assassinations.

In order to understand the Maoist problem, it is necessary to remember that Indian society was governed by a rigid _______________ system for centuries.

caste

Michael Collins, leader of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), studied revolutionary tactics from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and developed a method of isolating small units of terrorists. He called the small units ___________

cells

Proudhon disagreed with Karl Marx and other socialists about the role of government. Most socialists saw _________ as a necessary evil.

centralized government

Radiological poisoning and "dirty" radioactive devices are forms of _______________

chemical attack.

Abu Sayyuf,

claims to be part of the jihadist movement, but it is most closely associated with criminal activity and seems more interested in money than religion. Philippines

The Communist Party of Nepal responded with more "arrests" and "people's trials." If peasants sided with the government, rebels labeled them as "__________________," and they were frequently murdered. If they gave in to rebel demands for food and shelter, governmental forces punished them

class enemies

During the first few years of its existence, Hezbollah acted more or less like a terrorist______________

clearinghouse

The targets for cyberterrorism include

computers, computer networks, and information storage and retrieval systems.

The country was composed of East and West Pakistan, separated by 1,000 miles of mainland India. The name was derived from a ______________________ and ethnic groups. P stood for Punjab, A for Afghan, K for Kashmir, and S for Sind. Unfortunately, Ali adds, there was no B for Bengal (East Pakistan) or for the massive group of Baluchs in the large state of Baluchistan.

conglomeration of tribes

radioactive poisoning are not __________________

contagious.

Counterterrorism involves the legitimate legal activities of security forces, but some unofficial groups operate outside the law. When these groups engage in violence, it can be described as ____________________

counter revolutionary terrorism.

The Sageman-Hoffman debate is important because it represents the fundamental thrust of _______________policy.

counterterrorism

A former deputy secretary of state referred to Hezbollah as the ____________ terrorist group in the world and some officials link it to al Qaeda

deadliest

The purpose of a ________________ is to eliminate opposition when a government is either unable or unwilling to do so.

death squad

In 1968, the Tupamaros ( National Liberation Movement (MLN)) launched a massive campaign of _________________ in Montevideo.

decentralized terrorism

By 1988, Corrado and Evans conclude, the popularity of nationalistic and left-wing terrorism was ____________. They suggest that the pluralism of Western democracies opened the door to peaceful participation in the political system and offered opportunities for change.

declining

The eighteenth-century Enlightenment provided the intellectual climate to sup-port modern _____________.

democracy

The Enlightenment brought an increased demand for _______________

democracy.

Death squads

developed as a reaction to revolutionary terrorism. The premise behind extrajudicial arrest, torture, and murder is that normative law cannot cope with terrorist violence. People supporting death squads believe that their existence is threatened; therefore, it is necessary to operate outside the law and terrorize the terrorists.

the 9/11 Commission (2004, p. 171) examined claims about al Qaeda's involvement in the diamond trade and came to a different conclusion. The commission found no evidence that________________ were used to support al Qaeda.

diamonds

The United States formed alliances not only with the democracies of western Europe but with some of the most brutal ___________________ in the late twentieth century, all in the name of anticommunism.

dictatorships

IRA (The Irish Republican Army )

did not reject the notion of governmental control; rather, the IRA wanted to nationalize it. The IRA believed Ireland was entitled to self-government

Revolutionary terrorism

differs from other forms of violence because it occurs outside the normal realm of violent political action. It involves acts of violence that are particularly abominable, and it usually occurs within a civilian population. The violence is symbolic, and it is designed to have a devastating psychological impact on established power.

Kidnapping became so successful that the Tupamaros ( National Liberation Movement (MLN)) took to kidnapping foreign ______________

diplomats.

India has a variety of terrorist problems stemming from political, religious, and ethnic strife . The country has a diverse population, including a religious group known as the Sikhs. Sikh is a Punjabi word meaning "__________." Founded over 500 years ago,

disciple

David Altheide (2007) says that the United States "_______" international terror-ism after the attacks of September 11, 2001.

discovered

Gonzalez-Perez says that women are more attracted to ______________ terrorist organizations than to international groups.

domestic

The 9/11 Commission (2004, pp. 171-172) dismisses the idea that _____________ were linked to al Qaeda's attack on New York and Washington, D.C. There is no evidence, the commission writes, that indicates bin Laden used underground drug networks or narcotics trafficking to support the September 11 attacks.

drugs

Chemicals present an attractive weapon for terrorists because they are ____________to control and, unlike biological weapons, the users can avoid the area they attack.

easy

Stephen Ulph (2006a) sees terrorists increasingly using Internet searches to find __________ targets. He believes this trend is notable because terrorists across the globe can unite and research a particular target in a matter of minutes. He also finds terrorist groups attracted to data mining.

economic

Sikhism

emphasizes an inner journey to seek spiritual enlightenment, followed by external behavior to live in peace with the world. The religion has enshrined ten great teachers, or gurus, and it embodies elements of Islam and Hinduism

During the Enlightenment, theology, Israel says, lost its monopoly on providing answers to all human questions. This gave rise to science and a new age of discovery. The deductive logic of the former age was gradually replaced by _____________. The late 1600s and early 1700s proved to be an enlightening time.

empirical observation

Guzmán led the Shining Path in a twofold strategy. First, the guerrillas operated in rural areas, trying to create regional military forces. Second, Guzmán attempted to combine Mao Zedong's ruthless revolutionary zeal with the guerrilla philosophy of Che Guevara. The result was a ruthless campaign of violence designed to force peasants into a new egalitarian society. For most guerrillas, terrorism is minimized because it alienates potential supporters. Guzmán's philosophy was different. Anyone who refused to support the Shining Path was considered an _______________

enemy.

Hezbollah is one of the more ___________organizations in the Middle East due to the manner in which it was formed, its historical metamorphosis, and its desire to play a leading role in Lebanon's politics. It grew out of the Iranian Revolution (1978-1979) and maintains close links with Iran.

enigmatic

Yael Shahar (1997)

envisions scenarios in which a computer virus—a program that typically copies itself and moves through a computer system to disrupt a computer or computer network—is implanted in an enemy's computer. He predicts the use of "logic bombs," or snippets of program code that lie dormant for years until they are instructed to overwhelm a computer system. Shahar also believes that bogus computer chips can be sold to sabotage an enemy's computer network. Trojan horses, or malicious programs that seem to be harmless, can contain a malevolent code that can destroy a system, and "back doors" in computer systems can allow terrorists to enter systems thought to be secure. Furthermore, Shahar believes that conventional attacks, such as overloading an electrical system, threaten computer security.

Proudhon, on the other hand, believed that all government was _________________. Proudhon had revolutionary ideals, but he was a man of peace. He believed that anarchy would develop peacefully as people learned about the structure of governments and the capitalist economy.

evil

Palestinian militancy is characterized by ___________

factionalism.

Arafat's frustrations multiplied after the Six Day War in June 1967. After the Arab armies' sound defeat, Arafat's Fatah moved to center stage. An engineer edu-cated in Cairo, the self-made leader of the PLO proposed terrorizing unfortified civil-ian targets (Wallach and Wallach, 1992). Using a group of Fatah warriors known as ____________

fedayeen

Using a group of Fatah warriors known as ________________ , Arafat began to attack Israel.

fedayeen

Bustamante and Chaskel (2008) argue that Uribe's most successful military actions came between his _______________

first election and 2005.

Jenkins says that the six tactics can be enhanced by _____________

force multipliers

The com-bat striking power of the Tupamaros came from the ________________-person groups in the cells. This organization epitomized Marighella's concept of the firing unit.

four- to six

Hezbollah's ______________ phase brought the organization out of the shadows. Its militia, operating as a guerrilla force, repeatedly struck the Israelis in Lebanon. The success of this action brought political payoffs, and by 1995 Hezbollah developed strong political bases of support in parts of Beirut, the Bekaa Valley, and its stronghold in southern Lebanon. It created a vast organization of social services, including schools, hospitals, and public works. This final change worked. In 1998, Hezbollah won a number of seats in Beirut while maintaining control of the south.

fourth

Al Qaeda has become a ___________—that is, a brand name. Central leadership operates in the tribal areas of Pakistan. It has power because of an alliance with other groups in the area. These include Lashkar-e-Taiba and the Pakistani version of the Taliban.

franchise

Left-wing political leaders in Israel deplore the policy, calling such assassinations "__________________"

gangster murders

Suicide bombers capture the public imagination, but females in al Qaeda tend to follow traditional______________ roles within the radical ideology

gender

Al Qaeda runs a _______________ in an attempt to capture the imagination and support of Muslims.

global marketing campaign

Hezbollah

grew when Revolutionary Guards joined Shiites in Lebanon after the 1982 Israeli invasion. Beginning as a social movement, it evolved into an umbrella group covering independent operators and its own military wing. It employed suicide bombings and other attacks against Israeli targets.

Three interrelated factors were prevalent in the rise of Islamic Group (IG) in Egypt t

he 1981 assassination of Anwar Sadat by religious extremists, the failure of Arab nationalism, and the decline of Arab socialism.

Interservice Intelligence Agency (ISI): T

he Pakistani domestic and foreign intelligence service, created by the British in 1948. Supporters claim that it centralizes Pakistan's intelligence. Critics maintain that it operates like an independent state and supports terrorist groups.

Palestine Liberation Front (PLF): T

hree different groups call themselves the Palestine Liberation Front: The Abu Abbas faction, based in Iran, follows the old-style leadership used by Arafat; the Abdal Fatah Ghanem faction received support from Libya; and the Talat Yaqub faction sought favor with Syria. The name used by all three groups comes from Ahmed Jabril, a former Syrian army captain, who formed the first PLF in 1961.

Many Africans believe that the United States will ally with governments that support antiterrorist efforts even if they have poor ______________ records.

human rights

The NPA is unique due to its_____________ orientation (Coronel, 2007). Most of its power base is in rural Luzon, but it has made inroads in Manila and Mindanao.

ideological

The Maoist rebellion

in Nepal began in 1995 and grew into a major insurrection. A peace treaty in 1995 temporarily brought the Nepalese Communist Party into the government and resulted in limitations on the power of the monarchy. However, Maoist rebels launched attacks in 1996, resulting in a civil war that last until a ceasefire in 2006 and UN monitoring from 2007. The Maoists threatened to renew violence in 2012.

Using Zawahiri's ideas, Osama bin Laden took advantage of America's _________________ and Azzam's waning power. He began to recruit the mujahedeen registered in his computer database for al Qaeda, while Zawahiri organized training camps and cells. Bin Laden also expressed a willingness to work with the Shi'ite terrorist organiza-tion Hezbollah

inattention

Poverty does not cause terrorism, but social ____________can draw people to revolutionary causes.

inequities

Martha Crenshaw (1972), a pioneer in the field, summarized the aspects of revolutionary terrorism early in her career. She says that revolutionary terrorism can be defined as an ___________ in the context of internal warfare or revolution.

insurgent strategy

The Enlightenment was an international _____________movement.

intellectual

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)

is Latin America's oldest and largest terrorist group. Formed as a military wing of the Colombian Communist Party in 1964, it is probably the most capable terrorist group in South America.

The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)

is a continuation of the old religious struggle. Having proposed negotiations with the Philippine government, the MNLF seeks an independent Islamic state.

Turkey

is an enigma in its standing with Europe. The country is 99 percent Muslim and was the home of the last caliphate. Long ago, it was the seat of the Eastern, or Byzantine, Roman Empire, but when its capital Constantinople fell to Mahmet II in 1453, it became the center of Islam.

Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC)

is composed of under-ground government officials who terrorize in the name of security.

Steganography

is frequently said to be one of the Internet's greatest vulnerabilities in light of criminal and terrorist communication. The process refers to embed-ding hidden information in a picture, message, or another piece of information.

The Barisan Revolusi Nasional, Coordinate (BRN-C),

is leading the insurgency and carries a jihadist agenda. One of three BRN groups involved in the insurgency, BRN-C is active in southern Thailand's mosques. Running a network of madrassas, the BRN-C has become the training ground for militants and fundamentalists. More than 2,500 madrassa graduates went for further training in the Middle East before returning to Thailand. BRN-C membership is estimated at 1,000, and it controls 18 schools and a number of teachers. Thai security forces estimate that 70 percent of southern villages have at least one cell.

Hezbollah

is the Iranian-backed Party of God, operating from southern Lebanon.

the New People's Army (NPA)

is the longest-running communist insurgency in the world. It is a rural movement that began in 1969 as a response to a Philippine dictatorship. It had as many as 25,000 members in the 1980s In the Philippine

The Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)

joined the Shining Path in 1984, although it was much less violent.

Imad Mugniyah

kept close ties with operatives in the Triborder region and Ciudad del Este and also ran a terrorist training camp off the coast of Venezuela. Mugniyah met with al Qaeda, possibly Osama bin Laden, in the mid-1990s and allegedly taught al Qaeda terrorists methods for attacking buildings.

The Shining Path

launched a 20-year terrorist campaign in Peru in 1980. It was a Marxist/Maoist movement that prompted a harsh governmental response. Peru's population was caught in the middle as the Shining Path systematically waged a campaign of terrorism against them. It reemerged around 2007, but its major goal was control of the drug trade. The Shining Path broke into two ma-jor factions centered on drug trafficking, and it gained a strong foothold in the coca-producing regions in southern Peru by 2012.

Right-wing terrorism is often a response to ______________violence.

left-wing

When two movements—the People's Guerrilla Army of the People's War Group and the People's Liberation Army of the Maoist Center of India—joined together in 2004, the Naxalites reemerged with power. A___________rebellion burst onto the scene, and by 2005 the Naxalites were challenging India's police with attacks on police stations and jungle ambushes, producing law enforcement c asualties

pan-Naxalite

In Nepal, The Maoists executed prisoners, kidnapped prominent citizens, conducted high-profile assassinations, and launched hit-and-run attacks. They detained government officials, bringing them to their own courts for a "_________________."

people's trial

The most important aspect of the 2006 war was the political ________________ of the results.

perception

Samuel Huntington (1996, p. 176)

points out that Christians, Hindus, and Buddhists do not create international associations of nation-states that are based on religion. Muslims do.

al Qaeda is not a religious movement. It is a violent ___________________ that attempts to hide under the mantle of religious rhetoric.

political organization

Prendergast and Thomas-Jensen believe that _____________will make the situation better and solve terrorism in the long run, but stability involves more than calling out the CJTF-HOA.

political stability

Revolutionary terrorism refers to movements designed to overthrow and replace a ____________

political system.

The Pakistan Army—probably the most respected and, certainly, the most powerful institution in the country—is the _________________ behind the president's office.

power

Terrorists understand the power of the Internet. They run their own websites, and they sometimes hack into existing sites to broadcast ___________ videos.

propaganda

Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876) rejected Kropotkin's nonviolent anarchy, calling for "___________________.

propaganda of the deed

The media are used to____________________

recruit followers, for propaganda, and to get Muslims to accept the idea of a clash of civilizations.

The Internet can also be used for _____________. Abdul Bakier (2006b) finds Salafi jihadists using websites and e-mail to make training manuals available. The World Wide Web has become more important as growing numbers of females join the Salafi movement

recruitment and training

Cyberterrorism

refers to the use of computers to attack technological targets or physical attacks on computer networks.

Following the pattern of the Amal militia, Nasrallah began changing the structure of Hezbollah. In 1985, he established _______________, transforming them into operational bases between 1987 and 1989.

regional centers

After taking part in the war, bin Laden returned to Pakistan and joined Azzam in a new venture:

registering all the foreign jihadists in a single computer database.

Despite the many labels applied to him and the derogatory statements of his enemies, Karl Marx was not a terrorist. Marx referred to "_____________" change, but he never clarified what he meant by revolution. Further, he did not advocate political bombing or assassination.

revolutionary

The NPA sustains operations by levying a "______________," extorting money from local residents and merchants.

revolutionary tax

according to Martha Crenshaw , _________________ It is an attempt to seize power from a legitimate state for the purpose of creating political and social change. It involves the systematic use of terrorism to achieve this goal. Violence is neither isolated nor a series of random acts, and it is far from guerrilla warfare or conventional warfare.

revolutionary terrorism

Death squads have been associated primarily with ________________ activities, but they are used across the political spectrum.

right-wing

Maoist groups are based in ______________ peasant movements.

rural

Unlike Fanon, Marighella endorsed violence for the __________ of violence.

sake

One last aspect of al Qaeda, besides its physical presence in Pakistan, is its orientation toward the electronic media. In 2005, Ayman al Zawahiri stated that over half the battle is being waged in the media. Communications are central to the al Qaeda strategy. Even before September 11, Zawahiri and bin Laden used __________________

satellite television, the Internet, and their video and audio tape distribution system.

In its _____________phase, Hezbollah's leadership launched a kidnapping campaign in Beirut. Westerners, especially Americans, were taken hostage, but Hezbollah, as always, denied any affiliation with the group conducting the operation.

second

The Israelis responded by renewing a policy of ___________; that is, they identified leaders of Hamas and systematically murdered them

selective assassination

The most controversial aspect of Israel's counterterrorist policy is _____________________

selective assassination.

Taliban form divergent regional militias and use ______________ to support guerrilla operations.

selective terrorism

Many voices in Lebanon and elsewhere claim that Hezbollah is a legitimate ____________

self-defense force.

Women are typically recruited in_____________, an offshoot of Hasan al Banna's Muslim Brotherhood, and radical sisterhoods are prevalent in Europe.

sisterhoods

In 2004, New Scientist reported that Middle Eastern terrorist groups were working on a two-stage military-style weapon called a mininuke. This type of explosive is designed to spread fuel in the air and then ignite it. Known as a _______________ bomb , it actually explodes the air in the blast area.

thermobaric

The_____________phase of Hezbollah's metamorphosis came in 1990. Taking over the organization after the death of Musawi, Nasrallah created a regional militia by 1990. In 1991, many of Lebanon's roving paramilitary groups signed a peace treaty, but Hezbollah retained its weapons and revolutionary philosophy and became the pri-mary paramilitary force in southern Lebanon.

third

Critics also point to Hezbollah's uncompromising political stand, saying that it exists for only two reasons:

to impose a Shi'ite government on Lebanon and to destroy the state of Israel.

Women

took part in rebellions in Ireland (Burleigh, 2009, pp. 20-21). More than 10,000 women joined the ranks of the National Liberation Front in the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962 (Kutchera, 1996, 2012). Women played leading roles in the revolutionary terrorism of the 1960s and 1970s, and their representation surged in Western revolutionary groups after 1968

Montevideo government or police responded to Tupamaros ( National Liberation Movement (MLN)) by __________________ Tupamaros

torturing

Al Qaeda's women tend to be better educated than its men, and they are more interested in fulfilling _____________ roles rather than assuming an operative position.

traditional

Zawahiri

was arrested in 1967 and charged with being a member of the Muslim Brotherhood. After his release from jail, he continued his studies to become a physician. Still active in underground politics, he opposed the government of Anwar Sadat. When Sadat signed a peace treaty with Israel, Zawahiri threw himself into the resistance. Egyptian police arrested dissidents from all over Egypt after Sadat's assassination in 1981. Zawahiri was arrested and charged with weapons violations, although he was not officially charged in the assassination. Zawahari was sentenced to three years in prison; after serving his term, Zawahiri left for Afghanistan to join the mujahedeen.

Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT)

was created in 1993 under the watchful eye of the ISI to strike at Indian targets in Jammu and Kashmir. It is best known for its attacks in India, including a deadly series of attacks in Mumbai in November 2008, and it rejects all forms of Islam except its own interpretation.

The Pattani United Liberation Organization (PULO)

was formed in India in 1968 to create a Muslim state through armed struggle. Its leadership is aging, but it maintains a propaganda campaign through the Internet. It held a reunification meeting in Damascus in 2005, hoping to support the insurgency

The Pattani United Liberation Organization (PULO)

was formed in India in 1968 to create a Muslim state through armed struggle. Its leadership is aging, but it maintains a propaganda campaign through the Internet. It held a reunification meeting in Damascus in 2005, hoping to support the insurgency in the south. PULO controls no insurgents, but some of its leaders have made public threats. It claims to be secular, but Abuza says that it has Salafi undertones. New PULO, which was formed in 1995, is much more effective. Its leaders trained in Syria and Libya and have considerable bomb-making skills.

The Mujahedin-e Kahlq (MeK) n.

was founded in 1965, 14 years before the Iranian Revolution, for the purpose of overthrowing the Iranian government. It has been designated as a foreign terrorist organization by the United States, primarily due to the assassinations of six Americans in Tehran during the 1970s and its anti- American activities during the 1979 Iranian Revolutio

Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)

was one of the advocates of modern anarchism. His political activities eventually landed him in a French prison, but Proudhon was not a man of violence.

Osama bin Laden

was the son of Mohammed bin Laden, a wealthy construction executive who worked closely with the Saudi royal family. The elder bin Laden divorced Osama's mother, but he continued to provide for the family. Osama decided that he wanted to become a good Muslim at an early age. Because of his father's connections, bin Laden was raised in the Saudi royal court, and his tutor, Mohammed Qutb, was the brother of the Egyptian radical Sayyid Qutb. Bin Laden was influenced by Sayyid Qutb's thought. While attending university, bin Laden left the nonviolent Wahhabism of the Saudi royal family and turned to Qutb's philosophy (see H. Oliver, 2002, pp. 10-38). Inspired by the mujahedeen of Afghanistan, bin Laden dropped out of college to join the Soviet-Afghan War. At first, he lent his support to the mujahedeen, but later he formed his own guerrilla unit

Marighella model. Seagaller said that although European terrorists longed for a Marighella-style revolution, they never achieved it because they were too __________________

weak.

New PULO

which was formed in 1995, is much more effective. Its leaders trained in Syria and Libya and have considerable bomb-making skills.

Gerakan Mujahedeen Islami Pattani (GMIP),

with 40 active cells. Afghan veterans reassembled the group in 1995, but it deteriorated into a criminal gang. Abuza says that it began to embrace the insurgency by 2003 and that GMIP has contacts with Jamaat Islamiyya in Indonesia and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) in the Philippines. The GMIP staged raids on police and army outposts in 2002.

Nepal's rebellion did not follow the path of other forms of terrorism in Asia. One interesting difference was the role of _______________ in the Maoist movement.

women

Peter Bergen (2009) believes al Qaeda central has been significantly degraded due to U.S. drone attacks in Pakistan. He points to the following significant number of al Qaeda operatives killed by the drones:

• Abu Laith al Libi—led al Qaeda behind bin Laden and Zawahiri • Abu Sulyman al Jazairi—member of Algerian jihad• Abu Khabab al Masri—weapons of mass destruction expert • Abdul Rehman—Taliban commander, South Waziristan • Abu Haris—al Qaeda chief in Pakistan• Khalid Habib—senior al Qaeda leader • Abu Zubair al Masri—senior al Qaeda leader • Abdullah Azzam al Saudi—senior al Qaeda leader • Abu Jihad al Masri—al Qaeda propaganda chief • Tahir Yulashev—commander, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Baitullah Mehsud—leader, Pakistani Taliban

Tupamaro Tactics

• Assassination • Bank robbery • Kidnapping • Propaganda • Bombing • Internal discipline • Infiltration of security forces • Temporary control of urban areas • Redistribution of expropriated goods to the poor

Israel tactics

• Destroying the homes of suicide bombers' families • Selective assassination of Palestinian leaders• Killing innocents when striking militants • Excessive use of force • Commando raids in neighboring countries• June 2006 invasion of Lebanon • December 2008 invasion of Gaza • Blockade of Gaza • May 2010 violent interception of ships during Gaza blockade

Sageman says that he specifically rejects an individualized view and focuses on groups. He sees group behavior as an essential element of analysis.In summary, Sageman counters:

• Hoffman misrepresented information in Leaderless Jihad • Al Qaeda remains a threat to the West. • It has an active command structure. • The threat of terrorism is evolving. • He reviews the literature on terrorism and his methodology is correct. • Leaderless Jihad focuses on groups, not individuals.

Hoffman concludes by stating that al Qaeda has regrouped in the border area between Afghanistan and Pakistan and that it has reemerged as a central threat to the United States. It will not be destroyed by focusing on networks. Al Qaeda must be defeated by eliminating its leadership and delegitimizing its ideology.In summary, Hoffman says:

• Leadership connections are intact and dangerous. • Al Qaeda remains a threat to the West. • Organizations are structured .• Sageman's theory of terrorist networks does not match the scholarly and applied literature about the subject .• Sageman has ignored important data .• Sageman focused on individual behavior instead of the way terrorist groups behave.

Anthony Cordesman (2006) conducted an analysis of the fighting and says the Israelis entered Lebanon with several specific goals. These included:

• Neutralizing Hezbollah's effectiveness before Iran could develop nuclear weapons • Countering the IDF's image after the 2000 Lebanon and 2005 Gaza withdrawals • Forcing Lebanon to control Hezbollah • Rescuing two Israeli soldiers without a prisoner exchange

black June's terrorist acts ( Abu Nidal Organization)

• The murder of Jordanian ambassadors in Spain, Italy, and India • Raids on Jewish schools in Antwerp, Istanbul, and Paris • Attacks on airports in Rome and Vienna • Assassinations of PLO leaders in Tunis • The attempted assassination of the Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom • An attack on a synagogue in Istanbul