TC3

congenial

A congenial person is easy to get along with. If you're trying to decide which of your friends to take on a road trip, choose the most congenial one. Congenial means sharing the same temperament, or agreeing with your temperament. You can talk about a congenial person, place, or environment. Maybe you enjoy the congenial atmosphere of the library. Or perhaps for you the disco is more congenial. As you might expect for such a vaguely approving word, there are many synonyms: agreeable, pleasant, delectable, delightful, enjoyable, and so on. ........................................................................................... Definitions of congenial adjective suitable to your needs "a congenial atmosphere to work in" ""two congenial spirits united...by mutual confidence and reciprocal virtues"- T.L.Peacock" Synonyms:compatibleable to exist and perform in harmonious or agreeable combination adjective friendly and pleasant synonyms: simpatico, sociable adjective (used of plants) capable of cross-fertilization or of being grafted Synonyms :compatibleable to exist and perform in harmonious or agreeable combination ............................................................................. Examples In real life I am moderately brave, but plenty of brave people shed their courage in POW camps, and maybe something similar goes on in the infinitely more congenial milieu of the low-wage American workplace. Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America Always to be the only African, except for menial workers, to be regarded at best as a curiosity and at worst as an interloper, is not a congenial experience. Long Walk to Freedom The modern tourist industry, in the sense of people traveling en masse to a congenial spot and finding lots of diversions awaiting them when they got there, is essentially a White Mountains invention. A Walk in the Woods Others are social only in the sense of being more or less congenial, meeting from time to time in committees, using social gatherings as ad hoc occasions for feeding and breed- ing. ------------------------------------------- همخو، هم مشرب، دارای تجانس روحی، هم سلیقه

deficiency

A deficiency is an insufficient amount of something. If you feel sluggish and tired all day, you might have an iron deficiency, meaning you aren't eating enough iron-rich foods. You are most likely to hear the word deficiency in regard to health, like a sleep deficiency. But you can use deficiency to describe other kinds of lack — a deficiency of fun that occurred while your friends were out of town. Deficiency also means a failure or shortcoming, like a deficiency in math class, which might result in a notice from school — known as a deficiency — being mailed to your home. .............................................................................. Definitions of deficiency noun lack of an adequate quantity or number synonyms:inadequacy, insufficiency noun the state of needing something that is absent or unavailable "water is the critical deficiency in desert regions" synonyms:lack, want ...................................................................................... Examples These deficiencies of astrological theory are less visible to the innumerate, who are not likely to concern themselves with mechanisms, and who are seldom interested in comparing magnitudes. Innumeracy: Mathematical Illiteracy and Its Consequences When George began to watch the Washington oarsmen on the water, he quickly spotted inefficiencies and deficiencies in the mechanics of their stroke that no amount of fiddling with a skeleton could fix. The Boys in the Boat: Nine Americans and Their Epic Quest for Gold at the 1936 Berlin Olympics Maize lacks digestible niacin, the amino acids lysine and tryptophan, necessary to make proteins and diets with too much maize can lead to protein deficiency and pellagra, a disease caused by lack of niacin. 1491 Where there are fewer, the deficiency may be remedied by collecting and distributing the baglike cocoons containing the eggs. .............................................................................................. marginality نقص، فقدان عیب، کسری، کمی، کمبود، کسر، ناکارایی،

proclivity

A proclivity is a natural tendency to like something, such as your sister's proclivity for restaurants that serve hot, spicy food. When you have a proclivity, it feels automatic — you like what you like; you don't even have to think about it. The origin of the word proclivity supports this feeling. Proclivity comes from the Latin word proclivis, which literally means "sloping forward." You slide toward a proclivity — no effort is needed. You just give in to it, since you're headed in that direction naturally. ........................................................................... Definitions of proclivity noun a natural inclination "he has a proclivity for exaggeration" synonyms:leaning, propensity .................................................................................... Examples Muller was also hounded for his political proclivities. The Gene Were all firemen picked then for their looks as well as their proclivities? Fahrenheit 451 "The country simply will not accept a prince of his proclivities. I am sorry, dear, but to them, it's perverse." Red, White & Royal Blue For once not wearing his red carnation, the mayor was asked to describe Fuller and replied, "He has a proclivity for vexation." ................................................................................... تمایل (بارتکاب بدی)، تمایل طبیعی بچیز بد

caustically

Definitions of caustically adverb in a caustic vitriolic manner "he addressed her caustically" synonyms:vitriolically ............................................................................... Examples from Books and ArticlesAll sources "Oh," Beatrice said caustically, "the one you went chasing when you shoulda been minding your own business." Hoot "Would it be any less terrible if they had all been new men?" he inquired caustically. Catch-22 "Jefferson had a party," Adams observed caustically, "Hamilton had a party, but the commonwealth had none." Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation "The credit given to Mr. Adams for a spirit of conciliation towards France is wonderful," Madison observed caustically, meaning that it was wholly undeserved. ................................................................ بطورطعنه امیز

mendacity

Mendacity is a tendency to lie. Your friend might swear that he didn't eat your secret chocolate stash, but you'll find it hard to believe him if he's known for his mendacity. Anyone in the habit of lying frequently has the characteristic of mendacity. People often accuse government officials of mendacity, or being less than honest. You're bound to get frustrated by the mendacity of your friend who's a pathological liar. Mendacity comes from the Latin root word mendacium, or "lie." Don't confuse mendacity with a similar-sounding word, audacity — which means "fearlessness, daring, or bravery." ............................................................................... Definitions of mendacity noun the tendency to be untruthful ............................................................... Examples We know merely what disasters his mendacity occasioned. If divorce had presented itself as the dastardly antithesis of all this, it could easily have been cast onto the other pan of the scales, along with betrayal, illness, thieving, assault and mendacity. A fine-tuned melodrama about a wealthy Mississippi family undone by its patriarch's cancer diagnosis, the play melts down the characters' kept-up appearances and oft-mentioned "mendacity" as they scramble for his inheritance. These days, does there seem to be a candidate leading the leagues in mendacity? ........................................................................... =lying دروغگویی، کذب،

deify

Other forms: deified; deifying; deifies When you deify someone, you're paying the highest compliment: you're treating them like a god. Maybe it's because people like to exaggerate, but we deify all the time. We deify the latest sports stars, singers, and actors. When politicians are popular, we deify them. Great writers and artists of the past — like Shakespeare and Picasso — are deified. Anytime we make someone seem so great, so powerful, so wonderful, and so amazing that it can't possibly be true, we're deifying them. Putting someone on a pedestal is something that we often do when we respect or love the person a lot. ................................................................................................. Definitions of deify verb exalt to the position of a God "the people deified their King" verb consider as a god or godlike "These young men deify financial success" .......................................................................................... Examples By 1608 it was possible to complain that 'nowadays the discoverers of new things are virtually deified'. The Invention of Science Americans deify democracy in a way that allows for a dim awareness that they have, from time to time, stood in defiance of their God. Between the World and Me Man's subliminal urge to destroy what he could neither subdue nor deify. The God of Small Things Quirinus was the name of the deified Romulus, the founder of Rome. .......................................................................................................... خدا دانستن، پرستیدن، مقام الوهیت قائل شدن (برای)

prevarication

Prevarication is when someone tells a lie, especially in a sneaky way. A child might use prevarication to avoid telling the whole truth about how the kitchen window got broken. While the noun prevarication is mostly just a fancy way to say "lie," it can also mean skirting around the truth, being vague about the truth, or even delaying giving someone an answer, especially to avoid telling them the whole truth. In the 16th century, the word was used to mean "going astray," or "stepping out of line." It comes from the Latin root word praevaricari, which literally translates as "walk crookedly." ................................................................... Definitions of prevarication noun the deliberate act of deviating from the truth synonyms:fabrication, lying noun a statement that deviates from or perverts the truth synonyms:lie noun intentional vagueness or ambiguity synonyms:equivocation, evasiveness ....................................................................... Examples By the time Linda drove me to the airport she had long since seen through my prevarications. Into Thin Air When he started another joke I looked at John's face and began to realize it was he who had started me telling all these prevarications. The Pigman The ad is for "customer service" work, a type of job I tend to avoid because it normally involves a resume, which in turn would involve levels of prevarication I am not prepared to attempt. Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America Releasing twin albums a year apart might seem like excessive prevarication, but in the context of Earth's lugubrious pace, that's practically a simultaneous release. .............................................................................................. =lying خیانت وکیل به موکل، ساختن وکیل با طرف موکل، دروغگویی، حرف دو پهلو،

introspective

Someone who is introspective spends considerable time examining his own thoughts and feelings. If you take to your diary after an unhappy break-up, you are being introspective. The Latin word introspicere means to look inside, and that's what an introspective person does, metaphorically speaking. It's different from meditative and pensive in that they can refer to contemplating anything, whereas introspection involves specifically contemplating yourself. ............................................................................. Definitions of introspective adjective given to examining own sensory and perceptual experiences synonyms:introverted, self-examining .............................................................................. Examples Three days passed: after them, Ray Gusdorf quietly emerged from the Midnight Mountains a different human being—mature, introspective, curiously subdued. The Milagro Beanfield War It was a relief when the Guards had pounded out of sight and the rest could resume their introspective trudging. Atonement While Hinduism retained its popular rituals and devotion to its pantheon, at its core Hinduism became monotheistic and introspective. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea "If by romantic you mean solitary and introspective," I said, "I think romantics are frequently the best classicists." -------------------------------------------------- درون نگر،

buoyant

Something that is buoyant floats in water. Since floating is happier than sinking, buoyant also refers to things are fun and upbeat. Someone with a buoyant personality is fun to be around, laughs a lot, smiles, and cheers other people up. Buoyant people are lively and lighthearted — the opposite of sad, depressed, and bummed out. Buoyant people are also called bubbly and cheerful, and it should help to remember that buoyant objects float — just like a buoyant person can seem like they're floating too (as in the expression "floating on air"). ........................................................ Definitions of buoyant adjective tending to float on a liquid or rise in air or gas "buoyant balloons" "buoyant balsawood boats" synonyms:floaty adjective characterized by liveliness and lightheartedness "buoyant spirits" synonyms:chirpy, perky ............................................................................ Examples He no longer looked buoyant and rosy-faced; there was no more spring in his step. Harry Potter And The Goblet Of Fire I cut four more segments of the buoyant rope and tied the lifebuoy to each side of the square. Life of Pi He flew about his tasks, buoyant with triumph and overflowing with energy. The Golden Goblet Normally buoyant, she had a drawn look on her face. .......................................................................... smooth شناور، سرزنده سبک، سب کروح، خوشدل

estranged

The adjective estranged suggests a loss of affection, a turning away from someone. When a couple separates, we often refer to them as estranged — or no longer together. The word estranged is an unfriendly word with a negative connotation. The word strange within it seems to suggest an alienation of affection, and that a loving relationship has not only soured, but turned distant and even somewhat hostile. While the word is usually used to describe a human relationship, it can also refer to a political situation where nations that were once allies develop conflicts and become estranged. ------------------------------------------------------ adjective caused to be unloved synonyms:alienated --------------------------------------------- My brother and I got into a bad fight when we were in high school, and we've been estranged ever since. The Crossover She had an estranged Chinese husband and a child. Escape from Camp 14: One Man's Remarkable Odyssey from North Korea to Freedom in the West She didn't know, because I never told her, that my friends were a bit estranged. --------------------------------------------------------- دلسرد کردن، بیگانه کردن، دورکردن

duplicity

Though he said he didn't know anything about the footprints in the new sidewalk, his duplicity, or deceitfulness, was obvious from the cement caking his shoes. His mouth said one thing, his feet said another. Many words with "du" have meanings with "two" or "duo." Duplicity is from a Latin word meaning "twofold, having two parts." Someone who shows duplicity is two-faced — maybe showing one side in public and another in private — or is just a liar, saying something known to be untrue or misleading. A fraud uses duplicity to gain something with false promises, and someone described as "fake" might use duplicity just to fit in or be accepted. ...................................................................................... Definitions of duplicity noun acting in bad faith; deception by pretending to entertain one set of intentions while acting under the influence of another synonyms:double-dealing noun a fraudulent or duplicitous representation synonyms:fraudulence .......................................................................................... Examples I seem to have persuaded Susan and Robert, who no longer look concerned for my mental stability, but Caleb narrows his eyes at me, the way he does when he suspects someone of duplicity. "Now, listen, my boy," Neylan rejoined, launching into a two-hour monologue about the history of the oath, the duplicity of Robert Sproul, and the faculty's disrespect for the board of regents. Her expression of duplicity was balanced by the fatuous confidence with which the Unicom regarded her. Through some complex combination of duplicity and disposition, Jefferson had come to embody the will to believe. ...................................................................... =fraud دورویی، دورنگی، تزویر، ریا، دولایی

ascetic

Want to live an ascetic lifestyle? Then you better ditch the flat panel TV and fuzzy slippers. To be ascetic, you learn to live without; it's all about self-denial. Ascetic is derived from the Greek asketes, meaning "monk," or "hermit." Later that became asketikos, meaning "rigorously self-disciplined," which gives us the Modern English ascetic. Ascetic can be a noun: a person with incredible self-discipline and the ability to deprive herself, or an adjective that describes such a people or their lifestyle. .................................................................................. Definitions of ascetic noun someone who practices self denial as a spiritual discipline synonyms:abstainer adjective practicing great self-denial ""Be systematically ascetic...do...something for no other reason than that you would rather not do it"- William James" synonyms:ascetical, austere, spartan adjective pertaining to or characteristic of an ascetic or the practice of rigorous self-discipline "ascetic practices" synonyms:ascetical .................................................................. Examples from Books and ArticlesAll sources He remembered how once, as a youth, he had compelled his father to let him go and join the ascetics, how he had taken leave of him, how he had gone and never returned. Siddhartha He dreamt that Govinda stood before him, in the yellow robe of the ascetic. Siddhartha Siddhartha said: 'You know, my friend, that even as a young man, when we lived with the ascetics in the forest, I came to distrust doctrines and teachers and to turn my back on them. Siddhartha "Of course," he said agreeably, cool as a priest in his dark suit and ascetic spectacles. ...................................................... ریاضت کش، مرتاض، تارک دنیا، زاهدانه،

undertake

When you undertake a task or challenge, you attempt to accomplish it. If you want to undertake a verbal challenge right now, try saying "sushi chef" ten times quickly without messing up. Way back in the 13th century, undertake meant "seize" or "entrap." Of course, the meaning has shifted significantly since then, and we hope you don't feel entrapped when you decide to undertake a project. However, undertake does convey a level of commitment and involvement that's somewhat stronger than the words try or attempt might suggest. ..................................................................................... Definitions of undertake verb enter upon an activity or enterprise synonyms:attempt, set about verb promise to do or accomplish synonyms:guarantee verb enter into a contractual arrangement synonyms:contract verb accept as a challenge synonyms:tackle, take on verb accept as a charge synonyms:take in charge ............................................................................. Examples It was undertaken to discover if America was involved in the practice of racism against black Americans. Black Like Me But in the last adventure the two undertook he could not save his friend. Mythology: Timeless Tales of Gods and Heroes The new control measures undertaken in 1949 were carefully planned and few people would have supposed any harm could result. Silent Spring Why they later undertook the hard and perilous crossing of the mountains into Eriador is no longer certain. ............................................................................... بر عهده گرفتن عهده دار شدن، تعهد کردن، متعهد شدن، به عهده گرفتن، قول دادن، متقبل شدن، تقبل کردن،

calamitous

A calamitous event is one that leads to a catastrophe — like the calamitous crashing of your parents' car into the garage door. Calamitous is an adjective that is generally used to describe events, and these events are disastrous or destructive. A failed election can be a calamitous event for a politician, especially if he loses by a landslide. Ever heard of Calamity Jane? She was known for her wild, calamitous behavior in the Wild West during the 19th century. Steer clear of anyone with a name like Calamity. .............................................................................. Definitions of calamitous adjective (of events) having extremely unfortunate or dire consequences; bringing ruin "a calamitous defeat" synonyms:black, disastrous, fatal, fateful ..................................................................... Examples Our parents had decided to put an end to their calamitous marriage, and Father shipped us home to his mother. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings I was such a calamitous whirlwind of stupidity! 100 Sideways Miles His reputation then fell victim to two nearly calamitous setbacks, one beyond his control and the other the product of his personal flair for perversity. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation I know the unspoken rules of boys, but with girls I sense that I am always on the verge of some unforeseen, calamitous blunder. ......................................................................... پربلا، بدبختی اور، مصیبت بار، خطرناک، فجیع

disguise

A disguise is something you put on so no one recognizes you. It also can be used as a verb. You can disguise yourself with a wig and mustache; that's a great disguise. Disguise can be used anytime you're talking about concealing or hiding something. Most of the time we think of a disguise as something you wear, but you can also disguise your feelings. Criminals might disguise their intentions. You can also use the word to describe something that seems to be one thing, but turns out to be another. You missed the plane, but then the plane crashed. That's a blessing in disguise. ............................................................................ Definitions of disguise noun any attire that modifies the appearance in order to conceal the wearer's identity noun the act of concealing the identity of something by modifying its appearance "he is a master of disguise" synonyms:camouflage noun an outward semblance that misrepresents the true nature of something "the theatrical notion of disguise is always associated with catastrophe in his stories" synonyms:camouflage verb make unrecognizable "We disguised our faces before robbing the bank" synonyms:mask ............................................................... Examples from Books and ArticlesAll sources McCandless had tried to disguise the fact that he was a drifter living out of a backpack: He told his fellow employees that he lived across the river in Laughlin. Into the Wild Just the weather for trying out his new disguise, he thought, as the sun warmed the back of his sturdy neck. The Thief Lord He should never have made up that elaborate story to disguise his search for the cave; somebody might ask him about it. Song of Solomon It looks kind of familiar, but it's not Mom's or Dad's or Lily's, either, unless one of them was trying to disguise their handwriting so I wouldn't be able to recognize it. ..................................................................................... تغییر چهره دادن استتار، پوشش، تغییر قیافه دادن، جامه مبدل پوشیدن، نهان داشتن، پنهان کردن، لباس مبدل، تغییر قیافه،

accolade

A knight being honored with the tap of a sword-blade was the earliest form of accolade. Today, an accolade is more than a way to bestow knighthood, it is a form of praise or an award. In the early 17th century, the French accoler meant to "embrace the neck," which was done as part of a knighthood ceremony. By the 19th century, accolade came to mean "award." A person who achieves a goal in research or service may receive an official paper certificate or trophy, an accolade of achievement, while a performer or speaker might get an accolade in the form of applause from the audience. Rarely does either of these types of accolade involve a sword. ....................................................................................... Definitions of accolade noun a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction synonyms:award, honor, honour, laurels noun a remark (or act) expressing praise and admiration synonyms:compliment ................................................................................... Examples The intense bonding and the sense of exhilaration that results from it are what many oarsmen row for, far more than for trophies or accolades. Perhaps he had be come frustrated watching his boyhood chum collect accolades and public acclaim for his marvelous engineering while complacently performing atrocious physics. "There are no accolades for the unworthy," Faraday said. You had to be rude at least sometimes and edgy often to be credited with "personality," and without that accolade no one at Devon could be anyone. .............................................................................. سر بالایی، فراز، سختی، مراسم اعطای منصب شوالیه یا سلحشوری و یا شهسواری، (مو). خطاتصال، اکولاد، خط ابرو (به این شکل) }{

misnomer

A misnomer is a wrong or unsuitable name. It's a misnomer to call your grandmother "Grandfather," the same way it's a misnomer to call a chair with four legs that doesn't move unless you drag it across the floor, a rocking chair. From the Middle-French misnomer "to misname" evolved our English misnomer, a noun indicating a lack of fit when it comes to naming. Synonyms include, predictably, misnamed, but also mistermed and miscalled. You'll notice the repetition of the mis- at the front of all those words. It comes from the French mes-, which means "wrongly." ............................................................................. Definitions of misnomer noun an incorrect or unsuitable name ..................................................................................... Examples That is a misnomer in that no such title existed, but the role he played was not so different from what the designation implies. Long Walk to Freedom Stateroom 3 is glorious as well as a misnomer—it constitutes half the car, and contains at least one additional room, which is cordoned off with a thick velvet curtain. Water for Elephants Escort officer was, actually, a bit of a misnomer. Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing Though a misnomer, his nickname proved to be the one enduring thing about Pollard's ring career. ........................................................................................ نام غلط، نام عوضی، اسم بی مسمی

predecessor

A predecessor is something that came before the current version. The person you replaced at work is your predecessor, just like Pac Man is the predecessor of modern video games. If you break the word predecessor down to its Latin roots, you get pre, meaning "beforehand," and decessor, which means "retiring officer." So that's how we get to our definition of "someone who has held an office or position before the present holder." But predecessors aren't just found in the business world: these days predecessors include our ancestors, earlier car models, and all kinds of other forerunners. ........................................................................... Definitions of predecessor noun one who precedes you in time (as in holding a position or office) noun something that precedes and indicates the approach of something or someone synonyms:forerunner, harbinger, herald, precursor ................................................................................ Examples Even Newton, though, relied on his immediate predecessors, in particular Galileo Galilei and René Descartes, and in that sense his contributions followed naturally from what went before. The Scientists They were men of middling birth, by and large; merchants' sons, lesser lordlings, sometimes even foreigners, but judging from their results, far more able than their highborn predecessors. A Clash of Kings His special distinction as a speaker was not to deliver the full- bore, self-consciously Greco-Roman ornamentation of his predecessors. Words Like Loaded Pistols Composers of the mid- to late-eighteenth century limited themselves to a small choice of chords partly as a reaction to the harmonic style of their predecessors, but also to emphasise the primacy of the melody. ................................................................ پیشین اسبق، سابق، قبلی، اجداد، (درجمع) پیشنیان، ماقبل، سلف

presage

A presage is a sign that something bad is about to happen, like when you get that queasy feeling in your stomach because your mom found out you skipped band practice to go to the movies. Presage, pronounced "PREH-sige," can be a noun or a verb. As a noun, presage is a warning or omen of bad things to come, like a strange quiet and stillness in the air, presage to the coming tornado. As a verb, presage means "to make a prediction or give a warning of what's to come." A terrible end-of-season football game might presage the struggles that the team will face next season. ............................................................................................ Definitions of presage noun a foreboding about what is about to happen noun a sign of something about to happen synonyms :omen, portent, prodigy, prognostic, prognostication verb indicate by signs synonyms :augur, auspicate, betoken, bode, forecast, foreshadow, foretell, omen, portend, predict, prefigure, prognosticate ................................................................................. Examples "A presage of horror! What on earth do you mean?" Dracula All is vastness; the clouds are piled up like giant rocks, and there is a "brool" over the sea that sounds like some presage of doom. Dracula Since it must, they thought, presage the fall of some kingdom, the comet encouraged, in some sense precipitated, the invasion of England by William the Conqueror. Cosmos As I passed down an obscure street, I felt spread through all my palms that tingling of the nerves that presages a great leap. ................................................................................................ portend نشانه، نشان، علامت، فال نما، شگون، گواهی دادن بر، خبردادن از، پیشگویی کردن

propensity

A propensity is a natural tendency to behave in a certain way. We all have propensities — things we tend to do. Dogs have a propensity to bark, and many people have a propensity for getting annoyed by it. If you have a propensity for something, then it's something that comes naturally to you or something you just do a lot. Some people have a propensity to laugh. Other people have a propensity for making others laugh, or for being generous, or for getting angry. It's hard to change your propensities. Sometimes a propensity is a bad thing, as in a criminal with a propensity for theft or murder. .................................................................................... Definitions of propensity noun a natural inclination synonyms:leaning, proclivity noun an inclination to do something synonyms:leaning, tendency noun a disposition to behave in a certain way "the propensity of disease to spread" synonyms:aptness ............................................................................ Examples What a pigmy intellect she had, and what giant propensities! Jane Eyre Growing up in a single-parent home roughly doubles a child's propensity to commit crime. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything I was too nervous to bother explaining that one of my father's vices had been his propensity for dirty limericks. The Name of the Wind Limbs, torsos, brains, eyes, faces—even temperaments or propensities that were inherited—had to be created anew each time an embryo unfurled into a human fetus. -------------------------------------------- تمایل طبیعی، میل باطنی، رغبت، گرایش،

tussle

A tussle is a rowdy fight. If the rambunctious kids you're babysitting get into a tussle, you may have to separate them for a while and calm them down. Though a tussle is often a physical fight, it's rarely a serious one. Two wrestling dogs, a couple of scuffling teenagers — these are examples of tussles. The word tussle is Scottish, a variant of touselen, which is related to tousle, or "dishevel or muss," which you might do to a little kid's hair. The root of both is the Old English tousen, "handle or push about roughly." ----------------------------------------------------------- noun disorderly fighting synonyms:dogfight, hassle, rough-and-tumble, scuffle verb fight or struggle in a confused way at close quarters synonyms:scuffle verb make messy or untidy synonyms:muss -------------------------------------------------------------- "The pimples went when the breasts came," she explained while she tussled with a dog, "but I kept the vulture's beak." A Clash of Kings He reaches out and tussles at my hair. Freak The Mighty He digs out a victim's eyeballs and tosses them to his waiting pack of demons, igniting a tussle. City of the Plague God An idle wind tussled the leaves in the trees and wafted a patch of smoke like a low cloud toward me. ----------------------------------------------------------------- مسابقه جسمانی، کشمکش، مجادله، نزاع کردن، بحث کردن، تقـلا کردن،

affective

Affective is a word that crops up a lot in psychology—it means having to do with emotions or moods. Affective disorders are characterized by mood swings. It can be tricky to remember the difference between effective and affective (but easier than distinguishing between effect and affect). Effective makes a judgment about how something works—an effective strategy is one that works well. Affective is about how someone acts, or feels. .................................................................................. Definitions of affective adjective characterized by emotion synonyms:affectional, emotive .................................................................................... Examples But people live also in the realm of the affective and aesthetic—that's why they bury bodies and sometimes dig them up and pour love potions on them. And yet there again, the Neurocase paper I cite above on the prodigious memorizer of 7t describes how the subject's "self-report indicates that imagining affective situations and high emotional content is critical for successful recall." An investigation of an arts infusion program on creative thinking, academic achievement, affective functioning, and arts appreciation of children at three grade levels. Interestingly, there is often an affective connection between music and the emotions, and musical intelligence may share common thinking processes with mathematical intelligence. ................................................................................... عاطفی، موثر، محرک، نفسانی،

encroachment

An encroachment is something that intrudes and has the power to influence whatever it encounters. Some might consider text messaging to be an encroachment of impersonal technology on true, heartfelt interactions. Encroachment carries the sense of something slowly creeping into something else's space, either literally or figuratively. An encroachment can be of the physical variety, such as the encroachment of new development into a beautiful coastal area. Encroachment typically has a slightly a negative meaning, hinting at something that intrudes on something and then spoils it in some way. ...................................................................................... Definitions of encroachment noun any entry into an area not previously occupied synonyms:intrusion, invasion noun entry to another's property without right or permission synonyms:intrusion, trespass, usurpation, violation noun the act or state of having strong influence synonyms:impact, impingement ........................................................................................... Examples from Books and ArticlesAll sources And while I can't say I know her that well, Jupiter Charity-Sanchez doesn't seem the type to take kindly to encroachments upon her territory. Odd One Out I tried to picture him, working at his laptop in our sunny kitchen, but the image was spoilt by encroachments from his new life. The Girl on the Train They were responding to Sitting Bull's message to gather and talk about the encroachment of the white people. In the Footsteps of Crazy Horse Despite these brutal acts, the Powhatans continued to resist encroachment. An Indigenous People's History of the United States ................................................................................. غصب، تعدی، دست اندازی، تخطی، تجاوز،

autumnal

Anything autumnal has to do with autumn: the fall season. Pumpkins are a popular autumnal food. This word has to do with anything related to or associated with autumn. Sweater weather is autumnal. Pumpkin spice tea is autumnal. Leaves changing colors are autumnal. Halloween is an autumnal holiday. If you feel a chill in the air in August, you could say that's a sign of autumnal weather coming. Because of the mild weather, many people enjoy autumnal weather more than any other season's weather. ......................................................................... Definitions of autumnal adjective of or characteristic of or occurring in autumn "the autumnal equinox" "autumnal fruits" Synonyms:autumn-blooming, autumn-flowering, fall-blooming, fall-flowering, late-blooming, late-floweringof plants that bloom during the autumn adjective characteristic of late maturity verging on decline "a serene autumnal mood" Synonyms:maturecharacteristic of maturity ................................................................................................. Examples With the autumnal surrogation to winter and the Thanksgiving holiday quickly ascending upon us, I find myself reminiscing to mind the many blessings and bestowments of the past. Moon Over Manifest For once, the weather was kindly—more autumnal than springlike in feel, but gratifyingly mild. A Walk in the Woods Among the possibilities mentioned were jail fever, camp fever, eruptive military fever, and autumnal fever. An American Plague: The True and Terrifying Story of the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793 ..............................................................................................

invasive

Anything invasive goes or grows where you don't want it. An invasive procedure at the doctor hurts, and an invasive plant, like kudzu, grows all over the garden. And the yard. And the house. Invasive species are plants or animals that are not native to an environment and steadily spread, sometimes taking over the native landscape. The same could be said of diseases such as cancer. Invasive surgery usually involves making an incision with a scalpel. We call policies or laws invasive when they endanger personal or civil rights and liberties. No one likes an invasion. Raccoons are an invasive species in Scotland, but no one believed their fake accents anyway. -------------------------------------------- adjective gradually intrusive without right or permission "invasive tourists" synonyms:encroaching, trespassing intrusivetending to intrude (especially upon privacy) adjective involving invasion or aggressive attack "invasive war" synonyms:incursive, invading adjective (of plants or species) tending to spread in an uncontrollable and often harmful way adjective marked by a tendency to spread especially into healthy tissue "invasive cancer cells" Synonyms:aggressive, fast-growing, strong-growingtending to spread quickly adjective relating to a technique in which the body is entered by puncture or incision ------------------------------------------------ A common tenant complaint concerned invasive attempts by officials to prove that single women were living with men—a violation of both housing and welfare rules. The Best of Enemies Her tumor was invasive, but not an epidermoid carcinoma as originally diagnosed. The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks He wasn't looking at me, and it felt invasive of me to look at him. The Fault in Our Stars As invasive as the eye of the parrot. ---------------------------------------------------- تهاجمی هجوم کننده، تاخت و تاز کننده

forbidding

Anything that's forbidding is a little menacing, daunting, or even frightening. It's hard enough starting at a new school, much less one in a huge, grim, forbidding building. Things that loom high above you, dark and cold, are often described with this adjective. Think of the forbidding trees lining a spooky path at night, or your stern, forbidding math teacher, silently frowning down at the class with his arms crossed. Forbidding comes from forbid, "refuse to allow," and its Old English root meaning "command against." ................................................................ Definitions of forbidding noun an official prohibition or edict against something synonyms:ban, banning, forbiddance adjective threatening or foreshadowing evil or tragic developments "forbidding thunderclouds" synonyms:baleful, menacing, minacious, minatory, ominous, sinister, threatening adjective harshly uninviting or formidable in manner or appearance "a forbidding scowl" synonyms:dour, grim ........................................................................... Examples It looked forbidding, though I knew that was nonsense. Fever 1793 She was taken about a mile away, to a forbidding stone building that stood four stories high: the St. Louis Catholic missionary school, where she was left in the care of women in black-and-white habits. Killers of the Flower Moon Washington Observatory, William Lowell Putnam drily notes: "There may be worse weather, from time to time, at some forbidding place on Planet Earth, but it has yet to be reliably recorded." A Walk in the Woods Seconds later, the wagon door swings open, and the forbidding walls of Blackcliff are before me, their oppressive weight driving the hallucination from my mind. ..................................................... زننده، نفرت انگیز، دافع، ناخوانده، نامطبوع، ترسناک، شوم، مهیب، عبوس، بدقیافه، نهی کننده

approbation

Approbation is a formal word for approval or praise. Approbation is like getting the nod in a big way. Politicians rely on the public's approbation to get elected. How is it possible that approbation means approval when probation is a form of being in trouble? Probation is a testing period, to see if you can be good. Approbation means it's all good. Or you can remember this rhyme: "Filled with approbation, the audience gave a standing ovation." Definitions of approbation noun official approval see more noun official recognition or approval ................................................................................... Examples Despite their welcome, I could not bring myself to speak much at our meal, so sensible am I of my youth and inexperience, so anxious am I for their approbation. Learning was an abstraction that took place beneath the stares and approbation of the Catholic S.S. that had goose-stepped through the classrooms of his youth. His approbation laps me like a warm bath. The Handmaid's Tale ........................................................................ تصویب، قبولی، موافقت، پسند،

ardor

Are you inspired to write love poems to your crush? Sprinkle rose petals in her path? Then you're feeling ardor — an intense kind of warmth and fervor most often associated with love. The Brits spell ardor with an extra vowel, so you'll often see this word written as ardour. But on either side of the pond it's a noun that brings to mind Pepe Le Pew and his fervent pursuit of the female species. But ardor isn't always about love. It's perfectly platonic to be "an ardent supporter" of a certain cause, or show eagerness and ardor in your approach to anything. ............................................................................ Definitions of ardor noun feelings of great warmth and intensity "he spoke with great ardor" synonyms:ardour, fervency, fervidness, fervor, fervour, fire . noun a feeling of strong eagerness (usually in favor of a person or cause) "they were imbued with a revolutionary ardor" synonyms:ardour, elan, zeal . noun intense feeling of love synonyms:ardour .............................................................................................................. Examples Hamlet did not contend with me but loosened his embrace, and his ardor cooled like an ember when the wind ceases to blow. Ophelia His visits to Boston became fewer, though he still responded to her letters with the ardor of a lover. The Devil in the White City She went on that way, silent hour after silent hour; she had done nothing else for thirty-eight evenings now, and each time, her ardor deepened, her thoughts became more pure. The Princess Bride The prison sentences that often attended their activism did nothing to quell their ardor ------------------------------------------------ گرمی، حرارت، تب و تاب، شوق، غیرت

intractable

Can't manage your stubborn little brother who won't do what anyone says? You could call him intractable, or you could call your mother. Problems are intractable when they can't be solved. Intractable means not tractable. Helpful, right? No? Let's break it down. In both words you see the word tract. A contract is a written document that explains how a legal situation is to be managed together. When someone is tractable they are able to be managed or handled. When they are intractable, they are as unmanageable as a hungry two-year old. .................................................................................................... Definitions of intractable adjective not tractable; difficult to manage or mold "an intractable disposition" "intractable pain" "the most intractable issue of our era" "intractable metal" Synonyms:defiant, noncompliantboldly resisting authority or an opposing force ..................................................................................... Examples Greece would defeat the Persians; Greek philosophy would never quite defeat Zeno—for Zeno had a paradox, a logical puzzle that seemed intractable to the reasoning of Greek philosophers. Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea It's what made the river flow, the ocean swell, and the tide rise, but it was a silent power, intractable, indomitable, indisputable, and thus completely ignorable. The Color of Water: A Black Man's Tribute to His White Mother It might seem ludicrous to address as large and intractable a problem as white-collar crime through the life of a bagel man. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything So much of his job was just plain grueling, the challenges huge and often seemingly intractable. ............................................................................................. stubborn سرپیچ، متمرد، خود سرانه، لجوج، خیره سر، ستیزه جو، لجوجانه، رام نشدنی

clangor

Clangor is one of those words that means exactly what it sounds like, so you can feel free to describe the noise your brother makes when he's banging on his drums in the basement as a clangor. The word clangor brings to mind clanking sounds, but it can also be used to mean any kind of resounding, deafening noise, such as the shouting of a crowd. When you instinctively know what a word means just by the way it sounds — like clangor — that's called onomatopoeia. -------------------------------------------- noun a loud resonant repeating noise synonyms:clang, clangoring, clangour, clank, clash, crash verb make a loud resonant noise "the alarm clangored throughout the building" synonyms:clangour verb make a loud noise synonyms:clang, clangour ------------------------------------------------------ Both weapons were blunted, yet still they raised an awful clangor. A Clash of Kings He jerked his head with each word, the bells in his antlers sending up a clangor. A Clash of Kings Iorek roared above the clangor, "Hold it still in your mind! You have to forge it, too! This is your task as much as mine!" The Amber Spyglass Bells rang, a sudden clangor of bronze birds -------------------------------------------------------- جرنگ جرنگ، طنین ناقوس ها

foreordained

Definitions of foreordained adjective established or prearranged unalterably "his place in history was foreordained" synonyms:predestinate, predestined ................................................................................................ Examples Dad held my hands in his mangled fingers and told me that his disfiguration had been foreordained. Educated Whether the cause was the Pilgrim God, Pilgrim guns, or Pilgrim greed, native losses were foreordained; Indians could not have stopped colonization, in this view, and they hardly tried. 1491 None of this was foreordained — or even all that likely. New York TimesOct 28, 2020 Because the writing and acting are so strong, the audience is able to understand Sivana's pain even as he acts like the monster that circumstances practically foreordained he'd become. ...................................................................................................... از پیش مقرر کردن، تقدیر کردن

undergird

Definitions of undergird verb make secure underneath "undergird the ship" synonyms:brace up verb lend moral support to .......................................................... Examples from Books and ArticlesAll sources I devoured the books because they were the rays of light peeking out from the doorframe, and perhaps past that door there was another world, one beyond the gripping fear that undergirded the Dream. The fireplace, the beams undergirding the loft, the tools dangling off nails on the walls. Mr. Daugherty expertly dissects Ms. Didion's preoccupation with narratives — not just with the techniques of storytelling but also with the subtexts undergirding the personal and political story lines mapped in her work. "Like 'Gimme Shelter,' there isn't a strong linear narrative, but the musical culture undergirds a whole host of other things," she said. ................................................................................ =dependent تقویت کردن، بست زدن به

verticality

Definitions of verticality noun position at right angles to the horizon synonyms:erectness, uprightness, verticalness ............................................................................ Examples Here in the cedar swamp verticality wasn't an essential property of trees. Dictatorially extending Andean verticality, the imperium shuttled people and materiel in and out of every Andean crevice. "Here, they are always pointing toward the ground, creating the only system of verticality," he said as he sipped Champagne at the preview on Tuesday night. The subtle emphasis with which their torsos tipped and arched away from sheer verticality, while their feet carried them gleamingly across the stage, was intoxicating. ........................................................................ عمودیت، راستی، قائمی، حالت عمودی

deft

Deft means "showing cleverness and skill in handling things." What you want to see in football or basketball is some deft handling of the ball. Some people are physically deft, like accomplished athletes and ballet dancers. Their movements are fast, graceful, and deliberate. Others might be mentally or intellectually deft. You could describe a beautifully written essay as deft, or talk about a politician's deft work on an anti-bullying bill. The source of deft is the Old English gedæfte, "mild or gentle," which became deft in Middle English along with its meaning of "apt, skillful, or adept." ..................................................................................... Definitions of deft adjective skillful in physical movements; especially of the hands "a deft waiter" "deft fingers massaged her face" synonyms:dexterous, dextrous .................................................................................... Examples "Just so, yes. Do not squeeze it so tight, no, the grip must be deft, delicate." A Game of Thrones Then with deft precision she cornered the goose, leashed its head, and dragged it to a corner where she tied it to a table. Bodega Dreams . The deft combination of variation and artificial selection, Darwin knew, could produce extraordinary results. The Gene In a deft maneuver Cora tugged off a crispy ear, Molly's favorite, and presented it to the girl. ............................................................................ ماهر، زبردست، کاردان، چالاک، استادانه

sordid

Describe a person's actions as sordid if they are so immoral or unethical that they seem dirty. Think of the worst parts of a bad soap opera! Sordid comes from the Latin word sordes, "dirt." Something that is filthy or run down such as a neighborhood or someone's living conditions can be called sordid, but it is usually used figuratively to mean immoral or dishonest. If you want to hear the sordid details of someone's actions, it's because they were extremely dishonest or immoral and also because they were supposed to be kept a secret. ............................................................................... Definitions of sordid adjective foul and run-down and repulsive "sordid shantytowns" synonyms:flyblown, squalid adjective morally degraded synonyms:seamy, seedy, sleazy, squalid adjective unethical or dishonest "a sordid political campaign" synonyms:dirty adjective meanly avaricious and mercenary "sordid avarice" "sordid material interests" Synonyms:acquisitiveeager to acquire and possess things especially material possessions or ideas .................................................................. Examples When Mitraillette turned up to bring me my breakfast ration of bread and onions and their dreadful pretend coffee, I blurted out the whole sordid story. Code Name Verity Powerful angels, safe in heaven! they smile when sordid souls triumph, and feeble ones weep over their destruction. Jane Eyre I could not bear to return to the sordid village, where, besides, no prospect of aid was visible. Jane Eyre And Mom—well, Mom has her own sordid history with the bottle; we're not even allowed to have root beer around the lady. .................................................................................. پست، خسیس، چرک، کثیف، دون، شلخته، هرزه

prudent

Describe an action as prudent if it is the wise thing to do under the existing circumstances. If you're getting in trouble, it is probably prudent to keep your mouth closed and just listen. If you show good and careful judgment when handling practical matters, you can be described as prudent. Similarly, a wise and well-thought-through decision or action can be called prudent. The word comes from a contracted form of the Latin prōvidēns, from the verb "to foresee." The English word provident, "wise in planning for the future," is the non-contracted descendent of the same Latin root. ............................................................................ Definitions of prudent adjective careful and sensible; marked by sound judgment "a prudent manager" "prudent rulers" "prudent hesitation" "more prudent to hide than to fight" Synonyms:carefulexercising caution or showing care or attention .................................................................................... Examples When he described his finances, it became clear he was spending the money we'd secured for him more quickly than seemed prudent. Just Mercy Don't be anxious about me, remember I am your 'prudent Amy', and be sure I will do nothing rashly. Little Women Once I even rose and began to dress, thinking that the most prudent course might be to run away. The Shakespeare Stealer Until he knew how matters stood here, it was more prudent to play the common sailor, not the lord. ......................................................................................... محتاط

diffuse

Diffuse means to spread out. Candlelight can diffuse a soft glow throughout a room. A diffuse idea is one that spreads from person to person, and a diffuse speech is scattered and unclear. As a verb, diffuse means to spread something out, but also applies to spreading things such as ideas or culture so that they become widely known. When something is diffused, it's mixed in, and when you drop propaganda pamphlets out of airplanes you're diffusing the propaganda. The adjective comes from Latin diffusus, from diffundere "to pour in different directions," from the prefix dis- "apart" plus fundere, "to pour." ....................................................................................... Definitions of diffuse (/dɪˈfjus/) adjective spread out; not concentrated in one place "a large diffuse organization" Synonyms:distributedspread out or scattered about or divided up adjective lacking conciseness "a diffuse historical novel" Synonyms:prolixtediously prolonged or tending to speak or write at great length adjective (of light) transmitted from a broad light source or reflected synonyms:diffused, soft ......................................................................................... Examples You can't see the sun through the thin buffer of cloud cover but the light is fully diffused, almost too bright to see. Native Speaker "If the wind blows south, then, the hurricane might miss the entire Gulf region. "If the hurricane loosens, becomes diffuse, then, there might be only a tropical storm for Florida, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Ninth Ward A diffuse cloud of yellow light billowed through the depths, like someone had poured liquid neon into the water. Blood of Olympus A fact further diffusing potential problems of conflict resolution in tribes is that almost everyone is related to everyone else, by blood or marriage or both. ................................................................................................ =amorphous پخش شدن، نفوذ کردن، منتشر شده، پراکنده، پخش شده، افشانده، افشاندن، پخش کردن، (مج). منتشر

discernible

Discernible means noticeable. If your extra hours training are having no discernible influence on your basketball game, it means your game has not changed. You can use discernible in two senses. First, you can use it to describe something you physically see: Because the sky was so clear, the ship was discernible from miles off. You can also use it to describe something you sense or understand: When your younger brother told he was sorry he broke your baseball bat, the truth was discernible in his voice. ------------------------------------------ adjective perceptible by the senses or intellect "things happen in the earth and sky with no discernible cause" "the newspaper reports no discernible progress in the negotiations" "the skyline is easily discernible even at a distance of several miles" synonyms:discernable adjective capable of being seen or noticed "a discernible change in attitude" synonyms:evident, observable adjective capable of being perceived clearly "an essay with a meaning that was not always discernible" Synonyms:perceptible -------------------------------------------------- The triangle and circle representing the Cloak and the stone were still discernible. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows There was still no trace of emotion discernible in his expression, and his hands on the back of the chair appeared perfectly relaxed. The Remains of the Day A dozen or more loons from all the neighboring ponds fly in, and they all swim around together for a couple of hours for no discernible reason other than the pleasure of being together. A Walk in the Woods There was no place from her neck to her knees where she had any discernible infrastructure. ------------------------------------------------------ قابل تمیز، قابل تشخیص

disseminate

Disseminate means to spread information, knowledge, opinions widely. Semin- derives from the Latin word for seed; the idea with disseminate is that information travels like seeds sown by a farmer. Think about a teacher distributing a hand out at the beginning of a class. The dis- of disseminate and distribute come from the same Latin prefix which means "apart, in a different direction." But unlike papers distributed in class, information, once spread around in all directions, cannot be pulled back in. Think about false rumors or political smear campaigns and you'll understand that dissemination is usually a one-way process. .......................................................................... Definitions of disseminate verb cause to become widely known synonyms:broadcast, circularise, circularize, circulate, diffuse, disperse, distribute, pass around, propagate, spread verb spread by scattering synonyms:straw, strew see more Cite this entry ..................................................................................... examples From the end of the seventeenth century, through sermons and lectures, through popular textbooks and dramatic dialogues, the new science was disseminated to a wider audience than ever before. The Invention of Science We are rightly appalled by the genetic effects of radiation; how then, can we be indifferent to the same effect in chemicals that we disseminate widely in our environment? Silent Spring It's just...a possibility, like it's a possibility that I could turn to dust in the next instant and be disseminated throughout the universe as an omniscient consciousness. It's Kind of a Funny Story Thus the category 'discovery' proved to be capable of disseminating across the various local cultures of Renaissance Europe, but it did not fare well elsewhere. ........................................................................ ارسال کردن، توزیع اخبار، تخم کاشتن،

foray

Foray means brief excursion. If you're in the army, that's a literal excursion into enemy territory. For the rest of us, it means trying something out. "My foray into rugby ended with my spending a week in the hospital." This word derives from the Latin fuerre 'straw', which led into Old French as fourager 'forage,' or search for food. Think of soldiers stealing food from the enemy as maybe how this word first came to be used. Even if that is historically inaccurate, your foray into amateur word-sleuthing will help you remember this word. ................................................................................... Definitions of foray noun a sudden short attack synonyms:maraud, raid verb steal goods; take as spoils synonyms:despoil, loot, pillage, plunder, ransack, reave, rifle, strip verb briefly enter enemy territory noun an initial attempt (especially outside your usual areas of competence) "scientists' forays into politics" ............................................................................................... Examples It was a little scrap of a thing, this mouse, perhaps still a baby, on its first foray into the world. Bone Gap Because of these obscene forays into the realm of the supernatural, Ben was positive that his sister was not a favorite in the stern eyes of the Lord. The Great Santini But as the Taliban had gained more power, they had banned photography, so that had ended their forays outside. Shooting Kabul Hardly encouraged by my first foray into thievery, I had decided that today was a begging day. ................................................................................ trip غنیمت، پیشتاز لشگر، گروه یورتچی، غارت، تاخت وتاز کردن، تاراج، تهاجم کردن، بیغما بردن، چپاول کردن، حمله،

fraught

Fraught means filled with something — often something bad. Your Thanksgiving was fraught with awkward moments when your family saw your blue hair, and it only got worse when you told them you'd quit law school to join the circus. Fraught is related to the word freight, and comes from the Middle English fraughten, meaning "to load with cargo." Think of a cargo ship loaded up with freight for a journey — it's full of supplies, just like Thanksgiving was filled with — or fraught with — awkward moments. Fraught can also describe a situation filled with distress. If relations between two countries are fraught, they are not getting along with each other. ............................................................................... Definitions of fraught adjective filled with or attended with "words fraught with meaning" "an incident fraught with danger" synonyms:pregnant adjective marked by distress "a fraught mother-daughter relationship" Synonyms:troubledcharacterized by or indicative of distress or affliction or danger or need ...................................................................................... Examples They lamented and tore their hair, the priests, as fraught and rhetorical as they were when they prayed, and after a few days their outcries made people uneasy. Grendel Although Dad's driving was fraught with peril, there was a strange fascination in its brushes with death and its dramatic, traffic-stopping scenes. Cheaper by the Dozen If Rindlisbacher was free to testify then Bunderson would face a tough call as to whether to put Reggie on the stand, a proposition the defense attorney thought was fraught with peril. Speaking words I couldn't understand, Russian or the like, incoherent and fraught with panic. .............................................................................. =contentious adj.) پر، مملو، دارا، همراه، ملازم، بار شده (n.& vt.) بار، کرایه، بار کردن

chicanery

Have you ever gotten the sense that politicians or corporate leaders will say anything to turn public opinion their way? This tricky kind of deceit and manipulation is called chicanery. Besides chicanery, another funny-sounding word for trickery is shenanigans. Whereas the former is always used in the singular and involves deceptive language, the latter is usually used in the plural and refers to the actions of a person. Your crazy neighbor is up to his old shenanigans if he has begun doing weird stuff again, but if a politician's chicanery is exposed, he will lose public trust and not be returned to office in the next election cycle. ............................................................................. Definitions of chicanery noun the use of tricks to deceive someone (usually to extract money from them) synonyms:chicane, guile, shenanigan, trickery, wile ........................................................................ Examples from Books and ArticlesAll sources Sometimes a little subterfuge and chicanery is in order and the quickest way to achieve one's goal. Dread Nation Midnight meetings, riverbank chicanery, intrigue at the crossroads. The Underground Railroad: A Novel In their zeal to avoid resurrecting the sport's reputation for chicanery, they tried to bury the incident. Seabiscuit: An American Legend The amount of chicanery it would take to slip prom past her mother ... it boggled the mind. ................................................................ حیله بازی، ضد ونقیض گویی، مغالطه،

Nonconformity

If a fireman came to work in a police outfit or clown suit, that would be a clear case of nonconformity. Where there's nonconformity, there's difference. When everyone is acting or dressing exactly the same, there's conformity, not nonconformity. Nonconformity means that someone is doing things differently from the norm. People in authority tend to dislike nonconformity, because it makes people harder to control. Someone who demonstrates nonconformity most of the time is a nonconformist. Too much nonconformity can create chaos, but without a little nonconformity, life would be pretty boring. ................................................................................... Definitions of nonconformity noun failure to conform to accepted standards of behavior synonyms:nonconformance noun a lack of orthodoxy in thoughts or beliefs synonyms:nonconformance, nonconformism noun unorthodoxy as a consequence of not conforming to expected standards or values noun lack of harmony or correspondence ..................................................................................................... Examples Odd values—unthinking school spirit, proms, jockhood—are exalted, while the best values—free thinking, nonconformity, curiosity—are ridiculed. Geeks: How Two Lost Boys Rode the Internet Out of Idaho He applied there, he said, out of a sense of "nonconformity" and despite his mother's preference that he attend a Christian college. Class Matters Mica Area High School—MAHS—was not exactly a hotbed of nonconformity. Stargirl It's based on the concepts of Emerson's "Self-Reliance," and it's about how The Taker cured his loneliness at his old school through nonconformity and inconsistency. .................................................................................... ناپیروی، عدم رعایت، عدم تشابه، عدم موافقت، معاندت، ناهمنوایی،

inflated

If it's puffed up and overrated, it's probably inflated — a simple adjective that means blown out of proportion or exaggerated. Think of a balloon. You blow and blow, and it gets bigger and bigger. Sometimes if you blow too much it takes on a distorted shape, or even explodes. Now use that same imagery, but swap the balloon for someone's ego or the price of U2 concert tickets. Both personalities and prices can get inflated beyond reasonableness — the personalities with pretentious hot air and the prices with unnecessary cost. ................................................................................ Definitions of inflated adjective enlarged beyond truth or reasonableness synonyms:hyperbolic adjective pretentious (especially with regard to language or ideals) synonyms:high-flown, high-sounding ................................................................................. Examples A cuff on her arm was inflated, and someone pressed a metal disk there, at her elbow. Son Left with the class's emblematic cars, Lilly Pulitzer skirts and Ralph Lauren shirts, their golf, tennis, and soccer, and, most conspicuously, their houses, they have staked out their place and inflated the American dream. Class Matters Merchants demanded that the Osage pay "special"—that is, inflated—prices. Killers of the Flower Moon Sybil was sitting insecurely on a huge, inflated beach ball, facing the ocean. ................................................................................................ بادکرده، متورم، زیادشده، باطمطراق، زن متکبر

pious

If someone is deeply religious and visibly follows all the moral and ethical codes of his religion, he is pious. Don't become a priest if you're not prepared to live a pious life. Pious comes from the Latin pius, which means dutiful. It doesn't always have to be used to talk about organized religion. If someone believes deeply in something, and lets everyone see it through their behavior, then they are pious, whether they're pious Christians or pious environmentalists. It differs from its synonym devout, which implies deep religious sentiment, whereas pious emphasizes the public display of feeling. ............................................................................... Definitions of pious adjective having or showing or expressing reverence for a deity "pious readings" Synonyms:devotionalrelating to worship .................................................................................. Examples from Books and ArticlesAll sources Imam, how do I change and become more pious like them? Saints and Misfits Now he kin set back and look pious at the states that has been blowin' hot and cold." Across Five Aprils A heavy silence, more fearful than pious, engulfs the convent. Ophelia If our outsides look pious but our core is not mindful of Him, we are not true servants of God. ...................................................................................... دیندار، پرهیزگار، زاهد، متقی، پارسا، وارسته،

tenuous

If something is tenuous it's thin, either literally or metaphorically. If you try to learn a complicated mathematical concept by cramming for 45 minutes, you will have a tenuous grasp of that concept, at best. Tenuous comes from the Latin word tenuis, for thin, and is related to our word tender. Something can be physically tenuous, like a spiderweb or ice on a pond. We more often use it in a metaphorical sense, to talk about weak ideas. Tenuous arguments won't win any debate tournaments. Synonyms for tenuous, also used physically or metaphorically, are flimsy and shaky. ................................................................................ Definitions of tenuous adjective lacking substance or significance "a tenuous argument" synonyms:flimsy, fragile, slight, thin adjective affording no ease or reassurance synonyms:precarious, unstable adjective very thin in gauge or diameter "a tenuous thread" Synonyms:thinof relatively small extent from one surface to the opposite or in cross section adjective having thin consistency "a tenuous fluid" Synonyms:thinrelatively thin in consistency or low in density; not viscous ............................................................................ Examples Maybeth smiled, a tenuous little smile, and turned back to the window. Homecoming The very thin and tenuous atmosphere of Io was found by Voyager to be composed mainly of sulfur dioxide. Cosmos There seemed to be a tenuous, if unspoken, strand of affection and respect growing between them, but otherwise Joe didn't feel much kinship with most of the boys in the shell house. The bizarre, tenuous nature of their connection struck him with new force—that a moth should be their only link. ................................................................................................. رفیق، نازک، باریک، لطیف، دقیق، بدون نقطه اتکاء

adulterate

If you adulterate something, you mess it up. You may not want to adulterate the beauty of freshly fallen snow by shoveling it, but how else are you going to get to work? The verb adulterate comes from the Latin word adulterare, which means "to falsify," or "to corrupt." Whenever something original, pure, fresh, or wholesome is marred, polluted, defaced, or otherwise made inferior, it has been adulterated. A vitamin company might issue a recall if they learn that one of their products was adulterated during production. And if you hate dried fruit, you might complain that your grandma adulterates her oatmeal cookies with raisins. .......................................................................................... Definitions of adulterate verb corrupt, debase, or make impure by adding a foreign or inferior substance; often by replacing valuable ingredients with inferior ones synonyms:debase, dilute, load, stretch adjective mixed with impurities synonyms:adulterated, debased ........................................................................ Examples The short businesslike sentences became interlarded and adulterated with screaming and emphatic profanity, but the cold, calling voice repeated and repeated and repeated unwearyingly. I, Robot Cato and Pliny had said that a bottle made of ivy could be used to establish whether wine had been adulterated with water, as the wine would be expelled, leaving the water behind. The Invention of Science "It comes down to the quality of the vanilla. I don't like my crème brûlée adulterated, because then you can't taste through to the quality of the ingredients." Blink If the car hadn't been adulterated for the mysterious and missing goats, it would hold thirty-two horses. ............................................................................ تقلب کردن، جازن، قلابی، زنازاده، حرامزاده، چیز تقلبی ساختن (مثل ریختن اب در شیر

vanguard

If you are in the vanguard, you're up front. It could be that you are in the vanguard of an advancing army, or in the vanguard of any movement, trend, or occupation. Vanguard is an old variation of the French word avant-garde meaning "fore-guard" or "front guard." Vanguard and avant-garde have the same basic meaning, but avant-garde generally describes artistic endeavors, while vanguard can be more widely applied. You might talk about the vanguard of fashion on the red carpet, the vanguard of medical research at a university, or the vanguard of a political movement at a demonstration. ...................................................................... Definitions of vanguard noun the leading units moving at the head of an army synonyms:van noun any creative group active in the innovation and application of new concepts and techniques in a given field (especially in the arts) synonyms:avant-garde, new wave, van noun the position of greatest importance or advancement; the leading position in any movement or field synonyms:cutting edge, forefront ...................................................................................... Examples Their host's father had been a member of the cotton vanguard and a savvy proselytizer of the miracle crop. The Underground Railroad: A Novel "Now this we will carry with us in the vanguard!" A Confederacy of Dunces A wall of force shimmered along the fissure line, separating Kronos's vanguard, my friends, and me from the bulk of the two armies. The Last Olympian All attention was arrested by the man who rode vanguard. ----------------------------------------------- پیشگام، پیشقراول، طلایه دار یکان سرجلودار، پرچم دار یکان، جلو دار، پیش لشگر، پیشتاز، پیشقرال،

incredulous

If you are incredulous that means you can't or won't believe something. If you tell people about those aliens you met the other night, they'll probably give you an incredulous look. Incredulous is the opposite of credulous, which means "believing too easily." Both words come from the Latin word credere, which means "to believe." Incredulous is stronger than skeptical; if you're incredulous of something, you refuse to believe it, but if you're skeptical, you're doubtful but you haven't ruled it out completely. If someone insists that your best friend is actually an underworld spy, you'll probably look at them with incredulous anger. ................................................................................. Definitions of incredulous adjective not disposed or willing to believe; unbelieving Synonyms:incredible, unbelievablebeyond belief or understanding ............................................................................................... Examples There was a twist of incredulous amusement in Sarai's voice, and while she spoke, she reverted to her true color, her skin flushing back to blue. Strange the Dreamer I was so incredulous at what was happening that it was hard to form words with my brain and my mouth. The Autobiography of Malcolm X Malcolm sounded incredulous, and he felt it too: Who on earth would want to hurt the nuns, or break their windows? The Book of Dust: La Belle Sauvage They were silent again: Simon intent, Ralph incredulous and faintly indignant. ........................................................................ دیر باور

fitfully

If you do something fitfully, you do it in restless or irregular way. When you're nervous about a big test the next day, you might sleep fitfully, tossing and turning. If you've ever encouraged a group of preschoolers to sit quietly in a circle, you've noticed that most of them do it fitfully, switching back and forth between being completely distracted and paying attention. The adverb fitfully, which is great for describing this kind of on-and-off behavior, movement, or feeling, comes from the adjective fitful, which was used originally by Shakespeare to mean "suffering fits" and then by Romantic poets in the 18th century to mean "changing and shifting." ................................................................... Definitions of fitfully adverb in a fitful manner "he slept fitfully" ............................................................ Examples They rode all night, with Tyrion sleeping fitfully, dozing against the pommel and waking suddenly. A Dance with Dragons This time I didn't have enough strength to rebuild the fire that had been rained out while I fitfully slept. The Marrow Thieves That night Neel slept fitfully, waking from a nightmare about a pack of vultures tearing the cub's body to shreds. Tiger Boy He turned his back to the fire and slept fitfully, thinking of fires and floods and the power of God. ...................................................................... =sporadically بطورنامنظم، چنانکه بگیردوول کند، بطورمتلون

extol

If you have a crush on a guy who likes your best friend, it can be very depressing to listen to him extol your friend's virtues, while you just nod and smile. If you extol something, you praise it very highly. The Bible says: "Now I, Nebuchadnezzar, praise and extol and honor the King of heaven..." Nebuchadnezzar II was king of the second Babylonian Empire, the one who sent the Jews into exile. In some translations of the Bible, the word honor is replaced with glorify. Praise, extol, honor, glorify all mean about the same. The Bible often uses five words when one would be enough. .................................................................................. Definitions of extol verb praise, glorify, or honor "extol the virtues of one's children" synonyms:exalt, glorify, laud, proclaim ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Examples He extolled the bounty of New England to Thomas Dermer, one of Smith's subordinates, who was then staying in the same camp. 1491 He frequently extolled the all-encompassing virtues of Ancient Greek theatre, which drew its audience 'from the government and judicial buildings, from the country, from ships, from military barracks and from the furthest regions'. The Story of Music Over the next weeks fifty letters arrive, all extolling Vincent's virtues as a painter, as a man, as a friend. Vincent and Theo: The Van Gogh Brothers He sent a flurry of wires to Howard, extolling the superb racing strip, mild fall weather, and general beauty of New York. .................................................................................... (extoll) بلندکردن، ارتقاءدادن، اغراق گفتن، ستودن

disparage

If you haven't got anything nice to say, then it's time to disparage someone. It means to belittle or degrade a person or idea. Disparage is a specific way to describe a certain kind of insult, the kind that secures the insulter's place as superior. It often refers to an opinion or criticism lobbed in print or via word of mouth, not necessarily an act done to someone's face. If someone or something is being disparaged, you will often find a competing interest in the wings. ......................................................................................... Definitions of disparage verb express a negative opinion of "She disparaged her student's efforts" synonyms:belittle, pick at ........................................................................................ Examples I greeted him warmly, but his response was exceedingly cool and superior, and he made a disparaging remark about the fact that I would be staying in the freshman dormitory. Long Walk to Freedom Critics called these women "suffragettes," a word intended to be disparaging, but the women embraced the term as one of power and rebellion. Votes for Women! Chouchou's grave offense had been to mutter a disparaging comment about the condition of Highway 3, overheard by a soldier not even in uniform. Mountains Beyond Mountains Classrooms, hallways, courtyard, lunchroom—everywhere I went I heard her disparaged, mocked, slurred. ................................................................................. عدم وفق، انکار فضیلت چیزی راکردن، کم گرفتن، بی قدرکردن، پست کردن، بی اعتبارکردن

Citation

If you hear you're getting a citation, wait before bragging about it. A citation can be an official award, but it can also mean something less thrilling, like a summons to appear in court. If you climb a tree and rescue a frightened cat, the mayor might present you with a citation for bravery. If you're hurrying to the ceremony and your mom speeds and gets a traffic citation, her insurance company might raise her premiums. Citation comes from the Latin citationem, which means "to call forward." You can think of the mayor calling you forward to receive your plaque, or the judge calling your mom forward to receive her fine. A citation can also be a quote, like a passage in a newspaper article describing your cat-saving feat as "an act of heroism." ................................................................................. Definitions of citation noun an official award (as for bravery or service) usually given as formal public statement synonyms:commendation noun a short note recognizing a source of information or of a quoted passage "the student's essay failed to list several important citations" synonyms:acknowledgment, cite, credit, mention, quotation, reference noun a passage or expression that is quoted or cited synonyms:quotation, quote noun (law) the act of citing (as of spoken words or written passages or legal precedents etc.) noun a summons that commands the appearance of a party at a proceeding ................................................................................ Examples "Clearly, that sign is a hazard," he said, and promised Wilfrido would be issued a citation. The Epic Fail of Arturo Zamora "What kind of citation you going to get?" A Farewell To Arms Police usually release the innocent on the street—often without a ticket, citation, or even an apology—so their stories are rarely heard in court. The New Jim Crow "Oh, Mr. Deckard—Inspector Bryant has been trying to get hold of you. I think he's turning your name over to Chief Cutter for a citation. Because you retired those six—" .......................................................................................... ایراد، تقدیرنامه، تقدیر رسمی از ابراز لیاقت، ذکر، نقل قول، (حق). احضار، احضار به بازپرسی، (نظ). تقدیرازخدمات،

stigmatize

If you stigmatize someone, you have given that person a label — and it's usually a label that is limiting in some way. In Ancient Greece, a stigma was a brand burned into a slave or a criminal's skin to symbolize disgrace. In the 1500s, the word stigmatize meant literally "to brand or tattoo." Nowadays, to stigmatize is to shame or brand a person in a more symbolic way. ----------------------------------------------------- verb accuse or condemn or openly or formally brand as disgraceful "She was stigmatized by society because she had a child out of wedlock" synonyms:brand, denounce, mark, stigmatise verb mark with a stigma or stigmata "They wanted to stigmatize the adulteress" synonyms:stigmatise ---------------------------------------------------------- There is absolutely nothing abnormal or surprising about a severely stigmatized group embracing their stigma. The New Jim Crow By inflaming feelings of bigotry and hate toward certain ethnic groups, other Americans would marginalize and stigmatize them, resulting in mutual animosity and distrust. Nazi Saboteurs With so few Americans having a favorable opinion of Muslims, Islam had grown to be one of the most stigmatized religions in the country. Proud Flinching or crying out was a sign of weakness and stigmatized one's manhood. ------------------------------------------------- داغ ننگ زدن بر، نشان دار کردن، لکه دار کردن

peripatetic

If you're reading this on a treadmill or while taking a walk, you may know about the peripatetic, or walking, philosopher Aristotle, who taught while strolling with his students. Or, maybe you just like being a peripatetic, a walking wanderer. Peri- is the Greek word for "around," and peripatetic is an adjective that describes someone who likes to walk or travel around. Peripatetic is also a noun for a person who travels from one place to another or moves around a lot. If you walk in a circle, you are peripatetic, or walking, but you aren't a peripatetic, or wanderer, unless you actually go somewhere. ................................................................... Definitions of peripatetic adjective traveling especially on foot "peripatetic country preachers" synonyms:wayfaring noun a person who walks from place to place adjective of or relating to Aristotle or his philosophy synonyms:Aristotelean, Aristotelian, Aristotelic ......................................................................... Examples It's the reason the first philosophers were peripatetic. Middlesex: A Novel The weights hit the ground at very nearly the same time but not exactly at the same moment, which the peripatetics seized on as evidence that Galileo was wrong. The Scientists Like Gilbert, Galileo practised what he preached, and it was the peripatetic approach that was blown apart by his work in Italy late in the sixteenth century and early in the seventeenth century. The Scientists Fischer's assurances notwithstanding, his peripatetic alpine career was rough on his family. ..................................................... دوره گرد راه رونده، گردش کننده، سالک، وابسته به فلسفه ارسطو

verbose

If you're verbose, you use far more words than you need to. A verbose book report goes on and on and is packed with long, complicated words that aren't at all necessary. If a friend asks, "Did you have fun at the party?" you can simply answer, "No." Or you can provide a verbose reply that describes just how much you hated the party, who was and wasn't there, the fact that you got lost on the way, the terrible food that was served, and the awful music that was played. Verbose is from Latin verbosus, "full of words," from verbum, "word or verb." As you can guess from the spelling, the English verb is closely related. ............................................................................. Definitions of verbose adjective using or containing too many words "verbose and ineffective instructional methods" synonyms:long-winded, tedious, windy, wordy .................................................................................. Examples from Books and ArticlesAll sources Neither of us was what anyone would call verbose, and I didn't know what there was to say regardless. Twilight There were always two or three meandering speeches, and all of them seemed written by the same verbose, insincere person. Americanah His overly verbose answers to questions at town-hall forums and campaign debates seemed only to drive home the point that he belonged on the Senate floor. Becoming "I pay attention to everything you say. Which is not always easy, considering how verbose you are," Erin said. ....................................................................................... مطول، دراز نویس، درازگو، پرگو

vague

If your grasp of physics is vague and you've got a test coming up, it's time to hit the books. When something is vague, it's unclear, murky, and hard to understand. Vague comes from the Latin vagus, which means wandering or rambling. Think of a vagabond, someone who wanders around the world with only a vague idea of where he's going. There are a few big, impressive words for vague, including ambiguous, nebulous, and tenebrous ................................................................................................ Definitions of vague adjective lacking clarity or distinctness "saw a vague outline of a building through the fog" synonyms:dim, faint, shadowy, wispy adjective not precisely limited, determined, or distinguished "vague feelings of sadness" "a vague uneasiness" synonyms:undefined adjective not clearly understood or expressed ""their descriptions of human behavior become vague, dull, and unclear"- P.A.Sorokin" "" vague...forms of speech...have so long passed for mysteries of science"- John Locke" synonyms:murky, obscure .................................................................................... Examples Charlie himself had had many homes, going so far back that he only had the vaguest, haziest memories of them. Bone Gap Mrs. Richardson would remember the next few months only as a vague, terrifying haze. Little Fires Everywhere I looked toward the curtain of blue fire, through which vague figures toiled. Invisible Man At first he could see nothing, but after a time the vague outlines of a bed appeared around him. ........................................................................... مبهم غیر معلوم، سر بسته و ابهام دار،

forestall

It takes a bit of planning to forestall something, meaning stop it from happening. To forestall the effects of aging, exercise and take care of your health all your life. You can break the word forestall into parts to figure out its meaning. The prefix fore is one you've seen in words like forewarn, which means "to warn in advance." And you probably know that stall means "delay." So to forestall is to stall in advance, or put another way, to try to prevent or put off something you don't want to happen. ....................................................................... Definitions of forestall verb keep from happening or arising; make impossible synonyms:forbid, foreclose, preclude, preempt, prevent verb act in advance of; deal with ahead of time synonyms:anticipate, counter, foresee .................................................................... Examples This would forestall any possible rumors of their approach. Watership Down: A Novel An appeal would forestall international pressure to release us. Long Walk to Freedom To forestall such a tragedy, I wrapped them in blankets to keep them from rubbing against the metal hull of the lifeboat, and I moved them as little as possible to reduce wear and tear. Life of Pi He had to be curt with her to forestall any more questions. ..................................................... پیش دستی کردن بر، پیش جستن بر، پیش افتادن، ممانعت کردن، کمین، کمینگاه

multifaceted

Multifaceted means having many aspects or sides. Diamonds are usually cut to be multifaceted, that is, with many angled flat surfaces, because this increases their ability to reflect light. Since facet means "aspect," "side," or "face," multifaceted means "many aspects, sides, or faces." This can apply to jewels or other physical objects, like the eyes of a dragonfly, but it can also refer to complicated issues that have lots of contributing factors and generate more than two sides to an argument. A multifaceted person has many abilities, or a personality with many sides to it. ........................................................................... Definitions of multifaceted adjective having many aspects "a multifaceted undertaking" synonyms:many-sided, miscellaneous, multifarious ................................................................................. Examples from Books and ArticlesAll sources It was a machine like a jade-green insect, a praying mantis, delicately rushing through the cold air, indistinct, countless green diamonds winking over its body, and red jewels that glittered with multifaceted eyes. The Martian Chronicles Characterizing the similarities is as difficult as nailing down a blob of mercury, because exceptions abound and human behavior is always multifaceted. 1491 Every movie fan knows that Mr. Jackson didn't exactly invent that multifaceted word, but in its modern phraseology, he is nonetheless something of a mythic figure. New York TimesAug 16, 2017 We are a very complex multifaceted family of human beings. .................................................................... =complex

cursory

No reason to get excited — cursory has nothing to do with bad language. Instead, it means not paying attention to details, like friends who are so busy studying for a test that they only give your new haircut a cursory glance. Cursory dates to the early 17th century, from the French word cursoire meaning "rapid," which comes from the Latin word cursorius, meaning "hasty, of a race or running." Something that is cursory is done quickly. A teacher might take a cursory look at a pile of completed tests, not to grade them, but to see if anyone attempted the bonus questions. .................................................................................... Definitions of cursory adjective hasty and without attention to detail; not thorough synonyms:casual, passing, perfunctory carelessmarked by lack of attention or consideration or forethought or thoroughness; not careful .......................................................................... Examples But she gave only some cursory measurements, pointedly declined to specify any details about the structure, and then brought a witheringly dull academic seminar to its close. The Gene Lanning did not trouble to answer, nor to do more than bestow a single cursory glance at the top sheet upon Bogert's desk. I, Robot This time the guard issued a cursory shake of the head before peering around Zeitoun to see Nasser, who again was sitting on the bed. Zeitoun The troopers made a cursory examination of the ve-hicle and its environs for signs of foul play and then departed. --------------------------------------- سرسری، از روی سرعت وعجله، باسرعت وبیدقتی

opaque

Other forms: opaquer Use the adjective opaque either for something that doesn't allow light to pass through (like a heavy curtain) or for something difficult to understand (like bureaucratic gobbledygook). Opaque is from a Latin word meaning "dark," and that was its original sense in English, but it now means literally "not transparent" or metaphorically "hard to understand; unclear": "Some of his sentences are really opaque." It used to be spelled opake, which made the pronunciation clearer, but we then borrowed the more opaque French spelling. Come to think of it, English spelling is often pretty opaque, which makes it hard for learners of the language to master. ............................................................................................... Definitions of opaque adjective not transmitting or reflecting light or radiant energy; impenetrable to sight "opaque windows of the jail" "opaque to X-rays" Synonyms:unclearnot clear to the mind adjective not clearly understood or expressed synonyms:unintelligible ........................................................................................... Examples As suddenly as it had descended, the opaque haze in Ekon's mind receded, returning him to the present. Beasts of Prey The archaeological findings are both scarce and opaque. Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind He would peer at their miniature opaque housings, twist them around in the light, and he was always holding them up to his ear and shaking them, as if trying to rattle loose their secrets. Native Speaker Her opaque fifties sunglasses were black and slanty-eyed, with rhinestones on the corners of the frames. ........................................................................................... =unclear مات، مبهم ناشفاف، غیر شفاف، کدر، شیشه یا رنگ مات،

Pliable

Pliable means bendable but not breakable. Wax is pliable, good leather is pliable. If you describe a person as pliable, it usually means that he's easily influenced. When Madame barks "Plier!" (rhymes with "okay") in ballet class, all the students obediently bend their knees into a graceful semi-crouch. Plier is French for bend and it's the root of the word pliable. The word pliable itself is quite pliable, an apt description for everything from building materials to a person's character. ----------------------------------------------- adjective capable of being shaped or bent or drawn out synonyms:ductile, malleable, pliant, tensile, tractile adjective capable of being bent or flexed or twisted without breaking synonyms:bendable, pliant, waxy adjective able to adjust readily to different conditions synonyms:elastic, flexible, pliant adjective susceptible to being led or directed synonyms:fictile ----------------------------------------------- خم پذیر، خم شو، انحناء پذیر، نرم شدنی، قابل انعطاف =malleable

aloof

Someone who's aloof isn't warm and friendly, instead being distant and reserved. That emotionally cold and detached fellow who keeps to himself, drinking espresso and reading French philosophy, would best be described as aloof. In Middle English, aloof was originally a nautical term; the loof (now spelled luff) is the windward side of a ship. Smart sailors wanting to avoid a hazard on the leeward side would give the order, "A loof!" From this command we get the idea of steering clear of something (or someone). In modern usage the word has taken on a negative connotation: an aloof person is often considered cold or snobby. ....................................................................... Definitions of aloof adjective remote in manner "stood apart with aloof dignity" synonyms:distant, remote, upstage adverb in an aloof manner "the local gentry and professional classes had held aloof for the school had accepted their sons readily enough" adverb away from another or others synonyms:apart ................................................................................... Examples "I treat my workers with the respect they deserve," Mr. Katz said, aloof. The City Beautiful Teachers labeled him: "aloof," "withdrawn," "violent," "at risk." We Were Here There are nights when she has been woken by her husband's muffled screams, times they have ridden the subway together and the rhythm of the wheels on the tracks makes him suddenly pensive, aloof. The Namesake The Ford stood tall and aloof and dour under the oak tree where Will had stopped it. ................................................................................... منزوی دور، کناره گیر

succinct

Something that is succinct is short and clear. If you're going to be interviewed on television about your new book and only have a five minute slot, you'll need to come up with a succinct version of your story. Succinct, meaning "short and to the point," is from the Latin succingere, "to tuck up." Often after you write a long essay, you realize you probably could have said the same thing in one or two succinct pages. If something is too succinct, we might call it terse. Another synonym is concise, which implies that unnecessary material has been removed. It's the opposite of wordy. .................................................................. Definitions of succinct adjective briefly giving the gist of something "succinct comparisons" synonyms:compact, compendious, summary ................................................................................... Examples The title was rambling, but the message was succinct: if you mixed the effects of three to five variant genes on any trait, you could generate nearly perfect continuity in phenotype. The Gene Across the city, opinions ranged from It has nothing to do with how he runs the country to All presidents have affairs to the more succinct Who cares? Little Fires Everywhere The words that come to me are actually quite succinct. I Am the Messenger "A brief summary and succinct explanation, the theoretical ideal, if you will, behind our position." ............................................................................ موجز، کوتاه، مختصر، مجمل، فشرده، چکیده

Synthesis

Synthesis is the act of combining elements to form something new. If you describe your bedroom decor as a synthesis of vintage and punk, we'll know you mean a mixture of these two styles. Synthesis can be either concrete or abstract. Scientists use the word to talk about what happens when chemicals combine — think of photosynthesis: the process by which plants synthesize light, carbon dioxide, and water to produce food. If you write a screenplay titled Batman Saves Jane Eyre, then that's synthesis as well (though you may have trouble selling it). Synthesis can also refer to the act of combining ideas. ..................................................................................... Definitions of synthesis noun the combination of ideas into a complex whole synonyms:synthetic thinking . noun the process of producing a chemical compound (usually by the union of simpler chemical compounds) . noun reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause to effect) synonyms:deduction, deductive reasoning ................................................................................................... Examples. Still, it placed upon men such as Powell and Donovan the necessity of synthesis of complete robots,—a grievous and complicated task. I, Robot But transcription solved only half the problem of protein synthesis. The Gene Soon, however, I abandoned thinking at the molecular level and turned to the much easier job of reading biochemical papers on the interrelations of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. Double Helix "Trust me, my mother's a food synthesis engineer. That stuff's not actual chicken—they grow it in a petri dish." -------------------------------------------------- تلفیق ساخت، سنتز، نتیجه گیری، استنتاج، هم نهاد، صنع، ترکیب، امتزاج، پیوند، هم گذاری، اختلاط،

allusion to

That little nod to a Dylan Thomas poem that you sneaked into your PowerPoint presentation? That was an allusion, a quick reference to something that your audience will have to already know in order to "get." An allusion often references a famous work of art or literature, or to something from your own life. For example, you might say, "I obviously am no expert at love" — an allusion to your failed relationships. The main thing to remember is that an allusion is a brief hint or a quick mention. It's meant to bring to mind a particular subject, but it always avoids getting into it in great depth. ................................................................................................. Definitions of allusion noun passing reference or indirect mention ................................................................................................... Examples I don't remember any direct allusions to my sexual apparatus. Middlesex: A Novel Do you recollect the magnificent lines at the beginning of "Paradise Lost"? The lecturer was lucid in his allusions. New Word-Analysis He had traveled half around the world and his talk was pitted with vague allusions to European cities. Black Boy There are many allusions to him in prose writers as well as poets. ............................................................................ گریز، اشاره، کنایه، اغفال،

dispensation

The act of giving or portioning something out is called dispensation. Your teacher will have a hard time with the dispensation of biology textbooks if there aren't enough copies for everyone in the class. The Latin root word of dispensation is dispensare, which means to disburse or administer. Doctors and pharmacists commonly talk about the dispensation of prescription medication. Another meaning of dispensation is an exemption from a rule. Your teacher might give you a dispensation to take the algebra final at a later date if you're sick on the scheduled day, for example. ...................................................... Definitions of dispensation noun the act of dispensing (giving out in portions) noun a share that has been dispensed or distributed noun an exemption from some rule or obligation .............................................. Examples As if poor blacks, in their simplemindedness, believed that proximity to whiteness conferred a blessing, a kind of miraculous dispensation from the travails of poverty. The Best of Enemies Unlike the negotiations preceding new dispensations in African states like Zimbabwe and Angola, which required outside mediators, we in South Africa were settling our differences among ourselves. Long Walk to Freedom In both Europe and Mesoamerica kings ruled by the dispensation of the heavens. ..................................................................... a serious threat from the requirments of religion under، معافیت، پخش، توزیع، تقسیم، اعطا، تقدیر، وضع احکام دینی در هر دوره و عصر، عدم شمول،

cacophonous

The adjective cacophonous describes loud, harsh sounds, like the cacophonous racket your brother and his band mates make while trying to learn how to play their instruments. To correctly pronounce cacophonous, accent the second syllable: "cuh-CAW-fuh-nus." It is related to the Greek words kakos, meaning "bad, evil," and phone, or "voice." You may feel like you're facing something evil if you're bombarded by the cacophonous sounds of, say, political pundits yelling at one another, or the chaotic sounds of traffic and voices on a busy urban street. Cacophonous is the opposite of harmonious. ................................................. Definitions of cacophonous adjective having an unpleasant sound ""as cacophonous as a henyard"- John McCarten" synonyms:cacophonic ............................................................................. Examples The combined sound of bells tolling and sirens wailing seemed not just a cacophonous way to ring in the new year, but a sound that symbolized a new era in our freedom struggle. Long Walk to Freedom She approached the cacophonous sleeper, now on his side. The Inquisitor's Tale Outside, the cacophonous uproar resumed louder than ever. Fablehaven The politics of the 1790s was a truly cacophonous affair. ............................................. بدصدا، ناهنجار

utilitarian

The adjective utilitarian describes something that is useful or functional. If you are attracted to a car for its storage space and gas mileage — as opposed to its sparkly tire rims — then chances are you value a car's utilitarian features. The word utilitarian was coined by the philosopher and judge Jeremy Bentham, who argued that his principle of utility would create the "greatest happiness for the greatest number of people." The noun form of utilitarian refers to a person who adheres to this philosophy of usefulness. "They couldn't agree on the decor for their living room. She wanted whimsy — delicate tables, fragile statues of fairies and unicorns, and cushions on the floor to sit on. He wanted something more utilitarian and useful — comfortable chairs, a giant TV, and sturdy tables to put your feet on." ........................................................................................ Definitions of utilitarian adjective having a useful function "utilitarian steel tables" synonyms:useful designed for or capable of a particular function or use adjective having utility often to the exclusion of values "plain utilitarian kitchenware" Synonyms:useful, utilebeing of use or service noun someone who believes that the value of a thing depends on its utility .......................................................................... Examples Standing at the fitting rooms and facing toward the main store entrance, we are looking directly at the tentlike, utilitarian plus sizes, also known as "woman" sizes. My costume for traveling was utilitarian if a trifle bizarre. But Blanca soon discovered that she was bored making utilitarian objects, and that it was far more amusing to make statues of animals and people. Architecture's parameters are defined by utilitarian function and structural system, but there is almost always an aesthetic component as well, even when it consists of nothing more than a decorative veneer. .......................................................................... =pragmatic سودگرا، مطلوبیت چیزی بخاطرسودمندی ان، معتقد باصل اخلاقی سودمند گرایی، سودمندگرا،

perforce

The adverb perforce means "necessarily" or "inevitably." As wonderful and warm as summer is, it must perforce come to an end. Read enough poetry and you'll perforce come across the word perforce sooner or later. It's mainly used in literary or formal contexts, so you can choose to use it if you want to sound fancy: "Our disagreement over what to have for dinner will perforce end in our ordering a pizza." Perforce comes from the Old French par force, "by force." .................................................................................. Definitions of perforce adverb by necessity; by force of circumstance ...................................................................... Examples To advocate placing such information in the public record, Strauss asserted, was perforce an act of disloyalty. Only their middle names, which perforce became their given names, were their own. Mr. Wickham's happiness and her own were perforce delayed a little longer, and Mr. Collins's proposal accepted with as good a grace as she could. Kit would not have risen from her place at all, but Rachel, with a meaningful nudge, handed her a candle, and she had perforce to see her suitor to the door. The Witch of Blackbird Pond ................................................................................. بناچار، ناگزیر، بزو، اجبارا

Base

The base of something is usually the foundation, starting point, or main ingredient of something. A soup base is the flavoring or broth you use to get your soup started. If you're a soldier, you might live on a base ("place where you're stationed"). When your unit plays softball, you must touch each base before scoring. The bottom of pentagon-shaped home plate is its base ("bottom"). Yelling at or pushing the umpire is considered base ("mean-spirited") behavior. At end of the season, your team might get a trophy, which sits on a base ("pedestal"), or a plaque made of brass, an alloy of zinc, which is base metal (it corrodes easily). ....................................................................... Definitions of base noun lowest support of a structure "it was built on a base of solid rock" synonyms:foot, foundation, fundament, groundwork, substructure, understructure noun a support or foundation "the base of the lamp" synonyms:pedestal, stand noun a flat bottom on which something is intended to sit "a tub should sit on its own base" noun the bottom or lowest part "the base of the mountain" noun the bottom side of a geometric figure from which the altitude can be constructed "the base of the triangle" noun (anatomy) the part of an organ nearest its point of attachment "the base of the skull" noun a lower limit synonyms:floor adjective serving as or forming a base "the painter applied a base coat followed by two finishing coats" synonyms:basal noun the most important or necessary part of something synonyms:basis noun the fundamental assumptions from which something is begun or developed or calculated or explained synonyms:basis, cornerstone, foundation, fundament, groundwork noun the place where you are stationed and from which missions start and end synonyms:home noun installation from which a military force initiates operations "the attack wiped out our forward bases" synonyms:base of operations noun the stock of basic facilities and capital equipment needed for the functioning of a country or area "the industrial base of Japan" synonyms:infrastructure noun (linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed synonyms:radical, root, root word, stem, theme noun the principal ing

affectation

The guy at your local coffee shop who's never left the state but speaks as though he's lived in London all his life? His British accent is an affectation. Never confuse affectation with affection — which means "love" or "tenderness." While affection might not always be genuine, affectation is never the real thing. In fact, affectation is all about faking it. Do you believe the politician cares about poor people, or do you think his concern is an affectation? ------------------------------------------------------ noun a deliberate pretense or exaggerated display synonyms:affectedness, mannerism, pose ------------------------------------------------------- And someone says that my Catholicism is a mere affectation, an attempt to play the Evelyn Waugh eccentric to a bland and vulgar secular age. Hunger of Memory For another, cigars, with Zooey, were not in any patent way a young man's affectation. Franny and Zooey But in the crucible of the moment, none of these subsequent affectations or interpretations mattered much, if at all. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation "What will we buy?" asked Jo, ignoring the latter part of his speech, and sniffing the mingled odors with an affectation of delight as they went in. ------------------------------------------------------- وانمود، تظاهر، ظاهرسازی، ناز، تکبر،

zealot

The hamburger zealot was so fanatical about his burgers that he camped outside his favorite fast-food joint for hours every morning, waiting for it to open. And he would never put mustard on them, only ketchup. The original zealots were a group of first-century Jews who were absolutely determined to overthrow Roman rule in Palestine. Today, anyone who goes overboard in their zeal, or enthusiasm, for a particular cause, a religion, a sports team, or a charitable organization — can be called a zealot. The coffee lover was a zealot regarding where his coffee was grown, who grew it, and how it was roasted. ............................................................................. Definitions of zealot noun a fervent and even militant proponent of something synonyms:drumbeater, partisan .............................................................................. Examples Of my brilliant mother, midwife and entrepreneur; of my eccentric father, junkman and zealot. Religious zealots and religious dissenters were making noise while members of the Church of England and Unitarians like the Darwins also quietly questioned their faith. Blanche, on the other hand, glowed with the certainty of a zealot. "They are religious zealots," responded the older man. ..................................................................................... غیور، ادم متعصب یاهواخواه، مجاهد، جانفشان

accretion

The process of increasing can be called accretion. Although you may say that stalactites "grow" from the ceilings of caves, they actually form from an accretion of limestone and other minerals. So what's the difference between an addition and an accretion? Addition implies adding to something that already exists, such as an addition to the cast (when a new actor joins an existing show). The noun accretion, on the other hand, implies an accumulation that causes increase, such as "an accretion of frost on the windows" or "an accretion of plaque on your teeth." The latter, of course, is why the dentist always begs you to floss and brush. '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' Definitions of accretion noun an increase by natural growth or addition synonyms:accumulation noun (geology) an increase in land resulting from alluvial deposits or waterborne sediment noun (biology) growth by addition as by the adhesion of parts or particles noun (astronomy) the formation of a celestial object by the effect of gravity pulling together surrounding objects and gases noun (law) an increase in a beneficiary's share in an estate (as when a co-beneficiary dies or fails to meet some condition or rejects the inheritance) noun something contributing to growth or increase "he scraped away the accretions of paint" "the central city surrounded by recent accretions" ........................................................................................ Examples Physicists grappled with the mysteries of subatomic behavior into the mid-1920s, hoping that the steady accretion of observed results would lead them to the truth. Big Science The actual particulars of the event are unclear, obscured by the accretion of myth. Into Thin Air Most of them are in the ancient lunar highlands and date from the time of the final accretion of the Moon from interplanetary debris. Cosmos The id of the town was bared, gathering into something terrible, fed by the slow accretions that came with a blazing hunger for retribution. ....................................................................... رشد پیوسته، بهم پیوستگی، اتحاد، یک پارچگی، (حق). افزایش بهای اموال، افزایش میزان ارث،

desiccate

The verb desiccate means to dry out, dry up and dehydrate. It's helpful to desiccate weeds but certainly not crops. As anyone who's been stuck in the desert will tell you, being desiccated by the burning sun isn't much fun. Stemming from the Latin word desiccare, which means to "dry up," desiccate also means to preserve something by drying it out. Without desiccation, raisins or beef jerky would not be possible! ......................................................... Definitions of desiccate adjective lacking vitality or spirit; lifeless "a desiccate romance" synonyms:arid, desiccated verb remove water from synonyms:dehydrate verb lose water or moisture synonyms:dehydrate, dry up, exsiccate verb preserve by removing all water and liquids from synonyms:dehydrate ......................................................................... Examples "You won't be needing this anymore," she said, clutching a cream linen suit, which hung better on the wire hanger than on her desiccated frame. Dreaming in Cuban I thought of the ghost of that long-dead child, watching us, its desiccated bones sunk deep into the ground below. How I Live Now She pointed to a photograph of a desiccated insect with a stick emerging from its corpse—it was gross, but kind of fascinating, too. The Thing About Jellyfish In the wake of the reapers' scythes the black land showed again through the stubble, no longer moist and rich but bone-hard, desiccated, and beginning to crack in all directions under the burning sun. ........................................................................... خشک کردن، در جای خشک نگهداشتن،

extirpate

The verb extirpate originally meant "to weed out by the roots." Now you can use it more broadly to describe getting rid of something completely. Use the verb extirpate when you mean to destroy completely or get rid of completely. If you came home from vacation with your luggage infested by bedbugs, you will need to call an exterminator to extirpate them. The dodo bird was extirpated due to hunting and the introduction of predators in their habitat. ---------------------------------------- verb destroy completely, as if down to the roots synonyms:eradicate, exterminate, root out, uproot verb pull up by or as if by the roots synonyms:deracinate, root out, uproot verb surgically remove (an organ ----------------------------------------------------- The only solution he said, was to "extirpate, utterly, if possible" the Indigenous peoples who pushed back against settlements. An Indigenous People's History of the United States The curse of knowledge hides them from the writer, who therefore must put some effort into spotting and extirpating them. The Sense of Style To extirpate is to exterminate or destroy a living entity or group so completely that it ceases to exist forever. An Indigenous People's History of the United States Many of the factories that disappeared for ever were "hot, filthy, body-and soul-crushing" but they offered decent wages and a sense of belonging - to a community, a class, a nation - since extirpated. ----------------------------------------------------- ازبن کندن، ریشه کن کردن، ازبین بردن، بکلی نابود کردن

arrest

To arrest someone is to put them in custody for breaking the law. If you face arrest, your criminal activities will be "at rest" because you'll be behind bars, or in jail. Arrest is both a noun and a verb. When you place a person "under arrest," you take them into custody and hold them so they can't continue breaking the law. A police officer or other agent of the law will arrest a person often by physically taking them away. In addition to the legal meaning, arrest means "stop." To arrest motion is to stop a person or thing from moving. ------------------------------------------------------- Definitions of arrest verb take into custody synonyms:apprehend, collar, cop, nab, nail, pick up noun the act of apprehending (especially apprehending a criminal) synonyms:apprehension, catch, collar, pinch, taking into custody verb hold back, as of a danger or an enemy; check the expansion or influence of "Arrest the downward trend" synonyms:check, contain, hold back, stop, turn back verb cause to stop "Arrest the progress" synonyms:halt, hold noun the state of inactivity following an interruption "the negotiations were in arrest" synonyms:check, halt, hitch, stay, stop, stoppage verb attract and fix synonyms:catch, get ---------------------------------------------- دستگیر کردن توقیف شخص، سد کردن، ممانعت کردن، ممانعت، سد، جلب کردن، جلوگیری از سقوط (کوهنوردی)، حکم توقیف، حکم ضبط، بازداشت، توقیف کردن، بازداشتن، جلوگیری کردن،

glum

To be glum is to be sad. Glum is a word for being depressed, bummed out, or down in the dumps. People who are glum are sometimes said to be sullen, brooding, morose, and moody. Glum folks don't smile, giggle, or laugh — and they're rarely seen holding balloons. Being glum is a little more outward-directed than just being sad. To be glum is to act sad in front of other people, almost like you want them to ask, "Why so glum?" ........................................................... Definitions of glum adjective moody and melancholic Synonyms:dejectedaffected or marked by low spirits adjective showing a brooding ill humor "a glum, hopeless shrug" synonyms:dark, dour, glowering, moody, morose, saturnine, sour, sullen ............................................................ Examples When I went out that morning the face of the Negro populace was glum and angry. Black Like Me He stood up, sputtering, and saw the ghost of a very glum- looking girl sitting cross-legged on top of one of the taps. Harry Potter And The Goblet Of Fire Ged looked glum at that, but the ship and her men were in danger for him, so he raised up the magewind into her sail. A Wizard of Earthsea The room was crowded with glum faces, faces dead to all enthusiasm, faces of people waiting. ................................................................... افسرده، کدر، رنجیده، ملول، اوقات تلخ

deflate

To deflate is to let the air out of something. If you deflate the tires on your brother's bike, he won't be able to ride it until he gets them pumped up again. You can deflate anything that's full of air or another gas: an air mattress, an inflatable sled, a helium balloon, or the tires on your car. When something, like a hot air balloon, empties of air, you can also say it deflates. Figuratively, a person can also deflate when they are suddenly drained of self-assurance or cheer: "Hearing him criticize me in front of the class made me deflate." ................................................................... Definitions of deflate verb release contained air or gas from "deflate the air mattress" verb collapse by releasing contained air or gas "deflate a balloon" verb become deflated or flaccid, as by losing air "The balloons deflated" verb reduce or lessen the size or importance of "The bad review of his work deflated his self-confidence" synonyms:puncture verb produce deflation in "The new measures deflated the economy" verb reduce or cut back the amount or availability of, creating a decline in value or prices "deflate the currency" ........................................................................... Examples Under the left couch bunk he found a deflated rubber dinghy and a plastic paddle, but there was no other survival gear, no flares or signaling devices, on the boat. The Voyage Of The Frog "Why do you care?" he asked, though in a somewhat deflated tone. Hattie Big Sky Fadi looked at him under his eyelashes and was surprised to see a deflated expression on his father's face. Shooting Kabul The air stopped flowing, her suit deflated around her, and the noise died away. ............................................................................ باد (چیزی را) خالی کردن، جلوگیری از تورم کردن، کاهش قیمت

defy

To defy is to openly refuse to do something. You can defy the no-costumes-in-class rule if you wear your fairy wings to school, but just don't try to defy the laws of gravity unless you can actually fly. If you deliberately break a rule or ignore an order, you defy, or resist, that rule. The word defy comes from the Latin word disfidare for "renounce one's faith." So if you're expected to be faithful to a certain law or rule but you refuse to be, you defy it. There are different ways to defy — defy your parents by staying out past curfew, or defy common sense by walking in with shoes on your head. ........................................................................ Definitions of defy verb resist or confront with resistance "The politician defied public opinion" synonyms:hold, hold up, withstand verb challenge synonyms:dare verb elude, especially in a baffling way "This behavior defies explanation" synonyms:refuse, resist ........................................................................ Examples Hawkers, girls much younger than I, defied the school gate men, edging closer and closer to the cars to offer peeled oranges and bananas and groundnuts, their moth-eaten blouses slipping off their shoulders. Purple Hibiscus Is he trying to make me suffer for defying him? The Hunger Games "Courageous, ma foi! The brave soul. The soul that dares and defies." The Awakening And then he turns his hand upside down so that the bill sticks to his fingers even as they're pointed downward, seeming to defy the pull of gravity for it to drop to the ground. --------------------------------------- سرپیچی کردن، نافرمانی کردن به مبارزه طلبیدن، تحریک جنگ کردن، شیر کردن،

flout

To flout is to scorn or show contempt for. "I flout the law and the concept of civilian safety by making a concerted effort to jaywalk every time I cross a street." Oddly enough, when flout came into existence in the 1550s, it had a much different sense to it than it does now; it's believed that it evolved from the Middle English flowten, "to play the flute." These days, the verb flout means "to scorn," as in to scorn a law, person, or social norm by defying it. As a noun, it is a contemptuous remark or insult. Wrote William Shakespeare, "Flout 'em, and scout 'em; and scout 'em and flout 'em; Thought is free." ........................................................................ Definitions of flout verb treat with contemptuous disregard "flout the rules" synonyms:scoff verb laugh at with contempt and derision synonyms:barrack, gibe, jeer, scoff ................................................................................... Examples And I myself should hold it shame for any girl to flout her own dear parents, taking up with a man, before her marriage. The Odyssey When Bruce ran that stop sign, he was flouting the law and flaunting his new Harley. gantlet/gauntlet. Woe Is I "He would have rid that horse, too," pa says, "if I hadn't a stopped him. A durn spotted critter wilder than a cattymount. A deliberate flouting of her and of me." As I Lay Dying In their eyes, he was a danger to democracy—"a man who flouted the authority of the Senate, who overrode the Constitution while his followers cheered." .......................................------------------------ اهانت کردن، بی احترامی کردن (با) at، دست انداختن، استهزاء کردن، اهانت یا بی احترامی کردن، مسخره، توهین،

insist

To insist on something is to demand or swear to it. You can insist that you didn't eat the last piece of cake, and then insist that your brother show your mom the bits of frosting on his fingers. The verb insist comes from the Latin insistere, meaning "persist," "dwell upon," or "stand on." To insist on something, like a room with a view, is to say that you must have it. To insist that you never met that man before in your life — even though there's a picture of the two of you together — is to claim that you're telling the truth. To insist on tapping your foot on the chair leg is annoying. ............................................................................................... Definitions of insist verb be emphatic or resolute and refuse to budge "I must insist!" synonyms:take a firm stand verb assert to be true synonyms:assert verb beg persistently and urgently synonyms:importune .................................................................................. Examples Fie might have become worried and insisted that we go back to live among our own people—even if it meant swallowing his pride and settling up with the Sleepers. Dragonwings The furnace man insisted he could do nothing without actually examining the kiln. The Devil in the White City Sometimes I insisted on paying for the whole thing: meal, drinks, and tip. The Joy Luck Club He insists on treating me—and he looks so pleased with himself that I don't even protest. ........................................................................................... =assert

proselytize

To proselytize is to try to persuade someone to switch to your religious beliefs or your way of living. If you are going to proselytize, try not to be too pushy! The word proselytize can specifically refer to religious evangelism, as in: "Proselytizing is a fundamental component of Mormonism." Proselytize, however, can also be used for any situation when people are trying to convince others to try something or to join something. TV ads proselytize about the pleasures of life with mouthwash, friends proselytize about how great their favorite video games are, and parents proselytize about the benefits of eating vegetables. -------------------------------------------------- verb convert to another faith or religion synonyms:proselytise --------------------------------------------------------- "You look like a man who wants to live. Please tell the sheriff that ain't no amount of proselytizing is going to keep that undead horde from overrunning us." Dread Nation Evelyn zealously began distributing their publication The Watchtower, and began to proselytize me as well, urging me to convert my commitment to the struggle to a commitment to God. Long Walk to Freedom Our policy was to be friendly, to take an interest, to compliment them on their achievements, but not to proselytize --------------------------------------------------------- بدین تازه ای وارد شدن یاکردن

slant

To slant is to tilt or slope sharply to one side. Many streets in San Francisco are so steep that they slant dramatically upward. You can slant the brim of your hat down to keep the sun out of your eyes, and the sun itself can slant at a lower angle (or slant), forcing you to put on your dark sunglasses. There's also the slant that means "show bias," the way a newspaper reporter does when she slants a story in favor of one political party over another. Slant was originally slenten, "slip sideways," from a Germanic root. ........................................................................................ Definitions of slant verb incline or bend from a vertical position synonyms:angle, lean, tilt, tip verb lie obliquely "A scar slanted across his face" verb heel over "The ceiling is slanting" synonyms:cant, cant over, pitch, tilt verb present with a bias synonyms:angle, skew, weight noun degree of deviation from a horizontal plane synonyms:pitch, rake noun a biased way of looking at or presenting something synonyms:angle ..................................................................................... Examples By the time I wake, sunlight is slanting through the trees, making their shadows lean and long. Born Behind Bars Soon he saw the rat climbing down a slanting board that he used as a stairway. Charlotte's Web The late afternoon sun slanted through the branches overhead, and it looked invitingly snug and secure. The Incredible Journey The twig turned, one of the leaves caught the sunlight slanting through the trees and Hazel saw it flash for an instant. ............................................................................................... کجی، خط کج، سطح اریب، نگاه کج، نظر، اریب، سراشیب، کج رفتن، کج کردن، کج شدن، شیب پیدا کردن، تحریف کردن،

soothe

To soothe is to relieve or to bring comfort. If the pounding in your head is driving you mad, it sounds like you might need an aspirin or two to soothe your headache. Soothing is meant to make you feel better, both physically and emotionally. Spend too many hours on the beach without sunblock? You'll need some aloe to soothe that sunburn. Had a bad breakup with a boyfriend? Soothing that broken heart might take something stronger — chocolates, a gabfest with good friends, and sappy movies are usually just what the doctor ordered. ......................................................... Definitions of soothe verb cause to feel better "the medicine soothes the pain of the inflammation" verb give moral or emotional strength to synonyms:comfort, console, solace ........................................................................ Examples from Books and ArticlesAll sources His voice sounded soothing, like I was back home. Mississippi Trial, 1955 That night, Candice got up to find something to soothe her stomach. The Parker Inheritance The soft leather feels soothing and for a moment I'm calmed by the memories of the hours spent wrapped in it. Mockingjay It soothed her to do so, and passed the time. ............................................................................. ارام کردن، تسکین دادن، دل بدست اوردن، دلجویی کردن، استمالت کردن

analogous

Use the adjective analogous to describe something that is similar to something else and can be compared to another. Analogous things can be compared to each other, so a near synonym is the adjective comparable. Analogous is a term used in biology to refer to body parts that have a similar function but differ in structure, such as the wings of a bird and the wings of an airplane. Analogous is from Latin analogus, from Greek analogos, meaning "according to a proper ratio or proportion." ----------------------------------------------- adjective similar or equivalent in some respects though otherwise dissimilar "brains and computers are often considered analogous" "salmon roe is marketed as analogous to caviar" synonyms:correspondent adjective corresponding in function but not in evolutionary origin "the wings of a bee and those of a hummingbird are analogous" ---------------------------------------------- In subsequent chapters, we will consider how the system specifically targets people of color and then relegates them to a second-class status analogous to Jim Crow. The New Jim Crow The men's admissions pattern was analogous to Gehrig's hitting pattern—coming to bat more often during the second half of the season when getting a hit is easier. Innumeracy: Mathematical Illiteracy and Its Consequences His hometown was a wealthy but somewhat peripheral place, analogous in its pleasant remoteness to modern Sydney or Cape Town. Circumference German beer drinkers are fiercely loyal to their local brand, so there are no national brands in Germany analogous to our Budweiser, Miller, or Coors. -------------------------------------------------- مانند، قابل مقایسه، قابل قیاس، مشابه، متشابه،

caustic

Use the adjective caustic to describe any chemical that is able to burn living tissue or other substances, or, figuratively, a statement that has a similarly burning effect. Caustic in this sense means harshly critical. In the chemical sense, a near synonym is corrosive. In the figurative sense, near synonyms are biting, scathing, and sarcastic. The source of the word caustic is Latin causticus, from Greek kaustikos, from kaiein "to burn." ....................................................................................... Definitions of caustic adjective of a substance, especially a strong acid; capable of destroying or eating away by chemical action synonyms:corrosive, erosive, mordant, vitriolic adjective harsh or corrosive in tone "caustic jokes about political assassination, talk-show hosts and medical ethics" synonyms:acerb, acerbic, acid, acrid, astringent, bitter, blistering, sulfurous, sulphurous, virulent, vitriolic noun any chemical substance that burns or destroys living tissue ................................................................................................. Examples \ If Kilvin's demonstration was any indication, I guessed the whole shop could be a sea of flame and caustic fog in less than a minute. The Name of the Wind She has diluted it with alcohol—she wore gloves to do the mixing, as it is incredibly caustic. Code Name Verity On Rack 10 rows of next generation's chemical workers were being trained in the toleration of lead, caustic soda, tar, chlorine. Brave New World At the same time it continued to boil, forming thick, low clouds, dark as tar, caustic, and ready to burst into flame. ............................................................................. (مج). نیشدار، تند، تیز، هجو امیز، سوزش اور

zealous

Use the adjective zealous as a way to describe eagerness or enthusiastic activity. If you are too zealous in your efforts to decorate the house with Christmas lights, you might cause a power outage for the whole neighborhood. Zealous is the adjective for the noun zeal, "eager partisanship"; the latter has a long e, but zealous has a short one: ZEL-uhs. It can have a slightly negative connotation, and people are sometimes described as overzealous, meaning they try too hard. Zealous rhymes with jealous (and in fact they both derive from the same Greek word), but don't confuse them: a jealous person might be resentful of someone who makes zealous efforts to achieve success. ---------------------------------------------- adjective marked by active interest and enthusiasm synonyms:avid ------------------------------------------------- With a slight splash, Matthew began scooping quartered slices of peaches into his mouth with such a zealous sucking and slurping that even his father paused to witness the divertissement. The Great Santini In Terryl, the criminals had a particularly ardent and zealous foe. A Deadly Wandering: A Mystery, a Landmark Investigation, and the Astonishing Science of Attention in the Digital Age If indicted murderers have a hard time getting meaningful representation, what are the odds that small-time drug dealers find themselves represented by a zealous advocate? ------------------------------------------------------- فدایی، مجاهد، غیور، باغیرت، هواخواه

sage

Use the word sage for someone or something wise and judicious. Thanks to the sage advice of your friend, you didn't write your teacher an angry e-mail! Although you might think of a wizard when you hear the word sage, really it means a wise man. Today you see it used to refer to someone who has insight in a particular field. If someone is a policy sage, he knows just what advice to give politicians to make them understand the issue and respond successfully to it. In a totally unrelated use, there is also a plant called sage that is useful in home remedies and cooking. -------------------------------------------------- noun a mentor in spiritual and philosophical topics who is renowned for profound wisdom adjective having wisdom that comes with age and experience Synonyms:wise noun any of various plants of the genus Salvia; a cosmopolitan herb synonyms:salvia noun aromatic fresh or dried gray-green leaves used widely as seasoning for meats and fowl and game etc adjective of the gray-green color of sage leaves synonyms:sage-green ---------------------------------------------------- مرد حکیم عاقل، دانا، بصیر، بافراست

vernacular

Vernacular describes everyday language, including slang, that's used by the people. The vernacular is different from literary or official language: it's the way people really talk with each other, like how families talk at home. You know how some language is fancy and formal? Vernacular is different: think of it as how friends talk when no one is listening. Vernacular language includes slang and obscenities. One of the hardest things about writing for school is getting away from the vernacular and learning to write in more formal ways that don't come as naturally. You can also say specific groups have a vernacular, meaning the unique way people in a certain region or profession speak. --------------------------------------------------------- noun the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language) noun a characteristic language of a particular group (as among thieves) synonyms:argot, cant, jargon, lingo, patois, slang adjective being or characteristic of or appropriate to everyday language "a vernacular term" "vernacular speakers" synonyms:common, vulgar ---------------------------------------------------- "There's a black man with brains gone to bed," Malcolm X told me once, briefly lapsing into his old vernacular. The Autobiography of Malcolm X His vernacular makes him sound like he has just awakened from the 1950s. Drama High I thought about him in that way, to borrow a phrase from the middle school vernacular. The Fault in Our Stars Each student's curriculum was rounded off by the Afrikaans, English and vernacular languages. ------------------------------------------------------- زبان مادری (زبان محلی)، محلی، کشوری، زبان بومی، زبان مادری،

weary

Weary as an adjective means "very tired or worn out," like weary students who finished a long week of studying and taking tests. Weary comes from the Old English word werig, meaning "tired." It can also describe being extremely bored and sick of something, like on a long drive, you might grow weary of your father's singing voice. As a verb, weary means "to exhaust or wear out," like when the children you are babysitting weary you with their game of running away every time you tell them to get ready to leave the park. ----------------------------------------------- adjective physically and mentally fatigued synonyms:aweary verb exhaust or get tired through overuse or great strain or stress synonyms:fag, fag out, fatigue, jade, outwear, tire, tire out, wear, wear down, wear out, wear upon verb lose interest or become bored with something or somebody synonyms:fatigue, jade, pall, tire -------------------------------------------------------- Because the sword would have to be strong enough to win, yet light enough not to tire his weary arm. The Princess Bride "Where are you coming here from?" the teacher asked, apparently weary of the topic of the war. Endangered When Brother Jacques used the word a sixth time and a weary battalion of students struggled to their feet to perform their task, Obie saw a small smile play on the lips of the teacher. The Chocolate War It made him retreat into himself and look out at the world with bleary weary eyes. ------------------------------------------------------ خسته، مانده، بیزار کردن، کسل شدن

adduce

When you adduce something, you offer proof in support of an argument. If you're trying to prove that you didn't eat the last cookie, you might adduce the fact that your dog's mouth is covered in cookie crumbs. The word adduce comes from the Latin adducere, which means "to lead or bring along." If you were a lawyer, you might adduce, or bring forth, a witness in order to help your case. You might also adduce a piece of evidence, like a fact, to help with your argument. You might think of the word add to help you remember the definition of adduce: when you adduce something, you are adding to an argument by offering proof. ........................................................................ Definitions of adduce verb advance evidence for synonyms:abduce, cite .................................................................. Examples In his version of Book I of On the Revolutions the arguments that could be adduced against the movement of the Earth are given a more prominent position. The Invention of Science In Rome the advocatus diaboli, or devil's advocate, had been established as early as 1587 to test the evidence adduced in support of the miracles claimed for those proposed for canonization. The Invention of Science There is no evidence to adduce; and whether or not the man himself committed the murders there is now none to say. Dracula First, Perez redeems the very notion of melodrama from its pejorative uses; then he adduces its mode of "exaggeration" to the historical underpinnings and enduring core of the cinema. ............................................................................... ایراد کردن، اقامه کردن، تقدیم کردن

canonize

When you canonize a person, you put him on a pedestal — in other words, you think he's so wonderful that he can do no wrong. You might canonize your grandmother after she dies, choosing to remember her as a saint who never raised her voice and was kind to everyone. When the Roman Catholic Church canonizes someone, it has a slightly different meaning. The Church canonizes people who have performed miracles and are declared — literally — to be saints. The literal meaning is "place in the canon of saints," and it comes from the Latin canon, "church rule." ................................................................................. Definitions of canonize verb declare (a dead person) to be a saint "After he was shown to have performed a miracle, the priest was canonized" synonyms:canonise, saint verb treat as a sacred person "He canonizes women" synonyms:canonise ................................................................................... Examples from Books and ArticlesAll sources She always looks worried when I'm at the dictionary so I tell her I'm looking for canonize or beatific or any class of a religious word. Angela's Ashes: A Memoir Poverty was a gleaming thing; she could not conceive of poor people being vicious or nasty because their poverty had canonized them, and the greatest saints were the foreign poor. Americanah Mamita, furious at hearing her husband canonized at her expense, took her revenge. How the García Girls Lost Their Accents Invented, paradoxically, by an expat Mormon from Utah named Victor Morris, the recipe was canonized in the 1930s at the Hotel Maury in Lima. ....................................................... درزمره مقدسان شمردن، شرعی کردن

bolster

When you cheer up a friend who's feeling down, you bolster them. To bolster is to offer support or strengthen. A bolster is also the name of a long pillow you might use to make your back feel better. And the two uses are not dissimilar. When you bolster your friends, you support them and prop them up, just like the pillow does for your back. When you're trying to bolster your credibility, you find people and/or documents that support you or your view. Bolster efforts to learn this word! ............................................................ Definitions of bolster verb support and strengthen "bolster morale" synonyms:bolster up verb prop up with a pillow or bolster verb add padding to synonyms:pad noun a pillow that is often put across a bed underneath the regular pillows synonyms:long pillow ............................................................. Examples He raised himself up upon the bolster, and I slipped a pewter bowl beneath his arm. While working on her Surinam book, Maria painted a beautiful series of seashells on commission to bolster her dwindling funds. Cahokia's rulers tried to bolster their position by building even bigger houses and flaunting even more luxury goods like fancy pottery and jewelry made from exotic semiprecious stones. They seemed to view their job as mostly to listen and bolster us as needed inside the four walls of our home. ........................................................................ کیسه یا توری حاوی سنگ شکسته که برای کنترل فرسایش بکار میرود، متکا، تیری که بطور عمودی زیرپایه گذارده شود، بابالش نگهداشتن، پشتی کردن، تکیه دادن، تقویت کردن،

debunk

When you debunk something you show it to be false. Many magicians, including Houdini and Penn and Teller, have worked to debunk the idea that magic is anything other than a very clever illusion. To debunk something is to prove it wrong. The idea that music education is frivolous and should be the first item cut from the budget is something that music teachers work hard to debunk — in fact, they've done it by proving that students perform better in schools with strong music programs. The verb debunk was first used by an American writer, William Woodward, in 1923, to mean "take the bunk out of something." Bunk means "nonsense." ................................................................................................. Definitions of debunk verb expose while ridiculing; especially of pretentious or false claims and ideas "The physicist debunked the psychic's claims" synonyms:expose ............................................................................................... Examples Thankfully the rest of the world assumed that the Irish were crazy, a theory that the Irish themselves did nothing to debunk. Artemis Fowl An older school of historians and philosophers took this framework for granted, while a newer school has wanted to debunk or deconstruct the concepts rather than explain their significance and trace their origin. The Invention of Science This "rule" was popular for half a century, until leading grammarians debunked it. Woe Is I His first Gymnopedie of 1888, as well as sounding like a long, hot afternoon in the Midi after a liquid lunch, can be seen as a deliberate attempt to debunk pomposity and de-clutter music. ....................................................................................... احساسات غلط و پوچ را از کسی دور کردن، کسی را اگاه و هدایت کردن، کم ارزش کردن

exigent

When you describe something as exigent, you are saying it requires attention: it can't be ignored. Exigent, which means "demanding attention," comes from the Latin for "driving out." If there's a runaway train driving straight at you, that's an exigent situation — not a good time to stop and write a poem. When circumstances become exigent, it's time to act. When exigent questions arise, an answer is necessary. You can also use exigent for a person who demands attention, usually by complaining. If you've ever worked as a waiter, you've surely dealt with an exigent customer. ........................................................................ Definitions of exigent adjective demanding attention ""regarded literary questions as exigent and momentous"- H.L.Mencken" synonyms:clamant, crying, insistent, instant adjective requiring precise accuracy "became more exigent over his pronunciation" synonyms:exacting ............................................................................ Examples from Books and ArticlesAll sources And each time I was about to call an end to the chaos, I got sidetracked by exigent cries of "R-and-W, center gate!" Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing "The Mars Room" is a major novel, a sustained performance, one that broods on several exigent ideas. New York TimesApr 23, 2018 I think if I was less exigent with myself, maybe I would be more productive, because I would put less pressure on my shoulders." The GuardianOct 1, 2017 The exigent demands of California code regulations added to the costs. ............................................................... ضروری، مبرم، محتاج به اقدام یا کمک فوری، فشاراور، بحرانی، مصر، تحمیلی

mishandle

When you mishandle something, you make a mess of it. For example, a teacher who mishandles a classroom loses control of his students. An entrepreneur who mishandles an important meeting at her bank might have lost an opportunity to borrow money for her business, and a dog trainer who mishandles an aggressive dog might end up getting bitten. When you handle something, you deal with it, and when you add the Old English prefix mis-, it means that you've dealt with it in a "wrong" or "bad" way. .................................................................................... Definitions of mishandle verb manage badly or incompetently synonyms:misconduct, mismanage verb make a mess of, destroy or ruin synonyms:ball up, blow, bobble, bodge, bollix, bollix up, botch ........................................................................ Examples "Would you mind leaving my booth for a moment while I inspect myself to see whether I've been mishandled? Five minutes should be sufficient." A Confederacy of Dunces "Summer internship," Harris said "My dad's CEO of The Corporation. Well, he was. He kinda 'mishandled' things." Beauty Queens He suggested that perhaps the situation had been mishandled, that perhaps I was not possessed. Educated I peek in horror, unable to bear the thought of anyone mishandling the Holy Quran—tearing out the pages and apparently stomping on them. ............................................................................. با بی دقتی جا به جا کردن بد به کار بردن، بد اداره کردن

stave off

When you stave something off, you prevent it from happening. When you stave off a cold, you work to avoid getting one, maybe by drinking plenty of tea and eating oranges. You might help stave off the closing of a library by donating money and writing letters to the city council, or stave off the winter blues by traveling to a Caribbean island for a week. The phrase to stave off has a long history, dating from 1620 when it was used to mean "fend off with a staff," the way you might stave off a pack of growling dogs. ....................................................................................... Definitions of stave off verb prevent the occurrence of; prevent from happening synonyms:avert, avoid, debar, deflect, fend off, forefend, forfend, head off, obviate, ward off ........................................................................................ Examples from Books and ArticlesAll sources Sometimes, when I have relapses of my old demon, I lie in the crook of his arm and he comforts me this way, talking to me all night long to stave off the bad dreams. The Poisonwood Bible Besides staving off economic collapse, the dams are ideologically beguiling to the family that runs the country. Escape from Camp 14: One Man's Remarkable Odyssey from North Korea to Freedom in the West Lawrence, whose machine and research style gave birth to the new paradigm, hoped to stave off its negative effects as long as he could. Big Science I think of the fight I staved off on the Yankee Clipper that day, with the beefy, drunken soldier I made strip. ............................................................................... دفع کردن

sacrosanct

You might be enraged at the idea of doing homework on a Saturday if you consider your weekends sacrosanct — meaning they are too special or important to interrupt. Sacrosanct is often used to describe religious rituals and traditions, which isn't surprising considering that this adjective comes from the Latin word for something that is protected by a religious sanction. A church, for example, might consider its Sunday service to be sacrosanct — a very important and holy ritual that cannot be changed or canceled. It's a bad idea to criticize or change any custom or tradition that people consider sacrosanct — they won't be happy about it. .......................................................................................... Definitions of sacrosanct adjective treated as if holy and kept free from violation or criticism synonyms:inviolable, inviolate ............................................................................................. Examples "Insects," he said, showing no embarrassment at overhearing them, "are especially sacrosanct." Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? With its purification rituals and its imperial roots, sumo is sacrosanct in a way that American sports will never be. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything And when I did see him, it was usually for dinner, when Mom or Laleh were around to provide a buffer, or for Star Trek, which was sacrosanct. Darius the Great Is Not Okay He answered in a whisper too, as if his writing had become something hallowed and had made the room itself sacrosanct. ............................................................................................... مقدس، قدوس، منزه

cerebral

f you are a cerebral person, no one would ever call you a drama queen. You make decisions using your intelligence and cold, hard facts, instead of your emotions. The word cerebral gets its meaning from cerebrum, which is Latin for "brain." Cerebral people use their brains instead of their hearts. The cerebrum is a particular section of the brain, and anything related to that part is also cerebral, like in medicine. A cerebral hemorrhage, for example, means a hemorrhage has occurred in the brain — a phrase you'd never want to hear coming from a doctor. ........................................................................................................ Definitions of cerebral adjective of or relating to the cerebrum or brain "cerebral hemisphere" "cerebral activity" adjective involving intelligence rather than emotions or instinct "a cerebral approach to the problem" "cerebral drama" synonyms:intellectual ....................................................................................... Examples Compared to the normal brain, Algernons had decreased in weight and there was a general smoothing out of the cerebral convolutions as well as a deepening and broadening of brain fissures. Flowers for Algernon Barack was cerebral, probably too cerebral for most people to put up with. Becoming But cerebral spinal fluid is just the doctors' fancy way of saying brain grease. The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian To those who are genuinely concerned, I push a button to say, "I have spastic bilateral quadriplegia, also known as cerebral palsy. It limits my body, but not my mind." .................................................................................................... =dispassionate