TEFL course
What three things should a course plan cover?
-Assumed knowledge of the students after your course is complete, grammar structures and vocabulary -Communicative skills already practised -Topics covered in the course
How is the Grammar Translation (GMT) or classical method characterized?
-Students look to teacher for everything, teacher is expert -Teacher designs curriculum -Teacher audience format, taking notes and responding often they understand -Individual study and no group work each student has to demonstrate own levels of comprehension - assessment is highly objective, with knowledge-oriented questions that can be put into multiple choice forma -Taught at L1 usually with teacher that speaks chinese 80% of lesson -Dictation lessons to learn grammar structures with english irregularities he eats you eat (the 's') -Little to no speaking practice - teacher lectures -Drills, teacher calls out student to see if knows certain grammar or vocab -translating between chinese and english assuming there is a tanslation -Memorization of grammar and vocab with direct translations to chinese -Rote learning -Memorization of famous passages -rigourous attention to accuracy -When advanced use classical texts like shakespeare as full of complexities and unique applications of grammar structures and metaphors to challenge students
What are the differences between SLT, Audiolingual and TPR?
-TPR is aimed primarily at young learners and beginners -audiolingual methodology does not involve as much use of physical movement or pictures for demonstration. That is the main reason why audiolingual lessons have been aimed at mature students -SLT requires a lot of preparation on the part of the teacher, in order to assure that each grammar structure is obvious to students. With the arrangement of pictures and objects, the teacher always needs to think about how to focus on one or a few grammar structures when the lesson takes place.
When was SLT popular?
1930's-1960's same time Audiolingual was popular in the states
WHat is a vowel phoneme
A E I O U and sometimes Y however in words there are more than 20 distinct vowel sounds
What is rote?
A fixed mechanical way of doing something, a routine Rythym of class
Whats the difference between BICS, CALP
BICS (basic interpersonal skills) social conversations low grammar accuracy developed in 6months CALP (cognitive academic language proficiency) formal knowledge of a language 5 years to develop -big focus in china with gmt method
What is BICS
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills someone using language in a social setting they are developing BICS Doesnt demand difficult vocab or high degree of grammatical accuracy Develops in first 6months of immersion in language
THree effective ways to get students to speak in class?
Brainstorming spokesperson to present to class scavenger hunt activity pair work
What is CALP
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency formal knowledge of the language as it relates to speaking listening reading and writing takes five or more years to develop CALP is also a major component of discursive communication, wherein students sequester themselves until their work is completed, contributing to an ongoing progress of ideas, as with an academic community.
Congitive process vs language proficiency steps?
Cognitive process Konwledge Comprehension Application Analysis Synthesis Evaluation Language Proficiency Pronunciation Vocabulary Grammar Semeantic meaning
What is CULP
Common underlying language proficiency skills both languages require involving thought processes at logical level away from immediate linguistic phenomena such as inflection and colloquialisms
WHy is it beneficial to have a less detailed course plan?
Cos can be more flexible with lessons
WHat are three rules to follow when allowing free tlak in class?
DOnt rely on eager beavers allow awkward silence dont let it go over 10-15mins
Why is GMT most preffered method of ESl teaching in China and most of Asia
GTM is a reliable method for preparing students for the state English exams, which consist mainly of grammar and vocabulary exercises and lack a speaking a component. It is not uncommon for students who learn this way to be able to recite long passages of English by heart, But, a learner's admirable lexical and grammatical knowledge of English—and even a keen familiarity with classic literature— sometimes goes unaccompanied by the ability to communicate verbally in everyday "real-life" contexts.
What are similaries of Audiolingual learning Situational language teaching Total Physical response
Get students ready to communicate assuming they will be in native speaking country soon All create artificial envi: =TPR has the teacher directing students to match language items with actions. =Audiolingualism has the teacher presenting sample sentences, for the students to repeat, practice and recite appropriately and accurately in drills. =SLT has a situation created where there is a need to practice appropriate and accurate sentences about what can be seen by all in the class. students get fair chance to learn as teacher can monitor as students take turn speaking Structure orientated Starts with grammatical structures, add lexical items and notions later and starts with basic to difficulut
How do you deal with chair warmers?
Group work and spread them, occasionally assign them leader so no slacking off strict english rules
Communicative Language teaching CLT
Grown popular in recent decades Teacher is facilitator Student centre approaches group work L2 activities Grammar and vocab means to communicative end Students challenged to speak as much as possible Topics meaningful to students Learning by discovery Real life communication in classroom Fluency vs accuracy (gmt) Learning by doing approach by the teacher facilitating communicative competence
What are main personalities of chinese students?
Happy face -Appreciate communicative english -Possible pressure to be top student get good marks -Dont let other students rely on these just to answer all questions' 10% Hole in one -Smart kid with all answers but not paying attention -Get them to interact -Appreciate grammar and semiatics -Dont wanna do CALP 10% White picket fence _rely on them for answers sometimes -pair with troubled and non participatory students -smart above average in all classes'-confident 10% The warm chair non particaporty studnets just keep the chair warm in class -can be shut down by classmates 60 - 80%
What is an example of a situational language teaching method?
Have pictures of items and go around saying what each item is, start to ask students what the items are start to use different sentences of the items start to get students to question what the items are
what is the ideal lesson planning way
Identify Student Deficiencies/Weaknesses Determine Clear Goals and Objectives to Address the Deficiencies/Weaknesses Establish Logical Lesson Plans to Reach Those Goals and Objectives Assess Student Performance along the Way Learn From Successes and Failures
what is the difference betyween high power and low power distanct culture
In a high power distance culture: It's acceptable for a supervisor to display his authority Superiors rarely give their subordinates important work If something goes wrong, the subordinates are usually blamed for not doing their proper job/role managers rarely interact or socialize with workers Teachers are treated respectfully Local politics are prone to totalitarianism Class distinctions are emphasized Parents are more highly respected and corporal punishment is more common Revolutions are (or were) common In a low power distance culture: Supervisors are expected to treat employees respectfully Subordinates may do important work, thus having the opportunity to get promoted quickly If something goes wrong, the superior/authority figure is usually blamed for having unrealistic expectations or being too strict Managers socialize and interact with workers more often Teachers are simply employees and parents are merely people Totalitarianism and revolutions are rare
i+1 scheme
In the i+1schema, "i" means interlanguage, the point on the continuum between L1 and L2 that the student currently occupies. +1 means that the input should be just a little more complex or difficult than the learner can easily comprehend. b
What is total physical response and who founded it?
James Asher 1977 children acquiring their first language do a lot of listening before they speak which is accompanied by physical responses TPR methods try replicate safe envi like child learning first language using physical tasks along side listening to learn language e.g simon says
WHat are the 4 theories of stephen krashen
Language acquisition happens when: Input is provided at the i+1 level, The affective filter is lowered, The monitor is not made too strong by an overemphasis on accuracy, and The natural order of acquisition is respected.
What is the P-P-P model?
Material presented (begin learning) Practice (acquire material) Produce accurate and meaningful according to what they learnt material can continue to be built over subsequent lessons
What is the Audiolingual method/Army method?
No textbooks used, teacher would verbally give students words and they would reply Aim to get students to speak english using basic grammar within shortest time evaluated efficiency by how quickly students became fluent pro linguistic designed lessons while native speaker taught them 10hour classes 6days a week for 6 weeks - expected fluency with 2 or 3 courses
what are the four stages of acquisition
One of the main things to consider in terms of methodology is Krashen's Natural Order of Language Acquisition. According to Krashen, there are Four Stages of Language Acquisition. Pre-Production Early Production Speech Emergence Intermediate Fluency Rather than thinking about a student's level in terms of how much vocabulary they know or what difficulty of reading material they can understand, the Four Stages of Language Acquisition are really about the kinds of interaction a teacher should build into his or her lessons when teaching students at different levels. Here are some points about the Four Stages of Language Acquisition.
What are components of teaching methodoloy?
Priorities for lesson whats in the lesson plan order of lesson plan
Define teaching style?
Refers to my attitude and demeanour when I teach Do i smile? Are you strict? How do you answer questions?
what is the natural order of acquistion
Research shows that many elements of grammar are acquired in a certain order regardless of when they are taught. For example, the plural and possessive "s" endings are usually acquired before the 3rd person singular "s". Teachers can probably speed up the process of acquisition but not change the order.
Define methodology?
Set of techniques used to meet specific needs of students Each has a focus, aim and answer to questions such as: -What do you expect from students? -What kind of atmosphere are ypou going to maintain?
Ways to constantly be prepared
Simple activities -Bingo, MASH, Guess the word, Hangman Effective, wide scale participation, flexible Lists Of lexical items etc to use in class Textbooks and Printed handouts Cambridge new interchange series Communal activity materials class scrapbook Realia bag of tricks - physical object make lesson out of it
What are the assumptions of Audiolingual method?
Students are already motivated to learn (not much focus on making entertaining) Like structural linguistics behavioral psychology, learning proceeds through instances of stimulus, response, and reinforcement. Positive reinforcement could take the form of praise from the teacher or from classmates, or from a sense of self-satisfaction. Negative reinforcement could take the form of criticism from the teacher, a correction, or the silent treatment. So, then with behavioral psychology, learning takes place when specific stimuli elicit specific responses.
What are 8 key points of audiolingual method?
Students are soon going to live in an environment in which the target language is spoken. Students are exposed as much as possible to the target language. New words and patterns are introduced in a systematic fashion, with a view toward structural linguistics. Practice means repetition. Students should accurately and quickly repeat. Practice makes perfect. Students will gradually absorb grammar patterns. Language is speech, not the printed word.
what is the monitor
The monitor is the part of the brain that checks language output for accuracy. An overly strong monitor interferes with fluency because the learner is too worried about getting the grammar, pronunciation etc. correct to focus on meaning. Constant correction or focus on accuracy by the teacher strengthens the monitor, inhibiting fluency.
WHat is CULP
These are the skills that the languages both require, skills that can make it easier to learn additional languages. CULP skills are common to both languages, L1 and L2, and are very likely to apply to L3. They are underlying skills because they mostly involve thought processes at the logical level away from more immediate linguistic phenomena such as colloquialisms and inflection. CULP is a kind of language proficiency because it is a generalizable skill, in other words, language smarts.
what are the types of intellgiencces
Verbal/Linguistic Likes to write papers and letters. Learns through reading. Needs to see words written before remembering them. Enjoys stories, word play, reading and writing. Body/Kinesthetic Learns through movement, dance, physical manipulation. Needs to connect language to movements, gestures, pointing out, matching pictures to words physically, acting out scenes, dialogs. Logical/Mathematical Is good with numbers and logic. Learns through solving puzzles, problems. Likes to know expectations in terms of rules, routines, assignments. Likes to read about new developments in science Musical/Rhythmic Likes to sing, play a musical instrument and listening to music. Learns the sounds and rhythms of language through songs, chants. May have an easy time mastering stress and intonation. Visual/Spatial Likes to take photographs, draw pictures. Has a good spatial sense, can find his or her way around easily. Learns through visual aids, illustrations, charts, graphs. Intrapersonal Likes to reflect, meditate, and keep a journal. Prefers to use own methods in studying/mastering new materials. Learns through reflection, independent work, using own learning strategies. Interpersonal Prefers doing things with other people to being alone. Solves problems by discussing with friends. Learns through interaction with others, discussions, group work. Naturalistic Enjoys the life sciences, ecology for example. Can easily recognize patterns and trends. Learns through encountering a wide variety of phenomena and information.
WHat is affective filter
When a student in nervous or apprehensive in the language class, a filter goes up that prevents the input from getting through. The teacher can lower the affective filter by making the classroom a comfortable environment for the student to take risks in using the language.
what is a syllabus?
a unit of pronounciation of great sonority usually a vowel and more sounds of lessoer sonority consannt
What are common mistakes made by teachers?
assuming students to carry on momentum of discussion, burdens talkative, denies shy and boreds the rest
why is expressiveness an issue for chinese students?
cause there language ahs tones to tell them how to say however english doesnt. using different tones can chnage the implication of what you are saying
large class sizes
challenges: The teacher cannot provide individual attention to students who need it Logistics - voice volume, getting whole class attention, classroom management, audio/visual aids All students cannot practice speaking individually It's difficult to know all students by name, or even by sight, especially if teaching 15 different classes each week. (15 classes of 50 students = 750 students) Group activities are often loud and semi-chaotic, especially if students are enjoying them and activity participating.
What are four major speech issues
choppy speech not grouping natural words together mispronounciation stops and stalls not pausing at the end of sentences not using intonation and emphasiss robotic speaking
DIpthong
complex vowel sound mere has dip thong
WHat is phonemes
distinct sound made in pronounciation
WHat are the four most troublesome phonemes
e as in get ae as in cat re as in peer r as in run
what is field independence
impersonal orientation relience on internal frame of reference procesing info analytic not socially aware independent sense of serparet identity can concentrate with noise enjoys analysing grammar structures must undertsnad every word i read or hear classroom study i key working alone feedback from others doesnt affect learning
what is ipa what are adbantages vs disadvanates?
international phonetic association international phonetic albphabet advantages -teacher can settle disputes of pronounciation -commmon reference -used to introduce new sounds -if cant hear still have reference disadvantage -tedious if teacher unfamiliar =-loss of detail [
What is structural linguistics?
language is a system of structural elements, including phonological units, grammatical units, and lexical items. If structures are presented in a systematic way, students will internalize those structures and later be fluent insofar as they can produce original sentences using the structures they have learned.
What is the larynx Teeth Ridge Apex Esophogas Blade of tongue Uvula Oral cavity Epiglottis Phraynx Vocal COrds Dorsum HArd palate velum Nasal cavity Trachea LIps
larynx - encloses vocal cords Teeth -modify sound Ridge - gums of top front teeth tongue touches Apex -tip of tongue Esophogas - food pipe not directly associated to speech Blade of tongue - bends and twists position the apex Uvula - base of the tongue down the throat Oral cavity - mamkes resonance Epiglottis - throat ways close for food and water not directly related to speech Phraynx - opening of throat before wind ppe Vocal COrds - vobrate to creat esound Dorsum - causes tongue to flatten along base of mouth or pull and exend HArd palate bone seperates oral cavity from nasal cavity velum soft tissue between hard palate and uvula Nasal cavity large cavemopus area in which can also resonate Trachea windpipe which comes out for speech LIps
field dependence
personal orientation relience on external frame of refernec i8n procesing info holistic views field as whole dependent self view derived from otheres socially senstive needs quiet envi to work find grammar analysis tedious and boring dont mind reading as long as catches wholke idea communication is key feedback is useful
WHat are the 9 principles of tefl
personalization -students express opinions relate to individuals pace activities -keep momentum suitable to them variety -keep them ionterested interesting topics -keep them involved collaboration individualization open endness setting up routines enlarging the circle
individualist societies european
positive association with whatever is "new" confrontation in learning situations can be salutary; conflicts can be brought into the open individual students will speak up in class in response to a general invitation by the teacher individuals will speak up in large groups face-consciousness is weak education is a way of improving one's economic worth and self-respect diploma certificates have little symbolic value Traits of Individualism include: "I" identity. Promotes individual goals, initiative and achievement. Achievement of personal goals at others' expense Each person is encouraged to stand out, be unique and express themselves. Individual rights seen as most important. Rules attempt to ensure independence, choices and freedom of speech. Fitting in and conforming to group norms is unnecessary or even discouraged. Less distinction between in-group and out-group. Relying or being dependent on others is seen as shameful. People are encouraged to do things on their own, to rely on themselves.
collectivist society china kora japan etc
positive association with whatever is rooted in tradition individual students will only speak up in class when called on by the teacher individuals will only speak up in small groups formal harmony in learning situations would be maintained at all times neither the teacher nor any student should ever be made to lose face education is a way of gaining prestige and joining a higher status group diploma certificates are important and displayed on walls Traits of Collectivism include: "We" not "me" orientation. Each person is encouraged to conform to society, to do what is best for the group and to not openly express opinions or beliefs that go against it. Group, family or rights for the common good are seen as more important than the rights of individuals. Rules promote stability, order, obedience. Strong family values. Fitting in or conforming to group or society is required. Distinctions made between in-group and out-group. Working with others and cooperating is the norm. Refusal to cooperate and wanting to be independent or stand out is seen as shameful. Everyone must rely on others for support.
What is Situational Language teaching? slt
practice of basic structures in meaningful situation-based activities Carefully selected lexical items and grammar structures Gradationally situations become more difficult
WHat can students do in preproduction early production speech emergence immediate fluency
preproduction point, draw, respond with action, choose and act out to show they understand. early production name, label, group, list, categorize, count, sort, answer "yes" or "no", answer with a word or two. speech emergence Retell Define Explain Compare Summarize Describe Role-play Restate Contrast immediate fluency Analyze Create Defend Debate Predict Evaluate Justify Support Examine Hypothesize
WHat are minimal pair exercises
set of two words which differ by only one phoneme
what is muffing and extension
sounds can vary depending on how theyre muffed
what is bejining called peking
spelled from obselete system
WHat should you start and end your lessons with?
start with hard shit then end with games and videos to reward studnets and make them feel more accomplished
what are the six parts of any lesson?
warmers- getting comfotable and interacting and used to basic routines context- begin focussing on predictable concepts and language core materials - dialogue reading and listening or other materials on which to built controlled practice- opportunities to use target language with lots of supportive cues from teacher, drills, pictures, sentences on board vocab expansion- vocab added by teacher or students communicative practice - using language do something, games, solution and problems, focusing on message rather than language v
When was the AArmy/Audiolingual method introdcued?
world war 2 and gave strong external motivations to learn additionally learnt french and italian in order to survive in combat jobs such as translator pilot medic reappeared in 1950s america with mass migration to states and universities - need to learn to survive